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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frei Otto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فراي أوتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراي أوتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="ফ্রাই অটো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রাই অটো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Фрай Отто – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фрай Отто" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фрай Ота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрай Ота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Фрай Ото – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фрай Ото" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فرای اتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرای اتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0" title="프라이 오토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라이 오토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Ֆրայ Օտտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրայ Օտտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ფრაი ოტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრაი ოტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فراى اوتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فراى اوتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC" title="フライ・オットー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フライ・オットー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Отто, Фрай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отто, Фрай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Paul_Otto" title="Frei Paul Otto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frei Paul Otto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraj_Oto" title="Fraj Oto – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fraj Oto" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="பிரை ஒட்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரை ஒட்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97" title="ไฟร อ็อทโท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟร อ็อทโท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Фрай Отто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрай Отто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frei Otto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98" title="傅禮·奧托 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傅禮·奧托" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98" title="弗萊·奧托 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗萊·奧托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German architect (1925–2015)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frei Otto</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frei Paul Otto</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1925-05-31</span>)</span>31 May 1925<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Siegmar, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-03-09)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Leonberg" title="Leonberg">Leonberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Architect</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frei Paul Otto</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[fʁaɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔɔtoː]</a></span>; 31 May 1925 – 9 March 2015) was a German architect and <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">structural engineer</a> noted for his use of lightweight structures, in particular <a href="/wiki/Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">tensile and membrane structures</a>, including the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium, Munich">Olympic Stadium</a> in Munich for the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>Otto won the <a href="/wiki/RIBA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIBA">RIBA</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal" title="Royal Gold Medal">Royal Gold Medal</a> in 2006 and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a> in 2015, shortly before his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otto was born in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegmar (page does not exist)">Siegmar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz-Siegmar" class="extiw" title="de:Chemnitz-Siegmar">de</a>]</span>, Germany, and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. He studied architecture in Berlin before being <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilot</a> in the last years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He was interned in a prisoner of war camp near <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> (France) and with his <a href="/wiki/Aviation_engineering" title="Aviation engineering">aviation engineering</a> training and lack of material and an urgent need for housing, began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a> for shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war he studied briefly in the US and visited <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_park_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Olympic_park_12.jpg/220px-Olympic_park_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Olympic_park_12.jpg/330px-Olympic_park_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Olympic_park_12.jpg/440px-Olympic_park_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>1972 Munich Olympic Stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>He began a private practice in Germany in 1952. He earned a doctorate in tensioned constructions in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His saddle-shaped cable-net music pavilion at the <i>Bundesgartenschau</i> (Federal Garden Exposition) in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> 1955<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought him his first significant attention. </p><p>Otto specialised in lightweight <a href="/wiki/Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">tensile and membrane structures</a>, and pioneered advances in structural mathematics and civil engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Otto taught at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sam_Fox_School_of_Design_%26_Visual_Arts" title="Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts">Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts</a> where he met <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otto founded the Institute for Lightweight Structures at the university of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> in 1964 and headed the institute until his retirement as university professor.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major works include the West German Pavilion at the Montreal Expo in 1967 and the roof of the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Munich Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium, Munich">Arena</a>. He has lectured worldwide and taught at the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Association_School_of_Architecture" title="Architectural Association School of Architecture">Architectural Association School of Architecture</a>, where he also designed some of the research facilities buildings of the school's forest campus in <a href="/wiki/Hooke_Park" title="Hooke Park">Hooke Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-praemium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-praemium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until his death, Otto remained active as an architect and engineer, and as consultant to his <a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">protégé</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Bodo_Rasch" title="Mahmoud Bodo Rasch">Mahmoud Bodo Rasch</a> for a number of projects in the Middle East. One of his more recent projects was his work with <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a> on the Japanese Pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Expo 2000</a> with a roof structure made entirely of paper, and together with <a href="/wiki/SL_Rasch_GmbH_Special_and_Lightweight_Structures" title="SL Rasch GmbH Special and Lightweight Structures">SL Rasch GmbH Special and Lightweight Structures</a> he designed a convertible roof for the Venezuelan Pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-praemium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-praemium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to memorialise the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and its victims as early as 2002, Otto envisioned the two footprints of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> buildings covered with water and surrounded by trees; his plan includes a world map embedded in the park with countries at war marked with lights and a continuously updated board announcing the number of people killed in war from 11 September 2001, onward.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On request of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ingenhoven" title="Christoph Ingenhoven">Christoph Ingenhoven</a>, Otto was consultant for special construction for the design of the "Light eyes" for <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_21" title="Stuttgart 21">Stuttgart 21</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – drop-shaped overlights in the park, that descend onto the tracks to support the ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWR-Bildergalerie_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWR-Bildergalerie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otto remarked in 2010 that the construction should be stopped because of the difficult geology.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otto died on 9 March 2015; he was to be publicly announced as the winner of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a> on 23 March but his death meant the committee announced his award on 10 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Otto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otto himself had been told earlier that he had won the prize by the executive director of the Pritzker Prize, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Thorne" title="Martha Thorne">Martha Thorne</a>. He was reported to have said, "I've never done anything to gain this prize. Prize winning is not the goal of my life. I try to help poor people, but what shall I say here — I'm very happy."<sup id="cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_buildings">List of buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a partial list of buildings designed by Otto:<sup id="cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1957 – <i>Tanzbrunnen</i> pavilion <a href="/wiki/Rheinpark" title="Rheinpark">Rheinpark</a> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany</li> <li>1967 – West Germany Pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</li> <li>1972 – Roof for <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium, Munich">Olympic Stadium, Munich</a>, Germany</li> <li>1974 – Convention Center in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Saudi Arabia</li> <li>1975 – Multihalle, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, Germany</li> <li>1977 – Umbrellas for <a href="/wiki/In_the_Flesh_(1977_Pink_Floyd_%27Animals%27_tour)" class="mw-redirect" title="In the Flesh (1977 Pink Floyd 'Animals' tour)">1977 Pink Floyd tour</a></li> <li>1980 – Aviary at <a href="/wiki/Munich_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Zoo">Munich Zoo</a>, Germany</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq_Palace" title="Tuwaiq Palace">Tuwaiq Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Buro_Happold" title="Buro Happold">Buro Happold</a></li> <li>1987–91 – Housing at the <a href="/wiki/International_Building_Exhibition_Berlin" title="International Building Exhibition Berlin">International Building Exhibition Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li>2000 – Roof structure of the Japanese Pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Expo 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> Germany (provided engineering assistance with <a href="/wiki/Buro_Happold" title="Buro Happold">Buro Happold</a> and architectural collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a>)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior view, West Germany Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, Canada"><img alt="Interior view, West Germany Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_%284%29.jpg/200px-Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_%284%29.jpg/300px-Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_%284%29.jpg/400px-Expo_67_Montreal_Canada_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5112" data-file-height="3408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior view, West Germany Pavilion, <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>, Montreal, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multihalle in Mannheim"><img alt="Multihalle in Mannheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg/150px-Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg/225px-Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg/300px-Herzogenriedpark_Mannheim_Multihalle_Deckenkonstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Multihalle</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Institut für Leichte Flächentragwerke, University of Stuttgart"><img alt="Institut für Leichte Flächentragwerke, University of Stuttgart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg/200px-UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg/300px-UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg/400px-UniStuttgart-IL-pjt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Institut für Leichte Flächentragwerke, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">University of Stuttgart</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_(selected)"><span id="Awards_.28selected.29"></span>Awards (selected)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards (selected)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Medal_in_Architecture" title="Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture">Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980 – Honorary doctorate of science from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a><sup id="cite_ref-widespan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widespan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_BDA_Preis" title="Großer BDA Preis">Großer BDA Preis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bund_Deutscher_Architektinnen_und_Architekten_BDA_x225_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bund_Deutscher_Architektinnen_und_Architekten_BDA_x225-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996/97 – <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> in Architecture<sup id="cite_ref-widespan_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widespan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal" title="Royal Gold Medal">Royal Gold Medal for architecture</a> by <a href="/wiki/RIBA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIBA">RIBA</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> in Architecture<sup id="cite_ref-praemium_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-praemium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-Otto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gridshell" title="Gridshell">Gridshell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2015/biography">"Biography: Frei Otto"</a>. The Hyatt Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109152644/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2015/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography%3A+Frei+Otto&rft.pub=The+Hyatt+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pritzkerprize.com%2F2015%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8VyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA600"><i>Contemporary architects</i></a>. Muriel Emanuel, Dennis Sharp. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1980. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16635-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16635-4"><bdi>0-312-16635-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6483421">6483421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+architects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6483421&rft.isbn=0-312-16635-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8VyCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltasonOng-Yan2017" class="citation book cs1">Peltason, Ruth; Ong-Yan, Grace (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm9FDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127"><i>Architect: The Pritzker Prize Laureates in Their Own Words</i></a>. Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-47369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-47369-9"><bdi>978-0-316-47369-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706184237/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm9FDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architect%3A+The+Pritzker+Prize+Laureates+in+Their+Own+Words&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-316-47369-9&rft.aulast=Peltason&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Ong-Yan%2C+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNm9FDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-praemium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-praemium_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-praemium_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-praemium_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080852/http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate/laureates/item/43-otto">"Frei Otto"</a>. Praemium Imperiale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate/laureates/item/43-otto">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frei+Otto&rft.pub=Praemium+Imperiale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.praemiumimperiale.org%2Fen%2Flaureate%2Flaureates%2Fitem%2F43-otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong2002" class="citation web cs1">Fong, Mei (11 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1010699739747814200">"From Parks to Twisted Towers, Designs for a Memorial Multiply"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224826/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1010699739747814200">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=From+Parks+to+Twisted+Towers%2C+Designs+for+a+Memorial+Multiply&rft.date=2002-01-11&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Mei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB1010699739747814200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/news-de-de/news-archiv-de-de/meilenstein-in-stuttgart-2/">"Meilenstein in Stuttgart: Erster Musterkelch wurde betoniert"</a>. ingenhoven architects. 18 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723194752/https://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/news-de-de/news-archiv-de-de/meilenstein-in-stuttgart-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meilenstein+in+Stuttgart%3A+Erster+Musterkelch+wurde+betoniert&rft.pub=ingenhoven+architects&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingenhovenarchitects.com%2Fnews-de-de%2Fnews-archiv-de-de%2Fmeilenstein-in-stuttgart-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sobek" title="Werner Sobek">Werner Sobek</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wernersobek.de/projekte/material-de/beton/s21-tiefbahnhof-stuttgart/">S21 Tiefbahnhof Stuttgart.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613074630/http://www.wernersobek.de/projekte/material-de/beton/s21-tiefbahnhof-stuttgart/">Archived</a> 13 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWR-Bildergalerie-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SWR-Bildergalerie_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Video: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/bw/animation-stuttgart-21-ein-bahnhof-kommt-unter-die-erde/-/id=1622/did=13931964/nid=1622/1tbfn9g/index.html">Animation. Stuttgart 21 – Ein Bahnhof kommt unter die Erde.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108022129/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/bw/animation-stuttgart-21-ein-bahnhof-kommt-unter-die-erde/-/id=1622/did=13931964/nid=1622/1tbfn9g/index.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> and pictures: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manager-magazin.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-62185.html">Großprojekt Stuttgart 21: Wie der Bahnhof einmal aussehen soll.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616115108/https://www.manager-magazin.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-62185.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Monath, Andreas Böhme: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/bahn-soll-bei-stuttgart-21-notbremse-ziehen/1911282.html">Bahn soll bei Stuttgart 21 Notbremse ziehen.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100829075233/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/bahn-soll-bei-stuttgart-21-notbremse-ziehen/1911282.html">Archived</a> 29 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/immobilien/gefahr-fuer-leib-und-leben-stuttgart-21-architekt-fordert-den-sofortigen-baustopp-1596547.html">Stuttgart 21-Architekt fordert den sofortigen Baustopp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520152218/http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/immobilien/gefahr-fuer-leib-und-leben-stuttgart-21-architekt-fordert-den-sofortigen-baustopp-1596547.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Otto_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otto_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2015">"Frei Otto, 2015 Laureate"</a>. <i>Pritzker Architecture Prize</i>. 10 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311173734/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2015">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pritzker+Architecture+Prize&rft.atitle=Frei+Otto%2C+2015+Laureate&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pritzkerprize.com%2Flaureates%2F2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otto-NYT-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otto-NYT_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/arts/design/frei-otto-german-architect-wins-pritzker-prize-posthumously.html?_r=0">Pritzker Prize for Frei Otto, German Architect, Announced After His Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064955/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/arts/design/frei-otto-german-architect-wins-pritzker-prize-posthumously.html?_r=0">Archived</a> 3 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Pogrebin" title="Robin Pogrebin">Robin Pogrebin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 10 March 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cramer" class="citation book cs1">Cramer, James P.; Yankopolus, Jennifer Evans (2005). <i>Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006</i>. Greenway Communications. p. 720. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9755654-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9755654-2-1"><bdi>978-0-9755654-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac+of+Architecture+%26+Design+2006&rft.pages=720&rft.pub=Greenway+Communications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9755654-2-1&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Yankopolus%2C+Jennifer+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-widespan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-widespan_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-widespan_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesDickson2000" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Michael; Dickson, Michael (1 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vp7u0LRgP5YC&pg=PA19"><i>Widespan Roof Structures</i></a>. ICE Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2877-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2877-7"><bdi>978-0-7277-2877-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116213715/https://books.google.com/books?id=vp7u0LRgP5YC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Widespan+Roof+Structures&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=ICE+Publishing&rft.date=2000-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2877-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dickson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvp7u0LRgP5YC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bund_Deutscher_Architektinnen_und_Architekten_BDA_x225-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bund_Deutscher_Architektinnen_und_Architekten_BDA_x225_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bda-bund.de/auslobungen/46654/">"Bund Deutscher Architektinnen und Architekten BDA"</a>. <i>Bund Deutscher Architektinnen und Architekten BDA</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bund+Deutscher+Architektinnen+und+Architekten+BDA&rft.atitle=Bund+Deutscher+Architektinnen+und+Architekten+BDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bda-bund.de%2Fauslobungen%2F46654%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrei+Otto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=3047276">The man with the golden pen</a>, <i>Building.co.uk</i>, 2005 issue 08</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Roland" title="Conrad Roland">Conrad Roland</a>: <i>Frei Otto – Spannweiten. Ideen und Versuche zum Leichtbau</i>. Ein Werkstattbericht von Conrad Roland. Ullstein, Berlin, Frankfurt/Main und Wien 1965.</li> <li>Philip Drew: <i>Frei Otto – Form and Structure</i>, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-258-97053-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-258-97053-7">0-258-97053-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-258-97053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-258-97053-9">978-0-258-97053-9</a></li> <li>Philip Drew: <i>Tensile Architecture</i>, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-258-97012-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-258-97012-X">0-258-97012-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-258-97012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-258-97012-6">978-0-258-97012-6</a></li> <li>Muriel Emanuel, Dennis Sharp: "Contemporary Architects", New York: St. Martin's Press. 1980. p. 600. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16635-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16635-4">0-312-16635-4</a></li> <li>Frei Otto, Bodo Rasch: <i>Finding Form: Towards an Architecture of the Minimal</i>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930698-66-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-930698-66-8">3-930698-66-8</a></li> <li>Winfried Nerdinger: <i>Frei Otto, Complete Works: Lightweight Construction – Natural Design</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-7231-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7643-7231-1">3-7643-7231-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-7231-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-7231-6">978-3-7643-7231-6</a> - published on the occasion of the exhibition <i>Frei Otto Lightweight Construction, Natural Design</i> at the Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität München in der Pinakothek der Moderne from 26 May to 28 August 2005, and cataloguing over 200 buildings and projects dating from the years 1951-2004</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frei_Otto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archinform.net/arch/16.htm">Frei Otto</a> at <a href="/wiki/ArchINFORM" title="ArchINFORM">archINFORM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freiotto.com">Frei Otto's official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freiottofilm.com"><i>Frei Otto: Spanning The Future</i></a> Documentary film's official Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designboom.com/history/ban_expo.html">Japan Pavilion Expo 2000 – About the roof structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sl-rasch.de">SL Rasch GmbH Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512173619/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2015-laureate-media-kit-and-photo-booklet">Last recorded interview with Frei Otto, about his life and receiving the Pritzker Prize</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncubemagazine.com/magazine-33-15508949.html#!/page1">Uncube Nr. 33 Frei Otto</a> – by uncube magazine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">James Stirling</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roche" title="Kevin Roche">Kevin Roche</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Meier" title="Richard Meier">Richard Meier</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hollein" title="Hans Hollein">Hans Hollein</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Gottfried Böhm">Gottfried Böhm</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Tange" title="Kenzō Tange">Kenzo Tange</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Gordon Bunshaft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Rossi" title="Aldo Rossi">Aldo Rossi</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Portzamparc" title="Christian de Portzamparc">Christian de Portzamparc</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Ando" title="Tadao Ando">Tadao Ando</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moneo" title="Rafael Moneo">Rafael Moneo</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Fehn" title="Sverre Fehn">Sverre Fehn</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Murcutt" title="Glenn Murcutt">Glenn Murcutt</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thom_Mayne" title="Thom Mayne">Thom Mayne</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Mendes_da_Rocha" title="Paulo Mendes da Rocha">Paulo Mendes da Rocha</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zumthor" title="Peter Zumthor">Peter Zumthor</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazuyo_Sejima" title="Kazuyo Sejima">Kazuyo Sejima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryue_Nishizawa" title="Ryue Nishizawa">Ryue Nishizawa</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shu" title="Wang Shu">Wang Shu</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toyo_Ito" title="Toyo Ito">Toyo Ito</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frei Otto</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Aravena" title="Alejandro Aravena">Alejandro Aravena</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Aranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Aranda">Rafael Aranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carme_Pigem" title="Carme Pigem">Carme Pigem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Vilalta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Vilalta">Ramón Vilalta</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arata_Isozaki" title="Arata Isozaki">Arata Isozaki</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Farrell" title="Yvonne Farrell">Yvonne Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shelley_McNamara" title="Shelley McNamara">Shelley McNamara</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Lacaton" title="Anne Lacaton">Anne Lacaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Vassal" title="Jean-Philippe Vassal">Jean-Philippe Vassal</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A9b%C3%A9do_Francis_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Diébédo Francis Kéré">Diébédo Francis Kéré</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riken_Yamamoto" title="Riken Yamamoto">Riken Yamamoto</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Wolf Prize in Arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a> (1983/4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_De_Carlo" title="Giancarlo De Carlo">Giancarlo De Carlo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> / <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denys_Lasdun" title="Denys Lasdun">Denys Lasdun</a> (1992)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frei Otto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a> (1996/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eisenman" title="Peter Eisenman">Peter Eisenman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Phyllis Lambert</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Diller" title="Elizabeth Diller">Elizabeth Diller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Momoyo Kaijima</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Yoshiharu Tsukamoto</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Josef_Tal" title="Josef Tal">Josef Tal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1995/6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer" title="Ádám Fischer">Ádám Fischer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Painting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (1994/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Trockel" title="Rosemarie Trockel">Rosemarie Trockel</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a> (1984/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson" title="Olafur Eliasson">Olafur Eliasson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiner" title="Lawrence Weiner">Lawrence Weiner</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiko_Nakaya" title="Fujiko Nakaya">Fujiko Nakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121468639">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108223336">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16983/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRGQ3BBj7mf7fTXbXfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118590812">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049927">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131955602">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131955602">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451919">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35403301">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0023696&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX823599">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068941757">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90290532">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Otto, Frei, 1925-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000060345&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvz68q221db17c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810702883105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007596606005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513859606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00340858?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500015374">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/297034">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/66414">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=54862">ADK</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/940454">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1082545">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1000114">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118590812.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118590812">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092727093">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw6cpv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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