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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_settings_vs._luminous_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Camera settings vs. luminous exposure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Camera_settings_vs._luminous_exposure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Camera settings vs. luminous exposure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Camera_settings_vs._luminous_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_of_camera_settings_to_luminous_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_of_camera_settings_to_luminous_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relationship of camera settings to luminous exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_of_camera_settings_to_luminous_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representing_camera_settings:_EV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representing_camera_settings:_EV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Representing camera settings: EV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representing_camera_settings:_EV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EV_as_an_indicator_of_camera_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EV_as_an_indicator_of_camera_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>EV as an indicator of camera settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EV_as_an_indicator_of_camera_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_of_EV_to_lighting_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_of_EV_to_lighting_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship of EV to lighting conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_of_EV_to_lighting_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabulated_exposure_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabulated_exposure_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tabulated exposure values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabulated_exposure_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting_EV_on_a_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_EV_on_a_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Setting EV on a camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_EV_on_a_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_compensation_in_EV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_compensation_in_EV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exposure compensation in EV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_compensation_in_EV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meter_indication_in_EV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meter_indication_in_EV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Meter indication in EV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meter_indication_in_EV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EV_and_APEX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EV_and_APEX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>EV and APEX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EV_and_APEX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EV_as_a_measure_of_luminance_and_illuminance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EV_as_a_measure_of_luminance_and_illuminance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>EV as a measure of luminance and illuminance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EV_as_a_measure_of_luminance_and_illuminance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents"> <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Exposure value</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages"> <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Експозиционно число – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Експозиционно число" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_d%27exposici%C3%B3" title="Valor d'exposició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valor d'exposició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksponeringsv%C3%A6rdi" title="Eksponeringsværdi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksponeringsværdi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtwert" title="Lichtwert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtwert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_de_exposici%C3%B3n" title="Valor de exposición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valor de exposición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_de_lumination" title="Indice de lumination – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indice de lumination" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilai_pajanan" title="Nilai pajanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nilai pajanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valore_di_esposizione" title="Valore di esposizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valore di esposizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksponeringsverdi" title="Eksponeringsverdi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksponeringsverdi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV_(fotografia)" title="EV (fotografia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="EV (fotografia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_de_exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Valor de exposição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valor de exposição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Экспозиционное число – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экспозиционное число" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponeringsv%C3%A4rde" title="Exponeringsvärde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exponeringsvärde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="ค่าเปิดรับแสง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่าเปิดรับแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89%E5%80%BC" title="曝光值 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曝光值" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q560188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_speed03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/High_speed03.jpg/200px-High_speed03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/High_speed03.jpg/300px-High_speed03.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/High_speed03.jpg/400px-High_speed03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fast shutter speed (short exposure time) of a breaking wave</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slow_speed03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slow_speed03.jpg/200px-Slow_speed03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slow_speed03.jpg/300px-Slow_speed03.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slow_speed03.jpg/400px-Slow_speed03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Slow shutter speed (long exposure time) of a breaking wave</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <b>exposure value</b> (<b>EV</b>) is a number that represents a combination of a <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>'s <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a> and <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>, such that all combinations that yield the same <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> have the same EV (for any fixed scene <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>). Exposure value is also used to indicate an interval on the photographic exposure scale, with a difference of 1 EV corresponding to a standard power-of-2 exposure step, commonly referred to as a <b>stop</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EV concept was developed by the German shutter manufacturer <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Deckel" title="Friedrich Deckel">Friedrich Deckel</a> in the 1950s (<a href="#CITEREFGebele1958">Gebele 1958</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 318). Its intent was to simplify choosing among equivalent camera exposure settings by replacing combinations of shutter speed and f-number (e.g., 1/125 s at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>) with a single number (e.g., 15). On some lenses with <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(photography)#Diaphragm_shutter" title="Shutter (photography)">leaf shutters</a>, the process was further simplified by allowing the shutter and aperture controls to be linked such that, when one was changed, the other was automatically adjusted to maintain the same exposure. This was especially helpful to beginners with limited understanding of the effects of shutter speed and aperture and the relationship between them. But it was also useful for experienced photographers who might choose a shutter speed to stop motion or an f-number for depth of field, because it allowed for faster adjustment—without the need for mental calculations—and reduced the chance of error when making the adjustment. </p><p>The concept became known as the Light Value System (LVS) in Europe; it was generally known as the Exposure Value System (EVS) when the features became available on cameras in the United States (<a href="#CITEREFDesfor1957">Desfor 1957</a>). </p><p>Because of mechanical considerations, the coupling of shutter and aperture was limited to lenses with leaf shutters; however, various <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)#Automatic_exposure" title="Exposure (photography)">automatic exposure</a> modes now work to somewhat the same effect in cameras with <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(photography)#Focal-plane_shutter" title="Shutter (photography)">focal-plane shutters</a>. </p><p>The proper EV was determined by the scene luminance and film speed; it was intended that the system also include adjustment for filters, exposure compensation, and other variables. With all of these elements included, the camera would be set by transferring the single number thus determined. </p><p>Exposure value has been indicated in various ways. The ASA and ANSI standards used the quantity symbol <i>E</i><sub>v</sub>, with the subscript <i>v</i> indicating the logarithmic value; this symbol continues to be used in <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standards</a>, but the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> EV is <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographers%27_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographers' abbreviations">more common elsewhere</a>. The <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> standard uses Ev (<a href="#CITEREFCIPA2016">CIPA 2016</a>). </p><p>Although all camera settings with the same EV nominally give the same exposure, they do not necessarily give the same picture. The f-number (relative <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>) determines the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>, and the shutter speed (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure time">exposure time</a>) determines the amount of <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">motion blur</a>, as illustrated by the two images at the right (and at long exposure times, as a second-order effect, the light-sensitive medium may exhibit <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocity failure">reciprocity failure</a>, which is a change of light sensitivity dependent on the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> at the film). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_definition">Formal definition<span class="anchor" id="Ev"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formal definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinning_into_Action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Spinning_into_Action.jpg/220px-Spinning_into_Action.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Spinning_into_Action.jpg/330px-Spinning_into_Action.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Spinning_into_Action.jpg/440px-Spinning_into_Action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"/></a><figcaption>Extended exposure time of 26 seconds</figcaption></figure> <p>Exposure value is a base-2 <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithmic</a> scale defined by (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000, 318</a>): </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {EV} &=\log _{2}{\frac {N^{2}}{t}}\\&=2\log _{2}{N}-\log _{2}{t}\,,\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd/> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {EV} &=\log _{2}{\frac {N^{2}}{t}}\\&=2\log _{2}{N}-\log _{2}{t}\,,\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65da7550adaf0331a7660cef139083578e57e266" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.544ex; margin-bottom: -0.294ex; width:24.329ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {EV} &=\log _{2}{\frac {N^{2}}{t}}\\&=2\log _{2}{N}-\log _{2}{t}\,,\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">N</span> is the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>; and</li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">t</span> is the exposure time ("<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a>") in seconds<sup id="cite_ref-no_units_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_units-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The second line is just applying the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm#Product,_quotient,_power,_and_root" title="Logarithm">quotient identity</a> of logarithms to the first line. </p><p>EV 0 corresponds to an exposure time of 1 <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a> and an aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.0</span>. If the EV is known, it can be used to select combinations of exposure time and f-number, as shown in Table 1. </p><p>Each increment of 1 in exposure value corresponds to a change of one "step" (or, more commonly, one "stop") in exposure, i.e., half as much exposure, either by halving the exposure time or halving the aperture area, or a combination of such changes. Greater exposure values are appropriate for photography in more brightly lit situations, or for lower <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">ISO speeds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camera_settings_vs._luminous_exposure">Camera settings vs. luminous exposure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Camera settings vs. luminous exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shutter_with_EV_scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shutter_with_EV_scale.png/220px-Shutter_with_EV_scale.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shutter_with_EV_scale.png/330px-Shutter_with_EV_scale.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shutter_with_EV_scale.png/440px-Shutter_with_EV_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="430"/></a><figcaption>Shutter with EV indicator (item 29) on a ring of EV values (item 34), figure from US patent 2829574, Inventor: K. Gebele, original assignee: Hans Deckel, filing date: Nov 2, 1953, issue date: Apr 8, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>"Exposure value" indicates combinations of camera settings rather than the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">luminous exposure</a> (aka photometric exposure), which is given by (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 310) </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=Et\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=Et\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00b210d1643162b37bbf6c6a2ae6154127e5eef1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.811ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=Et\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <ul><li><i>H</i> is the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminous exposure">luminous</a>/<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometric_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Photometric exposure">photometric exposure</a> (lux seconds)</li> <li><i>E</i> is the image-plane <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> (lux or lumens/m²)</li> <li><i>t</i> is the exposure time ("shutter speed") (seconds)</li></ul> <p>The illuminance <i>E</i> is controlled by the f-number but also depends on the scene <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>. To avoid confusion, some authors (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 310) have used <b>camera exposure</b> to refer to combinations of camera settings. The 1964 ASA standard for automatic exposure controls for cameras, <a href="#CITEREFASA_PH2.15-1964">ASA PH2.15-1964</a>, took the same approach, and also used the more descriptive term <b>camera exposure settings</b>. </p><p>Common practice among photographers is nonetheless to use "exposure" to refer to camera settings as well as to photometric exposure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_of_camera_settings_to_luminous_exposure">Relationship of camera settings to luminous exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship of camera settings to luminous exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The image-plane illuminance is directly proportional to the area of the aperture, and hence inversely proportional to the square of the lens f-number; thus </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H\propto {\frac {t}{N^{2}}}\,;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>t</mi> <msup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H\propto {\frac {t}{N^{2}}}\,;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d31762a72360e2d9ac782a2195f04ff323243f2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:10.209ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H\propto {\frac {t}{N^{2}}}\,;}"></span></dd></dl> <p>for constant lighting conditions, the exposure is constant as long as the ratio <i>t</i>/<i>N</i><sup>2</sup> is constant. If, for example, the f-number is changed, an equivalent exposure time can be determined from </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {t_{2}}{t_{1}}}={\frac {N_{2}^{2}}{N_{1}^{2}}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {t_{2}}{t_{1}}}={\frac {N_{2}^{2}}{N_{1}^{2}}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63231aafbf244651042508bf197ee25a8119299f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:10.876ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {t_{2}}{t_{1}}}={\frac {N_{2}^{2}}{N_{1}^{2}}}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Performing this calculation mentally is tedious for most photographers, but the equation is easily solved with a calculator dial on an exposure meter (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 318) or a similar dial on a standalone calculator. If the camera controls have detents, constant exposure can be maintained by counting the steps as one control is adjusted and counting an equivalent number of steps when adjusting the other control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representing_camera_settings:_EV">Representing camera settings: EV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Representing camera settings: EV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg/220px-Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg/330px-Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg/440px-Posographe_de_Robert_Kaufmann_-_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"/></a><figcaption><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Kaufmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Kaufmann (page does not exist)">Robert Kaufmann</a>'s posographe or exposure calculator from 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>The ratio <i>t</i>/<i>N</i><sup>2</sup> could be used to represent equivalent combinations of exposure time and f-number in a single value. But for many such combinations used in general photography, the ratio gives a fractional value with a large denominator; this is notationally inconvenient as well as difficult to remember. Inverting this ratio and taking the base-2 logarithm allows defining a quantity <i>E</i><sub>v</sub> such that </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {v} }=\log _{2}{\frac {N^{2}}{t}}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {v} }=\log _{2}{\frac {N^{2}}{t}}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/03422a643fd1202556f69516ded8d58a55cbc570" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.374ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {v} }=\log _{2}{\frac {N^{2}}{t}}\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>resulting in a value that progresses in a linear sequence as camera exposure is changed in power-of-2 steps. For example, beginning with 1 s and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span>, decreasing exposure </p><p>gives the simple sequence </p> <dl><dd>0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 14, 15, ...</dd></dl> <p>The last two values shown frequently apply when using ISO 100 speed imaging media in outdoor photography. </p><p>This system provides its greatest benefit when using an exposure meter (or table) calibrated in EV with a camera that allows settings to be made in EV, especially with coupled shutter and aperture; the appropriate exposure is easily set on the camera, and choosing among equivalent settings is made by adjusting one control. </p><p>Current cameras do not allow direct setting of EV, and cameras with <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)#Automatic_exposure" title="Exposure (photography)">automatic exposure control</a> generally obviate the need for it. EV can nonetheless be helpful when used to transfer recommended exposure settings from an exposure meter (or <a href="#Table2">table of recommended exposures</a>) to an exposure calculator (or <a href="#Table1">table of camera settings</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EV_as_an_indicator_of_camera_settings">EV as an indicator of camera settings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: EV as an indicator of camera settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used as an indicator of camera settings, EV corresponds to actual combinations of shutter speed and aperture setting. When the actual EV matches that recommended by the light level and the ISO speed, these settings should result in the "correct" exposure. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right;" id="Table1"> <caption>Exposure times, in seconds or minutes (m), for various exposure values and f-numbers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;">EV </th> <th scope="col" colspan="13">f-number </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">1.0 </th> <th scope="col">1.4 </th> <th scope="col">2.0 </th> <th scope="col">2.8 </th> <th scope="col">4.0 </th> <th scope="col">5.6 </th> <th scope="col">8.0 </th> <th scope="col">11 </th> <th scope="col">16 </th> <th scope="col">22 </th> <th scope="col">32 </th> <th scope="col">45 </th> <th scope="col">64 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">−6 </th> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m</td> <td>128 m</td> <td>256 m</td> <td>512 m</td> <td>1024 m</td> <td>2048 m</td> <td>4096 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">−5 </th> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m</td> <td>128 m</td> <td>256 m</td> <td>512 m</td> <td>1024 m</td> <td>2048 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">−4 </th> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m</td> <td>128 m</td> <td>256 m</td> <td>512 m</td> <td>1024 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">−3 </th> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m</td> <td>128 m</td> <td>256 m</td> <td>512 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">−2 </th> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m</td> <td>128 m</td> <td>256 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">−1 </th> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m</td> <td>128 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">0 </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m</td> <td>64 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">1 </th> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m</td> <td>32 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">2 </th> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m</td> <td>16 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">3 </th> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m</td> <td>8 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">4 </th> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m</td> <td>4 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">5 </th> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60</td> <td>2 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">6 </th> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">7 </th> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">8 </th> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">9 </th> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">10 </th> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">11 </th> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">12 </th> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">13 </th> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4</td> <td>1/2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">14 </th> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">15 </th> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15</td> <td>1/8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">16 </th> <td></td> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30</td> <td>1/15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">17 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60</td> <td>1/30 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">18 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125</td> <td>1/60 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">19 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250</td> <td>1/125 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">20 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500</td> <td>1/250 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">21 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1/32000</td> <td>1/16000</td> <td>1/8000</td> <td>1/4000</td> <td>1/2000</td> <td>1/1000</td> <td>1/500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">EV </th> <th scope="col">1.0 </th> <th scope="col">1.4 </th> <th scope="col">2.0 </th> <th scope="col">2.8 </th> <th scope="col">4.0 </th> <th scope="col">5.6 </th> <th scope="col">8.0 </th> <th scope="col">11 </th> <th scope="col">16 </th> <th scope="col">22 </th> <th scope="col">32 </th> <th scope="col">45 </th> <th scope="col">64 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="13">f-number </th></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br/> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposure_program_chart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Exposure_program_chart.gif" decoding="async" width="600" height="440" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440"/></a><figcaption>Popular exposure chart type, showing exposure values EV (red lines) as combinations of <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> and <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> speed values. The green lines are sample program lines, by which a <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> automatically selects both the shutter speed and the aperture for given exposure value (brightness of light), when set to <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_camera_modes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of digital camera modes">Program mode (P)</a>. (<a href="#CITEREFCanonWWW">Canon, n.d.</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_of_EV_to_lighting_conditions">Relationship of EV to lighting conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship of EV to lighting conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Correct" exposure is obtained when the f-number and exposure time match those "recommended" for given lighting conditions and ISO speed; the relationship is given by the exposure equation prescribed by <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2720" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2720">ISO 2720:1974</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {N^{2}}{t}}={\frac {LS}{K}}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {N^{2}}{t}}={\frac {LS}{K}}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd4a3b3a8b4132b5fa91e3528ed6b14c9ef48252" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.064ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {N^{2}}{t}}={\frac {LS}{K}}\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>N</i> is the relative <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>)</li> <li><i>t</i> is the exposure time ("<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a>") in seconds<sup id="cite_ref-no_units_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_units-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>L</i> is the average scene <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a></li> <li><i>S</i> is the ISO arithmetic <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">speed</a></li> <li><i>K</i> is the reflected-light <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter#Calibration_constants" title="Light meter">meter calibration constant</a></li></ul> <p>Applied to the right-hand side of the exposure equation, exposure value is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} =\log _{2}{\frac {LS}{K}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} =\log _{2}{\frac {LS}{K}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95494c4ac7a1f452c8c00fe9db27796d36ce0bfa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.79ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} =\log _{2}{\frac {LS}{K}}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>If the common value of <span class="nowrap"><i>K</i> = 12.5 (unit: cd s/m<sup style="font-size:70%">2</sup> ISO)</span> is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span> and a shutter time of 1 sec) for <span class="nowrap">ISO = 100</span> corresponds to a luminance of <span class="nowrap">0.125 cd/m<sup style="font-size:70%">2</sup></span> (<span class="nowrap">0.01 cd/ft<sup style="font-size:70%">2</sup></span>). At EV = 15 (the "<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_16_rule" title="Sunny 16 rule">sunny sixteen</a>" amount of light) the luminance is <span class="nowrap">4096 cd/m<sup style="font-size:70%">2</sup></span> (<span class="nowrap">380 cd/ft<sup style="font-size:70%">2</sup></span>). </p><p>Camera settings also can be determined from incident-light measurements, for which the exposure equation is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {N^{2}}{t}}={\frac {ES}{C}}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {N^{2}}{t}}={\frac {ES}{C}}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/101cf0983d502e850b5d163d128a5f5ee89f63ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.257ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {N^{2}}{t}}={\frac {ES}{C}}\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <ul><li><i>E</i> is the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> in lux or lumens/m²</li> <li><i>C</i> is the incident-light meter calibration constant</li></ul> <p>In terms of exposure value, the right-hand side becomes </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} =\log _{2}{\frac {ES}{C}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} =\log _{2}{\frac {ES}{C}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e12c87c16d25d37eb7f3e63dcdc52bedfbdf68e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.982ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} =\log _{2}{\frac {ES}{C}}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>When applied to the left-hand side of the exposure equation, EV denotes actual combinations of camera settings; when applied to the right-hand side, EV denotes combinations of camera settings required to give the nominally "correct" exposure. The formal relationship of EV to luminance or illuminance has limitations. Although it usually works well for typical outdoor scenes in daylight, it is less applicable to scenes with highly atypical luminance distributions, such as city skylines at night. In such situations, the EV that will result in the best picture often is better determined by subjective evaluation of photographs than by formal consideration of luminance or illuminance. </p><p>For a given luminance and film speed, a greater EV results in less exposure, and for fixed exposure (i.e., fixed camera settings), a greater EV corresponds to greater luminance or illuminance. </p><p>Illuminance is measured using a flat sensor; if the common value of <span class="nowrap"><i>C</i> = 250 (unit: lux s ISO=lm s/m<sup style="font-size:70%">2</sup> ISO)</span> is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span> and a shutter time of 1 sec) for <span class="nowrap">ISO = 100</span> corresponds to an illuminance of <span class="nowrap">2.5 lux</span> (<span class="nowrap">0.23 fc</span>). At EV = 15 (the "sunny sixteen" amount of light) the illuminance is <span class="nowrap">82,000 lux</span> (<span class="nowrap">7600 fc</span>). For general photography, incident-light measurements are usually taken with a hemispherical sensor; the readings cannot be meaningfully related to illuminance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tabulated_exposure_values">Tabulated exposure values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tabulated exposure values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An exposure meter may not always be available, and using a meter to determine exposure for some scenes with unusual lighting distribution may be difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, natural light, as well as many scenes with artificial lighting, is predictable, so that exposure often can be determined with reasonable accuracy from tabulated values. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png/300px-Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png/450px-Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png/600px-Exposure_Value_Scale_Visualized_as_Circles.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200"/></a><figcaption>Visualization of lighting conditions and corresponding exposure values, where the area of each circle is proportional to the amount of light in the scene. Note that each level includes the full area inside the circle, not merely the ring.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><span id="Table2"><b>Table 2</b></span>. Exposure values (ISO 100) for various lighting conditions<b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Lighting condition</th> <th>EV<sub>100</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Daylight </th></tr> <tr> <td>Light sand or snow in full or slightly hazy sunlight (distinct shadows)<sup>a</sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Typical scene in full or slightly hazy sunlight (distinct shadows)<sup>a, b</sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Typical scene in hazy sunlight (soft shadows) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Typical scene, cloudy bright (no shadows) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Typical scene, heavy overcast </td> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Areas in open shade, clear sunlight </td> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Outdoor, natural light </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Rainbows </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Clear sky background </td> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Cloudy sky background </td> <td style="text-align: center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sunsets and skylines </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Just before sunset </td> <td style="text-align: center;">12–14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">At sunset </td> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Just after sunset </td> <td style="text-align: center;">9–11 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">The Moon,<sup>c</sup> <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude (astronomy)">altitude</a> > 40° </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Full </td> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Gibbous </td> <td style="text-align: center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Quarter </td> <td style="text-align: center;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Crescent </td> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">0 to 3<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Moonlight, Moon altitude > 40° </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Full </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−3 to −2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Gibbous </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Quarter </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Aurora borealis and australis </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Bright </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−4 to −3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;">Medium </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−6 to −5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Milky Way galactic center </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−11 to −9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Outdoor, artificial light </th></tr> <tr> <td>Neon and other bright signs </td> <td style="text-align: center;">9–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Night sports </td> <td style="text-align: center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fires and burning buildings </td> <td style="text-align: center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bright street scenes </td> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Night street scenes and window displays </td> <td style="text-align: center;">7–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Night vehicle traffic </td> <td style="text-align: center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fairs and amusement parks </td> <td style="text-align: center;">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christmas tree lights </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Floodlit buildings, monuments, and fountains </td> <td style="text-align: center;">3–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distant views of lighted buildings </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Indoor, artificial light </th></tr> <tr> <td>Galleries </td> <td style="text-align: center;">8–11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sports events, stage shows, and the like </td> <td style="text-align: center;">8–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Circuses, floodlit </td> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ice shows, floodlit </td> <td style="text-align: center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Offices and work areas </td> <td style="text-align: center;">7–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Home interiors </td> <td style="text-align: center;">5–7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christmas tree lights </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4–5 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ol type="a"> <li>Values for direct sunlight apply between approximately two hours after sunrise and two hours before sunset, and assume front lighting. As a rough general rule, decrease EV by 1 for side lighting, and decrease EV by 2 for back lighting.</li> <li>This is approximately the value given by the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunny 16">sunny 16</a> rule.</li> <li>These values are appropriate for pictures of the Moon taken at night with a long lens or telescope, and will render the Moon as a medium tone. They will not, in general, be suitable for landscape pictures that include the Moon. In a landscape photograph, the Moon typically is near the horizon, where its luminance changes considerably with <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude (astronomy)">altitude</a>. Moreover, a landscape photograph usually must take account of the sky and foreground as well as the Moon. Consequently, it is nearly impossible to give a single correct exposure value for such a situation.</li> </ol> <p>Exposure values in Table 2 are reasonable general guidelines, but they should be used with caution. For simplicity, they are rounded to the nearest integer, and they omit numerous considerations described in the ANSI exposure guides from which they are derived. Moreover, they take no account of color shifts or <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">reciprocity</a> failure. Proper use of tabulated exposure values is explained in detail in the ANSI exposure guide, <a href="#CITEREFANSI_PH2.7-1986">ANSI PH2.7-1986</a>. </p><p>The exposure values in Table 2 are for ISO 100 speed ("EV<sub>100</sub>"). For a different ISO speed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span>, increase the exposure values (decrease the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which that speed is greater than ISO 100, formally </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{S}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {S}{100}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>S</mi> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{S}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {S}{100}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/693c2ac65d44c525495a6d091d88792c6a8819f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.352ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{S}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {S}{100}}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For example, ISO 400 speed is two steps greater than ISO 100: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{400}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {400}{100}}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+2\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>400</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>400</mn> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{400}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {400}{100}}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+2\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/631242801a29a6c3c35e0102b02c4da5b56c98f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:40.883ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{400}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {400}{100}}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+2\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>To photograph outdoor night sports with an ISO 400–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for "Night sports" (which has an EV of 9 for ISO 100), and add 2 to get <span class="nowrap">EV<sub>400</sub> = 11</span>. </p><p>For lower ISO speed, decrease the exposure values (increase the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which the speed is less than ISO 100. For example, ISO 50 speed is one step less than ISO 100: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{50}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {50}{100}}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}-1\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>50</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>50</mn> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{50}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {50}{100}}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}-1\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c34779d6daa099b09be405fc87497ac4698af315" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:40.061ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{50}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}+\log _{2}{\frac {50}{100}}=\mathrm {EV} _{100}-1\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>To photograph a rainbow against a cloudy sky with an ISO 50–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for "Rainbows-Cloudy sky background" (which has an EV of 14), and subtract 1 to get <span class="nowrap">EV<sub>50</sub> = 13</span>. </p><p>The equation for correcting for ISO speed can also be solved for EV<sub>100</sub>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{100}=\mathrm {EV} _{S}-\log _{2}{\frac {S}{100}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>S</mi> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{100}=\mathrm {EV} _{S}-\log _{2}{\frac {S}{100}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f0f55b05cc11c7db147f7913c50426a082d9b5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.352ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EV} _{100}=\mathrm {EV} _{S}-\log _{2}{\frac {S}{100}}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For example, using ISO 400 film and setting the camera for EV 11 allows shooting night sports at a light level of EV<sub>100</sub> = 9, in agreement with the example done the other way around above. An online calculator that implemented this calculation was available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://www.dpreview.com/">dpreview.com</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dpreview_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpreview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting_EV_on_a_camera">Setting EV on a camera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Setting EV on a camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg/220px-Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg/330px-Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg/440px-Kodak_Retina_Ib_with_EV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="952"/></a><figcaption>Detail of front of Kodak Retina Ib 35mm camera (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1954</span>) showing the EV setting ring that couples aperture and shutter speed settings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg/220px-Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg/330px-Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg/440px-Kodak_Pony_II_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="746"/></a><figcaption>A Kodak Pony II camera (1957–1962) with exposure value setting ring. This camera has a fixed shutter speed, so the "EXP VALUE" ring simply sets the aperture.</figcaption></figure> <p>On most cameras, there is no direct way to transfer an EV to camera settings; however, a few cameras, such as some <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigtl%C3%A4nder" title="Voigtländer">Voigtländer</a> and <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Braun_Camera-Werk" title="Carl Braun Camera-Werk">Braun</a> models or the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> Pony II shown in the photo, allowed direct setting of exposure value. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg/220px-Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg/330px-Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg/440px-Hasselblad_with_Planar_80mm_at_EV_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4256"/></a><figcaption>Hasselblad Planar 80mm with EVS set at EV 12</figcaption></figure> <p>Some medium-format cameras from <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollei" title="Rollei">Rollei</a> (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolleiflex" title="Rolleiflex">Rolleiflex</a>, <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolleicord" title="Rolleicord">Rolleicord</a> models) and <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> allowed EV to be set on the lenses. The set EV could be locked, coupling shutter and aperture settings, such that adjusting either the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a> or <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> made a corresponding adjustment in the other to maintain a constant exposure (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 318). On some lenses the locking was optional, so that the photographer could choose the preferred method of working depending on the situation. Use of EV on some meters and cameras is discussed briefly by <a href="#CITEREFAdams1981">Adams (1981</a>, 39). He notes that, in some cases, the EV indication from the meter may need to be adjusted for film speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposure_compensation_in_EV">Exposure compensation in EV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exposure compensation in EV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many current cameras allow for <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">exposure compensation</a>, and usually state it in terms of EV (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 316). In this context, EV refers to the <i>difference</i> between the indicated and set exposures. For example, an exposure compensation of +1 EV (or +1 step) means to increase exposure, by using either a longer exposure time or a smaller f-number. </p><p>The sense of exposure compensation is opposite that of the EV scale itself. An <i>increase</i> in exposure corresponds to a <i>decrease</i> in EV, so an exposure compensation of +1 EV results in a smaller EV; conversely, an exposure compensation of −1 EV results in a greater EV. For example, if a meter reading of a lighter-than-normal subject indicates EV 16, and an exposure compensation of +1 EV is applied to render the subject appropriately, the final camera settings will correspond to EV 15. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meter_indication_in_EV">Meter indication in EV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meter indication in EV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">light meters</a> (e.g., Pentax <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot meter">spot meters</a>) indicate directly in EV at ISO 100. Some other meters, especially digital models, can indicate EV for the selected ISO speed. In most cases, this difference is irrelevant; with the Pentax meters, camera settings usually are determined using the exposure calculator, and most digital meters directly display shutter speeds and f-numbers. </p><p>Recently, articles on many web sites have used <i><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_value" title="Light value">light value</a></i> (LV) to denote EV at ISO 100. However, this term does not derive from a standards body, and has had several conflicting definitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EV_and_APEX">EV and APEX</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: EV and APEX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system" title="APEX system">APEX system</a></div> <p>The <i>Additive system of Photographic EXposure</i> (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system" title="APEX system">APEX</a>) proposed in the 1960 <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">ASA</a> standard for monochrome film speed, <a href="#CITEREFASA_PH2.5-1960">ASA PH2.5-1960</a>, extended the concept of exposure value to all quantities in the exposure equation by taking base-2 logarithms, reducing application of the equation to simple addition and subtraction. In terms of exposure value, the left-hand side of the exposure equation became </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{v}=A_{v}+T_{v}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{v}=A_{v}+T_{v}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b65b07cff06e7322acc9890d19aa06feda70f78c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.878ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{v}=A_{v}+T_{v}\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <var>A<sub>v</sub></var> (aperture value) and <var>T<sub>v</sub></var> (time value) were defined as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{v}=\log _{2}A^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{v}=\log _{2}A^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ea9107f386925a318a520c809ac7dfaf8ea1e2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.082ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{v}=\log _{2}A^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>and </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{v}=\log _{2}(1/T)\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{v}=\log _{2}(1/T)\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b857f3004c33e0d54015584cfeac20b27ce465a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.316ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{v}=\log _{2}(1/T)\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>with </p> <ul><li><var>A</var> the relative aperture (f-number)</li> <li><var>T</var> the exposure time ("shutter speed") in seconds<sup id="cite_ref-no_units_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_units-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><var>A<sub>v</sub></var> and <var>T<sub>v</sub></var> represent the numbers of stops from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span> and 1 second, respectively. </p><p>Use of APEX required logarithmic markings on aperture and shutter controls, however, and these never were incorporated in consumer cameras. With the inclusion of built-in exposure meters in most cameras shortly after APEX was proposed, the need to use the exposure equation was eliminated, and APEX saw little actual use. </p><p>Though it remains of little interest to the end user, APEX has seen a partial resurrection in the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> standard, which calls for storing exposure data using APEX values. See <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system#Use_of_APEX_values_in_Exif" title="APEX system">Use of APEX values in Exif</a> for additional discussion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EV_as_a_measure_of_luminance_and_illuminance">EV as a measure of luminance and illuminance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: EV as a measure of luminance and illuminance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a given ISO speed and meter calibration constant, there is a direct relationship between exposure value and luminance (or illuminance). Strictly, EV is not a measure of luminance or illuminance; rather, an EV corresponds to a luminance (or illuminance) for which a camera with a given ISO speed would use the indicated EV to obtain the nominally correct exposure. Nonetheless, it is common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers to express luminance in EV for ISO 100 speed, as when specifying metering range (<a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, 318) or autofocus sensitivity. And the practice is long established; (<a href="#CITEREFRay2002">Ray 2002</a>, 592) cites <a href="#CITEREFUlffers1968">Ulffers (1968)</a> as an early example. Properly, the meter calibration constant as well as the ISO speed should be stated, but this seldom is done. </p><p>Values for the reflected-light calibration constant <var>K</var> vary slightly among manufacturers; a common choice is 12.5 (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>, <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a>, and <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Sekonic</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Using <span class="nowrap"><var>K</var> = 12.5</span>, the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and luminance <var>L</var> is then </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=2^{\mathrm {EV} -3}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=2^{\mathrm {EV} -3}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dba2f48d85f58849589c4c48b5e6d779c6da40b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.562ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=2^{\mathrm {EV} -3}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Values of luminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in Table 3. Using this relationship, a reflected-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine luminance. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Exposure value vs. Luminance (ISO 100, <span class="nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">K</span> = 12.5</span>) and Illuminance (ISO 100, <span class="nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">C</span> = 250</span>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">EV<sub>100</sub> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Luminance </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Illuminance </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela_per_square_metre" title="Candela per square metre"><abbr title="candela per square metre">cd/m<sup>2</sup></abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footlambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Footlambert"><abbr title="foot-Lamberts">fL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux" title="Lux"><abbr title="lux">lx</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle"><abbr title="foot-candles">fc</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">−4</td> <td>0.008</td> <td>0.0023</td> <td>0.156</td> <td>0.015 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">−3</td> <td>0.016</td> <td>0.0046</td> <td>0.313</td> <td>0.029 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">−2</td> <td>0.031</td> <td>0.0091</td> <td>0.625</td> <td>0.058 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">−1</td> <td>0.063</td> <td>0.018</td> <td>1.25</td> <td>0.116 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">0</td> <td>0.125</td> <td>0.036</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>0.232 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">1</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.073</td> <td>5</td> <td>0.465 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.146</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.929 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">3</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.292</td> <td>20</td> <td>1.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">4</td> <td>2</td> <td>0.584</td> <td>40</td> <td>3.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">5</td> <td>4</td> <td>1.17</td> <td>80</td> <td>7.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">6</td> <td>8</td> <td>2.33</td> <td>160</td> <td>14.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">7</td> <td>16</td> <td>4.67</td> <td>320</td> <td>29.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">8</td> <td>32</td> <td>9.34</td> <td>640</td> <td>59.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">9</td> <td>64</td> <td>18.7</td> <td>1280</td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">10</td> <td>128</td> <td>37.4</td> <td>2560</td> <td>238 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">11</td> <td>256</td> <td>74.7</td> <td>5120</td> <td>476 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">12</td> <td>512</td> <td>149</td> <td>10,240</td> <td>951 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">13</td> <td>1024</td> <td>299</td> <td>20,480</td> <td>1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">14</td> <td>2048</td> <td>598</td> <td>40,960</td> <td>3805 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">15</td> <td>4096</td> <td>1195</td> <td>81,920</td> <td>7611 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">16</td> <td>8192</td> <td>2391</td> <td>163,840</td> <td>15,221 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with luminance, common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers is to express illuminance in EV for ISO 100 speed when specifying metering range.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation with incident-light meters is more complicated than that for reflected-light meters, because the calibration constant <var>C</var> depends on the sensor type. Two sensor types are common: flat (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosine">cosine</a>-responding) and hemispherical (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioid" title="Cardioid">cardioid</a>-responding). Illuminance is measured with a flat sensor; a typical value for <var>C</var> is 250 with illuminance in <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a>. Using <span class="nowrap"><var>C</var> = 250</span>, the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and illuminance <var>E</var> is then </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=2.5\times 2^{\mathrm {EV} }\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"/> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=2.5\times 2^{\mathrm {EV} }\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c276b05aae70d59e4b5d3fd6816efd74503d9bfc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.467ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=2.5\times 2^{\mathrm {EV} }\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Values of illuminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in the table to the right. Using this relationship, an incident-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine illuminance. </p><p>Although illuminance measurements may indicate appropriate exposure for a flat subject, they are less useful for a typical scene in which many elements are not flat and are at various orientations to the camera. For determining practical photographic exposure, a hemispherical sensor has proven more effective. With a hemispherical sensor, typical values for <var>C</var> are between 320 (Minolta) and 340 (Sekonic) with illuminance in lux. If illuminance is interpreted loosely, measurements with a hemispherical sensor indicate "scene illuminance". </p><p><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter#Exposure_meter_calibration" title="Light meter">Exposure meter calibration</a> is discussed in detail in the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">Light meter</a> article. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system" title="APEX system">APEX system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter#Exposure_meter_calibration" title="Light meter">Exposure meter calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range imaging">High-dynamic-range imaging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In optics, the term "stop" properly refers to the aperture itself, while the term "step" refers to a division of the exposure scale. Some authors, e.g., <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis (1999</a>, 13), prefer the term "stop" because they refer to steps (e.g., on a step tablet) that are other than powers of 2. ISO standards generally use "step", while photographers normally use "stop".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-no_units-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-no_units_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-no_units_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-no_units_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In a mathematical expression involving physical quantities, it is common practice to require that the argument to a <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_function" title="Transcendental function">transcendental function</a> (such as the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</a>) be <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless">dimensionless</a>. The definition of EV ignores the units in the denominator and uses only the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-0#Quantities_and_units" title="ISO 31-0">numerical value</a> of the exposure time in seconds; EV is not the expression of a physical law, but simply a number for encoding combinations of camera settings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symbols for the quantities in the exposure equation have varied over time; the symbols used in this article reflect current practice for many authors, such as <a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appendix C of ANSI PH3.49-1971 noted this possibility "when the background luminance within the field is radically different from the subject luminance", and further stated "In this kind of scene, a meter reading of the integrated luminance (<i>B</i><sub>a</sub>) of the whole scene may not lead to the best picture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Exposure values in Table 2 are taken from ANSI exposure guides <a href="#CITEREFANSI_PH2.7-1973">PH2.7-1973</a> and <a href="#CITEREFANSI_PH2.7-1986">PH2.7-1986</a>; where the two guides differ, ranges of values have been given or extended. The ANSI guides were derived from studies by <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_A._Jones" title="Loyd A. Jones">Loyd A. Jones</a> and H.R. Condit, described in <a href="#CITEREFJonesCondit1941">Jones and Condit (1941)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFJonesCondit1948">Jones and Condit (1948)</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFJonesCondit1949">Jones and Condit (1949)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See exposure parameters at pictures in subcategories of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:21st_century_lunar_eclipses" class="extiw" title="c:Category:21st century lunar eclipses">21st century lunar eclipses</a> in Commons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpreview-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dpreview_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://www.dpreview.com/glossary/exposure/exposure">Exposure at dpreview.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://web.archive.org/web/20131112083840/http://www.dpreview.com/glossary/exposure/exposure">Archived</a> November 12, 2013, at the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifications for Sekonic light meters are available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://www.sekonic.com/">Sekonic</a> web site under "Products".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The metering range for an incident-light meter specified in EV at ISO 100 usually applies to a hemispherical sensor, so strictly speaking, it does not directly relate to illuminance.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdams1981">Adams, Ansel. 1981. <i>The Negative.</i> Boston: New York Graphic Society.</cite> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241117090025im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-1131-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-1131-5">0-8212-1131-5</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFANSI_PH2.7-1973">ANSI PH2.7-1973. <i>American National Standard Photographic Exposure Guide</i>. New York: American National Standards Institute.</cite> Superseded by ANSI PH2.7-1986</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFANSI_PH2.7-1986">ANSI PH2.7-1986. <i>American National Standard for Photography — Photographic Exposure Guide</i>. New York: American National Standards Institute.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFASA_PH2.5-1960">ASA PH2.5-1960. <i>American Standard Method for Determining Speed of photographic Negative Materials (Monochrome, Continuous Tone)</i>. New York: United States of America Standards Institute.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFASA_PH2.15-1964">ASA PH2.15-1964 (R1976). <i>American Standard: Automatic Exposure Controls for Cameras</i>. New York: United States of America Standards Institute.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCIPA2016">"Camera and Imaging Products Association". 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-Translation-2016-E.pdf">Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://web.archive.org/web/20190712232333/http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-Translation-2016-E.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-07-12 at the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>).</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCanonWWW">Canon. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/infobank/camera_settings/shooting_modes.do">"Camera settings: Shooting modes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://web.archive.org/web/20130527160525/http://cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/infobank/camera_settings/shooting_modes.do">Archived</a> 2013-05-27 at the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Canon Professional Network. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite></li> <li>CIPA. <i>See</i> Camera and Imaging Products Association.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999">Davis, Phil. 1999. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://books.elsevier.com/us/focalbooks/us/subindex.asp?isbn=0240803434">Beyond the Zone System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://web.archive.org/web/20070310222228/http://books.elsevier.com/us/focalbooks/us/subindex.asp?isbn=0240803434">Archived</a> 2007-03-10 at the <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 4th ed. Boston: Focal Press.</cite> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80343-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80343-4">0-240-80343-4</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDesfor1957">Desfor, Irving. 1957. "F-Stops On Cameras Discarded; Pick Number From 4 To 18". <i>Arizona Republic</i>, September 1.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGebele1958">Gebele, Kurt. 1958. Photographic Shutter. US Patent 2,829,574, filed 2 November 1953, and issued 8 April 1958.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJonesCondit1941"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_A._Jones" title="Loyd A. Jones">Jones, Loyd A.</a>, and H. R. Condit. 1941. "The Brightness Scale of Exterior Scenes and the Computation of Correct Photographic Exposure". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i> 31:11, Nov. 1941, 651–678.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJonesCondit1948"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_A._Jones" title="Loyd A. Jones">Jones, Loyd A.</a>, and H. R. Condit. 1948. "Sunlight and skylight as determinants of Photographic exposure. I. Luminous density as determined by solar altitude and atmospheric conditions". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i> 38:2, Feb. 1948, 123–178.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJonesCondit1949"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_A._Jones" title="Loyd A. Jones">Jones, Loyd A.</a>, and H. R. Condit. 1949. "Sunlight and skylight as determinants of Photographic exposure. II. Scene structure, directional index, photographic efficiency of daylight, safety factors, and evaluation of camera exposure". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i> 39:2, Feb. 1949, 94–135.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRay2000">Ray, Sidney F. 2000. "Camera Exposure Determination". In <i>The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging</i>, 9th ed. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press.</cite> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9">0-240-51574-9</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRay2002">Ray, Sidney F. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/https://web.archive.org/web/20070212201431/http://books.elsevier.com/us/focalbooks/us/subindex.asp?isbn=0240515404"><i>Applied Photographic Optics</i></a>. 3rd ed. Oxford: Focal Press.</cite> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51540-4">0-240-51540-4</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUlffers1968">Ulffers, D. 1968. "Sensitivity Specifications of Exposure Meters". <i>British Journal of Photography</i> 115, 47.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eastman Kodak Company. <i>Existing-Light Photography</i>, 3rd ed. Rochester, NY: Silver Pixel Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87985-744-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87985-744-7">0-87985-744-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure_value&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Doug Kerr, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117090025/http://www.dougkerr.net/Pumpkin/articles/Setting_Exposure_Ev.pdf">"Setting Camera Exposure in Terms of Ev"</a> (<a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br/>processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241117090025/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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