Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2020

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134.058 1.6013C135.162 2.62015 135.677 4.07564 135.677 5.89501C135.677 7.20496 135.309 8.36936 134.647 9.24265C133.984 10.1887 132.88 11.1348 131.334 12.0809C130.892 12.372 130.451 12.5903 130.156 12.8086C129.346 13.318 128.684 13.7547 128.242 14.0458C127.8 14.4097 127.432 14.7735 127.138 15.283C126.843 15.7924 126.696 16.3018 126.696 16.9568V17.8301H134.279C134.426 17.8301 134.573 17.9029 134.72 17.9756C134.868 18.0484 134.868 18.2667 134.868 18.4123V20.5228C134.868 20.6683 134.794 20.8139 134.72 20.9594C134.573 21.1049 134.426 21.1049 134.279 21.1049H124.488C124.12 21.1777 123.825 21.0322 123.604 20.8138Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M140.609 18.7762C139.358 16.9568 138.769 14.2641 138.769 10.7709C138.769 7.27773 139.432 4.58507 140.683 2.7657C141.935 0.946326 143.775 0.0730286 146.204 0.0730286C148.634 0.0730286 150.474 0.946326 151.726 2.7657C152.977 4.58507 153.566 7.27773 153.566 10.7709C153.566 14.3369 152.977 17.0296 151.726 18.7762C150.474 20.5955 148.634 21.4688 146.204 21.4688C143.775 21.4688 141.861 20.5955 140.609 18.7762ZM148.266 17.4662C148.781 16.9568 149.223 16.1563 149.444 15.0646C149.664 13.973 149.812 12.5175 149.812 10.7709C149.812 9.02433 149.664 7.56883 149.444 6.47721C149.223 5.38559 148.781 4.65784 148.266 4.14842C147.75 3.63899 147.014 3.42067 146.057 3.42067C145.174 3.42067 144.438 3.63899 143.922 4.14842C143.407 4.65784 142.965 5.45836 142.744 6.54999C142.524 7.64161 142.376 9.09711 142.376 10.9165C142.376 13.5364 142.671 15.4285 143.26 16.5201C143.849 17.6845 144.806 18.194 146.131 18.194C147.014 18.194 147.75 17.9756 148.266 17.4662Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> <p class="p-ff-source-bold fs-headline1 wmx5 mb32">In February 2020 nearly 65,000 developers told us how they learn and level up, which tools they’re using, and what they want.</p> <a href="#overview" class="s-btn ds-btn s-btn__filled ff-mono px24 mr16 sm:d-block sm:mb16 sm:mr0">Read the overview →</a> <a href="#methodology" class="s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono px24 fc-black-900 sm:d-block">Methodology →</a> </div> <div class="ds-hero z-base us-none pe-none"> <img src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/svg-icons/Survey2020/hero-dark62bf.svg?v=b5025af97e80" alt="" class="animate-hero"> </div> </header> <nav id="nav-survey" class="ps-fixed t0 b0 r0 px48 pt32 pb16 sm:p32 sm:pt64 sm:w100 z-nav-fixed d-flex fd-column overflow-scroll animate-slide-left"> <ul class="list-reset fc-black-600"> <li class="py16"> <a href="#overview" class="h:fc-blue-600 p-ff-roboto-slab-bold fs-title d-block" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'overview')"> Overview </a> </li> <li class="bt ds-bc py16"> <a href="#developer-profile" class="h:fc-blue-600 p-ff-roboto-slab-bold fs-title d-block" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'developer-profile')"> Developer Profile </a> <ul class="p-ff-source list-reset fs-body3"> <li> <a href="#geography" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'geography')"> Geography </a> </li> <li> <a href="#developer-roles" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'developer-roles')"> Developer Roles </a> </li> <li> <a href="#experience" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'experience')"> Experience </a> </li> <li> <a href="#education" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'education')"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="#demographics" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'demographics')"> Demographics </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="bt ds-bc py16"> <a href="#technology" class="h:fc-blue-600 p-ff-roboto-slab-bold fs-title d-block" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'technology')"> Technology </a> <ul class="p-ff-source list-reset fs-body3"> <li> <a href="#most-popular-technologies" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'most-popular-technologies')"> Most Popular Technologies </a> </li> <li> <a href="#most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted')"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted </a> </li> <li> <a href="#development-environments-and-tools" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'development-environments-and-tools')"> Development Environments and Tools </a> </li> <li> <a href="#top-paying-technologies" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'top-paying-technologies')"> Top Paying Technologies </a> </li> <li> <a href="#correlated-technologies" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'correlated-technologies')"> Correlated Technologies </a> </li> <li> <a href="#learning--problem-solving" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'learning--problem-solving')"> Learning & Problem Solving </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="bt ds-bc py16"> <a href="#work" class="h:fc-blue-600 p-ff-roboto-slab-bold fs-title d-block" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'work')"> Work </a> <ul class="p-ff-source list-reset fs-body3"> <li> <a href="#employment" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'employment')"> Employment </a> </li> <li> <a href="#company-information" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'company-information')"> Company Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="#career-values" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'career-values')"> Career Values </a> </li> <li> <a href="#looking-for-a-job" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'looking-for-a-job')"> Looking for a Job </a> </li> <li> <a href="#job-priorities" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'job-priorities')"> Job Priorities </a> </li> <li> <a href="#salary" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'salary')"> Salary </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="bt ds-bc py16"> <a href="#community" class="h:fc-blue-600 p-ff-roboto-slab-bold fs-title d-block" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'community')"> Community </a> <ul class="p-ff-source list-reset fs-body3"> <li> <a href="#site-use" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'site-use')"> Site Use </a> </li> <li> <a href="#stack-overflow-community-now" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'stack-overflow-community-now')"> Stack Overflow Community Now </a> </li> <li> <a href="#stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" class="d-block h:fc-black-200 py2" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'navigation', 'click', 'stack-overflow-community-moving-forward')"> Stack Overflow Community Moving Forward </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="ds-products mt-auto pt24"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/teams?utm_source=so-owned&utm_medium=survey-results&utm_campaign=dev-survey-2020&utm_content=teams-sidebar" class="py16 bb ds-bc d-block fc-blue-600 h:fc-blue-700" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'products', 'teams', 'click')"> <h3 class="p-ff-roboto-slab-bold mb6">Share company information</h3> <p class="p-ff-source fs-body2 mb0 fc-black-800">Stack Overflow for Teams is a space to ask questions and find answers.</p> <div class="d-none fs-caption fc-black-300 p-ff-source mt8">stackoverflow.com/teams</div> </a> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/advertising?utm_source=so-owned&utm_medium=survey-results&utm_campaign=dev-survey-2020&utm_content=advertising-sidebar" class="py16 d-block fc-blue-600 h:fc-blue-700" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'products', 'advertising', 'click')"> <h3 class="p-ff-roboto-slab-bold mb6">Advertise with us</h3> <p class="p-ff-source fs-body2 mb0 fc-black-800">Promote your product or service to developers and technologists on Stack Overflow.</p> <div class="d-none fs-caption fc-black-300 p-ff-source mt8">stackoverflow.com/talent</div> </a>  </div> </nav> <section id="overview" name="overview" class="ds-chapter js-section mt128"> <div class="bt btw2 bb ds-bc py128 sm:d-none"> <div class="ds-fs-display p-ff-roboto-slab-bold grid--cell6 lh-none"> <span class="d-inline-block px32" style="border:15px solid">65,000</span> </div> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 p-ff-source pt64"> <p class="fs-title">This year, we focused on seeking diverse representation while asking for information ranging from technologies and behavior to questions that will help us improve the Stack Overflow community for everybody who codes.</p> <p>For almost a decade, Stack Overflow’s annual Developer Survey held the honor of being the largest survey of people who code around the world. This year, rather than aiming to be the biggest, we set out to make our survey more representative of the diversity of programmers worldwide. That said, the survey is still big. This year’s survey was taken by nearly 65,000 people.</p> <p>In our efforts to reach beyond the Stack Overflow network and seek representation from a greater diversity of coders, we advertised the survey less on our own channels than in previous years and sought ways to earn responses from those who may not frequent our sites. This approach included social promotion and outreach to underrepresented coders.</p> <p>While we saw a lift in underrepresented groups, the difference in representation isn’t as large as we had hoped. There was an uptick in some race and ethnicity groups, notably those of Hispanic or Latino/a/x and Black or of African descent, while other races and ethnicities remained similar or decreased. Similarly, we saw a slight increase in female-gendered respondents, while non-binary, genderqueer, or non-conforming remained the same. We acknowledge that we have a lot of work to do, and the data we obtain in our annual survey helps us make changes and set goals to improve the welcomeness and inclusiveness of our community.</p> <p class="d-flex pb24 mb24 bb ds-bc-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-mdiddle mt2 mr16 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> <span>Look for this icon, which highlights differences between developer demographics.</span> </p> <p>Working with the data at hand, we broke down our analysis by demographics where applicable. Look for the icon to see where demographics have an interesting impact. Also be sure to check out the topics that were new to this year’s survey, like questions regarding DevOps and working overtime.</p> <p>We also need to point out that this year’s survey was taken in February, before COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and before the virus impacted every country in the world. Please keep the timing of the survey in mind when reviewing information such as job and salary data.</p> <p>Finally, for those who want to dive into the results yourself, the anonymized results of the survey are available for download under the Open Database License (ODbL). We look forward to seeing what you find—if you share on social media, be sure to tag us!</p> </div> </section> <section> <div class="bt ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 p-ff-source"> <p class="fs-headline1 fl1 mb16">Key Results</p> <p class="fs-body3 mb0 fc-black-200">Here are a few of the top takeaways from this year’s results.</p> </div> <div class="grid md:fd-column hmn5 mt64 gs32"> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-technology ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start mb32 ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m106 62h-12v-18h-16v18h-16v16h-18v16h18v13h-18v16h18v17h15v20h16v-20h14v20h16v-20h16v-17h19v-16h-19v-13h19v-16h-19v-16h-17v-18h-16zm-27.0288 61v-45h43.0578v45zm34.0288-35h-25v25h25z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">After a consistent rise over the last five years, Python fell from second last year to third this year on the list of most loved technologies, being beat out by TypeScript. Rust held the top spot for most loved technology for the fifth year in a row.</p> <a href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-loved" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Most loved languages <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> <div class="ds-keyres-work ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m65 42h69v30h18v84h-105v-84h18zm49 20v10h-29v-10zm-48 29.9379h67v11.0621h-67zm0 26.0621v18.062h67v-18.062h-22v8h-23v-8z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">Site reliability engineers and DevOps specialists remain among the highest paid individual contributor roles. 80% of respondents believe that DevOps is at least somewhat important, and 44% work at organizations with at least one dedicated DevOps employee.</p> <a href="#salary" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Global salaries <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-technology h100 ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m106 62h-12v-18h-16v18h-16v16h-18v16h18v13h-18v16h18v17h15v20h16v-20h14v20h16v-20h16v-17h19v-16h-19v-13h19v-16h-19v-16h-17v-18h-16zm-27.0288 61v-45h43.0578v45zm34.0288-35h-25v25h25z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">52% of respondents think “Hello, old friend” when they search for a coding solution online and find that the first result link is purple because they’ve already visited the link.</p> <a href="#technology-already-visited-feeling" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Already visited feeling <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid md:fd-column mt16 gs32"> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-technology ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m106 62h-12v-18h-16v18h-16v16h-18v16h18v13h-18v16h18v17h15v20h16v-20h14v20h16v-20h16v-17h19v-16h-19v-13h19v-16h-19v-16h-17v-18h-16zm-27.0288 61v-45h43.0578v45zm34.0288-35h-25v25h25z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">When asked what steps to take when stuck on a coding problem, 90% of respondents indicated they visit Stack Overflow.</p> <a href="#technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">When you get stuck <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-developer-profile ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m78.0476 99.5696-37.9632-36.3464 13.8312-14.4464 52.7274 50.4818-52.5719 52.5714-14.1422-14.142z"/><path d="m158.757 153h-60.757v-20h60.757z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">More than 75% of developers work overtime at least occasionally -- one to two days per quarter. 25% work overtime 1-2 days per week or more.</p> <a href="#work-overtime" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Overtime <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid md:fd-column hmn5 mt16 gs32"> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-developer-profile h100 ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m78.0476 99.5696-37.9632-36.3464 13.8312-14.4464 52.7274 50.4818-52.5719 52.5714-14.1422-14.142z"/><path d="m158.757 153h-60.757v-20h60.757z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">Australia respondents reported the highest average amount of coding experience at 16.9 years, followed by developers in United Kingdom and United States. In correlation, respondents from the United States and United Kingdom maintain the highest average age, at 33.7 and 33.1 years, respectively.</p> <a href="#developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Experience by country <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-community ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start mb32 ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m127.5 111c-6.617 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.883 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.883-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.949 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.551 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.551-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m71.5 111c-6.6168 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.8832 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.8832-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.5507 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.5507-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m99.5 63c-6.9036 0-12.5 5.5964-12.5 12.5s5.5964 12.5 12.5 12.5c6.904 0 12.5-5.5964 12.5-12.5s-5.596-12.5-12.5-12.5zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.5507-32.5 32.5 0 17.9492 14.5507 32.5 32.5 32.5 17.949 0 32.5-14.5507 32.5-32.5s-14.551-32.5-32.5-32.5z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">0.3% of respondents had never visited Stack Overflow before taking the survey.</p> <a href="#community-visiting-stack-overflow" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Visiting Stack Overflow <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> <div class="ds-keyres-community ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m127.5 111c-6.617 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.883 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.883-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.949 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.551 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.551-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m71.5 111c-6.6168 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.8832 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.8832-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.5507 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.5507-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m99.5 63c-6.9036 0-12.5 5.5964-12.5 12.5s5.5964 12.5 12.5 12.5c6.904 0 12.5-5.5964 12.5-12.5s-5.596-12.5-12.5-12.5zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.5507-32.5 32.5 0 17.9492 14.5507 32.5 32.5 32.5 17.949 0 32.5-14.5507 32.5-32.5s-14.551-32.5-32.5-32.5z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">More than 40% of respondents reported that they are members of other online developer communities beyond Stack Overflow.</p> <a href="#community-member-of-other-online-developer-community" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Other developer communities <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid md:fd-column mt16 mb64 gs32"> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-community ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative hmn3"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m127.5 111c-6.617 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.883 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.883-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.949 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.551 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.551-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m71.5 111c-6.6168 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.8832 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.8832-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.5507 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.5507-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m99.5 63c-6.9036 0-12.5 5.5964-12.5 12.5s5.5964 12.5 12.5 12.5c6.904 0 12.5-5.5964 12.5-12.5s-5.596-12.5-12.5-12.5zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.5507-32.5 32.5 0 17.9492 14.5507 32.5 32.5 32.5 17.949 0 32.5-14.5507 32.5-32.5s-14.551-32.5-32.5-32.5z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">More than 15% of people find Stack Overflow at least somewhat more welcome than last year. We still have work to do, but it’s a start.</p> <a href="#community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Engaging together <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="grid--cell6"> <div class="ds-keyres-developer-profile ds-fc-black p32 bar-md d-flex fd-column ai-start ps-relative hmn3"> <svg class="svg-icon mb24 mr-auto w48 h48 fc-text " fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m78.0476 99.5696-37.9632-36.3464 13.8312-14.4464 52.7274 50.4818-52.5719 52.5714-14.1422-14.142z"/><path d="m158.757 153h-60.757v-20h60.757z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> <p class="mt-auto fs-body3 p-ff-source">We still see evidence that people of color are underrepresented among professional developers, but we do see some improvement when we include all developers, not just those who code professionally.</p> <a href="#developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity" class="w-auto mt16 s-btn ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono ds-fc-black ta-left px16 py12 h:fc-black-100">Race and ethnicity <span class="ml16 float-right">→</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="developer-profile" name="developer-profile" class="ds-chapter pt128 js-section"> <header class="ds-chapter__header bs-sm d-flex fd-column ps-relative ds-bg-dark ds-fc-light bar-md p32 py32 p-ff-source mb128"> <div class="ps-absolute sm:ps-static r48 b48 sm:mb32"> <svg class="svg-icon" fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m78.0476 99.5696-37.9632-36.3464 13.8312-14.4464 52.7274 50.4818-52.5719 52.5714-14.1422-14.142z"/><path d="m158.757 153h-60.757v-20h60.757z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> </div> <h1 class="fs-headline2 ds-chapter__title p-ff-source"> Developer Profile </h1> <div class="bt w100 wmx1 ds-bc"></div> <p class="fs-title mt24 wmx5 mb128"> What we know about the developers who are writing the script for the future </p> <ul class="ds-chapter__nav mt-auto fs-title list-reset"> <li> <a href="#geography" class="d-inline-block py4"> Geography <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#developer-roles" class="d-inline-block py4"> Developer Roles <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#experience" class="d-inline-block py4"> Experience <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#education" class="d-inline-block py4"> Education <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#demographics" class="d-inline-block py4"> Demographics <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> </ul> </header> <div name="geography" id="geography" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-geography" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-geography" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'geography')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-geography" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23geography&text=Developer%20Profile&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'geography')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Developer%20Profile&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23geography" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'geography')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23geography&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Developer%20Profile" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'geography')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Developer Profile</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Geography</h2> </div> <article id="developer-profile-" name="developer-profile-" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Each month, about 50 million people visit Stack Overflow to learn, share, and build their careers. Industry estimates suggest that 20-25 million of these people are professional developers and university-level students. The vast majority of our survey respondents this year said they are professional developers or who code sometimes as part of their work or students preparing for such a career.</p> <p>See our <a href="#methodology">Methodology section</a> for details on how developers around the world accessed our survey.</p> </div> </article> </div> <div name="developer-roles" id="developer-roles" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-developer-roles" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-developer-roles" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'developer-roles')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-developer-roles" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23developer-roles&text=Developer%20Profile&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'developer-roles')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Developer%20Profile&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23developer-roles" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'developer-roles')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23developer-roles&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Developer%20Profile" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'developer-roles')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Developer Profile</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Developer Roles</h2> </div> <article id="developer-profile-developer-type" name="developer-profile-developer-type" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-developer-type" class="fc-black-900"> Developer Type </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-developer-type"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>About 55% of respondents identify as full-stack developers, and about 20% consider themselves mobile developers. The median number of developer type identifications per respondent this year is three, and the most common combinations include back-end, front-end, and full-stack developer. Pairs that are highly correlated include database administrator and system administrator, DevOps specialist and site reliability engineer, academic researcher and scientist, and designer and front-end developer.</p> <p>Survey weighting is an approach used to analyze survey data when the survey sample doesn't match the underlying population well. For example, in our survey this year, 12% of US respondents identify as women, but data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that women's participation in the software developer workforce is about twice that, more like 20%. We can use survey weighting to adjust for the mismatch between our survey sample and the population of developers. We know that there is a difference in developer type representation by gender, so let's compare the overall proportions in our raw results for the United States with weighted proportions, assuming that we undersampled gender minorities at the rate indicated by the BLS report. When we use weighting, we see small increases in the representation of developer roles that have the most representation from women, like Data Scientists and Academic Researchers, and decreases in others with low representation from women, like DevOps.</p> <p>We know there are more ways in which our survey sample doesn't match the underlying population of developers than only gender (including frequency of use of Stack Overflow), and the United States is not the only country for which we expect such a mismatch. The reason we're using this specific example of weighting here is that it is one where we know we have systemic sampling issues and we have an estimate about the expected population proportion. We can demonstrate the effect of our survey sample on our results, both in direction and magnitude.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-developer-type-all-respondents" data-group="developer-profile-developer-type"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 49,370 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-developer-type-united-states-unweighted" data-group="developer-profile-developer-type"> United States Unweighted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 10,355 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-developer-type-united-states-weighted-by-gender" data-group="developer-profile-developer-type"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> United States Weighted by Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 10,355 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-developer-type-all-respondents" name="developer-profile-developer-type-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-developer-type"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 49,370 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>55.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 99.6218%;" data-percentage="99.6218"> <span>54.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.1955%;" data-percentage="67.1955"> <span>37.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.2789%;" data-percentage="43.2789"> <span>23.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.8245%;" data-percentage="34.8245"> <span>19.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.9222%;" data-percentage="21.9222"> <span>12.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.0151%;" data-percentage="21.0151"> <span>11.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.5424%;" data-percentage="19.5424"> <span>10.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.2523%;" data-percentage="19.2523"> <span>10.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.4452%;" data-percentage="17.4452"> <span>9.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.7789%;" data-percentage="14.7789"> <span>8.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.6467%;" data-percentage="14.6467"> <span>8.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.496%;" data-percentage="14.496"> <span>8.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.7285%;" data-percentage="13.7285"> <span>7.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.0455%;" data-percentage="13.0455"> <span>7.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.7536%;" data-percentage="10.7536"> <span>5.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.2432%;" data-percentage="10.2432"> <span>5.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.0044%;" data-percentage="10.0044"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Product manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.1707%;" data-percentage="9.1707"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.6612%;" data-percentage="7.6612"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.125%;" data-percentage="7.125"> <span>3.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Senior executive/VP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.848%;" data-percentage="4.848"> <span>2.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Marketing or sales professional </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.3579%;" data-percentage="2.3579"> <span>1.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-developer-type-united-states-unweighted" name="developer-profile-developer-type-united-states-unweighted" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-developer-type"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 10,355 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>58.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.5971%;" data-percentage="89.5971"> <span>52.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.45%;" data-percentage="62.45"> <span>36.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 41.1618%;" data-percentage="41.1618"> <span>23.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.018%;" data-percentage="24.018"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.018%;" data-percentage="24.018"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.9887%;" data-percentage="20.9887"> <span>12.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.9234%;" data-percentage="19.9234"> <span>11.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.8568%;" data-percentage="19.8568"> <span>11.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.8108%;" data-percentage="16.8108"> <span>9.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.9455%;" data-percentage="15.9455"> <span>9.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.8122%;" data-percentage="15.8122"> <span>9.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.1132%;" data-percentage="15.1132"> <span>8.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.7136%;" data-percentage="14.7136"> <span>8.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.9148%;" data-percentage="13.9148"> <span>8.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.0034%;" data-percentage="10.0034"> <span>5.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.3709%;" data-percentage="9.3709"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.3541%;" data-percentage="9.3541"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.8383%;" data-percentage="8.8383"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Product manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.7051%;" data-percentage="8.7051"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.006%;" data-percentage="8.006"> <span>4.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Senior executive/VP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.3581%;" data-percentage="6.3581"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Marketing or sales professional </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.8795%;" data-percentage="2.8795"> <span>1.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-developer-type-united-states-weighted-by-gender" name="developer-profile-developer-type-united-states-weighted-by-gender" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-developer-type"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 10,355 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>57.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.7791%;" data-percentage="88.7791"> <span>51.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.5399%;" data-percentage="63.5399"> <span>36.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.8414%;" data-percentage="39.8414"> <span>22.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.8929%;" data-percentage="23.8929"> <span>13.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.9054%;" data-percentage="22.9054"> <span>13.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.6014%;" data-percentage="20.6014"> <span>11.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.4817%;" data-percentage="20.4817"> <span>11.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.2999%;" data-percentage="19.2999"> <span>11.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.1754%;" data-percentage="17.1754"> <span>9.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.6942%;" data-percentage="15.6942"> <span>9.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.4099%;" data-percentage="15.4099"> <span>8.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.3051%;" data-percentage="15.3051"> <span>8.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.021%;" data-percentage="15.021"> <span>8.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.4201%;" data-percentage="13.4201"> <span>7.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.605%;" data-percentage="9.605"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.605%;" data-percentage="9.605"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.4555%;" data-percentage="9.4555"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.2459%;" data-percentage="9.2459"> <span>5.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Product manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.842%;" data-percentage="8.842"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.1238%;" data-percentage="8.1238"> <span>4.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Senior executive/VP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.3884%;" data-percentage="6.3884"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Marketing or sales professional </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.1568%;" data-percentage="3.1568"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby" name="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby" class="fc-black-900"> Coding as a Hobby </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Many developers work on code outside of work. About 78% of our respondents say that they code as a hobby. Other responsibilities outside of software can reduce developers' engagement in coding as a hobby; developers who say they have children or other caretaking responsibilities are less likely to code as a hobby. Respondents who are women are also less likely to say they code as a hobby.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-all-respondents2" data-group="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 64,416 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-united-states-unweighted2" data-group="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> United States Unweighted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 12,469 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-united-states-weighted-by-gender2" data-group="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> United States Weighted by Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 12,469 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-all-respondents2" name="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-all-respondents2" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 64,416 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>78.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.84%;" data-percentage="27.84"> <span>21.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-united-states-unweighted2" name="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-united-states-unweighted2" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 12,469 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>77.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.3083%;" data-percentage="28.3083"> <span>22.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-united-states-weighted-by-gender2" name="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby-united-states-weighted-by-gender2" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-coding-as-a-hobby"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 12,469 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>76.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.747%;" data-percentage="30.747"> <span>23.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="experience" id="experience" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-experience" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-experience" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'experience')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-experience" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23experience&text=Developer%20Profile&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'experience')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Developer%20Profile&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23experience" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'experience')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23experience&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Developer%20Profile" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'experience')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Developer Profile</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Experience</h2> </div> <article id="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code" name="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code" class="fc-black-900"> Years Since Learning to Code </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>There is a wide range of experience among developers who visit Stack Overflow, from seasoned developers who learned to code more than 30 years ago (approximately 15%), to a sizable percentage of developers (17%) who learned how to code less than five years ago. Of the professional developers on Stack Overflow, approximately 40% learned to code less than 10 years ago. See more on how these <a href="#developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-gender">experience levels vary by gender</a>.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code-all-respondents" data-group="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 57,684 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code-professional-developers" data-group="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 47,779 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code-all-respondents" name="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 57,684 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 5 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.4956%;" data-percentage="56.4956"> <span>17.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5 to 9 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>30.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 14 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.0151%;" data-percentage="67.0151"> <span>20.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.0798%;" data-percentage="38.0798"> <span>11.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.4501%;" data-percentage="28.4501"> <span>8.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.6901%;" data-percentage="14.6901"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.8017%;" data-percentage="11.8017"> <span>3.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.9367%;" data-percentage="8.9367"> <span>2.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.3262%;" data-percentage="5.3262"> <span>1.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.3575%;" data-percentage="1.3575"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 years or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.0686%;" data-percentage="1.0686"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code-professional-developers" name="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-years-since-learning-to-code"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 47,779 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 5 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 35.9799%;" data-percentage="35.9799"> <span>10.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5 to 9 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>29.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 14 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.793%;" data-percentage="77.793"> <span>22.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.3169%;" data-percentage="45.3169"> <span>13.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 33.6798%;" data-percentage="33.6798"> <span>9.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.3415%;" data-percentage="17.3415"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.601%;" data-percentage="13.601"> <span>4.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.3262%;" data-percentage="10.3262"> <span>3.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.0337%;" data-percentage="6.0337"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.3473%;" data-percentage="1.3473"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 years or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.9604%;" data-percentage="0.9604"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-years-coding-professionally" name="developer-profile-years-coding-professionally" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-years-coding-professionally" class="fc-black-900"> Years Coding Professionally </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-years-coding-professionally"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>65% of respondents have been coding professionally for less than 10 years.</p> </div> <div id="developer-profile-years-coding-professionally-years-coding-professionally" name="developer-profile-years-coding-professionally-years-coding-professionally" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-years-coding-professionally"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 46,349 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 5 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>39.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5 to 9 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.699%;" data-percentage="67.699"> <span>26.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 14 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.1052%;" data-percentage="37.1052"> <span>14.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.2835%;" data-percentage="19.2835"> <span>7.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.166%;" data-percentage="15.166"> <span>6.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.0643%;" data-percentage="6.0643"> <span>2.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.9537%;" data-percentage="3.9537"> <span>1.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.0615%;" data-percentage="2.0615"> <span>0.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.9653%;" data-percentage="0.9653"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.2073%;" data-percentage="0.2073"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 years or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.2563%;" data-percentage="0.2563"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type" name="developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type" class="fc-black-900"> Years of Professional Coding Experience by Developer Type </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Technical executives and engineering managers tend to have the most professional coding experience. Among the individual contributor roles, the most experienced developers tend to be system administrators, database administrators, and developers who create desktop and embedded applications. On the other end of the spectrum, web developers, academic researchers, and data scientists tend to have fewer years of experience. Part of this could be explained by the proliferation of coding bootcamps that teach web development and the amount of data scientists entering the field from academia.</p> </div> <div id="developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type" name="developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-years-of-professional-coding-experience-by-developer-type"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 45,264 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Senior executive/VP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>16.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.5039%;" data-percentage="83.5039"> <span>13.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.6153%;" data-percentage="66.6153"> <span>11.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.9669%;" data-percentage="65.9669"> <span>10.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.7158%;" data-percentage="65.7158"> <span>10.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.2718%;" data-percentage="65.2718"> <span>10.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.6729%;" data-percentage="63.6729"> <span>10.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.6249%;" data-percentage="63.6249"> <span>10.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.4642%;" data-percentage="63.4642"> <span>10.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.4914%;" data-percentage="60.4914"> <span>10.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.1991%;" data-percentage="60.1991"> <span>9.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.3711%;" data-percentage="59.3711"> <span>9.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 55.9707%;" data-percentage="55.9707"> <span>9.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 55.2926%;" data-percentage="55.2926"> <span>9.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 54.2056%;" data-percentage="54.2056"> <span>8.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 54.0989%;" data-percentage="54.0989"> <span>8.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 52.4824%;" data-percentage="52.4824"> <span>8.7</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.8525%;" data-percentage="50.8525"> <span>8.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.4938%;" data-percentage="49.4938"> <span>8.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.4859%;" data-percentage="49.4859"> <span>8.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.2997%;" data-percentage="49.2997"> <span>8.1</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code" name="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code" class="fc-black-900"> Writing That First Line of Code </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Of all of the respondents, over 54% wrote their first line of code, whether it was a web page or a hello world program, by the age of 16. People who wrote their first line of code in their 20s accounted for 13% of the respondents. When looking at the average age by country, respondents from countries such as Brazil and India tend to start writing code a full two years later compared to developers in countries such as Poland and Germany, who on average start coding by the age of 15.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-overall" data-group="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> Overall <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 57,900 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-country" data-group="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> By Country <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 36,048 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-gender" data-group="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> By Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 50,534 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-overall" name="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-overall" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 57,900 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Younger than 10 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.5415%;" data-percentage="46.5415"> <span>8.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 11 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.9403%;" data-percentage="51.9403"> <span>10.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 12 to 13 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.2552%;" data-percentage="83.2552"> <span>16.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 14 to 15 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>19.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 16 to 17 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.7646%;" data-percentage="84.7646"> <span>16.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 18 to 19 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.374%;" data-percentage="76.374"> <span>14.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 21 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 33.0038%;" data-percentage="33.0038"> <span>6.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 22 to 23 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.3519%;" data-percentage="15.3519"> <span>3.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 24 to 25 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.8965%;" data-percentage="10.8965"> <span>2.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 26 to 27 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.4436%;" data-percentage="5.4436"> <span>1.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 28 to 29 years old </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.7371%;" data-percentage="3.7371"> <span>0.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 years old or older </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.8124%;" data-percentage="8.8124"> <span>1.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-country" name="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-country" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 36,048 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> India </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>16.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Brazil </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 94.8536%;" data-percentage="94.8536"> <span>16.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> France </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.3166%;" data-percentage="89.3166"> <span>15.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United States </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.4897%;" data-percentage="88.4897"> <span>15.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Canada </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.1653%;" data-percentage="88.1653"> <span>14.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Netherlands </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.2849%;" data-percentage="86.2849"> <span>14.6</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Australia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.3977%;" data-percentage="85.3977"> <span>14.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United Kingdom </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.7064%;" data-percentage="84.7064"> <span>14.3</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Poland </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.211%;" data-percentage="84.211"> <span>14.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Germany </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.7298%;" data-percentage="83.7298"> <span>14.1</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-gender" name="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code-by-gender" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-writing-that-first-line-of-code"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 50,534 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Woman </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>16.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Man </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.711%;" data-percentage="89.711"> <span>15.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.7968%;" data-percentage="79.7968"> <span>13.5</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="education" id="education" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-education" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-education" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'education')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-education" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23education&text=Developer%20Profile&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'education')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Developer%20Profile&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23education" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'education')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23education&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Developer%20Profile" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'education')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Developer Profile</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Education</h2> </div> <article id="developer-profile-educational-attainment" name="developer-profile-educational-attainment" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-educational-attainment" class="fc-black-900"> Educational Attainment </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-educational-attainment"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Approximately 75% of respondents worldwide completed at least the equivalent of a bachelor's degree or higher. This is consistent with what we've seen in previous years.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-educational-attainment-all-respondents" data-group="developer-profile-educational-attainment"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 57,431 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-educational-attainment-professional-developers" data-group="developer-profile-educational-attainment"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 47,744 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-educational-attainment-all-respondents" name="developer-profile-educational-attainment-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-educational-attainment"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 57,431 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>46.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.401%;" data-percentage="49.401"> <span>22.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Some college/university study without earning a degree </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.2738%;" data-percentage="27.2738"> <span>12.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.9754%;" data-percentage="17.9754"> <span>8.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.9438%;" data-percentage="6.9438"> <span>3.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.3673%;" data-percentage="6.3673"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Primary/elementary school </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.5453%;" data-percentage="3.5453"> <span>1.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.0141%;" data-percentage="3.0141"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I never completed any formal education </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.8574%;" data-percentage="1.8574"> <span>0.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-educational-attainment-professional-developers" name="developer-profile-educational-attainment-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-educational-attainment"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 47,744 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>49.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.8035%;" data-percentage="51.8035"> <span>25.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Some college/university study without earning a degree </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.2976%;" data-percentage="23.2976"> <span>11.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.1805%;" data-percentage="9.1805"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.64%;" data-percentage="6.64"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.4956%;" data-percentage="6.4956"> <span>3.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.9398%;" data-percentage="2.9398"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I never completed any formal education </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.3807%;" data-percentage="1.3807"> <span>0.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Primary/elementary school </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.0918%;" data-percentage="1.0918"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-undergraduate-major" name="developer-profile-undergraduate-major" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-undergraduate-major" class="fc-black-900"> Undergraduate Major </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-undergraduate-major"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>There are a variety of academic paths to becoming a professional software developer. Of the respondents that write code professionally and studied at the university level, over 62% have a degree in computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering and just under 10% have a degree in another engineering field. Interestingly enough, almost 10% of the respondents have a business related degree or a degree in a humanities, social science, or fine arts field of study.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-undergraduate-major-all-respondents2" data-group="developer-profile-undergraduate-major"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 50,995 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-undergraduate-major-professional-developers2" data-group="developer-profile-undergraduate-major"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 44,636 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-undergraduate-major-all-respondents2" name="developer-profile-undergraduate-major-all-respondents2" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-undergraduate-major"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 50,995 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>61.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Another engineering discipline (such as civil, electrical, mechanical, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.0529%;" data-percentage="15.0529"> <span>9.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Information systems, information technology, or system administration </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.8902%;" data-percentage="12.8902"> <span>8.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A natural science (such as biology, chemistry, physics, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.9819%;" data-percentage="6.9819"> <span>4.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Mathematics or statistics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.8545%;" data-percentage="5.8545"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Web development or web design </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.6646%;" data-percentage="5.6646"> <span>3.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A business discipline (such as accounting, finance, marketing, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.3537%;" data-percentage="4.3537"> <span>2.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A humanities discipline (such as literature, history, philosophy, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.1885%;" data-percentage="3.1885"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A social science (such as anthropology, psychology, political science, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.9542%;" data-percentage="2.9542"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Fine arts or performing arts (such as graphic design, music, studio art, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.2956%;" data-percentage="2.2956"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I never declared a major </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.4343%;" data-percentage="1.4343"> <span>0.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A health science (such as nursing, pharmacy, radiology, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.798%;" data-percentage="0.798"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-undergraduate-major-professional-developers2" name="developer-profile-undergraduate-major-professional-developers2" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-undergraduate-major"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 44,636 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>62.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Another engineering discipline (such as civil, electrical, mechanical, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.87%;" data-percentage="14.87"> <span>9.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Information systems, information technology, or system administration </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.6709%;" data-percentage="12.6709"> <span>7.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A natural science (such as biology, chemistry, physics, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.0375%;" data-percentage="7.0375"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Mathematics or statistics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.7303%;" data-percentage="5.7303"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Web development or web design </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.2826%;" data-percentage="5.2826"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A business discipline (such as accounting, finance, marketing, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.1365%;" data-percentage="4.1365"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A humanities discipline (such as literature, history, philosophy, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.1946%;" data-percentage="3.1946"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A social science (such as anthropology, psychology, political science, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.8652%;" data-percentage="2.8652"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Fine arts or performing arts (such as graphic design, music, studio art, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.3028%;" data-percentage="2.3028"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I never declared a major </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.146%;" data-percentage="1.146"> <span>0.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A health science (such as nursing, pharmacy, radiology, etc.) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.6231%;" data-percentage="0.6231"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-formal-education-importance" name="developer-profile-formal-education-importance" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-formal-education-importance" class="fc-black-900"> Formal Education Importance </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-formal-education-importance"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Almost 85% of the respondents that are professional developers feel that formal education is at least somewhat important, which is contrary to the popular idiom that you don't need formal education to become a developer. However, almost 16% believe that it is not at all important or necessary.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-formal-education-importance-all-respondents3" data-group="developer-profile-formal-education-importance"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 48,465 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-formal-education-importance-professional-developers3" data-group="developer-profile-formal-education-importance"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 46,383 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-formal-education-importance-all-respondents3" name="developer-profile-formal-education-importance-all-respondents3" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-formal-education-importance"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 48,465 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Critically important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.4941%;" data-percentage="37.4941"> <span>9.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Very important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.6247%;" data-percentage="93.6247"> <span>24.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Fairly important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>26.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Somewhat important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.8535%;" data-percentage="89.8535"> <span>23.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not at all important/not necessary </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.4249%;" data-percentage="61.4249"> <span>16.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-formal-education-importance-professional-developers3" name="developer-profile-formal-education-importance-professional-developers3" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-formal-education-importance"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 46,383 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Critically important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 36.7151%;" data-percentage="36.7151"> <span>9.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Very important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.5101%;" data-percentage="92.5101"> <span>24.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Fairly important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>26.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Somewhat important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.7903%;" data-percentage="89.7903"> <span>23.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not at all important/not necessary </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.8385%;" data-percentage="59.8385"> <span>15.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="demographics" id="demographics" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-demographics" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-demographics" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'demographics')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-demographics" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23demographics&text=Developer%20Profile&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'demographics')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Developer%20Profile&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23demographics" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'demographics')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23demographics&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Developer%20Profile" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'demographics')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Developer Profile</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Demographics</h2> </div> <article id="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity" name="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity" class="fc-black-900"> Race and Ethnicity </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Consistent with the data from last year, we still see evidence that people of color are underrepresented among professional developers. However, we see some improvement when we look at all respondents—not just the ones who code professionally. Despite a gradual change year over year, there is still much work to do to increase participation rates.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity-all-respondents" data-group="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 45,948 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity-professional-developers" data-group="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 38,257 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity-all-respondents" name="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 45,948 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> White or of European descent </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>68.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> South Asian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.1912%;" data-percentage="15.1912"> <span>10.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hispanic or Latino/a/x </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.1026%;" data-percentage="11.1026"> <span>7.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Middle Eastern </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.2403%;" data-percentage="7.2403"> <span>4.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> East Asian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.7623%;" data-percentage="6.7623"> <span>4.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Black or of African descent </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.5711%;" data-percentage="6.5711"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Southeast Asian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.5297%;" data-percentage="6.5297"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiracial </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.5367%;" data-percentage="2.5367"> <span>1.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Biracial </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.8228%;" data-percentage="1.8228"> <span>1.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Indigenous (such as Native American, Pacific Islander, or Indigenous Australian) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.2206%;" data-percentage="1.2206"> <span>0.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity-professional-developers" name="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-race-and-ethnicity"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 38,257 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> White or of European descent </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>70.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> South Asian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.6547%;" data-percentage="13.6547"> <span>9.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hispanic or Latino/a/x </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.0207%;" data-percentage="11.0207"> <span>7.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Middle Eastern </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.733%;" data-percentage="6.733"> <span>4.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> East Asian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.9339%;" data-percentage="5.9339"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Southeast Asian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.5492%;" data-percentage="5.5492"> <span>3.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Black or of African descent </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.1016%;" data-percentage="5.1016"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiracial </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.3787%;" data-percentage="2.3787"> <span>1.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Biracial </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.6869%;" data-percentage="1.6869"> <span>1.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Indigenous (such as Native American, Pacific Islander, or Indigenous Australian) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.1136%;" data-percentage="1.1136"> <span>0.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-gender" name="developer-profile-gender" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-gender" class="fc-black-900"> Gender </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-gender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When looking at gender identity by country, we see various participation rates of professional developers who are women. Consistent with last year's survey, women developers account for almost 12% of developers in the US. In countries such as Germany, Brazil, and Poland, the participation rate is about half of that, which goes to show there is still much work to do to reach appropriate gender representation in the field. Among the respondents that code professionally, almost 92% are men.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-gender-gender-minorities-by-country" data-group="developer-profile-gender"> Gender Minorities by Country <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 51,406 responses; % who identify as women or non-binary </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-gender-all-respondents2" data-group="developer-profile-gender"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 50,557 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-gender-professional-developers2" data-group="developer-profile-gender"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 41,809 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-gender-gender-minorities-by-country" name="developer-profile-gender-gender-minorities-by-country" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-gender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 51,406 responses; % who identify as women or non-binary </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United States </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>11.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Canada </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.1662%;" data-percentage="93.1662"> <span>11.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United Kingdom </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.7199%;" data-percentage="92.7199"> <span>10.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Australia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.3321%;" data-percentage="85.3321"> <span>10.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Netherlands </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.259%;" data-percentage="71.259"> <span>8.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> France </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.7301%;" data-percentage="67.7301"> <span>8.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> India </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.0712%;" data-percentage="59.0712"> <span>7.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Germany </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 55.0876%;" data-percentage="55.0876"> <span>6.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Brazil </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.2635%;" data-percentage="49.2635"> <span>5.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Poland </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.2941%;" data-percentage="40.2941"> <span>4.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-gender-all-respondents2" name="developer-profile-gender-all-respondents2" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-gender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 50,557 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Man </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>91.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Woman </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.7334%;" data-percentage="8.7334"> <span>8.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.3497%;" data-percentage="1.3497"> <span>1.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-gender-professional-developers2" name="developer-profile-gender-professional-developers2" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-gender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 41,809 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Man </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>91.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Woman </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.4259%;" data-percentage="8.4259"> <span>7.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.2596%;" data-percentage="1.2596"> <span>1.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-transgender" name="developer-profile-transgender" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-transgender" class="fc-black-900"> Transgender </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-transgender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Approximately 1% of this year’s respondents that write code professionally are transgender.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-transgender-all-respondents3" data-group="developer-profile-transgender"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 49,345 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-transgender-professional-developers3" data-group="developer-profile-transgender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 40,911 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-transgender-all-respondents3" name="developer-profile-transgender-all-respondents3" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-transgender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 49,345 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>99.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.9699%;" data-percentage="0.9699"> <span>1.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-transgender-professional-developers3" name="developer-profile-transgender-professional-developers3" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-transgender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 40,911 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>99.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.8604%;" data-percentage="0.8604"> <span>0.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-developer-role-and-gender" name="developer-profile-developer-role-and-gender" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-developer-role-and-gender" class="fc-black-900"> Developer Role and Gender </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-developer-role-and-gender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We see varying representation from men and women in different developer roles on our survey. All categories have dramatically more developers who identify as men than women, but the ratio of men to women varies. Developer types above the line have respondents that are more likely than average to be men, and those below the dotted line have respondents who are more likely than average to be women. Developers who are data scientists or academic researchers are about 10 times more likely to be men than women, while developers who are system admins or DevOps specialists are 25-30 times more likely to be men than women. Women have the highest representation as front-end developers, designers, data scientists, data analysts, QA or test developers, scientists, and educators.</p> </div> <figure class="ds-data ds-data--image sm:w100 m0"> <img class="wmx9 d-inline-block" src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/Survey/2020/devtype_ratio-1315d.svg?v=8b08855c86bd" alt="Developer Role and Gender"> <figcaption class="wmx5 fc-black-300 fs-body3 lh-md mb64 ta-left">The dashed line shows the average ratio of men's to women's participation</figcaption> </figure> </article> <article id="developer-profile-experience-and-gender" name="developer-profile-experience-and-gender" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-experience-and-gender" class="fc-black-900"> Experience and Gender </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When we break down differences in years since learning to code by gender, we notice some retention problems. We see a big drop off at the 10-14 year mark when compared to men, though we've seen some improvement from last year's survey. This is consistent with other research that women leave tech jobs at higher rates than men. If we truly want to make a difference and see gender parity in the industry that is reflective of society, retention is key. It is important to not only hire people from diverse backgrounds, but to also create an environment where they feel included and can thrive.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-experience-and-gender-men" data-group="developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> Men <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 45,896 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-experience-and-gender-women" data-group="developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> Women <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 3,974 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-experience-and-gender-non-binary-genderqueer-or-gender-non-conforming" data-group="developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 616 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-experience-and-gender-men" name="developer-profile-experience-and-gender-men" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 45,896 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 5 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 52.8554%;" data-percentage="52.8554"> <span>15.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5 to 9 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>29.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 14 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.0016%;" data-percentage="70.0016"> <span>20.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 41.0988%;" data-percentage="41.0988"> <span>12.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.6995%;" data-percentage="30.6995"> <span>9.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.2292%;" data-percentage="16.2292"> <span>4.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.9566%;" data-percentage="12.9566"> <span>3.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.9672%;" data-percentage="9.9672"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.8446%;" data-percentage="5.8446"> <span>1.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.4911%;" data-percentage="1.4911"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 years or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.0809%;" data-percentage="1.0809"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-experience-and-gender-women" name="developer-profile-experience-and-gender-women" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 3,974 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 5 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.4639%;" data-percentage="72.4639"> <span>25.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5 to 9 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>34.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 14 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 52.2463%;" data-percentage="52.2463"> <span>18.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.6957%;" data-percentage="23.6957"> <span>8.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.9131%;" data-percentage="18.9131"> <span>6.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.3188%;" data-percentage="7.3188"> <span>2.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.7971%;" data-percentage="5.7971"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.6233%;" data-percentage="3.6233"> <span>1.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.8261%;" data-percentage="2.8261"> <span>1.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.7971%;" data-percentage="0.7971"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 years or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.3623%;" data-percentage="0.3623"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-experience-and-gender-non-binary-genderqueer-or-gender-non-conforming" name="developer-profile-experience-and-gender-non-binary-genderqueer-or-gender-non-conforming" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-experience-and-gender"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 616 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 5 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.99%;" data-percentage="48.99"> <span>15.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5 to 9 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>32.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 14 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.1716%;" data-percentage="67.1716"> <span>21.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 31.8182%;" data-percentage="31.8182"> <span>10.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.2929%;" data-percentage="29.2929"> <span>9.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.6061%;" data-percentage="10.6061"> <span>3.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.111%;" data-percentage="11.111"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.0607%;" data-percentage="6.0607"> <span>1.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.5355%;" data-percentage="3.5355"> <span>1.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.5049%;" data-percentage="0.5049"> <span>0.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 years or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.0204%;" data-percentage="2.0204"> <span>0.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-sexual-orientation" name="developer-profile-sexual-orientation" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-sexual-orientation" class="fc-black-900"> Sexual Orientation </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-sexual-orientation"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Participants’ responses regarding their sexual orientation are consistent with previous years.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-sexual-orientation-all-respondents4" data-group="developer-profile-sexual-orientation"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 43,992 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-sexual-orientation-professional-developers4" data-group="developer-profile-sexual-orientation"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 36,939 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-sexual-orientation-all-respondents4" name="developer-profile-sexual-orientation-all-respondents4" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-sexual-orientation"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 43,992 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Straight / Heterosexual </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>92.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bisexual </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.1429%;" data-percentage="6.1429"> <span>5.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gay or Lesbian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.9431%;" data-percentage="2.9431"> <span>2.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Queer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.6271%;" data-percentage="1.6271"> <span>1.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-sexual-orientation-professional-developers4" name="developer-profile-sexual-orientation-professional-developers4" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-sexual-orientation"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 36,939 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Straight / Heterosexual </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>92.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bisexual </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.5835%;" data-percentage="5.5835"> <span>5.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gay or Lesbian </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.8093%;" data-percentage="2.8093"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Queer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.5523%;" data-percentage="1.5523"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-disability-status" name="developer-profile-disability-status" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-disability-status" class="fc-black-900"> Disability Status </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-disability-status"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Among the respondents, almost 15% said they have some type of anxiety, mood, or emotional disorder. When looking at differences in physical ability, around 2% of respondents are differently-abled, such as being blind / having difficulty seeing or being deaf / having difficulty hearing. This underscores the importance of creating accessible software and creating companies that accomodate differently-abled people.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-disability-status-mental-health-and-differences" data-group="developer-profile-disability-status"> Mental Health and Differences <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 9,532 responses identified as having a mental difference </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-disability-status-physical-differences" data-group="developer-profile-disability-status"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> Physical Differences <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 1,284 responses identified as having a physical difference </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-disability-status-mental-health-and-differences" name="developer-profile-disability-status-mental-health-and-differences" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-disability-status"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 9,532 responses identified as having a mental difference </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have an anxiety disorder </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>7.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have a mood or emotional disorder (e.g. depression, bipolar disorder) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 99.8272%;" data-percentage="99.8272"> <span>7.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have a concentration and/or memory disorder (e.g. ADHD) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.8165%;" data-percentage="75.8165"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have autism / an autism spectrum disorder (e.g. Asperger's) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 31.56%;" data-percentage="31.56"> <span>2.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-disability-status-physical-differences" name="developer-profile-disability-status-physical-differences" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-disability-status"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 1,284 responses identified as having a physical difference </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am blind / have difficulty seeing </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>1.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am deaf / hard of hearing </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.2498%;" data-percentage="61.2498"> <span>0.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am unable to / find it difficult to walk or stand without assistance </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.9222%;" data-percentage="25.9222"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am unable to / find it difficult to type </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.2241%;" data-percentage="21.2241"> <span>0.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-age" name="developer-profile-age" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-age" class="fc-black-900"> Age </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-age"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Of the respondents that are professional developers, 70% are under 35 and about 5% are 50 years old or older.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-age-all-respondents5" data-group="developer-profile-age"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 45,446 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-age-professional-developers5" data-group="developer-profile-age"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 38,144 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-age-all-respondents5" name="developer-profile-age-all-respondents5" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-age"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 45,446 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Younger than 15 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.7003%;" data-percentage="1.7003"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.2537%;" data-percentage="20.2537"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.3954%;" data-percentage="76.3954"> <span>20.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>26.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.0528%;" data-percentage="73.0528"> <span>19.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.6533%;" data-percentage="46.6533"> <span>12.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.2801%;" data-percentage="25.2801"> <span>6.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.647%;" data-percentage="14.647"> <span>3.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 to 54 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.6339%;" data-percentage="8.6339"> <span>2.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 55 to 59 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.1673%;" data-percentage="5.1673"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 60 years and older </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.7606%;" data-percentage="4.7606"> <span>1.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-age-professional-developers5" name="developer-profile-age-professional-developers5" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-age"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 38,144 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Younger than 15 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.0532%;" data-percentage="0.0532"> <span>0.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 15 to 19 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.0633%;" data-percentage="4.0633"> <span>1.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 24 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.2729%;" data-percentage="56.2729"> <span>16.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 25 to 29 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>29.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.2332%;" data-percentage="74.2332"> <span>21.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.3906%;" data-percentage="47.3906"> <span>14.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.2869%;" data-percentage="25.2869"> <span>7.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.386%;" data-percentage="14.386"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 to 54 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.42%;" data-percentage="8.42"> <span>2.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 55 to 59 years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.9434%;" data-percentage="4.9434"> <span>1.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 60 years and older </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.85%;" data-percentage="3.85"> <span>1.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country" name="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country" class="fc-black-900"> Age and Experience by Country </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When we break down the age of the survey respondents by country, we see that developers in North America and Western Europe tend to skew older and have more coding experience compared to other regions.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country-average-age" data-group="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country"> Average Age <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 28,492 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country-average-years-of-coding-experience" data-group="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country"> Average Years of Coding Experience <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 35,913 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country-average-age" name="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country-average-age" class="chart js-active" data-group="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 28,492 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United States </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>33.7</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United Kingdom </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 98.3952%;" data-percentage="98.3952"> <span>33.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Canada </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.716%;" data-percentage="95.716"> <span>32.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Netherlands </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 94.8903%;" data-percentage="94.8903"> <span>31.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Germany </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 91.7511%;" data-percentage="91.7511"> <span>30.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> France </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 90.4261%;" data-percentage="90.4261"> <span>30.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Brazil </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.2087%;" data-percentage="87.2087"> <span>29.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Poland </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.9419%;" data-percentage="85.9419"> <span>28.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> India </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.1076%;" data-percentage="77.1076"> <span>26.0</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country-average-years-of-coding-experience" name="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country-average-years-of-coding-experience" class="chart" data-group="developer-profile-age-and-experience-by-country"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 35,913 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Australia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>16.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United Kingdom </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.0895%;" data-percentage="95.0895"> <span>16.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United States </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.4764%;" data-percentage="93.4764"> <span>15.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Netherlands </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.9283%;" data-percentage="88.9283"> <span>15.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Canada </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.2306%;" data-percentage="85.2306"> <span>14.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Germany </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.6846%;" data-percentage="84.6846"> <span>14.3</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> France </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.05%;" data-percentage="77.05"> <span>13.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Poland </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.1878%;" data-percentage="68.1878"> <span>11.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Brazil </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.1043%;" data-percentage="68.1043"> <span>11.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> India </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.7748%;" data-percentage="47.7748"> <span>8.1</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> </section> <section id="technology" name="technology" class="ds-chapter pt128 js-section"> <header class="ds-chapter__header bs-sm d-flex fd-column ps-relative ds-bg-dark ds-fc-light bar-md p32 py32 p-ff-source mb128"> <div class="ps-absolute sm:ps-static r48 b48 sm:mb32"> <svg class="svg-icon" fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m106 62h-12v-18h-16v18h-16v16h-18v16h18v13h-18v16h18v17h15v20h16v-20h14v20h16v-20h16v-17h19v-16h-19v-13h19v-16h-19v-16h-17v-18h-16zm-27.0288 61v-45h43.0578v45zm34.0288-35h-25v25h25z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> </div> <h1 class="fs-headline2 ds-chapter__title p-ff-source"> Technology </h1> <div class="bt w100 wmx1 ds-bc"></div> <p class="fs-title mt24 wmx5 mb128"> The tools of the trade </p> <ul class="ds-chapter__nav mt-auto fs-title list-reset"> <li> <a href="#most-popular-technologies" class="d-inline-block py4"> Most Popular Technologies <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" class="d-inline-block py4"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#development-environments-and-tools" class="d-inline-block py4"> Development Environments and Tools <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#top-paying-technologies" class="d-inline-block py4"> Top Paying Technologies <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#correlated-technologies" class="d-inline-block py4"> Correlated Technologies <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#learning--problem-solving" class="d-inline-block py4"> Learning & Problem Solving <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> </ul> </header> <div name="most-popular-technologies" id="most-popular-technologies" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-most-popular-technologies" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-most-popular-technologies" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'most-popular-technologies')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-most-popular-technologies" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23most-popular-technologies&text=Technology&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'most-popular-technologies')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Technology&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23most-popular-technologies" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'most-popular-technologies')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23most-popular-technologies&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Technology" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'most-popular-technologies')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Technology</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Most Popular Technologies</h2> </div> <article id="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages" name="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages" class="fc-black-900"> Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languages </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Unsurprisingly, for the eighth year in a row, JavaScript has maintained it's stronghold as the most commonly used programming language. Going further down the list, we also see moderate gains for TypeScript, edging out C in terms of popularity. Additionally, Ruby, once in the top 10 of this list as recently as 2017, has declined, being surpassed by newer, trendier technologies such as Go and Kotlin.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages-all-respondents" data-group="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 57,378 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages-professional-developers" data-group="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 47,184 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages-all-respondents" name="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 57,378 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>67.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.1972%;" data-percentage="93.1972"> <span>63.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.9155%;" data-percentage="80.9155"> <span>54.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.1357%;" data-percentage="65.1357"> <span>44.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.4353%;" data-percentage="59.4353"> <span>40.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.8898%;" data-percentage="48.8898"> <span>33.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.4711%;" data-percentage="46.4711"> <span>31.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.6559%;" data-percentage="38.6559"> <span>26.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.5509%;" data-percentage="37.5509"> <span>25.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 35.3072%;" data-percentage="35.3072"> <span>23.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 32.1647%;" data-percentage="32.1647"> <span>21.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.9772%;" data-percentage="12.9772"> <span>8.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.509%;" data-percentage="11.509"> <span>7.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.4219%;" data-percentage="10.4219"> <span>7.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.1521%;" data-percentage="9.1521"> <span>6.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.013%;" data-percentage="9.013"> <span>6.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.7502%;" data-percentage="8.7502"> <span>5.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.4694%;" data-percentage="8.4694"> <span>5.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.5446%;" data-percentage="7.5446"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.0275%;" data-percentage="6.0275"> <span>4.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.8729%;" data-percentage="5.8729"> <span>4.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.2857%;" data-percentage="5.2857"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.6262%;" data-percentage="4.6262"> <span>3.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.1476%;" data-percentage="3.1476"> <span>2.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Julia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.3368%;" data-percentage="1.3368"> <span>0.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages-professional-developers" name="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="technology-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 47,184 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>69.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.5802%;" data-percentage="89.5802"> <span>62.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.6216%;" data-percentage="81.6216"> <span>56.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.7384%;" data-percentage="59.7384"> <span>41.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 55.0533%;" data-percentage="55.0533"> <span>38.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.9635%;" data-percentage="49.9635"> <span>34.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.4102%;" data-percentage="46.4102"> <span>32.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.6632%;" data-percentage="40.6632"> <span>28.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.0825%;" data-percentage="37.0825"> <span>25.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.4859%;" data-percentage="29.4859"> <span>20.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.1789%;" data-percentage="26.1789"> <span>18.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.4591%;" data-percentage="13.4591"> <span>9.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.439%;" data-percentage="11.439"> <span>8.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.8093%;" data-percentage="10.8093"> <span>7.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.8378%;" data-percentage="8.8378"> <span>6.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.6948%;" data-percentage="8.6948"> <span>6.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.8644%;" data-percentage="7.8644"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.0124%;" data-percentage="7.0124"> <span>4.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.9243%;" data-percentage="6.9243"> <span>4.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.2946%;" data-percentage="6.2946"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.6374%;" data-percentage="5.6374"> <span>3.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.3179%;" data-percentage="5.3179"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.7824%;" data-percentage="4.7824"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.6195%;" data-percentage="2.6195"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Julia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.2443%;" data-percentage="1.2443"> <span>0.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-web-frameworks" name="technology-web-frameworks" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-web-frameworks" class="fc-black-900"> Web Frameworks </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-web-frameworks"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When focusing purely on web frameworks, we see that jQuery is still king, but is slowly losing ground to React.js and Angular year over year. We do see some consolidation, as more than 35% of respondents use jQuery, React, a version of Angular (combining Angular, which represents Angular 2+, and Angular.js) or a flavor of ASP.NET (ASP.NET or ASP.NET Core).</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-web-frameworks-all-respondents2" data-group="technology-web-frameworks"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 42,279 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-web-frameworks-professional-developers2" data-group="technology-web-frameworks"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 36,291 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-web-frameworks-all-respondents2" name="technology-web-frameworks-all-respondents2" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-web-frameworks"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 42,279 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> jQuery </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>43.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.8075%;" data-percentage="82.8075"> <span>35.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.9659%;" data-percentage="57.9659"> <span>25.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.546%;" data-percentage="50.546"> <span>21.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Express </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.9244%;" data-percentage="48.9244"> <span>21.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.1255%;" data-percentage="44.1255"> <span>19.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Vue.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.976%;" data-percentage="39.976"> <span>17.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Spring </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.8958%;" data-percentage="37.8958"> <span>16.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.2679%;" data-percentage="37.2679"> <span>16.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Django </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 32.8348%;" data-percentage="32.8348"> <span>14.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flask </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 32.7856%;" data-percentage="32.7856"> <span>14.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Laravel </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.5514%;" data-percentage="25.5514"> <span>11.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby on Rails </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.0735%;" data-percentage="16.0735"> <span>7.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Symfony </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.106%;" data-percentage="10.106"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gatsby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.2979%;" data-percentage="9.2979"> <span>4.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Drupal </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.4743%;" data-percentage="7.4743"> <span>3.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-web-frameworks-professional-developers2" name="technology-web-frameworks-professional-developers2" class="chart" data-group="technology-web-frameworks"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 36,291 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> jQuery </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>43.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.7978%;" data-percentage="84.7978"> <span>36.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.2475%;" data-percentage="61.2475"> <span>26.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 52.9311%;" data-percentage="52.9311"> <span>22.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Express </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.2641%;" data-percentage="48.2641"> <span>20.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.8019%;" data-percentage="46.8019"> <span>20.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Vue.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 41.0161%;" data-percentage="41.0161"> <span>17.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Spring </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.0814%;" data-percentage="40.0814"> <span>17.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.1849%;" data-percentage="39.1849"> <span>17.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flask </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 31.3771%;" data-percentage="31.3771"> <span>13.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Django </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.4742%;" data-percentage="30.4742"> <span>13.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Laravel </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.604%;" data-percentage="25.604"> <span>11.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby on Rails </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.5501%;" data-percentage="16.5501"> <span>7.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Symfony </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.4844%;" data-percentage="10.4844"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gatsby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.5688%;" data-percentage="9.5688"> <span>4.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Drupal </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.5279%;" data-percentage="7.5279"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools" name="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools" class="fc-black-900"> Other Frameworks, Libraries, and Tools </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Similar to last year, we asked about many of the other miscellaneous technologies that developers are using. For the second year in a row, Node.js takes the top spot, as it is used by half of the respondents. We also see growth across the board in the popularity of data analysis and machine learning technologies such as Pandas, TensorFlow, and Torch/PyTorch.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-all-respondents3" data-group="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 40,314 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-professional-developers3" data-group="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 33,913 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-all-respondents3" name="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-all-respondents3" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 40,314 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Node.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>51.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.1935%;" data-percentage="68.1935"> <span>35.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.8539%;" data-percentage="51.8539"> <span>26.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Pandas </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.148%;" data-percentage="30.148"> <span>15.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TensorFlow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.429%;" data-percentage="22.429"> <span>11.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React Native </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.3036%;" data-percentage="22.3036"> <span>11.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unity 3D </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.2768%;" data-percentage="21.2768"> <span>10.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ansible </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.2472%;" data-percentage="14.2472"> <span>7.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flutter </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.9675%;" data-percentage="13.9675"> <span>7.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Teraform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.1403%;" data-percentage="12.1403"> <span>6.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Keras </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.0726%;" data-percentage="12.0726"> <span>6.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cordova </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.6629%;" data-percentage="11.6629"> <span>6.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Xamarin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.364%;" data-percentage="11.364"> <span>5.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Apache Spark </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.0718%;" data-percentage="10.0718"> <span>5.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Torch/PyTorch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.0255%;" data-percentage="9.0255"> <span>4.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hadoop </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.6688%;" data-percentage="8.6688"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unreal Engine </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.345%;" data-percentage="6.345"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Puppet </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.5562%;" data-percentage="4.5562"> <span>2.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Chef </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.534%;" data-percentage="3.534"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-professional-developers3" name="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-professional-developers3" class="chart" data-group="technology-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 33,913 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Node.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>51.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.0474%;" data-percentage="69.0474"> <span>35.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.6449%;" data-percentage="53.6449"> <span>27.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Pandas </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.307%;" data-percentage="28.307"> <span>14.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React Native </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.8115%;" data-percentage="22.8115"> <span>11.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TensorFlow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.9897%;" data-percentage="19.9897"> <span>10.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unity 3D </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.7707%;" data-percentage="16.7707"> <span>8.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ansible </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.6694%;" data-percentage="15.6694"> <span>8.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Teraform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.478%;" data-percentage="13.478"> <span>7.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flutter </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.7569%;" data-percentage="12.7569"> <span>6.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cordova </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.3083%;" data-percentage="12.3083"> <span>6.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Xamarin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.4739%;" data-percentage="11.4739"> <span>6.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Keras </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.8324%;" data-percentage="10.8324"> <span>5.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Apache Spark </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.3042%;" data-percentage="10.3042"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hadoop </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.0212%;" data-percentage="9.0212"> <span>4.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Torch/PyTorch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.9823%;" data-percentage="7.9823"> <span>4.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Puppet </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.8994%;" data-percentage="4.8994"> <span>2.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unreal Engine </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.7802%;" data-percentage="4.7802"> <span>2.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Chef </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.7585%;" data-percentage="3.7585"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-databases" name="technology-databases" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-databases" class="fc-black-900"> Databases </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-databases"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When looking at database technologies, the results are mostly consistent with what we observed last year. MySQL has maintained the top spot, followed by PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server. However, we see some slight growth in the popularity of Firebase, which edged out Elasticsearch this year.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-databases-all-respondents4" data-group="technology-databases"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 49,537 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-databases-professional-developers4" data-group="technology-databases"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 41,811 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-databases-all-respondents4" name="technology-databases-all-respondents4" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-databases"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 49,537 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MySQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>55.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PostgreSQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.9226%;" data-percentage="64.9226"> <span>36.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft SQL Server </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.2765%;" data-percentage="59.2765"> <span>33.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQLite </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.0034%;" data-percentage="56.0034"> <span>31.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MongoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.4835%;" data-percentage="47.4835"> <span>26.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Redis </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 32.8604%;" data-percentage="32.8604"> <span>18.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MariaDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.1608%;" data-percentage="30.1608"> <span>16.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Oracle </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.591%;" data-percentage="29.591"> <span>16.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Firebase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.8644%;" data-percentage="25.8644"> <span>14.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Elasticsearch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.7359%;" data-percentage="24.7359"> <span>13.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DynamoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.6892%;" data-percentage="12.6892"> <span>7.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cassandra </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.0016%;" data-percentage="6.0016"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM DB2 </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.1563%;" data-percentage="5.1563"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Couchbase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.3999%;" data-percentage="3.3999"> <span>1.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-databases-professional-developers4" name="technology-databases-professional-developers4" class="chart" data-group="technology-databases"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 41,811 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MySQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>53.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PostgreSQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.0139%;" data-percentage="72.0139"> <span>38.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft SQL Server </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.9882%;" data-percentage="64.9882"> <span>34.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQLite </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.1978%;" data-percentage="57.1978"> <span>30.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MongoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.9442%;" data-percentage="49.9442"> <span>26.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Redis </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.3614%;" data-percentage="38.3614"> <span>20.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MariaDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 31.5461%;" data-percentage="31.5461"> <span>16.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Oracle </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.5263%;" data-percentage="30.5263"> <span>16.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Elasticsearch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.0327%;" data-percentage="29.0327"> <span>15.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Firebase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.9961%;" data-percentage="25.9961"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DynamoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.5969%;" data-percentage="14.5969"> <span>7.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cassandra </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.6635%;" data-percentage="6.6635"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM DB2 </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.5051%;" data-percentage="5.5051"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Couchbase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.7699%;" data-percentage="3.7699"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-platforms" name="technology-platforms" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-platforms" class="fc-black-900"> Platforms </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-platforms"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Linux and Windows maintain the top spots for most popular platforms, with over half of the respondents reporting that they have done development work with them this year. We also see some year over year growth in the popularity of container technologies such as Docker and Kubernetes.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-platforms-all-respondents5" data-group="technology-platforms"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 53,843 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-platforms-professional-developers5" data-group="technology-platforms"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 44,705 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-platforms-all-respondents5" name="technology-platforms-all-respondents5" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-platforms"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 53,843 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Linux </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>55.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Windows </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.6048%;" data-percentage="96.6048"> <span>53.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Docker </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.686%;" data-percentage="63.686"> <span>35.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> AWS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.6115%;" data-percentage="48.6115"> <span>26.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Android </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.6385%;" data-percentage="47.6385"> <span>26.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MacOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.5743%;" data-percentage="43.5743"> <span>24.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Raspberry Pi </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.0609%;" data-percentage="27.0609"> <span>14.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.4528%;" data-percentage="26.4528"> <span>14.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> WordPress </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.8581%;" data-percentage="25.8581"> <span>14.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Cloud Platform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.5709%;" data-percentage="25.5709"> <span>14.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> iOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.169%;" data-percentage="22.169"> <span>12.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kubernetes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.8716%;" data-percentage="20.8716"> <span>11.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Heroku </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.1824%;" data-percentage="20.1824"> <span>11.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Arduino </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.2973%;" data-percentage="19.2973"> <span>10.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack Apps and Integrations </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.2499%;" data-percentage="13.2499"> <span>7.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM Cloud or Watson </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.9595%;" data-percentage="2.9595"> <span>1.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-platforms-professional-developers5" name="technology-platforms-professional-developers5" class="chart" data-group="technology-platforms"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 44,705 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Linux </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>55.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Windows </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 91.5623%;" data-percentage="91.5623"> <span>51.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Docker </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.034%;" data-percentage="70.034"> <span>39.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> AWS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.2867%;" data-percentage="53.2867"> <span>29.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MacOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.8252%;" data-percentage="45.8252"> <span>25.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Android </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.6447%;" data-percentage="43.6447"> <span>24.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.5176%;" data-percentage="28.5176"> <span>15.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Cloud Platform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.9452%;" data-percentage="25.9452"> <span>14.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Raspberry Pi </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.0689%;" data-percentage="25.0689"> <span>14.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> WordPress </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.8849%;" data-percentage="24.8849"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kubernetes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.1327%;" data-percentage="23.1327"> <span>12.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> iOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.6045%;" data-percentage="22.6045"> <span>12.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Heroku </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.2159%;" data-percentage="19.2159"> <span>10.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Arduino </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.415%;" data-percentage="15.415"> <span>8.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack Apps and Integrations </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.2668%;" data-percentage="14.2668"> <span>8.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM Cloud or Watson </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.6925%;" data-percentage="2.6925"> <span>1.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" id="most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted&text=Technology&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Technology&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Technology" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Technology</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted</h2> </div> <article id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages" class="fc-black-900"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted Languages </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>For five years running, Rust has taken the top spot as the most loved programming language. TypeScript is second surpassing Python compared to last year. We also see big gains in Go, moving up to 5th from 10th last year.</p> <p>VBA, Objective C, and Perl hold the top spots for the most dreaded languages—languages that had a high percentage of developers who are currently using them, but have no interest in continuing to do so.</p> <p>If we look at technologies that developers report that they do not use but want to learn, Python takes the top spot for the fourth year in a row. We also see some modest gains in the interest in learning Rust.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-loved" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> Loved <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-dreaded" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> Dreaded <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-wanted" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> Wanted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-loved" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-loved" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>86.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.9308%;" data-percentage="77.9308"> <span>67.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.3947%;" data-percentage="77.3947"> <span>66.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.0382%;" data-percentage="73.0382"> <span>62.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.2868%;" data-percentage="72.2868"> <span>62.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Julia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.25%;" data-percentage="72.25"> <span>62.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.1501%;" data-percentage="72.1501"> <span>62.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.2523%;" data-percentage="69.2523"> <span>59.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.0674%;" data-percentage="69.0674"> <span>59.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.6989%;" data-percentage="67.6989"> <span>58.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.7016%;" data-percentage="65.7016"> <span>56.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.3826%;" data-percentage="62.3826"> <span>53.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.1065%;" data-percentage="62.1065"> <span>53.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.78%;" data-percentage="61.78"> <span>53.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.041%;" data-percentage="60.041"> <span>51.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.6199%;" data-percentage="51.6199"> <span>44.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.2034%;" data-percentage="51.2034"> <span>44.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.4277%;" data-percentage="50.4277"> <span>43.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.7537%;" data-percentage="49.7537"> <span>42.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.2511%;" data-percentage="43.2511"> <span>37.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.3967%;" data-percentage="38.3967"> <span>33.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.0794%;" data-percentage="34.0794"> <span>29.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 33.2246%;" data-percentage="33.2246"> <span>28.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.1378%;" data-percentage="27.1378"> <span>23.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.7937%;" data-percentage="22.7937"> <span>19.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-dreaded" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-dreaded" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>80.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.3439%;" data-percentage="95.3439"> <span>76.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.8199%;" data-percentage="88.8199"> <span>71.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.9037%;" data-percentage="87.9037"> <span>70.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.2762%;" data-percentage="83.2762"> <span>66.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.0731%;" data-percentage="78.0731"> <span>62.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.1035%;" data-percentage="71.1035"> <span>57.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.3811%;" data-percentage="70.3811"> <span>56.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.5496%;" data-percentage="69.5496"> <span>55.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.1032%;" data-percentage="69.1032"> <span>55.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.0772%;" data-percentage="60.0772"> <span>48.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.2133%;" data-percentage="58.2133"> <span>46.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.8633%;" data-percentage="57.8633"> <span>46.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.5674%;" data-percentage="57.5674"> <span>46.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 54.01%;" data-percentage="54.01"> <span>43.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.8692%;" data-percentage="51.8692"> <span>41.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.4024%;" data-percentage="50.4024"> <span>40.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.2042%;" data-percentage="50.2042"> <span>40.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.0983%;" data-percentage="47.0983"> <span>37.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Julia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.9913%;" data-percentage="46.9913"> <span>37.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.9518%;" data-percentage="46.9518"> <span>37.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.1464%;" data-percentage="46.1464"> <span>37.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 41.477%;" data-percentage="41.477"> <span>33.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.9023%;" data-percentage="40.9023"> <span>32.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.2479%;" data-percentage="17.2479"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-wanted" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages-wanted" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>30.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.6034%;" data-percentage="61.6034"> <span>18.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.5383%;" data-percentage="59.5383"> <span>17.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.4784%;" data-percentage="56.4784"> <span>17.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.6228%;" data-percentage="48.6228"> <span>14.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 42.0818%;" data-percentage="42.0818"> <span>12.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.4327%;" data-percentage="29.4327"> <span>8.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.5862%;" data-percentage="28.5862"> <span>8.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.4512%;" data-percentage="27.4512"> <span>8.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.2684%;" data-percentage="24.2684"> <span>7.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.0921%;" data-percentage="22.0921"> <span>6.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.5904%;" data-percentage="21.5904"> <span>6.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.8741%;" data-percentage="19.8741"> <span>6.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.0991%;" data-percentage="17.0991"> <span>5.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.1233%;" data-percentage="15.1233"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.3491%;" data-percentage="14.3491"> <span>4.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.1262%;" data-percentage="14.1262"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.867%;" data-percentage="13.867"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.0492%;" data-percentage="13.0492"> <span>3.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.7353%;" data-percentage="11.7353"> <span>3.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.7228%;" data-percentage="8.7228"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Julia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.7527%;" data-percentage="7.7527"> <span>2.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.8522%;" data-percentage="5.8522"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.7687%;" data-percentage="3.7687"> <span>1.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.2487%;" data-percentage="2.2487"> <span>0.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks" class="fc-black-900"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted Web Frameworks </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>ASP.NET Core is the most loved web framework, beating out React.js. Gatsby, a newcomer on the survey, is already sitting at 5th, being loved by 60% of the respondents.</p> <p>Although it is amongst the most popular web frameworks, Angular.js is also considered to be the most dreaded.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-loved2" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> Loved <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-dreaded2" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> Dreaded <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-wanted2" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> Wanted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-loved2" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-loved2" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>70.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 97.526%;" data-percentage="97.526"> <span>68.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Vue.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.4354%;" data-percentage="93.4354"> <span>66.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Express </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.6177%;" data-percentage="87.6177"> <span>61.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gatsby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.8936%;" data-percentage="85.8936"> <span>60.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Spring </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.6273%;" data-percentage="81.6273"> <span>57.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Django </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.2843%;" data-percentage="78.2843"> <span>55.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flask </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.9175%;" data-percentage="76.9175"> <span>54.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.3231%;" data-percentage="76.3231"> <span>54.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Laravel </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.668%;" data-percentage="72.668"> <span>51.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby on Rails </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.7725%;" data-percentage="69.7725"> <span>49.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Symfony </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.5047%;" data-percentage="64.5047"> <span>45.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 52.1982%;" data-percentage="52.1982"> <span>36.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> jQuery </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.5787%;" data-percentage="51.5787"> <span>36.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Drupal </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 36.0643%;" data-percentage="36.0643"> <span>25.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.1544%;" data-percentage="34.1544"> <span>24.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-dreaded2" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-dreaded2" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>75.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Drupal </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 98.2202%;" data-percentage="98.2202"> <span>74.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> jQuery </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.763%;" data-percentage="83.763"> <span>63.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.1857%;" data-percentage="83.1857"> <span>63.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Symfony </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.7178%;" data-percentage="71.7178"> <span>54.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby on Rails </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.809%;" data-percentage="66.809"> <span>50.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Laravel </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.1108%;" data-percentage="64.1108"> <span>48.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.7047%;" data-percentage="60.7047"> <span>46.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flask </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.1508%;" data-percentage="60.1508"> <span>45.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Django </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.8772%;" data-percentage="58.8772"> <span>44.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Spring </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 55.762%;" data-percentage="55.762"> <span>42.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gatsby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.7864%;" data-percentage="51.7864"> <span>39.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Express </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.1798%;" data-percentage="50.1798"> <span>38.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Vue.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.7586%;" data-percentage="44.7586"> <span>34.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.9466%;" data-percentage="40.9466"> <span>31.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.6413%;" data-percentage="38.6413"> <span>29.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-wanted2" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks-wanted2" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-web-frameworks"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>22.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Vue.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.0168%;" data-percentage="73.0168"> <span>16.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.3296%;" data-percentage="47.3296"> <span>10.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Django </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 42.069%;" data-percentage="42.069"> <span>9.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Angular.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.4135%;" data-percentage="34.4135"> <span>7.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.496%;" data-percentage="29.496"> <span>6.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flask </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.2653%;" data-percentage="24.2653"> <span>5.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Express </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.4199%;" data-percentage="23.4199"> <span>5.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Spring </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.5095%;" data-percentage="19.5095"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby on Rails </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.3964%;" data-percentage="19.3964"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> jQuery </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.1281%;" data-percentage="19.1281"> <span>4.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gatsby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.5426%;" data-percentage="15.5426"> <span>3.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Laravel </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.5078%;" data-percentage="15.5078"> <span>3.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> ASP.NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.814%;" data-percentage="12.814"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Symfony </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.7285%;" data-percentage="6.7285"> <span>1.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Drupal </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.2482%;" data-percentage="4.2482"> <span>1.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools" class="fc-black-900"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted Other Frameworks, Libraries, and Tools </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>.NET Core and Torch/PyTorch remain the most loved of the other remaining frameworks, libraries and tools. DevOps tools Chef and Puppet are among the most dreaded technologies.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-loved3" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> Loved <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-dreaded3" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> Dreaded <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-wanted3" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> Wanted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-loved3" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-loved3" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>71.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Torch/PyTorch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 98.6043%;" data-percentage="98.6043"> <span>70.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flutter </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.1543%;" data-percentage="96.1543"> <span>68.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Pandas </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.6263%;" data-percentage="95.6263"> <span>68.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Teraform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.0216%;" data-percentage="95.0216"> <span>68.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Keras </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.7657%;" data-percentage="93.7657"> <span>67.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Node.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.4259%;" data-percentage="93.4259"> <span>66.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TensorFlow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 91.1418%;" data-percentage="91.1418"> <span>65.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ansible </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.7738%;" data-percentage="81.7738"> <span>58.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React Native </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.0134%;" data-percentage="81.0134"> <span>57.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Apache Spark </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.3956%;" data-percentage="80.3956"> <span>57.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unity 3D </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.3009%;" data-percentage="78.3009"> <span>56.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unreal Engine </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.7448%;" data-percentage="73.7448"> <span>52.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.4293%;" data-percentage="66.4293"> <span>47.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hadoop </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.8641%;" data-percentage="64.8641"> <span>46.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Xamarin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.4822%;" data-percentage="63.4822"> <span>45.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Puppet </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.8638%;" data-percentage="53.8638"> <span>38.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cordova </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.177%;" data-percentage="40.177"> <span>28.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Chef </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.5368%;" data-percentage="38.5368"> <span>27.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-dreaded3" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-dreaded3" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Chef </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>72.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cordova </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 98.3809%;" data-percentage="98.3809"> <span>71.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Puppet </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.87%;" data-percentage="84.87"> <span>61.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Xamarin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.3752%;" data-percentage="75.3752"> <span>54.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hadoop </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.0111%;" data-percentage="74.0111"> <span>53.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.466%;" data-percentage="72.466"> <span>52.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unreal Engine </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.2445%;" data-percentage="65.2445"> <span>47.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unity 3D </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.7469%;" data-percentage="60.7469"> <span>44.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Apache Spark </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.6792%;" data-percentage="58.6792"> <span>42.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React Native </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.0694%;" data-percentage="58.0694"> <span>42.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ansible </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.3187%;" data-percentage="57.3187"> <span>41.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TensorFlow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.0711%;" data-percentage="48.0711"> <span>34.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Node.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.8164%;" data-percentage="45.8164"> <span>33.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Keras </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.4809%;" data-percentage="45.4809"> <span>32.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Teraform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.2412%;" data-percentage="44.2412"> <span>32.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Pandas </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.6443%;" data-percentage="43.6443"> <span>31.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flutter </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.1231%;" data-percentage="43.1231"> <span>31.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Torch/PyTorch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.7046%;" data-percentage="40.7046"> <span>29.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.3268%;" data-percentage="39.3268"> <span>28.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-wanted3" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools-wanted3" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Node.js </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>18.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TensorFlow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 94.9147%;" data-percentage="94.9147"> <span>17.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> React Native </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.4634%;" data-percentage="77.4634"> <span>14.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flutter </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.9555%;" data-percentage="58.9555"> <span>10.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unity 3D </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.7819%;" data-percentage="50.7819"> <span>9.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET Core </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.6641%;" data-percentage="45.6641"> <span>8.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Torch/PyTorch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.1611%;" data-percentage="37.1611"> <span>6.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Unreal Engine </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.5975%;" data-percentage="34.5975"> <span>6.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hadoop </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.8106%;" data-percentage="30.8106"> <span>5.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Apache Spark </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.8629%;" data-percentage="27.8629"> <span>5.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Pandas </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.4586%;" data-percentage="26.4586"> <span>4.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Xamarin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.013%;" data-percentage="25.013"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Teraform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.793%;" data-percentage="23.793"> <span>4.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> .NET </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.1306%;" data-percentage="21.1306"> <span>3.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Keras </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.5766%;" data-percentage="20.5766"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ansible </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.039%;" data-percentage="18.039"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Puppet </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.4946%;" data-percentage="9.4946"> <span>1.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Chef </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.8335%;" data-percentage="8.8335"> <span>1.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cordova </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.327%;" data-percentage="8.327"> <span>1.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases" class="fc-black-900"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted Databases </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Taking a look at database technologies, Redis remains the most loved, followed by PostgreSQL and Elasticsearch. Anecdotally, Stack Overflow has been using both Redis and Elasticsearch in our tech stack for years, since the early days of the company. IBM DB2 ranked as the most dreaded database and MongoDB remains the database technology that developers want to learn the most.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-loved4" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> Loved <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-dreaded4" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> Dreaded <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-wanted4" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> Wanted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-loved4" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-loved4" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Redis </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>66.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PostgreSQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.1177%;" data-percentage="96.1177"> <span>63.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Elasticsearch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.3348%;" data-percentage="88.3348"> <span>58.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MongoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.24%;" data-percentage="84.24"> <span>56.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Firebase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.6024%;" data-percentage="82.6024"> <span>54.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MariaDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.2067%;" data-percentage="77.2067"> <span>51.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft SQL Server </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.5972%;" data-percentage="76.5972"> <span>50.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DynamoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.2268%;" data-percentage="76.2268"> <span>50.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQLite </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.3777%;" data-percentage="74.3777"> <span>49.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MySQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.9063%;" data-percentage="70.9063"> <span>47.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cassandra </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.5752%;" data-percentage="65.5752"> <span>43.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Couchbase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.9298%;" data-percentage="49.9298"> <span>33.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Oracle </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.9164%;" data-percentage="49.9164"> <span>33.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM DB2 </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 35.0408%;" data-percentage="35.0408"> <span>23.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-dreaded4" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-dreaded4" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM DB2 </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>76.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Oracle </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.1085%;" data-percentage="87.1085"> <span>66.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Couchbase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.0969%;" data-percentage="87.0969"> <span>66.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cassandra </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.5384%;" data-percentage="73.5384"> <span>56.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MySQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.9183%;" data-percentage="68.9183"> <span>52.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQLite </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.9099%;" data-percentage="65.9099"> <span>50.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DynamoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.3075%;" data-percentage="64.3075"> <span>49.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft SQL Server </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.9865%;" data-percentage="63.9865"> <span>49.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MariaDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.4582%;" data-percentage="63.4582"> <span>48.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Firebase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.7822%;" data-percentage="58.7822"> <span>45.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MongoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.3631%;" data-percentage="57.3631"> <span>44.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Elasticsearch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.8145%;" data-percentage="53.8145"> <span>41.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PostgreSQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.0697%;" data-percentage="47.0697"> <span>36.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Redis </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.7052%;" data-percentage="43.7052"> <span>33.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-wanted4" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases-wanted4" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-databases"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MongoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>19.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PostgreSQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.4685%;" data-percentage="80.4685"> <span>15.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Elasticsearch </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.233%;" data-percentage="63.233"> <span>12.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Redis </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.8641%;" data-percentage="62.8641"> <span>12.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Firebase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.5774%;" data-percentage="47.5774"> <span>9.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MySQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.5503%;" data-percentage="46.5503"> <span>9.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQLite </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.7739%;" data-percentage="39.7739"> <span>7.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Cassandra </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 32.1394%;" data-percentage="32.1394"> <span>6.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DynamoDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.4401%;" data-percentage="28.4401"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Oracle </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.6363%;" data-percentage="21.6363"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MariaDB </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.3347%;" data-percentage="19.3347"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft SQL Server </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.3135%;" data-percentage="19.3135"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Couchbase </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.3738%;" data-percentage="12.3738"> <span>2.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM DB2 </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.5142%;" data-percentage="5.5142"> <span>1.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms" class="fc-black-900"> Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted Platforms </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Linux remains the most loved platform. Container technologies Docker and Kubernetes rank as the second and third most loved. They are also among the platforms that developers most want to learn, which demonstrates how beloved they are. Wordpress is still the most dreaded, but Slack Apps and integrations, newly added to the list this year, rank high at the number four spot.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-loved5" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> Loved <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-dreaded5" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> Dreaded <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-wanted5" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> Wanted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-loved5" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-loved5" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Linux </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>76.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Docker </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.7122%;" data-percentage="95.7122"> <span>73.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kubernetes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.5148%;" data-percentage="92.5148"> <span>71.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> AWS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.4118%;" data-percentage="86.4118"> <span>66.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Raspberry Pi </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.9349%;" data-percentage="85.9349"> <span>66.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MacOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.737%;" data-percentage="83.737"> <span>64.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.8351%;" data-percentage="80.8351"> <span>62.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> iOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.4313%;" data-percentage="79.4313"> <span>61.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Cloud Platform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.1896%;" data-percentage="79.1896"> <span>60.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Windows </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.7765%;" data-percentage="74.7765"> <span>57.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Android </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.1953%;" data-percentage="74.1953"> <span>57.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Arduino </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.1444%;" data-percentage="69.1444"> <span>53.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack Apps and Integrations </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.383%;" data-percentage="66.383"> <span>51.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Heroku </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.0602%;" data-percentage="60.0602"> <span>46.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM Cloud or Watson </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.1388%;" data-percentage="49.1388"> <span>37.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> WordPress </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 42.9186%;" data-percentage="42.9186"> <span>33.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-dreaded5" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-dreaded5" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are developing with the language or technology but have not expressed interest in continuing to do so </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> WordPress </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>67.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM Cloud or Watson </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.8609%;" data-percentage="92.8609"> <span>62.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Heroku </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.326%;" data-percentage="80.326"> <span>53.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack Apps and Integrations </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.0692%;" data-percentage="73.0692"> <span>49.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Arduino </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.8998%;" data-percentage="69.8998"> <span>46.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Android </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.1027%;" data-percentage="64.1027"> <span>42.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Windows </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.4357%;" data-percentage="63.4357"> <span>42.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Cloud Platform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.3706%;" data-percentage="58.3706"> <span>39.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> iOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.0933%;" data-percentage="58.0933"> <span>38.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.482%;" data-percentage="56.482"> <span>37.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MacOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.1515%;" data-percentage="53.1515"> <span>35.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Raspberry Pi </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.6288%;" data-percentage="50.6288"> <span>33.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> AWS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.0815%;" data-percentage="50.0815"> <span>33.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kubernetes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.0769%;" data-percentage="43.0769"> <span>28.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Docker </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.4071%;" data-percentage="39.4071"> <span>26.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Linux </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.4859%;" data-percentage="34.4859"> <span>23.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-wanted5" name="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms-wanted5" class="chart" data-group="technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-platforms"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> % of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Docker </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>24.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> AWS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.6157%;" data-percentage="82.6157"> <span>20.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kubernetes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.7883%;" data-percentage="75.7883"> <span>18.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Linux </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.7931%;" data-percentage="67.7931"> <span>16.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Android </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.5101%;" data-percentage="65.5101"> <span>16.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Cloud Platform </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.0192%;" data-percentage="57.0192"> <span>14.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Raspberry Pi </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.6547%;" data-percentage="51.6547"> <span>12.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> iOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 42.4814%;" data-percentage="42.4814"> <span>10.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.2977%;" data-percentage="40.2977"> <span>9.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MacOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 31.5919%;" data-percentage="31.5919"> <span>7.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Arduino </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.1421%;" data-percentage="30.1421"> <span>7.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Windows </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.085%;" data-percentage="19.085"> <span>4.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Heroku </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.1541%;" data-percentage="18.1541"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack Apps and Integrations </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.5146%;" data-percentage="13.5146"> <span>3.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> WordPress </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.7187%;" data-percentage="10.7187"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> IBM Cloud or Watson </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.5986%;" data-percentage="10.5986"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="development-environments-and-tools" id="development-environments-and-tools" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-development-environments-and-tools" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-development-environments-and-tools" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'development-environments-and-tools')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-development-environments-and-tools" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23development-environments-and-tools&text=Technology&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'development-environments-and-tools')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Technology&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23development-environments-and-tools" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'development-environments-and-tools')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23development-environments-and-tools&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Technology" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'development-environments-and-tools')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Technology</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Development Environments and Tools</h2> </div> <article id="technology-developers-primary-operating-systems" name="technology-developers-primary-operating-systems" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-developers-primary-operating-systems" class="fc-black-900"> Developers' Primary Operating Systems </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-developers-primary-operating-systems"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Almost half of the respondents use Windows as their primary operating system. The rest were almost evenly split between MacOS and a flavor of Linux.</p> </div> <div id="technology-developers-primary-operating-systems-professional-developers" name="technology-developers-primary-operating-systems-professional-developers" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-developers-primary-operating-systems"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 46,223 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Windows </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>45.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> MacOS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.088%;" data-percentage="60.088"> <span>27.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Linux-based </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.188%;" data-percentage="58.188"> <span>26.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> BSD </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.1796%;" data-percentage="0.1796"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-collaboration-tools" name="technology-collaboration-tools" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-collaboration-tools" class="fc-black-900"> Collaboration tools </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-collaboration-tools"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Of the professional developers who responded to the survey, almost 82% use GitHub as a collaborative tool and more than half use Slack.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-collaboration-tools-all-respondents" data-group="technology-collaboration-tools"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 52,883 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-collaboration-tools-professional-developers2" data-group="technology-collaboration-tools"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 44,328 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-collaboration-tools-all-respondents" name="technology-collaboration-tools-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-collaboration-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 52,883 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> GitHub </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>82.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.9885%;" data-percentage="63.9885"> <span>53.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Jira </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.6029%;" data-percentage="57.6029"> <span>47.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Suite (Docs, Meet, etc) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.1347%;" data-percentage="50.1347"> <span>41.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gitlab </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.6375%;" data-percentage="44.6375"> <span>37.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Confluence </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.1038%;" data-percentage="39.1038"> <span>32.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Trello </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 35.7534%;" data-percentage="35.7534"> <span>29.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Teams </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.8729%;" data-percentage="30.8729"> <span>25.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.9258%;" data-percentage="17.9258"> <span>14.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow for Teams </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.9817%;" data-percentage="6.9817"> <span>5.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Facebook Workplace </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.6084%;" data-percentage="3.6084"> <span>3.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-collaboration-tools-professional-developers2" name="technology-collaboration-tools-professional-developers2" class="chart" data-group="technology-collaboration-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 44,328 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> GitHub </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>81.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.8732%;" data-percentage="69.8732"> <span>56.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Jira </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.4545%;" data-percentage="66.4545"> <span>54.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Google Suite (Docs, Meet, etc) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 52.2367%;" data-percentage="52.2367"> <span>42.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Gitlab </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.5833%;" data-percentage="47.5833"> <span>38.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Confluence </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.3604%;" data-percentage="45.3604"> <span>37.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Trello </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.5346%;" data-percentage="37.5346"> <span>30.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Teams </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.2985%;" data-percentage="34.2985"> <span>28.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Microsoft Azure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.8179%;" data-percentage="19.8179"> <span>16.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow for Teams </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.3282%;" data-percentage="6.3282"> <span>5.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Facebook Workplace </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.5849%;" data-percentage="3.5849"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-researching-tools" name="technology-researching-tools" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-researching-tools" class="fc-black-900"> Researching tools </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-researching-tools"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When researching new tools, over three-fourths of respondents like to try the tool for themselves via a free trial. Social proof is also important, as over 60% of developers ask other developers they know about it or visit developer communities such as Stack Overflow.</p> </div> <div id="technology-researching-tools-researching-tools" name="technology-researching-tools-researching-tools" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-researching-tools"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 37,321 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Start a free trial </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>77.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ask developers I know/work with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.037%;" data-percentage="88.037"> <span>67.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.9522%;" data-percentage="82.9522"> <span>64.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.7564%;" data-percentage="38.7564"> <span>29.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.953%;" data-percentage="15.953"> <span>12.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Research companies that have emailed me </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.0902%;" data-percentage="7.0902"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-purchase-influence" name="technology-purchase-influence" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-purchase-influence" class="fc-black-900"> Purchase Influence </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-purchase-influence"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>With regards to technology purchases within their organization, around 57% of respondents have some or a great deal of influence.</p> </div> <div id="technology-purchase-influence-purchase-influence" name="technology-purchase-influence-purchase-influence" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-purchase-influence"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 39,364 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have a great deal of influence </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 41.1963%;" data-percentage="41.1963"> <span>17.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have some influence </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 90.534%;" data-percentage="90.534"> <span>39.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have little or no influence </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>43.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="top-paying-technologies" id="top-paying-technologies" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-top-paying-technologies" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-top-paying-technologies" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'top-paying-technologies')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-top-paying-technologies" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23top-paying-technologies&text=Technology&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'top-paying-technologies')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Technology&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23top-paying-technologies" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'top-paying-technologies')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23top-paying-technologies&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Technology" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'top-paying-technologies')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Technology</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Top Paying Technologies</h2> </div> <article id="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide" name="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide" class="fc-black-900"> What Languages Are Associated with the Highest Salaries Worldwide? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Globally, respondents who use Perl, Scala, and Go tend to have the highest salaries, with a median salary around $75k. Interestingly, Perl is amongst the top most dreaded languages, so it's possible that this high salary is to compensate for the dearth of developers who want to use that technology. When looking only at the US, Scala developers tend to have the highest salaries.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide-global" data-group="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide"> Global <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Median of 33,534 responses; USD </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide-united-states" data-group="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide"> United States <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Median of 7,920 responses; USD </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide-global" name="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide-global" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Median of 33,534 responses; USD </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>$76k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>$76k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 97.3684%;" data-percentage="97.3684"> <span>$74k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 97.3684%;" data-percentage="97.3684"> <span>$74k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.4211%;" data-percentage="93.4211"> <span>$71k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.5263%;" data-percentage="85.5263"> <span>$65k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.2105%;" data-percentage="84.2105"> <span>$64k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.9474%;" data-percentage="78.9474"> <span>$60k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Julia </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.6316%;" data-percentage="77.6316"> <span>$59k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.6316%;" data-percentage="77.6316"> <span>$59k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.3158%;" data-percentage="76.3158"> <span>$58k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75%;" data-percentage="75"> <span>$57k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75%;" data-percentage="75"> <span>$57k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75%;" data-percentage="75"> <span>$57k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.0526%;" data-percentage="71.0526"> <span>$54k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.0526%;" data-percentage="71.0526"> <span>$54k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.7368%;" data-percentage="69.7368"> <span>$53k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.7368%;" data-percentage="69.7368"> <span>$53k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.7368%;" data-percentage="69.7368"> <span>$53k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.4211%;" data-percentage="68.4211"> <span>$52k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.1053%;" data-percentage="67.1053"> <span>$51k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.7895%;" data-percentage="65.7895"> <span>$50k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.7895%;" data-percentage="65.7895"> <span>$50k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.3158%;" data-percentage="51.3158"> <span>$39k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.6842%;" data-percentage="48.6842"> <span>$37k</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide-united-states" name="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide-united-states" class="chart" data-group="technology-what-languages-are-associated-with-the-highest-salaries-worldwide"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Median of 7,920 responses; USD </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scala </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>$150k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.3333%;" data-percentage="93.3333"> <span>$140k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Objective-C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 90%;" data-percentage="90"> <span>$135k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Kotlin </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.6667%;" data-percentage="86.6667"> <span>$130k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Perl </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.6667%;" data-percentage="86.6667"> <span>$130k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Ruby </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.6667%;" data-percentage="86.6667"> <span>$130k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rust </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.6667%;" data-percentage="86.6667"> <span>$130k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.3333%;" data-percentage="83.3333"> <span>$125k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Swift </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.3333%;" data-percentage="83.3333"> <span>$125k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Haskell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.6667%;" data-percentage="80.6667"> <span>$121k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Assembly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80%;" data-percentage="80"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Bash/Shell/PowerShell </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80%;" data-percentage="80"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C++ </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80%;" data-percentage="80"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Java </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80%;" data-percentage="80"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Python </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80%;" data-percentage="80"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> TypeScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80%;" data-percentage="80"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> JavaScript </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.6667%;" data-percentage="74.6667"> <span>$112k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> C# </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.3333%;" data-percentage="73.3333"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Dart </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.3333%;" data-percentage="73.3333"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> HTML/CSS </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.3333%;" data-percentage="73.3333"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> SQL </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.3333%;" data-percentage="73.3333"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> R </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.6667%;" data-percentage="72.6667"> <span>$109k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> PHP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.6667%;" data-percentage="66.6667"> <span>$100k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> VBA </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.6667%;" data-percentage="64.6667"> <span>$97k</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="correlated-technologies" id="correlated-technologies" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-correlated-technologies" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-correlated-technologies" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'correlated-technologies')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-correlated-technologies" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23correlated-technologies&text=Technology&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'correlated-technologies')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Technology&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23correlated-technologies" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'correlated-technologies')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23correlated-technologies&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Technology" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'correlated-technologies')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Technology</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Correlated Technologies</h2> </div> <article id="technology-how-technologies-are-connected" name="technology-how-technologies-are-connected" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-how-technologies-are-connected" class="fc-black-900"> How Technologies Are Connected </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-how-technologies-are-connected"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Technologies cluster together into related ecosystems that tend to be used by the same developers. This network graph demonstrates this by showing which technologies are most highly correlated with each other. Similar to last year, we see a large cluster of web development technologies connected via SQL to one for Microsoft technologies, as well as a cluster of operations technologies connected to the Python ecosystem network through Linux.</p> </div> <figure class="ds-data ds-data--image sm:w100 m0"> <img class="wmx9 d-inline-block" src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/Survey/2020/tech_network-13809.svg?v=e1fb2941ad25" alt="How Technologies Are Connected"> </figure> </article> </div> <div name="learning--problem-solving" id="learning--problem-solving" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-learning--problem-solving" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-learning--problem-solving" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'learning--problem-solving')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-learning--problem-solving" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23learning--problem-solving&text=Technology&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'learning--problem-solving')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Technology&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23learning--problem-solving" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'learning--problem-solving')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23learning--problem-solving&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Technology" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'learning--problem-solving')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Technology</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Learning & Problem Solving</h2> </div> <article id="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency" name="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-learning-new-tech-frequency" class="fc-black-900"> Learning new tech frequency </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-learning-new-tech-frequency"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked developers how frequently they learn a new language or framework. Around 75% of respondents noted that they learn a new technology at least every few months or once a year. This demonstrates how quickly innovations happen and developers are constantly learning to keep their skills fresh.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#technology-learning-new-tech-frequency-all-respondents" data-group="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 56,156 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#technology-learning-new-tech-frequency-professional-developers" data-group="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 46,320 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency-all-respondents" name="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 56,156 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Every few months </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>37.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Once a year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 98.8298%;" data-percentage="98.8298"> <span>36.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Once every few years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.4444%;" data-percentage="63.4444"> <span>23.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Once a decade </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.927%;" data-percentage="5.927"> <span>2.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency-professional-developers" name="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="technology-learning-new-tech-frequency"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 46,320 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Every few months </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.0823%;" data-percentage="92.0823"> <span>34.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Once a year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>37.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Once every few years </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.3342%;" data-percentage="66.3342"> <span>25.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Once a decade </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.6206%;" data-percentage="5.6206"> <span>2.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck" name="technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck" class="fc-black-900"> What do you do when you get stuck </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked respondents what they do when they get stuck on a problem. Almost 90% reported that they visit Stack Overflow. This is an encouraging sign that we're succeeding in our mission to help people get access to the knowledge they need to get things done.</p> </div> <div id="technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck" name="technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-what-do-you-do-when-you-get-stuck"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 54,983 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Visit Stack Overflow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>90.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Do other work and come back later </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.0627%;" data-percentage="60.0627"> <span>54.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Watch help / tutorial videos </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.2495%;" data-percentage="58.2495"> <span>52.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Call a coworker or friend </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 55.067%;" data-percentage="55.067"> <span>49.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Go for a walk or other physical activity </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 47.7883%;" data-percentage="47.7883"> <span>43.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Play games </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.5954%;" data-percentage="16.5954"> <span>15.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Meditate </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.9309%;" data-percentage="12.9309"> <span>11.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Panic </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.0696%;" data-percentage="12.0696"> <span>10.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Visit another developer community </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.3246%;" data-percentage="11.3246"> <span>10.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="technology-already-visited-feeling" name="technology-already-visited-feeling" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#technology-already-visited-feeling" class="fc-black-900"> Already Visited Feeling </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#technology-already-visited-feeling"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>For the first time, we asked developers how they feel when they search for a coding solution online and the first result link is purple because they already visited the link. About half of respondents chose 'Hello, old friend', which suggests it may be a frequent occurrence for certain tasks. Perhaps this is why over 2.1 million people visited the <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11828270/how-do-i-exit-the-vim-editor">'How do I exit the Vim editor?'</a> question on Stack Overflow.</p> </div> <div id="technology-already-visited-feeling-already-visited-feeling" name="technology-already-visited-feeling-already-visited-feeling" class="chart js-active" data-group="technology-already-visited-feeling"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 54,803 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Hello, old friend </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>51.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Indifferent </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 35.4009%;" data-percentage="35.4009"> <span>18.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Amused </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.8188%;" data-percentage="30.8188"> <span>15.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Annoyed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 27.6908%;" data-percentage="27.6908"> <span>14.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> </section> <section id="work" name="work" class="ds-chapter pt128 js-section"> <header class="ds-chapter__header bs-sm d-flex fd-column ps-relative ds-bg-dark ds-fc-light bar-md p32 py32 p-ff-source mb128"> <div class="ps-absolute sm:ps-static r48 b48 sm:mb32"> <svg class="svg-icon" fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m65 42h69v30h18v84h-105v-84h18zm49 20v10h-29v-10zm-48 29.9379h67v11.0621h-67zm0 26.0621v18.062h67v-18.062h-22v8h-23v-8z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> </div> <h1 class="fs-headline2 ds-chapter__title p-ff-source"> Work </h1> <div class="bt w100 wmx1 ds-bc"></div> <p class="fs-title mt24 wmx5 mb128"> Reminder: this year’s survey was taken in February, before COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and before the virus impacted every country in the world. Please keep the timing of the survey in mind when reviewing information such as job and salary data. </p> <ul class="ds-chapter__nav mt-auto fs-title list-reset"> <li> <a href="#employment" class="d-inline-block py4"> Employment <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#company-information" class="d-inline-block py4"> Company Information <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#career-values" class="d-inline-block py4"> Career Values <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#looking-for-a-job" class="d-inline-block py4"> Looking for a Job <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#job-priorities" class="d-inline-block py4"> Job Priorities <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#salary" class="d-inline-block py4"> Salary <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> </ul> </header> <div name="employment" id="employment" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-employment" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-employment" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'employment')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-employment" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23employment&text=Work&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'employment')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Work&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23employment" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'employment')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23employment&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Work" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'employment')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Work</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Employment</h2> </div> <article id="work-employment-status" name="work-employment-status" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-employment-status" class="fc-black-900"> Employment Status </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-employment-status"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Over 92% of professional developers are employed at least part-time. Roughly 12% of all respondents say they are students.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-employment-status-all-respondents" data-group="work-employment-status"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 63,854 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-employment-status-professional-developers" data-group="work-employment-status"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 52,370 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-employment-status-all-respondents" name="work-employment-status-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-employment-status"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 63,854 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>70.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.2012%;" data-percentage="17.2012"> <span>12.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.5293%;" data-percentage="12.5293"> <span>8.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.1756%;" data-percentage="5.1756"> <span>3.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.8973%;" data-percentage="4.8973"> <span>3.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.7113%;" data-percentage="0.7113"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.5368%;" data-percentage="0.5368"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-employment-status-professional-developers" name="work-employment-status-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="work-employment-status"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 52,370 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>82.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.5369%;" data-percentage="11.5369"> <span>9.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.7695%;" data-percentage="3.7695"> <span>3.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.5791%;" data-percentage="2.5791"> <span>2.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.556%;" data-percentage="2.556"> <span>2.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.2169%;" data-percentage="0.2169"> <span>0.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.1545%;" data-percentage="0.1545"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-employment-status-by-geography" name="work-employment-status-by-geography" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-employment-status-by-geography" class="fc-black-900"> Employment Status by Geography </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-employment-status-by-geography"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>India has an noticeably higher proportion of students compared to other countries that are well-represented in the survey data. In all of these locations, more than 70% of developers are employed full-time.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-employment-status-by-geography-united-states" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> United States <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 12,417 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-employment-status-by-geography-india" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> India <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 8,323 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-employment-status-by-geography-united-kingdom" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> United Kingdom <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 4,324 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-employment-status-by-geography-germany" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> Germany <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 3,870 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-employment-status-by-geography-canada" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> Canada <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 2,181 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-employment-status-by-geography-united-states" name="work-employment-status-by-geography-united-states" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 12,417 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>78.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 11.275%;" data-percentage="11.275"> <span>8.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.9672%;" data-percentage="7.9672"> <span>6.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.6456%;" data-percentage="3.6456"> <span>2.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.7548%;" data-percentage="2.7548"> <span>2.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.9012%;" data-percentage="0.9012"> <span>0.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.6144%;" data-percentage="0.6144"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-employment-status-by-geography-india" name="work-employment-status-by-geography-india" class="chart" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 8,323 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>73.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.9064%;" data-percentage="21.9064"> <span>16.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.6557%;" data-percentage="6.6557"> <span>4.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.7026%;" data-percentage="5.7026"> <span>4.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.1363%;" data-percentage="2.1363"> <span>1.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.3451%;" data-percentage="0.3451"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.0328%;" data-percentage="0.0328"> <span>0.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-employment-status-by-geography-united-kingdom" name="work-employment-status-by-geography-united-kingdom" class="chart" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 4,324 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>77.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.5%;" data-percentage="12.5"> <span>9.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.7356%;" data-percentage="10.7356"> <span>8.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.3923%;" data-percentage="2.3923"> <span>1.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.3027%;" data-percentage="2.3027"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.7775%;" data-percentage="0.7775"> <span>0.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.598%;" data-percentage="0.598"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-employment-status-by-geography-germany" name="work-employment-status-by-geography-germany" class="chart" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 3,870 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>70.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.8824%;" data-percentage="20.8824"> <span>14.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.4853%;" data-percentage="9.4853"> <span>6.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 9.3015%;" data-percentage="9.3015"> <span>6.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.875%;" data-percentage="1.875"> <span>1.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.4044%;" data-percentage="0.4044"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.3309%;" data-percentage="0.3309"> <span>0.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-employment-status-by-geography-canada" name="work-employment-status-by-geography-canada" class="chart" data-group="work-employment-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 2,181 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed full-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>72.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Student </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.528%;" data-percentage="18.528"> <span>13.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.2792%;" data-percentage="10.2792"> <span>7.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, but looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.6954%;" data-percentage="4.6954"> <span>3.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Employed part-time </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.4899%;" data-percentage="3.4899"> <span>2.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Retired </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.8249%;" data-percentage="0.8249"> <span>0.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not employed, and not looking for work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.5711%;" data-percentage="0.5711"> <span>0.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-overtime" name="work-overtime" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-overtime" class="fc-black-900"> Overtime </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-overtime"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>For the first time this year, we asked respondents how often they work overtime or beyond the formal time expectation of their job. Over 75% of developers work overtime at least occasionally, defined as one to two days per quarter.</p> </div> <div id="work-overtime-overtime" name="work-overtime-overtime" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-overtime"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 43,231 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Never </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.8592%;" data-percentage="40.8592"> <span>10.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Rarely: 1-2 days per year or less </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.0404%;" data-percentage="56.0404"> <span>15.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Occasionally: 1-2 days per quarter but less than monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.9955%;" data-percentage="81.9955"> <span>21.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Sometimes: 1-2 days per month but less than weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>26.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Often: 1-2 days per week or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.4968%;" data-percentage="95.4968"> <span>25.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="company-information" id="company-information" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-company-information" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-company-information" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'company-information')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-company-information" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23company-information&text=Work&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'company-information')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Work&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23company-information" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'company-information')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23company-information&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Work" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'company-information')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Work</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Company Information</h2> </div> <article id="work-company-size" name="work-company-size" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-company-size" class="fc-black-900"> Company Size </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-company-size"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div id="work-company-size-company-size" name="work-company-size-company-size" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-company-size"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 44,334 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc. </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.8198%;" data-percentage="22.8198"> <span>4.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 2 to 9 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.9417%;" data-percentage="45.9417"> <span>9.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10 to 19 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.0032%;" data-percentage="43.0032"> <span>9.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 20 to 99 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>21.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 100 to 499 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.6%;" data-percentage="86.6"> <span>18.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 500 to 999 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.0092%;" data-percentage="30.0092"> <span>6.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 1,000 to 4,999 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 50.6721%;" data-percentage="50.6721"> <span>11.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 5,000 to 9,999 employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.8391%;" data-percentage="18.8391"> <span>4.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 10,000 or more employees </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.0722%;" data-percentage="64.0722"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-onboarding" name="work-onboarding" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-onboarding" class="fc-black-900"> Onboarding </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-onboarding"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Almost half of the respondents reported that their company has a good onboarding process. About one fifth had no onboarding process at all.</p> </div> <div id="work-onboarding-onboarding" name="work-onboarding-onboarding" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-onboarding"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 42,623 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>48.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.0496%;" data-percentage="61.0496"> <span>29.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Onboarding? What onboarding? </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.5704%;" data-percentage="44.5704"> <span>21.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-presence-of-devops-personnel" name="work-presence-of-devops-personnel" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-presence-of-devops-personnel" class="fc-black-900"> Presence of DevOps Personnel </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-presence-of-devops-personnel"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked survey takers if their organizations have dedicated DevOps personnel. An equal amount of respondents reported that their company had at least one dedicated employee to handle DevOps as those who reported they had none.</p> </div> <div id="work-presence-of-devops-personnel-presence-of-devops-personnel" name="work-presence-of-devops-personnel-presence-of-devops-personnel" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-presence-of-devops-personnel"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 42,686 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>43.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 99.5618%;" data-percentage="99.5618"> <span>43.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not sure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 28.5591%;" data-percentage="28.5591"> <span>12.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-importance-of-devops" name="work-importance-of-devops" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-importance-of-devops" class="fc-black-900"> Importance of DevOps </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-importance-of-devops"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We also asked survey takers about the importance of DevOps to scaling software development. Almost 80% of respondents believed that DevOps is at least somewhat important, with almost half of the respondents noting that it is extremely important.</p> </div> <div id="work-importance-of-devops-importance-of-devops" name="work-importance-of-devops-importance-of-devops" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-importance-of-devops"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 41,732 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Extremely important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>48.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Somewhat important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.3707%;" data-percentage="64.3707"> <span>31.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Neutral </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 36.2017%;" data-percentage="36.2017"> <span>17.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not very important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.1358%;" data-percentage="4.1358"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not at all important </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.986%;" data-percentage="2.986"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="career-values" id="career-values" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-career-values" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-career-values" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'career-values')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-career-values" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23career-values&text=Work&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'career-values')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Work&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23career-values" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'career-values')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23career-values&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Work" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'career-values')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Work</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Career Values</h2> </div> <article id="work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs" name="work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs" class="fc-black-900"> How Do Developers Feel About Their Jobs? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Overall, developers tend to be satisfied with their jobs, with almost 65% reporting that they are either slightly or very satisfied with their job. On the other end of the spectrum, around 25% are slightly to very dissatisfied.</p> </div> <div id="work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs" name="work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-how-do-developers-feel-about-their-jobs"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 45,194 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Very dissatisfied </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.6382%;" data-percentage="25.6382"> <span>8.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slightly dissatisfied </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.7579%;" data-percentage="48.7579"> <span>15.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.5796%;" data-percentage="39.5796"> <span>12.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Slightly satisfied </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.3392%;" data-percentage="95.3392"> <span>30.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Very satisfied </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>32.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="looking-for-a-job" id="looking-for-a-job" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-looking-for-a-job" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-looking-for-a-job" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'looking-for-a-job')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-looking-for-a-job" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23looking-for-a-job&text=Work&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'looking-for-a-job')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Work&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23looking-for-a-job" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'looking-for-a-job')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23looking-for-a-job&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Work" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'looking-for-a-job')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Work</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Looking for a Job</h2> </div> <article id="work-job-search-status" name="work-job-search-status" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-job-search-status" class="fc-black-900"> Job Search Status </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-job-search-status"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Almost 83% of respondents reported that they are either not actively looking or interested in new job opportunities. This is consistent with our findings about developer job satisfaction—most developers are happy with their jobs.</p> </div> <div id="work-job-search-status-job-search-status" name="work-job-search-status-job-search-status" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-job-search-status"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 51,727 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>57.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am not interested in new job opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 43.6628%;" data-percentage="43.6628"> <span>25.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am actively looking for a job </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 30.0578%;" data-percentage="30.0578"> <span>17.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-job-search-status-by-geography" name="work-job-search-status-by-geography" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography" class="fc-black-900"> Job Search Status by Geography </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When looking across several countries with large developer populations, job satisfaction is mostly consistent. In the US, UK, Germany, and Canada, over 80% of developers are not actively looking for a job, but at least half are open to new opportunities.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography-united-states" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> United States <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 10,660 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography-india" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> India <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 6,031 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography-united-kingdom" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> United Kingdom <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 3,659 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography-germany" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> Germany <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 3,323 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-job-search-status-by-geography-canada" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> Canada <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 1,862 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-job-search-status-by-geography-united-states" name="work-job-search-status-by-geography-united-states" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 10,660 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>54.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am not interested in new job opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.3461%;" data-percentage="57.3461"> <span>31.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am actively looking for a job </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.4071%;" data-percentage="25.4071"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-job-search-status-by-geography-india" name="work-job-search-status-by-geography-india" class="chart" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 6,031 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>56.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am actively looking for a job </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 56.8708%;" data-percentage="56.8708"> <span>32.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am not interested in new job opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.8359%;" data-percentage="19.8359"> <span>11.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-job-search-status-by-geography-united-kingdom" name="work-job-search-status-by-geography-united-kingdom" class="chart" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 3,659 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>52.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am not interested in new job opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 65.1162%;" data-percentage="65.1162"> <span>34.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am actively looking for a job </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.9794%;" data-percentage="23.9794"> <span>12.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-job-search-status-by-geography-germany" name="work-job-search-status-by-geography-germany" class="chart" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 3,323 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>55.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am not interested in new job opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.9448%;" data-percentage="62.9448"> <span>34.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am actively looking for a job </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.9382%;" data-percentage="18.9382"> <span>10.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-job-search-status-by-geography-canada" name="work-job-search-status-by-geography-canada" class="chart" data-group="work-job-search-status-by-geography"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 1,862 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>57.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am not interested in new job opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.5492%;" data-percentage="51.5492"> <span>29.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I am actively looking for a job </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.2863%;" data-percentage="23.2863"> <span>13.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job" name="work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job" class="fc-black-900"> Who's Actively Looking for a Job? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>If we break out the data by job function, over 20% of academic researchers, data scientists, and data/business analysts are actively looking for a new job, followed closely by designers, game developers, and mobile developers at 19%. This is consistent with findings from past surveys, where we saw that academic researchers and designers were among the roles that had the lowest job satisfaction.</p> </div> <div id="work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job" name="work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-whos-actively-looking-for-a-job"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 44,927 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>21.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 94.2552%;" data-percentage="94.2552"> <span>20.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.9862%;" data-percentage="92.9862"> <span>20.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 90.132%;" data-percentage="90.132"> <span>19.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.9012%;" data-percentage="88.9012"> <span>19.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.9569%;" data-percentage="87.9569"> <span>19.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.8348%;" data-percentage="86.8348"> <span>18.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.3069%;" data-percentage="82.3069"> <span>17.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.078%;" data-percentage="81.078"> <span>17.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.3518%;" data-percentage="79.3518"> <span>17.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.0267%;" data-percentage="78.0267"> <span>16.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.8161%;" data-percentage="75.8161"> <span>16.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.8893%;" data-percentage="74.8893"> <span>16.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 74.4933%;" data-percentage="74.4933"> <span>16.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.4591%;" data-percentage="72.4591"> <span>15.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.5313%;" data-percentage="71.5313"> <span>15.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.2859%;" data-percentage="71.2859"> <span>15.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.1271%;" data-percentage="71.1271"> <span>15.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Product manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.2158%;" data-percentage="69.2158"> <span>15.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.7425%;" data-percentage="62.7425"> <span>13.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.5558%;" data-percentage="58.5558"> <span>12.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Senior executive/VP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 54.492%;" data-percentage="54.492"> <span>11.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-job-hunt-factors" name="work-job-hunt-factors" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-job-hunt-factors" class="fc-black-900"> Job Hunt Factors </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-job-hunt-factors"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>For the first time, we asked developers what drove them to look for a new job. Better compensation was by far the most common factor for respondents with 70% of them noting that more pay was important. Wanting to work with new technologies was the second most popular factor, which is consistent with what respondents reported as one of the most important priorities when choosing between two jobs.</p> </div> <div id="work-job-hunt-factors-job-hunt-factors" name="work-job-hunt-factors-job-hunt-factors" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-job-hunt-factors"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 42,286 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Better compensation </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>70.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Wanting to work with new technologies </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.6584%;" data-percentage="83.6584"> <span>58.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Curious about other opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 81.6876%;" data-percentage="81.6876"> <span>57.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Growth or leadership opportunities </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.6837%;" data-percentage="75.6837"> <span>52.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Better work/life balance </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.9902%;" data-percentage="68.9902"> <span>48.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Trouble with leadership at my company </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.305%;" data-percentage="38.305"> <span>26.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Looking to relocate </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.5782%;" data-percentage="37.5782"> <span>26.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Having a bad day (or week or month) at work </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.0017%;" data-percentage="29.0017"> <span>20.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Trouble with my direct manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.3129%;" data-percentage="24.3129"> <span>17.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Just because </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 17.6261%;" data-percentage="17.6261"> <span>12.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Trouble with my teammates </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.6695%;" data-percentage="16.6695"> <span>11.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Wanting to share accomplishments with a wider network </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.719%;" data-percentage="14.719"> <span>10.3%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt" name="work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt" class="fc-black-900"> How do you learn about a company during a job hunt </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked respondents how they learn about a company during a job hunt and received mixed responses. Most respondents turn to reviews on third party sites, such as Glassdoor and Blind. However, a large amount also learn from viewing company sponsored media, such as blogs and company culture videos. Interestingly, relatively fewer respondents seek publicly available financial information, such as data from Crunchbase, which is consistent with respondents noting that company financial performance and fundraising is not a very important factor when deciding to take a job.</p> </div> <div id="work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt" name="work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-how-do-you-learn-about-a-company-during-a-job-hunt"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 41,022 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Company reviews from third party sites (e.g. Glassdoor, Blind) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>69.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Read company media, such as employee blogs or company culture videos </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.793%;" data-percentage="93.793"> <span>65.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Personal network - friends or family </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 91.0329%;" data-percentage="91.0329"> <span>63.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Read other media like news articles, founder profiles, etc. about the company </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.71%;" data-percentage="70.71"> <span>49.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Directly asking current or past employees at the company </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.9808%;" data-percentage="51.9808"> <span>36.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Publicly available financial information (e.g. Crunchbase) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 37.9102%;" data-percentage="37.9102"> <span>26.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="job-priorities" id="job-priorities" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-job-priorities" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-job-priorities" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'job-priorities')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-job-priorities" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23job-priorities&text=Work&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'job-priorities')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Work&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23job-priorities" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'job-priorities')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23job-priorities&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Work" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'job-priorities')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Work</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Job Priorities</h2> </div> <article id="work-most-important-job-factors" name="work-most-important-job-factors" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-most-important-job-factors" class="fc-black-900"> Most Important Job Factors </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-most-important-job-factors"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked the survey respondents if we control for compensation, benefits, and location, what three characteristics would most influence their decision to choose one job offer over another. Overall, the languages and technologies that the developer would be working with was most important, followed by the office environment or company culture and flexibility of schedule. Interestingly enough, the least important factors were the financial performance of the organization (11.4%), the specific team they would be working on (11.2%), and the diversity of the organization (6.6%).</p> <p>However, if we control for gender, we see some differences in the rankings. For example, among the women respondents, 48% selected company culture to be one of the most important factors and 18% indicated that diversity was also of top importance. Among the non-binary respondents, 49.9% chose office environment and company culture in the top three most important factors and 33.4% strongly valued the diversity of the company.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-most-important-job-factors-all-respondents" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 49,349 responses; select three most important </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-most-important-job-factors-men" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> Men <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 42,060 responses; select three most important </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-most-important-job-factors-women" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> Women <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 3,694 responses; select three most important </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-most-important-job-factors-non-binary" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> Non-binary <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 543 responses; select three most important </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-most-important-job-factors-all-respondents" name="work-most-important-job-factors-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 49,349 responses; select three most important </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>51.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Office environment or company culture </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.7648%;" data-percentage="86.7648"> <span>44.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flex time or a flexible schedule </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.482%;" data-percentage="85.482"> <span>43.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Opportunities for professional development </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.6071%;" data-percentage="80.6071"> <span>41.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Remote work options </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 64.7786%;" data-percentage="64.7786"> <span>33.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> How widely used or impactful my work output would be </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.566%;" data-percentage="40.566"> <span>20.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Industry that I’d be working in </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.8965%;" data-percentage="29.8965"> <span>15.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Family friendliness </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.6283%;" data-percentage="23.6283"> <span>12.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.2574%;" data-percentage="23.2574"> <span>11.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Specific department or team I’d be working on </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.914%;" data-percentage="22.914"> <span>11.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Diversity of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.3695%;" data-percentage="13.3695"> <span>6.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-most-important-job-factors-men" name="work-most-important-job-factors-men" class="chart" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 42,060 responses; select three most important </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>52.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Office environment or company culture </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 84.2338%;" data-percentage="84.2338"> <span>44.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flex time or a flexible schedule </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 83.3828%;" data-percentage="83.3828"> <span>44.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Opportunities for professional development </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.5792%;" data-percentage="78.5792"> <span>41.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Remote work options </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.5601%;" data-percentage="63.5601"> <span>33.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> How widely used or impactful my work output would be </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.7443%;" data-percentage="39.7443"> <span>21.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Industry that I’d be working in </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.0474%;" data-percentage="29.0474"> <span>15.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Family friendliness </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 23.0552%;" data-percentage="23.0552"> <span>12.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.9065%;" data-percentage="22.9065"> <span>12.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Specific department or team I’d be working on </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.1728%;" data-percentage="22.1728"> <span>11.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Diversity of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.4268%;" data-percentage="10.4268"> <span>5.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-most-important-job-factors-women" name="work-most-important-job-factors-women" class="chart" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 3,694 responses; select three most important </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Office environment or company culture </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>48.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flex time or a flexible schedule </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 94.3417%;" data-percentage="94.3417"> <span>45.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.5547%;" data-percentage="86.5547"> <span>41.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Opportunities for professional development </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.0421%;" data-percentage="85.0421"> <span>41.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Remote work options </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.2184%;" data-percentage="66.2184"> <span>32.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> How widely used or impactful my work output would be </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 41.0645%;" data-percentage="41.0645"> <span>19.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Diversity of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 38.5434%;" data-percentage="38.5434"> <span>18.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Industry that I’d be working in </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 29.0756%;" data-percentage="29.0756"> <span>14.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Specific department or team I’d be working on </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.9383%;" data-percentage="25.9383"> <span>12.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Family friendliness </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 22.241%;" data-percentage="22.241"> <span>10.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 18.3754%;" data-percentage="18.3754"> <span>8.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-most-important-job-factors-non-binary" name="work-most-important-job-factors-non-binary" class="chart" data-group="work-most-important-job-factors"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 543 responses; select three most important </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Office environment or company culture </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>51.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flex time or a flexible schedule </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.4271%;" data-percentage="80.4271"> <span>41.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.1567%;" data-percentage="76.1567"> <span>39.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Diversity of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.904%;" data-percentage="66.904"> <span>34.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Remote work options </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.7865%;" data-percentage="59.7865"> <span>30.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Opportunities for professional development </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.6015%;" data-percentage="51.6015"> <span>26.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> How widely used or impactful my work output would be </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.1282%;" data-percentage="44.1282"> <span>22.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Industry that I’d be working in </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 36.6548%;" data-percentage="36.6548"> <span>19.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Specific department or team I’d be working on </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.9965%;" data-percentage="20.9965"> <span>10.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.5907%;" data-percentage="14.5907"> <span>7.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Family friendliness </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.2349%;" data-percentage="14.2349"> <span>7.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us" name="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us" class="fc-black-900"> Weighting Important Job Factors in the US </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>As mentioned previously, there are differences in job priorities by gender, so we also compared the overall opinion in the raw results with a weighted opinion. Weighting does not change the results significantly; however, we see gains in office environment or company culture and diversity of the organization.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us-united-states-unweighted" data-group="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us"> United States Unweighted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 10,294 responses; select three most important </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us-united-states-weighted-by-gender" data-group="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> United States Weighted by Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 10,294 responses; select three most important </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us-united-states-unweighted" name="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us-united-states-unweighted" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 10,294 responses; select three most important </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Office environment or company culture </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>47.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 99.1212%;" data-percentage="99.1212"> <span>47.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flex time or a flexible schedule </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.4935%;" data-percentage="86.4935"> <span>41.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Remote work options </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 78.2385%;" data-percentage="78.2385"> <span>37.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Opportunities for professional development </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.3719%;" data-percentage="70.3719"> <span>33.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> How widely used or impactful my work output would be </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 49.387%;" data-percentage="49.387"> <span>23.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Industry that I’d be working in </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.5116%;" data-percentage="34.5116"> <span>16.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Specific department or team I’d be working on </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 33.7148%;" data-percentage="33.7148"> <span>16.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Family friendliness </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.8287%;" data-percentage="26.8287"> <span>12.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.2566%;" data-percentage="26.2566"> <span>12.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Diversity of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 19.2071%;" data-percentage="19.2071"> <span>9.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us-united-states-weighted-by-gender" name="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us-united-states-weighted-by-gender" class="chart" data-group="work-weighting-important-job-factors-in-the-us"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 10,294 responses; select three most important </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Office environment or company culture </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>47.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.2153%;" data-percentage="95.2153"> <span>45.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Flex time or a flexible schedule </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.3597%;" data-percentage="86.3597"> <span>41.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Remote work options </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.8791%;" data-percentage="77.8791"> <span>37.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Opportunities for professional development </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.9164%;" data-percentage="68.9164"> <span>33.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> How widely used or impactful my work output would be </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 48.7414%;" data-percentage="48.7414"> <span>23.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Industry that I’d be working in </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 33.744%;" data-percentage="33.744"> <span>16.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Specific department or team I’d be working on </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 33.1905%;" data-percentage="33.1905"> <span>15.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Family friendliness </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.031%;" data-percentage="26.031"> <span>12.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 25.0848%;" data-percentage="25.0848"> <span>12.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Diversity of the company or organization </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 24.1387%;" data-percentage="24.1387"> <span>11.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="salary" id="salary" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-salary" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-salary" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'salary')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-salary" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23salary&text=Work&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'salary')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Work&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23salary" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'salary')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23salary&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Work" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'salary')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Work</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Salary</h2> </div> <article id="work-salary-by-developer-type" name="work-salary-by-developer-type" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-salary-by-developer-type" class="fc-black-900"> Salary by Developer Type </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-salary-by-developer-type"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Across the board, engineering managers, SREs, DevOps specialists, and data engineers tend to receive the highest salaries. When focusing on the US, we see some differences at the bottom of the salary spectrum. In the US, mobile developers and educators tend to have a higher salary relative to other occupations when compared to the global developer population.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-salary-by-developer-type-global" data-group="work-salary-by-developer-type"> Global <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Median of 34,279 responses; USD </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-salary-by-developer-type-united-states" data-group="work-salary-by-developer-type"> United States <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Median of 8,006 responses; USD </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-salary-by-developer-type-global" name="work-salary-by-developer-type-global" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-salary-by-developer-type"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Median of 34,279 responses; USD </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>$92k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.9565%;" data-percentage="86.9565"> <span>$80k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.913%;" data-percentage="73.913"> <span>$68k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.6522%;" data-percentage="70.6522"> <span>$65k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 63.0435%;" data-percentage="63.0435"> <span>$58k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.9565%;" data-percentage="61.9565"> <span>$57k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 61.9565%;" data-percentage="61.9565"> <span>$57k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.8696%;" data-percentage="60.8696"> <span>$56k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.7826%;" data-percentage="59.7826"> <span>$55k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.6957%;" data-percentage="58.6957"> <span>$54k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.6957%;" data-percentage="58.6957"> <span>$54k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.6087%;" data-percentage="57.6087"> <span>$53k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.6087%;" data-percentage="57.6087"> <span>$53k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 54.3478%;" data-percentage="54.3478"> <span>$50k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 54.3478%;" data-percentage="54.3478"> <span>$50k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.2609%;" data-percentage="53.2609"> <span>$49k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 53.2609%;" data-percentage="53.2609"> <span>$49k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.087%;" data-percentage="51.087"> <span>$47k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 46.7391%;" data-percentage="46.7391"> <span>$43k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 44.5652%;" data-percentage="44.5652"> <span>$41k</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-salary-by-developer-type-united-states" name="work-salary-by-developer-type-united-states" class="chart" data-group="work-salary-by-developer-type"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Median of 8,006 responses; USD </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>$152k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.4092%;" data-percentage="92.4092"> <span>$140k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.5083%;" data-percentage="82.5083"> <span>$125k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.5083%;" data-percentage="82.5083"> <span>$125k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 82.5083%;" data-percentage="82.5083"> <span>$125k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.2079%;" data-percentage="79.2079"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.2079%;" data-percentage="79.2079"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.2079%;" data-percentage="79.2079"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 79.2079%;" data-percentage="79.2079"> <span>$120k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.9076%;" data-percentage="75.9076"> <span>$115k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 75.9076%;" data-percentage="75.9076"> <span>$115k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.9274%;" data-percentage="73.9274"> <span>$112k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 73.5974%;" data-percentage="73.5974"> <span>$112k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.6073%;" data-percentage="72.6073"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.6073%;" data-percentage="72.6073"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 72.6073%;" data-percentage="72.6073"> <span>$110k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.3069%;" data-percentage="69.3069"> <span>$105k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.0066%;" data-percentage="66.0066"> <span>$100k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.0066%;" data-percentage="66.0066"> <span>$100k</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 66.0066%;" data-percentage="66.0066"> <span>$100k</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="work-salary-and-experience-by-developer-type" name="work-salary-and-experience-by-developer-type" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-salary-and-experience-by-developer-type" class="fc-black-900"> Salary and Experience by Developer Type </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-salary-and-experience-by-developer-type"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>When we look at how salary compares with years of experience, we see the expected - developers with more experience tend to command higher salaries. However, we see some differences when we look at specific developer roles. SREs, DevOps specialists, and data engineers command a disproportionately higher salary compared to developers within a similar level of experience in different roles. This is consistent with what we saw in the salary trends as a whole. Designers, mobile developers and educators tend to command a disproportionately lower salary.</p> </div> <figure class="ds-data ds-data--image sm:w100 m0"> <img class="wmx9 d-inline-block" src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/Survey/2020/salary_devtype-13c08.svg?v=6984a7c986ae" alt="Salary and Experience by Developer Type"> </figure> </article> <article id="work-salary-and-experience-by-language" name="work-salary-and-experience-by-language" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-salary-and-experience-by-language" class="fc-black-900"> Salary and Experience by Language </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-salary-and-experience-by-language"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Salaries also differ in terms of years of experience when looking at the programming language a developer uses as well. For most languages, the relationship between salary and years of coding experience is linear. However, we see some outliers with users of Python and R commanding higher salaries. This could be explained by the fact that these languages are often used by data scientists who are among the most highly compensated developers.</p> </div> <figure class="ds-data ds-data--image sm:w100 m0"> <img class="wmx9 d-inline-block" src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/Survey/2020/salary_language-12aa8.svg?v=dd233e811256" alt="Salary and Experience by Language"> </figure> </article> <article id="work-hours-worked-per-week" name="work-hours-worked-per-week" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#work-hours-worked-per-week" class="fc-black-900"> Hours Worked Per Week </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#work-hours-worked-per-week"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Globally, over 75% of developers work less than 45 hours per week. Senior executives, engineering managers and product managers tend to work longer hours.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#work-hours-worked-per-week-overall" data-group="work-hours-worked-per-week"> Overall <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 41,151 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-hours-worked-per-week-by-developer-type" data-group="work-hours-worked-per-week"> By Developer Type <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 40,610 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#work-hours-worked-per-week-by-country" data-group="work-hours-worked-per-week"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> By Country <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 26,291 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="work-hours-worked-per-week-overall" name="work-hours-worked-per-week-overall" class="chart js-active" data-group="work-hours-worked-per-week"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 41,151 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than 30 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.1138%;" data-percentage="14.1138"> <span>7.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 30 to 34 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.9207%;" data-percentage="6.9207"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 35 to 39 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 26.0102%;" data-percentage="26.0102"> <span>13.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 40 to 44 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>51.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 45 to 49 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 21.6313%;" data-percentage="21.6313"> <span>11.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 50 to 54 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.6299%;" data-percentage="13.6299"> <span>7.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 55 to 59 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.307%;" data-percentage="2.307"> <span>1.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 60 to 64 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.9474%;" data-percentage="4.9474"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 65 to 69 hours </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.3476%;" data-percentage="0.3476"> <span>0.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> 70 hours or more </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 3.4345%;" data-percentage="3.4345"> <span>1.8%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-hours-worked-per-week-by-developer-type" name="work-hours-worked-per-week-by-developer-type" class="chart" data-group="work-hours-worked-per-week"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 40,610 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Senior executive/VP </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>47.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineering manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.6094%;" data-percentage="92.6094"> <span>43.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Product manager </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 92.0462%;" data-percentage="92.0462"> <span>43.6</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Scientist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 89.2596%;" data-percentage="89.2596"> <span>42.3</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> System administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.9824%;" data-percentage="88.9824"> <span>42.2</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, site reliability </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.962%;" data-percentage="88.962"> <span>42.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data or business analyst </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.958%;" data-percentage="88.958"> <span>42.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Database administrator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.8995%;" data-percentage="88.8995"> <span>42.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> DevOps specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.8613%;" data-percentage="88.8613"> <span>42.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, embedded applications or devices </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.4776%;" data-percentage="88.4776"> <span>41.9</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Data scientist or machine learning specialist </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.3151%;" data-percentage="88.3151"> <span>41.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Engineer, data </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.1394%;" data-percentage="88.1394"> <span>41.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, QA or test </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.0856%;" data-percentage="88.0856"> <span>41.7</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Educator </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 88.0143%;" data-percentage="88.0143"> <span>41.7</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Academic researcher </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.49%;" data-percentage="87.49"> <span>41.5</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, desktop or enterprise applications </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 87.4231%;" data-percentage="87.4231"> <span>41.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Designer </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.7673%;" data-percentage="86.7673"> <span>41.1</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, mobile </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.605%;" data-percentage="86.605"> <span>41.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, game or graphics </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.5921%;" data-percentage="86.5921"> <span>41.0</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, back-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.1774%;" data-percentage="86.1774"> <span>40.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, full-stack </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 86.0795%;" data-percentage="86.0795"> <span>40.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Developer, front-end </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 85.7639%;" data-percentage="85.7639"> <span>40.6</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="work-hours-worked-per-week-by-country" name="work-hours-worked-per-week-by-country" class="chart" data-group="work-hours-worked-per-week"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 26,291 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United States </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>41.8</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Canada </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 97.2564%;" data-percentage="97.2564"> <span>40.6</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> France </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.6319%;" data-percentage="96.6319"> <span>40.4</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> India </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.5372%;" data-percentage="96.5372"> <span>40.3</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Germany </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.3644%;" data-percentage="96.3644"> <span>40.3</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Brazil </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 94.0286%;" data-percentage="94.0286"> <span>39.3</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> United Kingdom </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.7245%;" data-percentage="93.7245"> <span>39.2</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> </section> <section id="community" name="community" class="ds-chapter pt128 js-section"> <header class="ds-chapter__header bs-sm d-flex fd-column ps-relative ds-bg-dark ds-fc-light bar-md p32 py32 p-ff-source mb128"> <div class="ps-absolute sm:ps-static r48 b48 sm:mb32"> <svg class="svg-icon" fill="none" height="200" viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200"><g clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m127.5 111c-6.617 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.883 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.883-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.949 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.551 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.551-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m71.5 111c-6.6168 0-12.5 5.531-12.5 13s5.8832 13 12.5 13 12.5-5.531 12.5-13-5.8832-13-12.5-13zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.775-32.5 33s14.5507 33 32.5 33 32.5-14.775 32.5-33-14.5507-33-32.5-33z"/><path d="m99.5 63c-6.9036 0-12.5 5.5964-12.5 12.5s5.5964 12.5 12.5 12.5c6.904 0 12.5-5.5964 12.5-12.5s-5.596-12.5-12.5-12.5zm0-20c-17.9492 0-32.5 14.5507-32.5 32.5 0 17.9492 14.5507 32.5 32.5 32.5 17.949 0 32.5-14.5507 32.5-32.5s-14.551-32.5-32.5-32.5z"/><path d="m180 20h-160v160h160zm20-20v200h-200v-200z"/></g></svg> </div> <h1 class="fs-headline2 ds-chapter__title p-ff-source"> Community </h1> <div class="bt w100 wmx1 ds-bc"></div> <p class="fs-title mt24 wmx5 mb128"> Where developers come to learn, share knowledge, and build their careers </p> <ul class="ds-chapter__nav mt-auto fs-title list-reset"> <li> <a href="#site-use" class="d-inline-block py4"> Site Use <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#stack-overflow-community-now" class="d-inline-block py4"> Stack Overflow Community Now <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="#stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" class="d-inline-block py4"> Stack Overflow Community Moving Forward <span class="ml8">→</span> </a> </li> </ul> </header> <div name="site-use" id="site-use" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-site-use" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-site-use" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'site-use')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-site-use" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23site-use&text=Community&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'site-use')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Community&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23site-use" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'site-use')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23site-use&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Community" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'site-use')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Community</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Site Use</h2> </div> <article id="community-visiting-stack-overflow" name="community-visiting-stack-overflow" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-visiting-stack-overflow" class="fc-black-900"> Visiting Stack Overflow </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-visiting-stack-overflow"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Developers visit Stack Overflow. A lot. Our survey respondents likely visit even more than the average developer, since a majority of respondents found the survey from Stack Overflow emails, notifications, and banners. Over 82% of respondents visit Stack Overflow at least a few times per week, with over 59% visiting every day. In the United States, there are only slight shifts between the results weighted by gender and unweighted results on visit frequency.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#community-visiting-stack-overflow-all-respondents" data-group="community-visiting-stack-overflow"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 56,970 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-visiting-stack-overflow-united-states-unweighted" data-group="community-visiting-stack-overflow"> United States Unweighted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 11,611 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-visiting-stack-overflow-united-states-weighted-by-gender" data-group="community-visiting-stack-overflow"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> United States Weighted by Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 11,611 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="community-visiting-stack-overflow-all-respondents" name="community-visiting-stack-overflow-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-visiting-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 56,970 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never visited Stack Overflow (before today) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.1052%;" data-percentage="1.1052"> <span>0.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than once per month or monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.0104%;" data-percentage="10.0104"> <span>3.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per month or weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 45.4813%;" data-percentage="45.4813"> <span>13.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per week </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 77.6711%;" data-percentage="77.6711"> <span>23.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Daily or almost daily </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>30.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiple times per day </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 93.674%;" data-percentage="93.674"> <span>28.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-visiting-stack-overflow-united-states-unweighted" name="community-visiting-stack-overflow-united-states-unweighted" class="chart" data-group="community-visiting-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 11,611 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never visited Stack Overflow (before today) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.3956%;" data-percentage="0.3956"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than once per month or monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 14.3595%;" data-percentage="14.3595"> <span>4.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per month or weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.4767%;" data-percentage="59.4767"> <span>16.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per week </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 98.1441%;" data-percentage="98.1441"> <span>27.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Daily or almost daily </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>28.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiple times per day </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.864%;" data-percentage="80.864"> <span>22.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-visiting-stack-overflow-united-states-weighted-by-gender" name="community-visiting-stack-overflow-united-states-weighted-by-gender" class="chart" data-group="community-visiting-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 11,611 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never visited Stack Overflow (before today) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.4645%;" data-percentage="0.4645"> <span>0.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than once per month or monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.5738%;" data-percentage="15.5738"> <span>4.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per month or weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 62.0491%;" data-percentage="62.0491"> <span>17.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per week </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 99.6174%;" data-percentage="99.6174"> <span>27.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Daily or almost daily </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>27.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiple times per day </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 80.1912%;" data-percentage="80.1912"> <span>22.4%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account" name="community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account" class="fc-black-900"> How Many Participants Have a Stack Overflow Account? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>About 83% of the participants in our survey say they are registered users with accounts. This provides important context for interpreting our survey results, because most Stack Overflow traffic comes from anonymous, unregistered visitors.</p> </div> <div id="community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account" name="community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-how-many-participants-have-a-stack-overflow-account"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 56,805 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>83.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 12.9054%;" data-percentage="12.9054"> <span>10.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not sure/can't remember </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.2533%;" data-percentage="7.2533"> <span>6.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="community-visited-se-sites" name="community-visited-se-sites" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-visited-se-sites" class="fc-black-900"> Visited SE sites </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-visited-se-sites"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Almost all of responents have visited Stack Overflow and about two-thirds have visited Stack Exchange.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#community-visited-se-sites-all-respondents2" data-group="community-visited-se-sites"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 58,275 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-visited-se-sites-professional-developers" data-group="community-visited-se-sites"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 47,720 responses; select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="community-visited-se-sites-all-respondents2" name="community-visited-se-sites-all-respondents2" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-visited-se-sites"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 58,275 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow (public Q&A for anyone who codes) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>98.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Exchange (public Q&A for a variety of topics) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 68.668%;" data-percentage="68.668"> <span>67.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow Jobs (for job seekers) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 36.9892%;" data-percentage="36.9892"> <span>36.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow for Teams (private Q&A for organizations) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.6066%;" data-percentage="4.6066"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow Talent (for hiring companies/recruiters) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.481%;" data-percentage="2.481"> <span>2.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow Advertising (for technology companies) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.4655%;" data-percentage="1.4655"> <span>1.4%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never visited any of these sites </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.9244%;" data-percentage="0.9244"> <span>0.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-visited-se-sites-professional-developers" name="community-visited-se-sites-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="community-visited-se-sites"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 47,720 responses; select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow (public Q&A for anyone who codes) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>98.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Exchange (public Q&A for a variety of topics) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 69.6436%;" data-percentage="69.6436"> <span>68.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow Jobs (for job seekers) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 39.6052%;" data-percentage="39.6052"> <span>39.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow for Teams (private Q&A for organizations) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.5417%;" data-percentage="4.5417"> <span>4.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow Talent (for hiring companies/recruiters) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 2.1076%;" data-percentage="2.1076"> <span>2.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Stack Overflow Advertising (for technology companies) </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 1.1068%;" data-percentage="1.1068"> <span>1.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never visited any of these sites </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 0.4728%;" data-percentage="0.4728"> <span>0.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="stack-overflow-community-now" id="stack-overflow-community-now" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-stack-overflow-community-now" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-stack-overflow-community-now" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'stack-overflow-community-now')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-stack-overflow-community-now" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23stack-overflow-community-now&text=Community&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'stack-overflow-community-now')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Community&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23stack-overflow-community-now" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'stack-overflow-community-now')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23stack-overflow-community-now&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Community" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'stack-overflow-community-now')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Community</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Stack Overflow Community Now</h2> </div> <article id="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow" name="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow" class="fc-black-900"> How Often Do Developers Participate on Stack Overflow? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Some developers come to Stack Overflow only to find answers to their questions, while others participate in the community by asking, answering, voting for, or commenting on questions. Over 34% of survey respondents participate on Stack Overflow a few times per month or more often. When comparing United States weighted data to unweighted results, we see more representation from those who have never participated on Stack Overflow.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-all-respondents" data-group="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 46,792 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-united-states-unweighted" data-group="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> United States Unweighted <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 9,290 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-united-states-weighted-by-gender" data-group="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> United States Weighted by Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 9,290 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-all-respondents" name="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 46,792 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 51.0326%;" data-percentage="51.0326"> <span>22.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than once per month or monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>43.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per month or weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.7057%;" data-percentage="40.7057"> <span>17.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per week </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 20.5216%;" data-percentage="20.5216"> <span>9.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Daily or almost daily </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 10.7577%;" data-percentage="10.7577"> <span>4.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiple times per day </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.9956%;" data-percentage="5.9956"> <span>2.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-united-states-unweighted" name="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-united-states-unweighted" class="chart" data-group="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 9,290 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 40.5418%;" data-percentage="40.5418"> <span>20.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than once per month or monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>49.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per month or weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 34.0759%;" data-percentage="34.0759"> <span>16.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per week </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 16.1205%;" data-percentage="16.1205"> <span>7.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Daily or almost daily </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.7981%;" data-percentage="7.7981"> <span>3.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiple times per day </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.3905%;" data-percentage="4.3905"> <span>2.2%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-united-states-weighted-by-gender" name="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow-united-states-weighted-by-gender" class="chart" data-group="community-how-often-do-developers-participate-on-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 9,290 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 42.7424%;" data-percentage="42.7424"> <span>21.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Less than once per month or monthly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>49.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per month or weekly </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 32.9285%;" data-percentage="32.9285"> <span>16.2%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A few times per week </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 15.6121%;" data-percentage="15.6121"> <span>7.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Daily or almost daily </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 7.2674%;" data-percentage="7.2674"> <span>3.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Multiple times per day </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 4.094%;" data-percentage="4.094"> <span>2.0%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community" name="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community" class="fc-black-900"> Do Developers Consider Themselves Part of the Stack Overflow Community? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>About 43% of the respondents to our survey consider themselves part of our community, but this varies for different groups of people. For example, we find that respondents who identify as men see themselves as part of the community at much higher rates than those with other gender identities. The tech community as a whole, and we at Stack Overflow in particular, still have work to do in this area.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community-overall" data-group="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community"> Overall <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 56,476 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community-by-gender" data-group="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-sub mr4 mln4 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> By Gender <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> Mean of 49,625 responses; percent who consider themselves definitely or somewhat part of the Stack Overflow community; gender is select all that apply </span> </a> </nav> <div id="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community-overall" name="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community-overall" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 56,476 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes, definitely </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 58.5346%;" data-percentage="58.5346"> <span>15.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes, somewhat </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>27.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Neutral </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 76.7236%;" data-percentage="76.7236"> <span>20.7%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No, not really </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 96.0652%;" data-percentage="96.0652"> <span>26.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No, not at all </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 31.6115%;" data-percentage="31.6115"> <span>8.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not sure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 6.842%;" data-percentage="6.842"> <span>1.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community-by-gender" name="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community-by-gender" class="chart" data-group="community-do-developers-consider-themselves-part-of-the-stack-overflow-community"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> Mean of 49,625 responses; percent who consider themselves definitely or somewhat part of the Stack Overflow community; gender is select all that apply </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Man </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>44.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Woman </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 67.3837%;" data-percentage="67.3837"> <span>30.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 60.9189%;" data-percentage="60.9189"> <span>27.1%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow" name="community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow" class="fc-black-900"> Compared to last year, how welcome do you feel on Stack Overflow? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>Most respondents say they feel just as welcome on Stack Overflow as they felt last year. Answers this year were slightly more polarized than those from 2019. When asked why they responded the way they did, respondents who felt less welcome mentioned the relationship between the community and the company and question quality. Respondents who felt more welcome mentioned feeling more comfortable and confident, the site being nicer or friendlier, and features of the site like emails and the newsletter.</p> </div> <div id="community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow" name="community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-compared-to-last-year-how-welcome-do-you-feel-on-stack-overflow"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 52,683 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A lot more welcome now than last year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.6154%;" data-percentage="8.6154"> <span>6.1%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Somewhat more welcome now than last year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 13.4943%;" data-percentage="13.4943"> <span>9.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Just as welcome now as I felt last year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>70.6%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Somewhat less welcome now than last year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 8.3197%;" data-percentage="8.3197"> <span>5.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> A lot less welcome now than last year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.7283%;" data-percentage="5.7283"> <span>4.0%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not applicable - I did not use Stack Overflow last year </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 5.4595%;" data-percentage="5.4595"> <span>3.9%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> <article id="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community" name="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-member-of-other-online-developer-community" class="fc-black-900"> Member of other online developer community </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-member-of-other-online-developer-community"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>For around 60% of respondents, Stack Overflow is the only online developer community they are a member of. Of the 41% who indicated they are members of other online developer communities. 15k respondents provided at least one additional community they participate in. Though this data is not present in results, it is available for analysis in the raw data.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#community-member-of-other-online-developer-community-all-respondents2" data-group="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 57,205 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-member-of-other-online-developer-community-professional-developers" data-group="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 47,044 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community-all-respondents2" name="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community-all-respondents2" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 57,205 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>58.3%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 71.4419%;" data-percentage="71.4419"> <span>41.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community-professional-developers" name="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="community-member-of-other-online-developer-community"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 47,044 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>58.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 70.9571%;" data-percentage="70.9571"> <span>41.5%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> <div name="stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" id="stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" class="js-section d-block"> <div class="bt btw3 ds-bc-2 ps-relative pt24 pb128"> <div class="ps-absolute mb16 ta-right r0"> <a href="#share-stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" data-class="is-visible" data-target="#share-stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" class="js-toggle-class ff-mono btn s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__sm ds-btn s-btn__outlined ff-mono fc-black-500 py8" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'opened-dropdown', 'stack-overflow-community-moving-forward')"> Share <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon va-middle iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 00-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2V1zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7V1z"/></svg> </a> <div id="share-stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" class="p-ff-source s-popover ps-relative z-base mt24 ta-left fs-body3 float-right"> <div class="s-popover--arrow__tr"></div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23stack-overflow-community-moving-forward&text=Community&via=stackoverflow" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 pb4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'twitter', 'stack-overflow-community-moving-forward')">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?text=Community&u=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23stack-overflow-community-moving-forward" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 py4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'facebook', 'stack-overflow-community-moving-forward')">Facebook</a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020/%23stack-overflow-community-moving-forward&mini=true&source=stackoverflow&summary=Community" class="d-block fc-black-700 h:fc-black-900 bt bc-black-3 pt4" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'dev-survey-2020', 'share', 'linkedin', 'stack-overflow-community-moving-forward')">LinkedIn</a> </div> </div> <p class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200">Community</p> <h2 class="fs-display1 p-ff-source-bold">Stack Overflow Community Moving Forward</h2> </div> <article id="community-what-would-developers-change-about-stack-overflow" name="community-what-would-developers-change-about-stack-overflow" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-what-would-developers-change-about-stack-overflow" class="fc-black-900"> What Would Developers Change About Stack Overflow? </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-what-would-developers-change-about-stack-overflow"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked respondents in a free text question one thing they would change about Stack Overflow if they had the chance. Respondents shared ideas focusing on question quality, improving search, identifying and removing outdated answers, frustrations with duplicate question handling, and issues with the way the company treats the community.</p> </div> <figure class="ds-data ds-data--image sm:w100 m0"> <img class="wmx9 d-inline-block" src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/Survey/2020/change_overall-1cc9d.svg?v=e9cf3275a92a" alt="What Would Developers Change About Stack Overflow?"> </figure> </article> <article id="community-developers-perspectives-by-gender" name="community-developers-perspectives-by-gender" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-developers-perspectives-by-gender" class="fc-black-900"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon d-inline-block va-middle mr4 mtn2 iconStar" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9 12.65l-5.29 3.63 1.82-6.15L.44 6.22l6.42-.17L9 0l2.14 6.05 6.42.17-5.1 3.9 1.83 6.16L9 12.65z"/></svg> Developers' Perspectives By Gender </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-developers-perspectives-by-gender"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>The aspects of Stack Overflow that respondents would like to change exhibit differences across demographic groups. For example, developers who are men are more likely to want specific new features, while developers who are women are more likely to want to change norms for communication on our site.</p> </div> <figure class="ds-data ds-data--image sm:w100 m0"> <img class="wmx9 d-inline-block" src="/legacy-assets/insights/Img/Survey/2020/change_anything-1d929.svg?v=dc339c8c23b4" alt="Developers' Perspectives By Gender"> </figure> </article> <article id="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic" name="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic" class="mb96 p-ff-source"> <div class="d-flex ai-start bt btw2 ds-bc-2 pt32 mt64 mb24 ps-relative z-active"> <h3 class="fs-headline1 fl1 p-ff-source mb0"> <a href="#community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic" class="fc-black-900"> Relax restrictions on off-topic </a> </h3> <a class="grid grid__center mbn6 s-btn s-btn__muted pe-auto" href="#community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconLink" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M7.22 11.83a6 6 0 001.62.85l.61-1.8a4.1 4.1 0 114.04-.8l1.26 1.42a6 6 0 10-7.53.33zm3.43-5.6a6 6 0 00-1.6-.87L8.4 7.15a4.1 4.1 0 11-4.05.73L3.12 6.43a6 6 0 107.53-.2z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>We asked respondents whether they believe that Stack Overflow should relax restrictions on what is considered off-topic and received mixed results. Most respondents were not sure and almost 37% believe that restrictions should not be relaxed.</p> </div> <nav class="s-navigation py24 bt bb ds-bc fs-body3 mb48 p-ff-source ds-chart-nav"> <a class="s-navigation--item px24 is-selected" href="#community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic-all-respondents" data-group="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic"> All Respondents <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 50,804 responses </span> </a> <a class="s-navigation--item px24" href="#community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic-professional-developers" data-group="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic"> Professional Developers <span class="ps-absolute r0 fs-body2"> 42,230 responses </span> </a> </nav> <div id="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic-all-respondents" name="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic-all-respondents" class="chart js-active" data-group="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 50,804 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not sure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>39.8%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 91.6639%;" data-percentage="91.6639"> <span>36.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 59.6795%;" data-percentage="59.6795"> <span>23.7%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic-professional-developers" name="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic-professional-developers" class="chart" data-group="community-relax-restrictions-on-off-topic"> <table class="ds-data ds-data--graph fs-body2 mx-auto sm:ml0"> <caption aria-hidden="false" class="d-none"> 42,230 responses </caption> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Not sure </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 100%;" data-percentage="100"> <span>39.5%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> No </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 95.9012%;" data-percentage="95.9012"> <span>37.9%</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="label lh-sm"> Yes </td> <td class="bar" style="width: 57.1548%;" data-percentage="57.1548"> <span>22.6%</span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </article> </div> </section> <section id="methodology" name="methodology" class="ds-chapter pt128 js-section"> <header class="ds-chapter__header bs-sm d-flex fd-column ps-relative ds-bg-dark ds-fc-light bar-md p32 py32 p-ff-source mb128"> <div class="ps-absolute sm:ps-static r48 b48 sm:mb32"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="200" height="200" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 200 200"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M77 75v81H57V75h20zm33-33v114H90V42h20zm32 66v48h-20v-48h20z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M180 20H20v160h160V20zm20-20v200H0V0h200z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> </div> <h1 class="fs-headline2 ds-chapter__title p-ff-source"> Methodology </h1> <div class="bt w100 wmx1 ds-bc"></div> <p class="fs-title mt24 wmx5 mb128"> How we planned and analyzed our survey </p> </header> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 p-ff-source pt64 ps-relative z-active"> <p>This report is based on a survey of 65,000 software developers from 186 countries around the world. This is the number of responses we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based on time spent on the full, completed survey; another approximately 400 responses were submitted but not included in the analysis because respondents spent less than three minutes on the survey.</p> </div> <h2 class="fs-title p-ff-source fc-black-200 mb24">Qualified Responses Worldwide</h2> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">Europe</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">24,688</div> </div> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">North America</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">15,570</div> </div> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">Asia</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">16,400</div> </div> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">South America</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">3,070</div> </div> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">Africa</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">2,709</div> </div> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">Australia/Oceania</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">1,570</div> </div> <div class="d-flex fs-body3 py16 px32 mb2 bg-black-900 fc-black-025 bar-lg"> <div class="p-ff-source">Other (country not listed)</div> <div class="ml-auto ta-right p-ff-roboto-slab-bold">409</div> </div> <div class="ds-chapter__intro wmx9 fs-body3 mb64 p-ff-source pt64"> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mb0">The survey was fielded from February 5 to February 28.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was 16.6 minutes, down from 23.3 minutes last year.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top sources of respondents were onsite messaging, blog posts, email lists, banner ads, and social media posts. Since respondents were recruited in this way, highly engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the prompts to take the survey over the duration of collection promotion.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">As an incentive, respondents who finished the survey could opt in to a “Census” badge if they completed the survey.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">Due to United States transport/export sanctions, our survey was unfortunately unaccessible to prospective respondents in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria, due to the traffic being blocked by our third party survey software. While some respondents used VPNs to get around the block, the limitation should be kept in mind when interpreting survey results.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">In years past, our analysis of professional developers was based on site activity on Stack Overflow. This year, we utilized answers regarding employment to deduce whether or not a respondent qualifies as a professional developer and built our analyses based on this qualification. <div class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0"> <p>We asked respondents about their salary. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked that respondent what their salary was in that currency and whether that salary was weekly, monthly, or yearly.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 ml24 mt24 mb0">We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on 2020-02-19, and also converted to annual salaries assuming 12 working months and 50 working weeks.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 ml24 mt24 mb0">This question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 34,279 respondents who gave us salary data.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 ml24 mt24 mb0">The top approximately 2% of salaries inside and outside of the US were trimmed and replaced with threshold values. The threshold values for inside and outside the US were different.</p> </div> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example, questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order. Also, the answers to most questions were randomized in order.</p> <p class="d-block bt ds-bc-2 pt24 mt24 mb0">To identify which technologies to include on the survey this year, we looked at both the most popular and fastest growing tags on Stack Overflow (in terms of questions posted). We compared these to the technologies we included last year and looked at how many people chose each option. We synthesized all this together to curate a collection of technologies to include.</p> </div> </section> <script src="/legacy-assets/insights/Js/Survey/2020/scripts01d4.js?v=fa58a44bd49e"></script> </body> </html>

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Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2020