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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trolling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trolling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hate_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hate_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hate raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hate_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impersonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impersonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Impersonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impersonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doxxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doxxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Doxxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doxxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sexual harassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Methods used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_search_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_search_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In search engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_search_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_dating_apps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_dating_apps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In dating apps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_dating_apps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_shaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_shaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Online shaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_shaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_cyberbullying_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_cyberbullying_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Famous cyberbullying cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_cyberbullying_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famous cyberbullying cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famous_cyberbullying_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Star_Wars_Kid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Star_Wars_Kid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Star Wars Kid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Star_Wars_Kid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Law enforcement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.1</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.2</span> <span>2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.3</span> <span>2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.4</span> <span>2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.5</span> <span>2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.6</span> <span>2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.7</span> <span>2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.8</span> <span>2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.9</span> <span>2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.10</span> <span>2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.4</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_preventive_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_preventive_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Research on preventive legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_preventive_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmful_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmful_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Harmful effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Harmful_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Harmful effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Harmful_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intimidation,_emotional_damage,_and_suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intimidation,_emotional_damage,_and_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Intimidation, emotional damage, and suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intimidation,_emotional_damage,_and_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_youth_and_teenagers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_youth_and_teenagers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>On youth and teenagers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_youth_and_teenagers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Suppression of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Awareness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awareness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awareness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Community support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyberbullying</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="تنمر على الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنمر على الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberzorak%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Kiberzorakılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kiberzorakılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberassetjament_escolar" title="Ciberassetjament escolar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciberassetjament escolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyber%C5%A1ikana" title="Kyberšikana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyberšikana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mobning" title="Digital mobning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digital mobning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-Mobbing" title="Cyber-Mobbing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cyber-Mobbing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCberkiusamine" title="Küberkiusamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küberkiusamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Διαδικτυακός εκφοβισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδικτυακός εκφοβισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberacoso" title="Ciberacoso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciberacoso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziberjazarpen" title="Ziberjazarpen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ziberjazarpen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="قلدری رایانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلدری رایانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberharc%C3%A8lement" title="Cyberharcèlement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyberharcèlement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibearbhula%C3%ADocht" title="Cibearbhulaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cibearbhulaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84_%ED%8F%AD%EB%A0%A5" title="사이버 폭력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이버 폭력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Ինտերնետ-հալածանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտերնետ-հալածանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="साइबर-धमकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साइबर-धमकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualno_zlostavljanje" title="Virtualno zlostavljanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virtualno zlostavljanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perundungan_dunia_maya" title="Perundungan dunia maya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perundungan dunia maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhlukunyezwa_nge-Cyber" title="Ukuhlukunyezwa nge-Cyber – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuhlukunyezwa nge-Cyber" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullismo" title="Cyberbullismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cyberbullismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="בריונות רשת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריונות רשת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhalilishaji_wa_kimtandao" title="Udhalilishaji wa kimtandao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Udhalilishaji wa kimtandao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpeste" title="Cyberpeste – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cyberpeste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cyberbullying" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Кибермалтретирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кибермалтретирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberbuli" title="Siberbuli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siberbuli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အင်တာနက်အနိုင်ကျင့်စော်ကားမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်တာနက်အနိုင်ကျင့်စော်ကားမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpesten" title="Cyberpesten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cyberpesten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%98%E3%82%81" title="ネットいじめ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネットいじめ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mobbing" title="Digital mobbing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digital mobbing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberbulling" title="Kiberbulling – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kiberbulling" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90" title="سايبر ځورونې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سايبر ځورونې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberprzemoc" title="Cyberprzemoc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyberprzemoc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%A9dio_virtual" title="Assédio virtual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assédio virtual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agresiunea_pe_Internet" title="Agresiunea pe Internet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agresiunea pe Internet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Интернет-травля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интернет-травля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullismu" title="Cyberbullismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cyberbullismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cyberbullying" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyber%C5%A1ikanovanie" title="Kyberšikanovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyberšikanovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spletno_ustrahovanje" title="Spletno ustrahovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spletno ustrahovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Дигитално насиље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дигитално насиље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkokiusaaminen" title="Verkkokiusaaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkokiusaaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4tmobbning" title="Nätmobbning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nätmobbning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-aapi_sa_Internet" title="Pang-aapi sa Internet – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pang-aapi sa Internet" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การระรานทางไซเบอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การระรานทางไซเบอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siber_zorbal%C4%B1k" title="Siber zorbalık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siber zorbalık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кібербулінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кібербулінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سائبر ہراسانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائبر ہراسانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_n%E1%BA%A1t_tr%C3%AAn_m%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Bắt nạt trên mạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắt nạt trên mạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_supremacism" title="Autistic supremacism">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cyberbullying</b> (<b>cyberharassment</b> or <b>online bullying</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> using <a href="/wiki/Electronic_communication_network" title="Electronic communication network">electronic</a> means. Since the 2000s, it has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a>, due to young people's increased use of social media.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related issues include online harassment and <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">trolling</a>. In 2015, according to cyberbullying statistics from the i–Safe Foundation, over half of adolescents and teens had been bullied online, and about the same number had engaged in cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the bully and the victim are negatively affected, and the intensity, duration, and frequency of bullying are three aspects that increase the negative effects on both of them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2></div> <p>Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, <a href="/wiki/Threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Threats">threats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual remarks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">victims' personal information</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-definitions.uslegal.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definitions.uslegal.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tactics can also include creating or posting on fake profiles to create anonymity to spread harmful messages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>Cyberbullying is in many cases an extension of already existing traditional bullying.<sup id="cite_ref-Perpetration_and_victimization_in_o_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perpetration_and_victimization_in_o-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who are bullied via the Internet have, in most cases, also been bullied in other more traditional ways before (e.g., physically or verbally). There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet; these cyber victims are often physically stronger students, which causes bullies to prefer online confrontations over face–to–face contact at school.<sup id="cite_ref-Perpetration_and_victimization_in_o_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perpetration_and_victimization_in_o-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Awareness in the United States has risen in the 2010s, due in part to high-profile cases.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several US states and other countries have passed laws to combat cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are designed to specifically target teen cyberbullying, while others extend from the scope of physical harassment. In cases of adult cyberharassment, these reports are usually filed beginning with local police.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laws differ by area or state. </p><p>Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying <a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">victimisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific statistics on the negative effects of cyberbullying differ by country and other demographics. Some researchers point out there could be some way to use modern computer techniques to determine and stopping cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other research has suggested an uptick in cyberbullying during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> when many youth and adults were quarantined at home and, as a consequence, online more often than before the pandemic. For example, a study of adults published in the Journal of Social Psychology identified statistically significant increases in pro–cyberbullying attitudes as well as in cyberbullying offending behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another study involving over 6,500 Canadian youth in grades 4–12 did not find higher rates of cyberbullying involvement. The authors speculated that this might be a result of closer monitoring and involvement of online activities by parents while their children were at home.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Internet trolling</a> is a common form of bullying that takes place in an <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> or social media) in order to elicit a reaction or disruption, or simply just for someone's own personal amusement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pewFiveFacts_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewFiveFacts-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a> is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communications to <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalk</a> a victim; this may pose a credible threat to the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all negative interaction online or on social media can be attributed to cyberbullying. Research suggests that there are also interactions online that result in <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a>, which can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on those involved.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>A frequently used definition of cyberbullying is "an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is to be distinguished from normal conflicts between people of comparable power or status that often also occur online.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many variations of the definition, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Prevention_Council" title="National Crime Prevention Council">National Crime Prevention Council</a>'s more specific definition: "the process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberbullying is often similar to traditional bullying, with some notable distinctions. Victims of cyberbullying may not know the identity of their bully, or why the bully is targeting them, based on the online nature of the interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harassment can have wide-reaching effects on the victim, as the content used to harass the victim can be spread and shared easily among many people and often remains accessible long after the initial incident.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms "cyberharassment" and "cyberbullying" are sometimes used synonymously, though some people use the latter to refer specifically to harassment among minors or <a href="/wiki/School_bullying#Cyberbullying" title="School bullying">in a school setting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></div> <p>Cyberstalking is a form of online harassment in which the perpetrator uses electronic communications to <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalk</a> a victim. This is considered more dangerous than other forms of cyberbullying because it generally involves a credible threat to the victim's safety. Cyberstalkers may send repeated messages intended to threaten or harass, and they may encourage others to do the same, either explicitly or by impersonating their victim and asking others to contact them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This can be a combination of most of the other methods in order to stalk someone using electronic means. This can include finding the victims location, harassing them with spam, or using sextortion. An example of this situation occurring is when Paris Deshaunte Evitt, a 30–year old from Tulsa cyberstalked one of his former partners. A news article on it states, "Between October 2018 and continuing until October 2020, Evitt used email, Facebook, and text messages to control and threaten the victim. However, his abuse of the victim had started years before. Between 2012 and 2019, Evitt was convicted on 5 different occasions for physically abusing the victim including strangulation, assault, and interfering with reporting. Evitt was also on state supervision at the time of the current offenses."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"(The unidentified victim) explained that Evitt had destroyed her sense of security and became emotional when she discussed Evitt's statement that he would rather see her dead than happy. She also stated, 'the longer he is away from my children and I, the more time we have to try and heal and move on with our lives, if that is even possible.'"<sup id="cite_ref-:15_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trolling">Trolling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Internet troll</a></div> <p>Internet trolls<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intentionally try to provoke or offend others in order to elicit a reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trolls and cyberbullies do not always have the same goals: while some trolls engage in cyberbullying, others may be engaged in comparatively harmless mischief. A troll may be disruptive either for their own amusement or because they are genuinely a combative person.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trolling can include insults, false news, or, terrorist threats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hate_raids">Hate raids</h3></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Livestreaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestreaming">livestreaming</a> services, hate raids are situations where a stream is "raided" by many viewers who flood the chat with harassment and other hateful messages. This prevents the streamer from executing their stream. These viewers are typically automated <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a>, making it difficult to moderate and block.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spam">Spam</h3></div> <p>Spamming is the act of creating multiple accounts and sending messages to a target en masse. A common situation where spam can occur is after a breakup. If one partner is obsessive, they may send their ex messages on multiple platforms. This often happens despite being blocked by the recipient. The article <i>What Can Police Do About Harassing Texts?</i> states, "Keep in mind that harassment of any kind is illegal and includes in person, over the phone, via text messages, through social media, or any other method. Some laws are in place about cyberbullying that are designed to protect the public from this happening."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impersonation">Impersonation</h3></div> <p>Impersonation is the act of pretending be another person. If the offender pretends to be the victim, they may say or do things to hurt the victim's reputation. This can include hacking into a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account and spreading disinformation. One famous example is when <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a>'s Twitter account was hacked and posted the following statement: "<a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> is dead by accident! we will tell you more soon. #RIPBRITNEY."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spears was, in fact, alive and well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doxxing">Doxxing</h3></div> <p>Doxxing is the act of disclosing a victim's personal data, such as their home address, phone number, and full name. Doxxing can happen when fans in fandoms with large fanbases often go too far when protecting their idols and enter the realm of cyberbullying. Extreme fans of the <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> music genre sometimes dox fans of rival music groups. This specifically was shown in an incident where fans of the group <a href="/wiki/Blackpink" title="Blackpink">Blackpink</a> doxxed the owner of a <a href="/wiki/Twice" title="Twice">Twice</a> fan account, sending him to a hospital. This is allegedly because a Twice member disrespected a Blackpink member.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_harassment">Sexual harassment</h3></div> <p>Online <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> is considered a form of cyberbullying. Sextortion, a form of sexual harassment, is the act of coercing a person into sharing intimate images before threatening to release them unless money is paid.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a specific type of blackmail. The line between sexual harassment and cyberbullying is blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people will blackmail their classmates for nudes, threatening to release embarrassing information. They also use revenge porn and release nudes to get payback. This was the case when a 16–year–old student of W.F. West High School in Chehalis exploited more than 100 victims, many of which were his classmates. He owned over 900 photos and videos of victims.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_used">Methods used</h2></div> <p>Research has identified basic guidelines to help recognize and deal with what is regarded as abuse of electronic communications.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cyberbullying involves repeated behavior with intent to harm.</li> <li>Cyberbullying is perpetrated through <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">cyberstalking</a>, denigration (sending or posting cruel rumors and falsehoods to damage reputation and friendships), <a href="/wiki/Impersonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonation">impersonation</a>, and exclusion (intentionally and cruelly excluding someone from an online group)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cyberbullying can be as simple as continuing to send emails or text messages harassing someone who has said they want no further contact with the sender. It may also include public actions such as repeated <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threats</a>, sexual remarks, pejorative labels (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>) or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false statements as fact aimed a discrediting or humiliating a targeted person.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberbullying could be limited to posting rumors about a person on the internet with the intention of bringing about hatred in others' minds or convincing others to dislike or participate in online denigration of a target. It may go to the extent of personally identifying victims of crime and publishing materials defaming or humiliating them.<sup id="cite_ref-definitions.uslegal.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definitions.uslegal.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberbullies may disclose victims' personal data (e.g. real name, home address, or workplace/schools) on websites or forums—called <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">doxing</a>, or may use <a href="/wiki/Impersonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonation">impersonation</a>, creating fake accounts, comments or sites posing as their target for the purpose of publishing material in their name that defames, discredits or ridicules them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can leave the cyberbully anonymous, which can make it difficult for them to be caught or punished for their behavior, although not all cyberbullies maintain their anonymity. Users of semi–anonymous chat websites are at high risk for cyberbullying, as it is also easy in this outlet for a cyberbully to remain anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Text or instant messages and emails between friends can also constitute cyberbullying if what is said is hurtful. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Email_final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Email_final.jpg/220px-Email_final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Email_final.jpg/330px-Email_final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Email_final.jpg/440px-Email_final.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Cyberbullying by <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> from a fictional friend@<a href="/wiki/Hotmail.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotmail.com">hotmail.com</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The recent rise of smartphones and mobile apps have yielded a more accessible form of cyberbullying. It is expected that cyberbullying via these platforms will occur more often than through more stationary internet platforms because of constant access to the internet. In addition, the combination of cameras and Internet access and the instant availability of these modern smartphone technologies yield specific types of cyberbullying not found in other platforms. It is likely that those cyberbullied via mobile devices will experience a wider range of cyberbullying methods than those who are exclusively bullied elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some teens argue that some events categorized as cyberbullying are simply drama. Danah Boyd writes, "teens regularly used that word [drama] to describe various forms of interpersonal conflict that ranged from insignificant joking around to serious jealousy–driven relational aggression. Whereas adults might have labeled many of these practices as bullying, teens saw them as drama."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_social_media">In social media</h3></div> <p>Cyberbullying can take place on social media sites such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. "By 2008, 93% of young people between the ages of 12 and 17 were online. In fact, youth spend more time with media than any single other activity besides sleeping."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last decade has witnessed a surge of cyberbullying, which is categorized as bullying that occurs through the use of electronic communication technologies, such as e–mail, instant messaging, social media, online gaming, or through digital messages or images sent to a cellular phone.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many risks attached to social media sites, and cyberbullying is one of the larger risks.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyberbullying on Facebook during the past year,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> while 90 percent of social–media–using teens who have witnessed online cruelty say they have ignored mean behavior on social media, and 35 percent have done so frequently. Ninety–five percent of social–media–using teens who have witnessed cruel behavior on social networking sites say they have seen others ignoring the mean behavior, and 55 percent have witnessed this frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms like "Facebook depression" have been coined specifically in regard to the result of extended social media use, with cyberbullying playing a large part in this.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submit_The_Documentary,March_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Submit_The_Documentary%2CMarch_2013.jpg/220px-Submit_The_Documentary%2CMarch_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Submit_The_Documentary%2CMarch_2013.jpg/330px-Submit_The_Documentary%2CMarch_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Submit_The_Documentary%2CMarch_2013.jpg/440px-Submit_The_Documentary%2CMarch_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><i>Submit the Documentary: The Virtual Reality of Cyberbullying</i>. An award-winning documentary about the effects of cyberbullying that is shown in schools across the globe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyberbullying has become more common nowadays because of all the technology that children have access to. The most common apps that teenagers use to cyberbully are <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, Twitter, and <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberbullying has become harder to stop because parents and teachers are unaware of when and where it is happening.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 study found that 45% of teens and 30% of adolescents were cyberbullied while at school. This was linked to the reason students had access to their online devices such as cell phones or computers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teens will say awful things to one another online and what they do not realize is that once it is said and published online it will not go away. Home used to be a safe place for teens, but now a child is still within reach of becoming a victim of cyberbullying – whether it is through <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text message</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wherever you face, it is easy to come across Cyberbullying making it almost impossible to escape. </p><p>According to a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> study, eight out of ten teens who use social media now share more information about themselves than they have in the past. This includes their location, images, and contact information.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to protect children, it is important that personal information such as age, birthday, school/church, phone number, etc. be kept confidential.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberbullying can also take place through the use of websites belonging to certain groups to effectively request the targeting of another individual or group. An example of this is the bullying of climate scientists and activists.<sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican-climate_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican-climate-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timemag-climate_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timemag-climate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latrobe-climate_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latrobe-climate-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_gaming">In gaming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Wichita_swatting" title="2017 Wichita swatting">2017 Wichita swatting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg/220px-Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg/330px-Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg/440px-Gamers_Playin_expo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Harassment in <a href="/wiki/Gaming_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming culture">gaming culture</a> can occur in <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of those who reported having experienced online harassment in a Pew Research poll, 16% said the most recent incident had occurred in an online game.<sup id="cite_ref-pewFiveFacts_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewFiveFacts-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from National Sun Yat–sen University observed that children who enjoyed violent video games were significantly more likely to both experience and perpetrate cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study that discusses the direct correlation between exposure to violent video games and cyber bullying also took into account personal factors such as "duration of playing online games, alcohol consumption in the last 3 months, parents drunk in the last 3 months, anger, hostility, ADHD, and a sense of belonging"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as potential contributing factors of cyberbullying. </p><p>Gaming was a more common venue for men in which to experience harassment, whereas women's harassment tended to occur more via social media.<sup id="cite_ref-washpoPewGamergate_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washpoPewGamergate-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most respondents considered <a href="/wiki/Gaming_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming culture">gaming culture</a> to be equally welcoming to both genders, though 44% thought it favored men.<sup id="cite_ref-nprPewLeastWelcoming_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nprPewLeastWelcoming-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual harassment in gaming generally involves slurs directed towards women, sex role stereotyping, and overaggressive language.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keza MacDonald writes in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexism in gaming">sexism exists in gaming culture</a>, but is not mainstream within it.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianReallySexist_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianReallySexist-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> made reference to the harassment of women gamers during his remarks in honor of Women's History Month.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competitive gaming scenes have been less welcoming of women than has broader gaming culture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an internet-streamed fighting game competition, one female gamer forfeited a match after the coach of her team, Aris Bakhtanians, stated, "The sexual harassment is part of the culture. If you remove that from the fighting game community, it's not the fighting game community."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesOnlineGaming_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesOnlineGaming-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comments were widely condemned by gamers, with comments in support of sexual harassment "drowned out by a vocal majority of people expressing outrage, disappointment and sympathy."<sup id="cite_ref-guardianReallySexist_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianReallySexist-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident built momentum for action to counter sexual harassment in gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesOnlineGaming_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesOnlineGaming-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some game developers have been subjected to harassment and death threats by players upset by changes to a game or by a developer's online policies.<sup id="cite_ref-polygonPlague_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polygonPlague-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harassment also occurs in reaction to critics such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(activist)" title="Jack Thompson (activist)">Jack Thompson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian" title="Anita Sarkeesian">Anita Sarkeesian</a>, whom some fans see as threats to the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianCriticismCensorship_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianCriticismCensorship-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psmagGamerProblem_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psmagGamerProblem-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various people have been harassed in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-observerBlameGamergate_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observerBlameGamergate-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harassment related to gaming is not of a notably different severity or tenor compared to online harassment motivated by other subcultures or advocacy issues.<sup id="cite_ref-psmagGamerProblem_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psmagGamerProblem-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other developers have been harassed simply due to misogyny or anti–LGBTQ+ stances. A notable case was the death of "Near", the developer of <a href="/wiki/Higan_(emulator)" title="Higan (emulator)">Higan</a>, a console emulator, who took their own life after becoming the subject to ridicule from members of the online <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_Farms" title="Kiwi Farms">Kiwi Farms</a> board following their announcement of being nonbinary.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sabotage among rival <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> campaigns is a recurring problem for projects related to gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-lifehackerCrowdfunding_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehackerCrowdfunding-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some instances of <a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">swatting</a> in games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty" title="Call of Duty">Call of Duty</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/League_of_Legends" title="League of Legends">League of Legends</a></i> have resulted in law enforcement <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> units called on individuals' homes as a prank. On December 28, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, police officers killed Andrew Finch at his Kansas home in a reported swatting prank.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_search_engines">In search engines</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascades</a> happen when users start passing along information they assume to be true, but cannot know to be true, based on information on what other users are doing. This can be accelerated by search engines' ranking technologies and their <a href="/wiki/Personalized_search" title="Personalized search">tendency to return results relevant to a user's previous interests</a>. This type of information spreading is hard to stop. Information cascades over social media and the Internet may also be harmless, and may contain truthful information.<sup id="cite_ref-citron-hatecrimes_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citron-hatecrimes-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bullies use <a href="/wiki/Google_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Google bomb">Google bombs</a> (a term applicable to any search engine)<sup id="cite_ref-Marziah_Karch_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marziah_Karch-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to increase the prominence of favored posts sorted by the most popular searches, done by linking to those posts from as many other web pages as possible. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_the_neologism_%22santorum%22" title="Campaign for the neologism "santorum"">campaign for the neologism "santorum"</a> organized by the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> lobby. Google bombs can manipulate the Internet's search engines regardless of how authentic the pages are, but there is a way to counteract this type of manipulation as well.<sup id="cite_ref-citron-hatecrimes_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citron-hatecrimes-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_dating_apps">In dating apps</h3></div> <p>Dating app users who are victims of cyberbullying encounter a range of harmful behaviors, including catfishing, the uninvited sharing of personal images, and offensive remarks.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These activities not only violate personal boundaries but also have a detrimental impact on the victims' mental health. </p><p>Research by the Pew Research Center highlights how common this issue is, finding that almost 60% of female users between the ages of 18 and 34 have received unsolicited sexual messages or photographs on dating apps.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it was found that 36% of American users of dating apps have been the victim of online abuse. Dating app users are more likely to experience hate speech and cyberbullying because of this rate, which is almost twice as high as the whole American population.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to sexual harassment, other forms of cyberbullying and hate speech are among the most frequent forms of harassment that users of these sites report experiencing. </p><p>The fundamental safety and trust that underlie online dating sites' functionality are compromised by these upsetting encounters. Victims may experience significant effects, including elevated stress and anxiety levels and, in certain cases, chronic psychological trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_shaming">Online shaming</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Online_shaming" title="Online shaming">Online shaming</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_shaming&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Online_shaming" title="Online shaming">Online shaming</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Public_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Public shaming">public shaming</a> in which targets are <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">publicly humiliated</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Social_media_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media platforms">social media platforms</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>), or more localized media (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Email_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Email group">email groups</a>). As online shaming frequently involves exposing <a href="/wiki/Private_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Private information">private information</a> on the Internet, the ethics of <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public humiliation</a> has been a source of debate over <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">media ethics</a>. Online shaming takes many forms, including call-outs, cancellation (<a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">cancel culture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">doxing</a>, negative reviews, and <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">revenge porn</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_cyberbullying_cases">Famous cyberbullying cases</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cyberbullying" title="Special:EditPage/Cyberbullying">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are many famous cases of cyberbullying online (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Coleman" title="Daisy Coleman">Daisy Coleman</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Although most people may not realize it, some of these internet "memes" actually show cyberbullying in action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Star_Wars_Kid">Star Wars Kid</h3></div> <p>Uploaded in 2003, the star of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Kid" title="Star Wars Kid">video</a>, Ghyslain Raza (a 9th grader at the time) is shown messing around and waving around a golf ball retriever as if it is a real Jedi lightsaber. He was helping his friend parody the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>. The video was uploaded to YouTube several months later by Raza's classmates without his knowledge or permission. The video blew up and because one of the first viral internet memes. The video accumulated 900 million views. </p><p>Despite trying to protect his privacy, Raza was mocked both online and in real life. He was body shamed, doxxed, and told to commit suicide, among other things. Students at school leaped onto tables to mock him, and his video was parodied on multiple shows including <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a>.</i> Raza had to move schools multiple times, and became homeschooled. He was harassed for years over a video he did not upload. Today, he is working on a documentary talking about his internet fame and the harassment that came along with it. He wants to focus on internet privacy and consent.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h2></div> <p>A majority of states have laws that explicitly include electronic forms of communication within stalking or harassment laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most law enforcement agencies have cyber–crime units, and Internet stalking is often treated with more seriousness than reports of physical stalking.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Help and resources can be searched by state or area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3></div> <p>The safety of online privacy issues in schools is increasingly becoming a focus of state legislative action. There was an increase in cyberbullying enacted legislation between 2006 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiatives and curriculum requirements also exist in the UK (the <i>Ofsted eSafety guidance</i>) and Australia (<i>Overarching Learning Outcome 13</i>). </p><p>In 2012, a group of teenagers in a design class <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, developed an application to help fight bullying, "Back Off Bully" (BOB). This is an anonymous resource for computer, smart phone or iPad, designed so when someone witnesses or is the victim of bullying, they can immediately report the incident. The app asks questions about time, location and how the bullying is happening, as well as provides positive action and empowerment regarding the incident. The reported information goes to a database, where it may be studied by administrators. Common threads are spotted so others can intervene and break the bully's pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Back Off Bully" is being considered as standard operating procedure at schools across Connecticut, while recent studies carried out among 66 high school teachers have concluded that prevention programs have proved ineffective to date.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teachers can also be cyberbullied by pupils,<sup id="cite_ref-durangoherald20151029_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durangoherald20151029-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RTE2018-11-08a_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE2018-11-08a-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by parents and other school staff.<sup id="cite_ref-RTE2018-11-08a_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE2018-11-08a-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection">Protection</h3></div> <p>There are laws that only address online harassment of children or focus on child predators, as well as laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims, or victims of any age. Currently, there are 45 cyberstalking (and related) laws on the books. While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource containing a list of current and pending cyberstalking–related United States federal and state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also lists those states that do not yet have laws, and related laws from other countries. The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several states, including Florida, California,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Missouri have passed laws against cyberbullying. California prohibits the use of an electronic device to cause someone to fear for their life.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Florida, the "Jeffrey Johnson Stand Up for All Students Act" prohibits any type of bullying including cyberbullying. In Missouri, anyone who violently threatens someone over social media can be convicted with a Class A misdemeanor, but if the victim is seventeen years or younger, they can be convicted with a Class D felony.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>Two studies from 2014 found that 80% of body–shaming <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a> are sent by women, who also account for 50% of <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynistic</a> tweets.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3></div> <p>Children report negative online behaviors occurring from the second grade. According to research, boys initiate negative online activity earlier than girls. However, by middle school, girls are more likely to engage in cyberbullying than boys.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the bully is male or female, the purpose of childhood bullying is to intentionally embarrass, harass, intimidate, or make threats online. </p><p>Studies on the psycho–social effects of cyberspace have begun to monitor the effects cyberbullying may have on the victims. Consequences of cyberbullying are multi–faceted, and affect both online and offline behavior. Research on adolescents reported that changes in the victims' behavior as a result of cyberbullying could potentially be positive. Victims "created a cognitive pattern of bullies, which consequently helped them to recognize aggressive people."<sup id="cite_ref-cyberpsychology.eu_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyberpsychology.eu-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <i>Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace</i> abstract reports critical impacts in almost all of the respondents, taking the form of lower self–esteem, loneliness, disillusionment, and distrust of people. The more extreme effects included <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>. Children have killed each other and committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> after cyberbullying incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cases of digital self–harm have been reported in which an individual engages in cyberbullying against themselves, or purposefully and knowingly exposes themselves to cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adults">Adults</h3></div> <p>Cyberstalking may be an extension of physical stalking and may have criminal consequences. A target's understanding of why cyberstalking is happening is helpful to remedy and take protective action. Among factors that motivate stalkers are <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>, pathological obsession (professional or sexual), unemployment or failure with own job or life, or the desire to intimidate and cause others to feel inferior. The stalker may be <a href="/wiki/Delusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusional">delusional</a> and believe they "know" the target. The stalker wants to instill fear in a person to justify their status, or may believe they can get away with these actions due to online anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US federal cyberstalking law is designed to prosecute people for using electronic means to repeatedly harass or threaten someone online. There are resources dedicated to helping adult victims deal with cyberbullies legally and effectively. One of the steps recommended is to record everything and contact police.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Coral_Melo" title="Olimpia Coral Melo">Olimpia Coral Melo</a>,  promoted the creation of a law against digital harassment that took her name, the Olimpia Law.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3></div> <p>Research conducted to try to determine differences in cyberbullying patterns comparing male to female and ages of each are relatively inconclusive. There are some factors that lean towards males being more involved in cyberbullying behaviors due to males tending to have more aggressive behaviors than females.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not proven, but speculated based on literature reviews of research indicating that significant data is self–reported. Comparatively, the review of articles indicates that age differences have some indicators of cyberbullying; increasing age indicates increasing bullying behaviors. Gender differences have mixed results, but one finding indicated that younger females (10 or 11) and older males (13+) tend to engage in cyber bullying behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberbullies mostly have at least one common trait.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberbullies generally get angry and discouraged easily and usually have strong personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They connect with others belligerently and do not care for the feelings of their victims.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both males and females engage in cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females are involved in cyberbullying just as much as males,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and females are sometimes even found more involved in cyberbullying than males are.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason behind this is because of the way they respond;<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men will usually respond with physical retaliation, while women will use "indirect forms such as gossiping."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cyberbullying is a more indirect form, women are more likely to be involved.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, women tend to have less face–to–face confrontations than men, and since cyberbullying occurs online, this allows women to have a greater chance to be attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2017 Pew Research study on online harassment, 14% of Americans have been harassed because of their political views. Such harassment affects men and women differently; men are approximately twice as likely as women to have experienced online harassment because of their political views.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, women politicians are disproportionately more likely to be sexually harassed online. Women lawmakers are three times more likely than their male counterparts to receive sexually abusive comments, including threats of rape, beatings, death, or abduction.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>The nationwide Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Survey (Cross et al., 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-ACBPS_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACBPS-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assessed cyberbullying experiences among 7,418 students. The results indicated that rates of cyberbullying increased with age, with 4.9% of students in Year 4 reporting cyberbullying compared to 7.9% in year nine. Cross et al., (2009) reported that rates of bullying and harassing others were lower, but also increased with age. Only 1.2% of Year 4 students reported cyberbullying others compared to 5.6% of Year 9 students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, cyberbullying has yet to receive adequate scholarly attention. A study investigating the risk factors of cyberbullying sampled 1,438 high school students from central China. Data showed that 34.84% had participated in bullying and 56.88% had been bullied online.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study on cyberbullying in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chose 48 out of 7,654 students from elementary school to high school who were classified as potential aggressors related to cyberbullying. 31 out of 48 students declared they barely participated in cyber–attacks. It is common among high school students (28 out of 36 students) to participate in social media platforms; 58% admitted to changing a nickname for others, 56.3% to humiliation, 54.2% to making fun of someone, and 54.2% to spreading rumors. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Youth_Groups" title="Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups">Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups</a> interviewed 1,820 teenagers, 17.5% of whom indicated having experienced cyberbullying. This included insults, abuse, and the publishing of personal private pictures on social media without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div> <p>In a study published in 2011, across 25 <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states studied, an average 6% of children (9–16 years old) had been bullied and only 3% of them confessed to having been a bully.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in an earlier publication by Hasenbrink et al. (2009), reporting on the results from a meta analysis from European Union countries, the authors estimated (via median results) that approximately 18% of European young people had been "bullied/harassed/stalked" via the internet and mobile phones.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasebrink_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasebrink-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberharassment rates for young people across the EU member states ranged from 10% to 52%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div> <p>Sourander et al. (2010) conducted a population–based cross–sectional study that took place in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. The authors of this study took the self–reports of 2,215 Finish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 about cyberbullying and cybervictimization during the previous six months. It was found that, amongst the total sample, 4.8% were victims only, 7.4% were cyberbullies only, and 5.4% were cyberbully–victims. </p><p>The authors of this study were able to conclude that cyberbullying, as well as cybervictimization, is associated not only with psychiatric issues, but with psychosomatic issues as well. Many adolescents in the study reported headaches or difficulty sleeping. The authors believe that their results indicate a greater need for new ideas on how to prevent cyberbullying and what to do when it occurs. It is clearly a worldwide problem that needs to be taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <p>The Health Behaviour in School–aged Children (HBSC) pilot survey was carried out in eight post–primary schools across <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, including 318 students aged 15–18. 59% were boys and 41% were girls. Participation in this survey was voluntary for students, and consent had to be obtained from parents, students and the school itself. This survey was anonymous and confidential, and it took 40 minutes to complete. It asked questions on traditional forms of bullying, as well as cyberbullying, risk behaviors and self–reported health and <a href="/wiki/Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">life satisfaction</a>. </p><p>66% of the students said that they had never been bullied, 14% had been victims of traditional forms of bullying, 10% had been victims of cyberbullying, and the remaining 10% had been victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. Boys mostly said they were victims of traditional forms of bullying, and girls mostly were victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. 20% of the students in this survey said that they had been cyberbullied, showing that cyberbullying is on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrow DIT claims that 23% of 9–16 year olds in Ireland have been bullied online or offline, compared to 19% in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_2016_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill_2016-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although online bullying in Ireland stands at 4% according to Arrow DIT, this is lower than the European average, which stands at 6%, and half that of the UK where 8% reported being cyberbullied.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_2016_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill_2016-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional forms of bullying in Ireland occur more often than in Europe. </p><p>A 2018 study by <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University (DCU)</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Bullying_Centre" title="National Anti-Bullying Centre">National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre (ABC)</a> found that almost 10% of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">post-primary</a> teachers were victims of cyberbullying, and 15% knew of a colleague who had experienced it in the previous 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-RTE2018-11-08a_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE2018-11-08a-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 59% of the bullying was by pupils, mainly on social media, with the rest perpetrated by parents and other school staff.<sup id="cite_ref-RTE2018-11-08a_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE2018-11-08a-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various effects on bullied teachers included increased stress and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, "negative impacts on their working environment, and a reluctance to report the issue and seek help from management".<sup id="cite_ref-RTE2018-11-08a_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE2018-11-08a-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <p>According to recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> research, in Japan, 17 percent (compared with a 25–country average of 37 percent) of youth between the ages of 8 and 17 have been victims of online bullying. The number shows that online bullying is a serious concern in Japan. Teenagers who spend more than 10 hours a week on the Internet are more likely to become the targets of online bullying, though only 28 percent of the survey participants understood what cyberbullying is. However, they do know the severity of the issue; 63 percent of the surveyed students worried about being targeted as victims of cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since teenagers find themselves congregating socially on the internet via social media, they become easy targets for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying may occur via email, text, chat rooms, and social media websites. Some cyberbullies set up websites or blogs to post the target's images, publicize their personal information, gossip about the target, express why they hate the target, request people to agree with the bully's view, and send links to the target to make sure they are watching the activity.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much cyberbullying is an act of <a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">relational aggression</a>, which involves alienating the victim from peers through gossip or ostracism.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of attack can be easily launched via texting or other online activities. One 19–year–old Japanese student was targeted by classmates who posted his photo online, insulted him constantly, and asked him to die. Because of the constant harassment, he did attempt suicide twice. Even when he quit school, the attacks did not stop.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberbullying can cause serious psychological impact to the victims. They often feel anxious, nervous, tired, and depressed. Other examples of negative psychological trauma include losing confidence as a result of being socially isolated from their schoolmates or friends. Psychological problems can also show up in the form of headaches, skin problems, abdominal pain, sleep problems, bed–wetting, and crying. It may also lead victims to commit suicide to end the bullying.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg/220px-Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg/330px-Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg/440px-Cyberbullying_By_Year.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of victims of cyberbullying by year across the United States<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000">2000</h4></div> <p>A 2000 survey by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a> found that 6% of the young people who completed the survey had experienced some form of harassment, including threats and negative rumors, and 2% had suffered distressing harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-ccrc_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrc-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004">2004</h4></div> <p>The 2004 I-Safe.org survey of 1,500 students between grades 4 and 8 found:<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>42% of children had been bullied online. One in four had experienced it more than once.</li> <li>35% had been threatened online. Nearly one in five had experienced it more than once.</li> <li>21% had received mean or threatening e–mails or other messages.</li> <li>58% admitted that someone had said hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten said this had happened more than once.</li> <li>58% had not told their parents or an adult about something hurtful that had happened to them online.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005">2005</h4></div> <p>The Youth Internet Safety Survey–2, conducted by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a> in 2005, found that 9% of the young people in the survey had experienced some form of harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-ccrc2_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrc2-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey was a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,500 youth 10–17 years old. One–third reported feeling distressed by the incident, with distress being more likely for younger respondents and those who were the victims of aggressive harassment (including being telephoned, sent gifts, or visited at home by the harasser).<sup id="cite_ref-ybarra_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ybarra-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to youth not harassed online, victims are more likely to have social problems. On the other hand, youth who harass others are more likely to have problems with rule breaking and aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-ybarra2_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ybarra2-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hinduja and Patchin completed a study in the summer of 2005 of approximately 1,500 Internet–using adolescents and found that over one–third of youth reported being victimized online, and over 16% of respondents admitted to cyberbullying others.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most of the instances of cyberbullying involved relatively minor behavior (41% were disrespected, 19% were called names), over 12% were physically threatened and about 5% were scared for their safety. Notably, fewer than 15% of victims told an adult about the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional research by Hinduja and Patchin in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-patchin2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that youth who report being victims of cyberbullying also experience stress or strain that is related to offline problem behaviors such as running away from home, cheating on a test, skipping school, or using alcohol or marijuana. The authors acknowledge that both of these studies provide only preliminary information about the nature and consequences of online bullying, due to the methodological challenges associated with an online survey. </p><p>According to a 2005 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Action_for_Children" title="Action for Children">National Children's Home</a> charity and <a href="/wiki/Tesco_Mobile" title="Tesco Mobile">Tesco Mobile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-survey_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 770 youth between the ages of 11 and 19, 20% of respondents revealed that they had been bullied via electronic means. Almost three–quarters (73%) stated that they knew the bully, while 26% stated that the offender was a stranger. 10% of responders indicated that another person had taken a picture and/or video of them via a <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">cellular phone camera</a>, consequently making them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, or threatened. Many youths are not comfortable telling an authority figure about their cyberbullying <a href="/wiki/Victimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Victimization">victimization</a> for fear their access to technology will be taken from them; while 24% and 14% told a parent or teacher respectively, 28% did not tell anyone, and 41% told a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006">2006</h4></div> <p>According to the 2006 <i>Harris Interactive Cyberbullying Research Report</i>, commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council, cyberbullying is a problem that "affects almost half of all American teens".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007">2007</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_and_Electronic_aggression.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Youth_and_Electronic_aggression.gif/220px-Youth_and_Electronic_aggression.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Youth_and_Electronic_aggression.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of cyberbullying venues<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used by young people in the US, according to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a><sup id="cite_ref-ybarra200710_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ybarra200710-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Studies published in 2007 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Adolescent_Health" title="Journal of Adolescent Health">Journal of Adolescent Health</a></i> indicated young people reporting being victims of electronic aggression in a range of 9%<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-ybarra200710_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ybarra200710-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Debbie Heimowitz, a <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> master's student, created <i><a href="/wiki/Adina%27s_Deck" title="Adina's Deck">Adina's Deck</a></i>, a film based on Stanford–accredited research. She worked in focus groups for ten weeks in three schools to learn about the problem of cyberbullying in northern California. The findings determined that over 60% of students had been cyberbullied and were victims of cyberbullying. The film is now being used in classrooms nationwide as it was designed around learning goals pertaining to problems that students had understanding the topic. The middle school of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> is reportedly using the film as a solution to the crisis in their town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008">2008</h4></div> <p>In 2008, researchers <a href="/wiki/Sameer_Hinduja" title="Sameer Hinduja">Sameer Hinduja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University" title="Florida Atlantic University">Florida Atlantic University</a>) and Justin Patchin (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Eau_Claire" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire">University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire</a>) published a book on cyberbullying that summarized the current state of cyberbullying research (<i>Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-patchin3_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin3-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their research documented that cyberbullying instances had been increasing over the preceding several years. They also reported findings from a then–recent study of cyberbullying. In a random sample of approximately 2000 middle–school students from a large school district in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents reported being cyberbullied in the previous 30 days while over 17% reported having been cyberbullied at least once in their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin3_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin3-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these rates are slightly lower than some of the findings from their previous research, Hinduja and Patchin pointed out that the earlier studies were predominantly conducted among older adolescents and Internet samples; that is, older youth use the Internet more frequently and are more likely to experience cyberbullying than younger children.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patchin2_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patchin_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011">2011</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif/220px-Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif/330px-Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif/440px-Indicators_of_School_Crime_and_Safety_2013_Figure_11.3.gif 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Students aged 12–18 who reported being cyberbullied anywhere during the school year 2011<sup id="cite_ref-crimeindicators_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeindicators-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2011 National Crime Victimization Survey, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, School Crime Supplement (SCS), 9% of students age 12–18 admitted to having experienced cyberbullying during that school year (with a coefficient of variation between 30% and 50%).<sup id="cite_ref-crimeindicators_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeindicators-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013">2013</h4></div> <p>In the Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2013, the Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> published results of its survey as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) in June 2014, indicating the percentage of school children being bullied through e–mail, chat rooms, instant messaging, websites, or texting ("electronically bullied") during the course of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>By race/ethnicity and sex </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race/ethnicity</th> <th>Female</th> <th>95% confidence interval</th> <th>Male</th> <th>95% confidence interval</th> <th>Total</th> <th>95% confidence interval </th></tr> <tr> <th>White, non-Hispanic </th> <td>25.2%</td> <td>22.6%–28.0%</td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>7.5%–10.1%</td> <td>16.9%</td> <td>15.3%–18.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Black, non-Hispanic </th> <td>10.5%</td> <td>8.7%–12.6%</td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>5.2%–9.0%</td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>7.3%–10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hispanic </th> <td>17.1%</td> <td>14.5%–20.15</td> <td>8.3%</td> <td>6.9%–10.0%</td> <td>12.8%</td> <td>10.9%–14.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td>21.0%</td> <td>19.2%–22.9%</td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>7.7%–9.5%</td> <td>14.8%</td> <td>13.7%–15.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>By grade and sex </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade</th> <th>Female</th> <th>95% confidence interval</th> <th>Male</th> <th>95% confidence interval</th> <th>Total</th> <th>95% confidence interval </th></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td>22.8%</td> <td>19.5%–26.6%</td> <td>9.4%</td> <td>7.9%–11.1%</td> <td>16.1%</td> <td>14.1%–18.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>21.9%</td> <td>18.7%–25.5%</td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>5.4%–9.6%</td> <td>14.5%</td> <td>12.6%–16.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td>20.6%</td> <td>17.4%–24.3%</td> <td>8.9%</td> <td>7.3%–10.7%</td> <td>14.9%</td> <td>13.0%–16.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td>18.3%</td> <td>16.3%–20.5%</td> <td>8.6%</td> <td>7.0%–10.5%</td> <td>13.5%</td> <td>12.2%–14.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014">2014</h4></div> <p>In 2014, Mehari, Farrell, and Le published a study that focused on the literature on cyberbullying among adolescents. They found that researchers have generally assumed that cyberbullying is distinct from aggression perpetrated in person. Mehari et al. suggest that the media through which aggression is perpetrated may be best conceptualized as a new classification of aggression, rather than considering cyberbullying as a distinct counterpart to existing forms of aggression. They suggest that future research on cyberbullying be considered within the context of theoretical and empirical knowledge of aggression in adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary Howlett–Brandon's doctoral dissertation analyzed the National Crime Victimization Survey: Student Crime Supplement, 2009, to focus on the cyberbullying victimization of Black and White students in specific conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015">2015</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/WalletHub" title="WalletHub">WalletHub</a>'s 2015's <i>Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying</i> report measured the relative levels of bullying in 42 states. According to the report, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Washington, D.C., have the most attempted suicides by high school students. The five states with highest percentage of students being bullied on campus are Missouri, Michigan, Idaho, North Dakota, and Montana.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberbullying on social media has usually been student–to–student, but recently, students have been cyberbullying their teachers. High school students in Colorado created a Twitter site that bullies teachers. This ranges from obscenities to false accusations of inappropriate actions with students.<sup id="cite_ref-durangoherald20151029_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durangoherald20151029-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking_legislation" title="Cyberstalking legislation">Cyberstalking legislation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdictions">Jurisdictions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4></div> <p>Legislation geared at penalizing cyberbullying has been introduced in a number of U.S. states including New York, Missouri, Rhode Island and Maryland. At least 45 states have passed laws against digital harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dardenne Prairie of Springfield, Missouri, passed a city ordinance making online harassment a misdemeanor. The city of St. Charles, Missouri passed a similar ordinance. Missouri is among the states where lawmakers are pursuing state legislation, with task forces expected to have cyberbullying laws drafted and implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-Calif.) and Rep. Kenny Hulshof (R-Mo.) proposed a federal law that would criminalize acts of cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawmakers are seeking to address cyberbullying with new legislation because there is currently no specific law on the books that deals with it. A fairly new federal cyberstalking law might address such acts, according to <a href="/wiki/Parry_Aftab" title="Parry Aftab">Parry Aftab</a>, but no one has been prosecuted under it yet. The proposed federal law would make it illegal to use electronic means to "coerce, intimidate, harass or cause other substantial emotional distress." </p><p>In August 2008, the California state legislature passed one of the first laws in the country to deal directly with cyberbullying. Assembly Bill 86 2008<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives school administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying, offline or online.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law took effect on January 1, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A law in New York's Albany County that criminalized cyberbullying was struck down as unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Marquan_M." title="People v. Marquan M.">People v. Marquan M.</a></i> </p><p>A recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> ruling first seen in the UK determined that it is possible for an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (ISP) to be liable for the content of the sites it hosts, setting a precedent that any ISP should treat a notice of complaint seriously and investigate it immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/875#c">§ 875(c)</a></span> criminalizes the making of threats via the Internet. </p><p>While some states have laws that require schools to mediate cyberbullying conflicts, several states have been sued on First Amendment grounds for doing so. By examining the decisions of three such lawsuits heard in lower courts, Alvin J. Primack and Kevin A. Johnson argued that current First Amendment doctrine, particularly the case of <i>Morse v. Frederick</i> (2007), may offer interpretive resources for justifying administrative reach to some online digital speech. They concluded, "[w]ithout clearer standards, school administrators are likely to feel constrained and err on the side of inaction."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <p>In early February 2022, ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK parliament</a> planned to add to their proposed <a href="/wiki/Online_Safety_Act_2023" title="Online Safety Act 2023">Online Safety Bill</a> several criminal offences against those who send death threats online or deliberately share dangerous disinformation about fake Covid cures. Other new offences, such as revenge porn, posts advertising people–smuggling, and messages encouraging people to commit suicide, would fall under the responsibilities of online platforms like Facebook and Twitter to tackle.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_Prevention_Act_of_2012" title="Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012">Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_Prevention_Act_of_2012" title="Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012">Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012</a> defines <a href="/wiki/Cyberlibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberlibel">cyberlibel</a> as a punishable offence under Section 355 of the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Penal_Code" title="Revised Penal Code">Revised Penal Code</a> of 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-RA10175_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA10175-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union_2">European Union</h4></div> <p>Since the 1990s, the United Kingdom and other European countries have been working to solve <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">workplace bullying</a> since there is no legislation regulating cyberbullying. The pervasive nature of technology has made the act of bullying online much easier.<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 24–hour internet connection gives bullies a neverending opportunity to find and bully victims. Employers in the European Union have more legal responsibility to their employees than do those in other countries. Since employers do not have the ability to fire or hire an employee at will like in the United States, employers in Europe are held to a high standard in how their employees are treated. </p><p>In 2007, the European Union developed the Framework Agreement on Harassment and Violence at Work, a law that prevents bullying occurring in the workplace and holds employers accountable for providing fair working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law defines the responsibilities of an employer such as protecting their employees from bullies in a work environment and the psychological pain a victim faces from bullies during business hours. Lawyers pursuing cyberbullying cases use the Ordinance on Victimization at Work law, since there are not any laws specifically condemning cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Sweden was the first European Union country to have a law against cyberbullying. The Ordinance on Victimization at Work protected victims from "recurrent reprehensible or distinctly negative actions which are directed which are directed against individual employees in an offensive manner and can result in those employees being placed outside the workplace community".<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, France passed the Social Modernization Law, which added consequences to the French Labor Code for cyberbullying such as holding employers accountable for their involvement in harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-Viola_Lloyd_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viola_Lloyd-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation defines "moral harassment" as "repeated acts leading to a deterioration of the working conditions and that are likely to harm the dignity, the physical or psychological heath of the victim or his professional career."<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom does not have anti–bullying legislation. However, it does have the Protection From Harassment Act, an anti–stalking law.<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.K. courts have used this legislation in bullying cases. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Take_A_Stand_Against_Cyberbullying.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Take_A_Stand_Against_Cyberbullying.png/220px-Take_A_Stand_Against_Cyberbullying.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Take_A_Stand_Against_Cyberbullying.png 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>This image portrays the support and awareness that many anti–cyberbullying campaigns have in some countries around the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States and some other countries have more extensive legislation on cyberbullying than the European Union. Cyberbullying incidents on social media are widespread and have increased drastically in number.<sup id="cite_ref-european-perspective_152-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-perspective-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the process of getting a claim against a bully is not an easy one because of the victim's need to provide sufficient evidence to prove the existence of bullying. </p><p>As of mid–2015, countries in the European Union like the United Kingdom are in the process of creating laws specially related to cyberbullying. Since the process takes time, the government is supporting school programs to promote internet safety with the help of teachers and parents.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will allow the government to take the time it needs to create the cyberbullying laws while helping safeguard students from cyberbullying as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_preventive_legislation">Research on preventive legislation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberbullying&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Researchers suggest that programs be put in place for prevention of cyberbullying. These programs would be incorporated into school curricula and would include online safety and instruction on how to use the Internet properly.<sup id="cite_ref-von_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could teach the victim proper methods of potentially avoiding the cyberbully, such as blocking messages or increasing the security of their computer.<sup id="cite_ref-von_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in a perfect world, no crime can be stopped fully. That is why it is suggested that within this prevention method, effective coping strategies should be introduced and adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People can adopt coping strategies to combat future cyberbullying. Coping strategies may include social support groups composed of victims of cyberbullying,<sup id="cite_ref-von_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could allow students to share their stories, and remove the feeling of being alone. </p><p>Teachers should be involved in all prevention educational models, as they are essentially the "police" of the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cyberbullying often goes unreported as the victim feels nothing can be done to help in their current situation.<sup id="cite_ref-von_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if given the proper tools with preventive measures and more power in the classroom, teachers can be of assistance; if the parent, teacher, and victim can work together, solutions may be found.<sup id="cite_ref-von_156-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been many legislative attempts to facilitate the control of bullying and cyberbullying. Some existing legislation is incorrectly thought to be tied to bullying and cyberbullying (including terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-:11_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem is that the existing legislation does not directly apply to bullying, nor define it as its own criminal behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti–cyberbullying advocates have even expressed concern about the broad scope of some of the bills attempted to be passed.<sup id="cite_ref-walt_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walt-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, attempts have been made to pass legislation against cyberbullying. Few states attempted to pass broad sanctions in an effort to prohibit cyberbullying. Problems include how to define cyberbullying and cyberstalking, and, if charges are pressed, whether this violates the bully's freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-walt_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walt-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B. Walther said that "Illinois is the only state to criminalize 'electronic communication(s) sent for the purpose of harassing another person' when the activity takes place outside a public school setting." This was criticized for infringement on freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-walt_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walt-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preventing a child from being cyberbullied is hard, but now they are working to form programs and laws to help stop the issue from getting worse than it already is. They have created movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberbully_(2011_film)" title="Cyberbully (2011 film)">Cyberbully</a></i> by Charles Biname and <i><a href="/wiki/The_DUFF" title="The DUFF">The Duff</a></i> by Ari Sandel for teenagers to watch and see how cyberbullying can affect an individual. Children that are victims of this problem feel they can not go to an adult for help because they may feel embarrassed by the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullying online will not only hurt the teenager emotionally, but there is also a risk of the child hurting themselves physically as well; in 2017, suicide was the tenth leading cause of death among persons in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being able to tell if a child is being hurt from this issue can be tough, but there are certain things that a child will do that should give a red flag that they are being bullied.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cyberbully could have said nasty words to that child and the victim could be looking for compliments. If the victim is always online wondering when the bully will strike next that could also be a sign. Being an active parent in their children's lives will make a difference on whether their child is experiencing online bullying or not.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also bringing police involved in the case will be a problem solver too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harmful_effects">Harmful effects</h2></div> <p>Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying victimization.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patchin2_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patchin3_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin3-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patchin_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victims may have lower self–esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, and depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin3_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin3-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberbullying may be more harmful than traditional bullying, because there is no escaping it.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most damaging effects is that a victim begins to avoid friends and activities, which is often the very intention of the bully. </p><p>Cyberbullying campaigns are sometimes so damaging that victims have committed suicide. There are at least four examples in the United States in which cyberbullying has been linked to the suicide of a teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-patchin3_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patchin3-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">suicide of Megan Meier</a> is an example that led to the conviction of the adult perpetrator of the attacks. Holly Grogan committed suicide by jumping off a 30–foot bridge near Gloucester in the UK. It was reported that a number of her schoolmates had posted a number of hateful messages on her Facebook page.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lucie Russell, director of campaigns, policy and participation at youth mental health charity Young Minds, young people who suffer from <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> are vulnerable to cyberbullying as they are sometimes unable to shrug it off: </p> <blockquote><p>When someone says nasty things healthy people can filter that out, they're able to put a block between that and their self–esteem. But mentally unwell people don't have the strength and the self–esteem to do that, to separate it, and so it gets compiled with everything else. To them, it becomes the absolute truth – there's no filter, there's no block. That person will take that on, take it as fact.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian8813_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian8813-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Social media has allowed bullies to disconnect from the impact they may be having on others.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intimidation,_emotional_damage,_and_suicide"><span id="Intimidation.2C_emotional_damage.2C_and_suicide"></span>Intimidation, emotional damage, and suicide</h3></div> <p>According to the Cyberbullying Research Center, "there have been several high‐profile cases involving teenagers taking their own lives in part because of being harassed and mistreated over the Internet, a phenomenon we have termed cyberbullicide – suicide indirectly or directly influenced by experiences with online aggression." </p><p>Cyberbullying is an intense form of psychological abuse, whose victims are more than twice as likely to suffer from mental disorders compared to traditional bullying.<sup id="cite_ref-cyberthreat_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyberthreat-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reluctance youth have in telling an authority figure about instances of cyberbullying has led to fatal outcomes. At least three children between the ages of 12 and 13 have committed suicide due to depression brought on by cyberbullying, according to reports by <i>USA Today</i> and the <i>Baltimore Examiner</i>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">suicide of Ryan Halligan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">suicide of Megan Meier</a>, the latter of which resulted in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lori_Drew" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Lori Drew">United States v. Lori Drew</a></i>. Teen suicides tied to cyberbullying have recently become more prevalent. Rebecca Ann Sedwick committed suicide after being terrorized through mobile applications such as <a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik Messenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voxer" title="Voxer">Voxer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_youth_and_teenagers">On youth and teenagers</h3></div> <p>The effects of cyberbullying vary, but research illustrates that cyberbullying adversely affects youth to a higher degree than adolescents and adults. Youth are more likely to suffer since they are still growing mentally and physically.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Bullying_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Bullying-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jennifer N. Caudle, a certified family physician, says, "Kids that are bullied are likely to experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Against_Cyberbullying.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Against_Cyberbullying.png/220px-Against_Cyberbullying.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Against_Cyberbullying.png/330px-Against_Cyberbullying.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Against_Cyberbullying.png/440px-Against_Cyberbullying.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>This image shows different aspects of cyberbullying that can take place on the internet which puts more emotional strain on the younger children and teenage who experience cyberbullying.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the time cyberbullying goes unnoticed; the younger generation hides their bullying from anyone that can help to prevent the bullying from occurring and from getting worse. Between 20% and 40% of adolescents are victims of cyberbullying worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Bullying_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Bullying-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The youth slowly change their behaviors and actions so they become more withdrawn and quiet, but this may go unnoticed since the change is subtle.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Bullying_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Bullying-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metin Deniz believes cyberbullying will "become a serious problem in the future with an increase in the Internet and mobile phone usage among young people".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If preventive actions are not taken against cyberbullying, younger children in addition to teenagers will feel more lonely and depressed along with having significant changes in their eating and sleeping patterns as well as loss of interest in their normal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes will affect their growth and development into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Bullying_169-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Bullying-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger children and teenagers are 76.2% less likely to display suicidal behaviors and thoughts, but are still at risk depending on other factors such as mental health status, home care, and relationships with others.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_171-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of suicide increases by 35% to 45% when victims do not have any support from anyone in their life, and cyberbullying amplifies the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_Bullying_169-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_Bullying-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young people seem particularly vulnerable to the effects of cyberbullying through <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_social_media" title="Anonymous social media">anonymous social media</a>, perhaps because adolescents are attracted to these platforms as a means of seeking validation from their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuse on these platforms, such as <a href="/wiki/ASKfm" class="mw-redirect" title="ASKfm">ASKfm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yik_Yak" title="Yik Yak">Yik Yak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarahah" title="Sarahah">Sarahah</a>, can be particularly keenly felt by young people, leading to issues of loss of confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been a number of suicides related to bullying on these platforms in the US<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_speech">Suppression of speech</h3></div> <p>By at least 2018, some doctors have been targets of online harassment from <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccine">anti-vaccine</a> activists responding to their social media posts, including hundreds of negative false reviews on doctor ratings sites. This made some of the doctors more reluctant to share information about vaccines, but others formed groups to spread factual information about vaccine safety on social media in response.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awareness">Awareness</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International">International</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Cybersmile_Foundation" title="The Cybersmile Foundation">Cybersmile Foundation</a> is a cyberbullying charity committed to tackling all forms of <a href="/wiki/Online_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="Online bullying">online bullying</a>, abuse, and hate campaigns. It was founded in 2010 in response to the increasing number of cyberbullying related incidents of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, social isolation, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> and suicides devastating lives around the world. Cybersmile provides support to victims and their friends and families through social media interaction, email and helpline support. They also run an annual event, <a href="/wiki/Stop_Cyberbullying_Day" title="Stop Cyberbullying Day">Stop Cyberbullying Day</a>, to draw attention to the issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4></div> <p>Multiple non–profit organizations fight cyberbullying and cyberstalking. They advise victims, provide awareness campaigns, and report offenses to the police. These NGOs include the <i>Protégeles</i>, <i>PantallasAmigas</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Alia2" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation Alia2">Foundation Alia2</a></i>, the non–profit initiative <i>Actúa Contra el Ciberacoso</i>, the National Communications Technology Institute (INTECO), the Agency of Internet quality, the <i>Agencia Española de Protección de Datos</i>, the <i>Oficina de Seguridad del Internauta</i>, the Spanish Internet users' Association, the Internauts' Association, and the Spanish Association of Mothers and Parents Internauts. The government of <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> has also created a <i>Plan de Prevención del Ciberacoso y Promoción de la Navegación Segura en Centro Escolares</i>, and the government of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> has created a portal on the phenomenon called <i>Viveinternet</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_3">United States</h4></div> <p>In March 2007, the Advertising Council in the United States, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Prevention_Council" title="National Crime Prevention Council">National Crime Prevention Council</a>, U.S. Department of Justice, and Crime Prevention Coalition of America, joined to announce the launch of a new <a href="/wiki/Public_service_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Public service advertising">public service advertising</a> campaign designed to educate preteens and teens about how they can play a role in ending cyberbullying. </p><p>As of 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>'s 2008 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Handbook" title="Boy Scout Handbook">The Boy Scout Handbook</a></i> addresses how to deal with online bullying. A new <a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America#First_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks in the Boy Scouts of America">First Class</a> rank requirements adds: "Describe the three things you should avoid doing related to use of the Internet. Describe a cyberbully and how you should respond to one."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/KTTV" title="KTTV">KTTV</a> Fox 11 News in Los Angeles put out a report about organized cyberbullying on sites like <a href="/wiki/Stickam" title="Stickam">Stickam</a> by people who call themselves "<a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">/b/rothas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site had put out a report on July 26, 2007, about a subject that partly featured cyberbullying, titled "Hackers on Steroids".<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 2, 2008, parents, teens, teachers, and Internet executives came together at Wired Safety's International Stop Cyberbullying Conference, a two–day gathering in White Plains, New York and New York City. Executives from Facebook, <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a>, MySpace, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and many others talked with hundreds about how to better protect themselves and their personal reputations, children and businesses from online harassment. Sponsors of the conference included <a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scouts of the USA</a>, WiredTrust, Children's Safety Research and Innovation Centre, and KidZui.com. Cyberharassment versus cyberbullying was a forefront topic, where age makes a difference; abusive internet behavior by adults with the repeated clear intent to harm, ridicule or damage a person or business was classified as <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a> harassment, versus bullying by teens and young adults.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An organized movement to make <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">revenge porn</a> illegal began in August 2012: End Revenge Porn.<sup id="cite_ref-endrevengeporn.org_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endrevengeporn.org-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently revenge porn is only illegal in two states, but the demand for its criminalization is on the rise as digital technology has increased in the past few generations. The organization seeks to provide support for victims, educate the public, and gain activist support to bring new legislation before the United States Government.<sup id="cite_ref-endrevengeporn.org_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endrevengeporn.org-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, PACER.org created a week–long event that was held once a year in October. Today, the campaign is a month-long event and is now known as the National Bullying Prevention Awareness Month.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <p>Originating in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a> is a day of celebration for those who choose to participate wearing a symbol of colors (pink, blue or purple) as a stance against bullying. A British Columbia teacher founded the Stop A Bully movement, which uses pink wristbands to represent the wearer's stance to stop bullying. </p><p>Pink Shirt Day was inspired by David Shepherd and Travis Price. Their high school friends organized a protest in sympathy for a Grade 9 boy who was bullied for wearing a pink shirt. Their stance from wearing pink has been a huge inspiration in the Great Vancouver Mainland. "We know that victims of bullying, witnesses of bullying and bullies themselves all experience the very real and long term negative impacts of bullying regardless of its forms – physical, verbal, written, or on–line (cyberbullying)".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>ERASE (Expect Respect and A Safe Education) is an initiative started by the province of British Columbia to foster safe schools and prevent bullying. It builds on already–effective programs set up by the provincial government to ensure consistent policies and practices regarding the prevention of bullying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_support">Community support</h3></div> <p>A number of organizations are in coalition to provide awareness, protection and recourse for this escalating problem. Some aim to inform and provide measures to avoid as well as effectively terminate cyberbullying and cyberharassment. Anti–bullying charity <a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a> launched the CyberKind campaign in August 2009 to promote positive internet usage. </p><p>In 2007, YouTube introduced the first Anti–Bullying Channel for youth (BeatBullying), using the assistance of celebrities to tackle the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010, a 17–year–old girl named Alexis Skye Pilkington was found dead in her room by her parents. Her parents claimed that after repeated cyberbullying, she was driven to suicide. Shortly after her death, attacks resumed. Members of <a href="/wiki/EBaum%27s_World" title="EBaum's World">eBaum's World</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Internet)">troll</a> teens' memorial pages on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, with the comments including expressions of pleasure over the death, with pictures of what seemed to be a banana as their profile pictures. Family and friends of the deceased teen responded by creating Facebook groups denouncing cyberbullying and trolling, with logos of bananas behind a red circle with a diagonal line through it.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response and partnership to the 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/Bully_(2011_film)" title="Bully (2011 film)">Bully</a></i>, a grassroots effort to stop cyberbullying called the Bully Project was created. Their goal is to start "a national movement to stop bullying that is transforming children's lives and changing a culture of bullying into one of empathy and action."<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/International_day_against_violence_and_bullying_at_school_including_cyberbullying" title="International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying">International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying</a> is celebrated every year on the first Thursday of November since 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Enemies" title="Best Enemies">Best Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_defamation_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber defamation law">Cyber defamation law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital safety">Digital safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogpiling_(Internet)" title="Dogpiling (Internet)">Dogpiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_in_online_communities" title="Empathy in online communities">Empathy in online communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram#Impact_on_people" title="Instagram">Instagram's impact on people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_day_against_violence_and_bullying_at_school_including_cyberbullying" title="International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying">International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessi_Slaughter_cyberbullying_case" title="Jessi Slaughter cyberbullying case">Jessi Slaughter cyberbullying case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Abuse_Prevention_Initiative" title="Online Abuse Prevention Initiative">Online Abuse Prevention Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psycho_Ex-Wife" title="The Psycho Ex-Wife">The Psycho Ex-Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_(slang)" title="Troll (slang)">Troll (slang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved November 3, 2015, from stopbullying.gov</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7098978.stm">YouTube tackles bullying online</a> BBC News, November 19, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2010" class="citation news cs1">Salazar, Cristian (May 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/24/alexis-pilkington-faceboo_n_512482.html">"Alexis Pilkington Facebook Horror: Cyber Bullies Harass Teen Even After Suicide"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=International+day+against+violence+and+bullying+at+school+including+cyberbullying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdays%2Fagainst-school-violence-and-bullying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberbullying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersonBersonFerron2002" class="citation journal cs1">Berson, I. R.; Berson, M. J.; Ferron, J. M. (2002). "Emerging risks of violence in the digital age: Lessons for educators from an online study of adolescent girls in the United States". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_School_Violence" title="Journal of School Violence">Journal of School Violence</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj202v01n02_04">10.1300/j202v01n02_04</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144349494">144349494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+School+Violence&rft.atitle=Emerging+risks+of+violence+in+the+digital+age%3A+Lessons+for+educators+from+an+online+study+of+adolescent+girls+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj202v01n02_04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144349494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Berson&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft.au=Berson%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Ferron%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberbullying" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burgess-Proctor, A., Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2009). Cyberbullying and online harassment: Reconceptualizing the victimization of adolescent girls. In V. Garcia and J. Clifford [Eds.]. <i>Female crime victims: Reality reconsidered</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. In Print.</li> <li>Keith, S. & Martin, M. E. (2005). <i>Cyber-bullying: Creating a Culture of Respect in a Cyber World. Reclaiming Children & Youth</i>, 13(4), 224–228.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindujaPatchin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hinduja, S.; Patchin, J. W. (2007). 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Jun; 27(3):319–36.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyberbullying" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a><br />(incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_slang452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_slang" title="Template:Internet slang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_slang" title="Template talk:Internet slang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_slang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet slang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_slang452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepy_treehouse" title="Creepy treehouse">Creepy treehouse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgelord" title="Edgelord">Edgelord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keylogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keylogger">Keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_kiddie" title="Script kiddie">Script kiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitposting" title="Shitposting">Shitposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Troll</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Internet"><img alt="Map of the Internet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/80px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/120px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/160px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatspeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatspeak">Chatspeak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospeak" title="Algospeak">Algospeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uwu" title="Uwu">uwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodl">Hodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">Leet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owned_(slang)" title="Owned (slang)">Owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pr0n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwn">Pwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh" title="Teh">Teh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W00t" title="W00t">w00t</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Fap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_safe_for_work" title="Not safe for work">NSFW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard#Imageboards" title="Imageboard">-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clop_(erotic_fan_art)" title="Clop (erotic fan art)">Clop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatse.cx" title="Goatse.cx">goatse.cx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurker" title="Lurker">Lurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbie" title="Newbie">Newbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_RLY%3F" title="O RLY?">O RLY?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Original post">OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedobear" title="Pedobear">Pedobear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickrolling" title="Rickrolling">Rickrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_34" title="Rule 34">Rule 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_63" title="Rule 63">Rule 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripcode">Tripcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Weeaboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiff" title="Yiff">Yiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Memes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Advertising_and_products" title="List of Internet phenomena">Advertising and products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Animation_and_comics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Animation and comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Challenges" title="List of Internet phenomena">Challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Email" title="List of Internet phenomena">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Film" title="List of Internet phenomena">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Gaming" title="List of Internet phenomena">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Images" title="List of Internet phenomena">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_music_videos" title="List of viral music videos">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Politics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_videos" title="List of viral videos">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Other_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doge_(meme)" title="Doge (meme)">Doge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL;DR" title="TL;DR">TL;DR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_September" title="Eternal September">Eternal September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporgery" title="Sporgery">Sporgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_slang" title="Category:Internet slang"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet"><b>Portal</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_internet_slang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:English internet slang"><b>Wiktionary</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_controversies183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_controversy" title="Template:Video game controversy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_controversy" title="Template talk:Video game controversy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_controversy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game controversy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_controversies183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies" title="Video game controversies">Video game controversies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_controversial_video_games" title="List of controversial video games">List of controversial video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_culture" title="Video game culture">Video game culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_Race_(1976_video_game)" title="Death Race (1976 video game)">Death Race</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Custer%27s_Revenge" title="Custer's Revenge">Custer's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Mortal_Kombat" title="Controversies surrounding Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Trap" title="Night Trap">Night Trap</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jynx" title="Jynx">Jynx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fun" title="Islamic Fun">Islamic Fun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guy_Game" title="The Guy Game">The Guy Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Coffee_(minigame)" title="Hot Coffee (minigame)">Hot Coffee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JFK_Reloaded" title="JFK Reloaded">JFK Reloaded</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Columbine_Massacre_RPG!" title="Super Columbine Massacre RPG!">Super Columbine Massacre RPG!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Massacre_(video_game)" title="Muslim Massacre (video game)">Muslim Massacre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Rose" title="Rule of Rose">Rule of Rose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RapeLay" title="RapeLay">RapeLay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V-Tech_Rampage" title="V-Tech Rampage">V-Tech Rampage</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Russian" title="No Russian">No Russian</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Days_in_Fallujah" title="Six Days in Fallujah">Six Days in Fallujah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect_3_ending_controversy" title="Mass Effect 3 ending controversy"><i>Mass Effect 3</i> ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Homicide_Studios" title="Digital Homicide Studios">Digital Homicide Studios</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Active_Shooter" title="Active Shooter">Active Shooter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Special_Force_(2003_video_game)" title="Special Force (2003 video game)">Special Force</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harassment and<br />workplace misconduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_v._Activision_Blizzard" title="California Department of Fair Employment and Housing v. Activision Blizzard"><i>California v. Activision Blizzard</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard_worker_organization" title="Activision Blizzard worker organization">ABK Workers Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitzchung_controversy" title="Blitzchung controversy">Blitzchung controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games" title="Cheating in video games">Cheating in video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_esports" title="Cheating in esports">esports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_online_games" title="Cheating in online games">online games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brandon_Crisp" title="Death of Brandon Crisp">Death of Brandon Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Wichita_swatting" title="2017 Wichita swatting">2017 Wichita swatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike_match_fixing_scandal" title="Counter-Strike match fixing scandal"><i>Counter-Strike</i> match fixing scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupted_Blood_incident" title="Corrupted Blood incident">Corrupted Blood incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regionally_censored_video_games" title="List of regionally censored video games">regionally censored games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_as_an_art_form" title="Video games as an art form">Form of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in video games">LGBTQ+ themes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game%E2%80%93related_health_problems" title="Video game–related health problems">Health problems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_sickness" title="Simulator sickness">Simulator sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">VR sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_video_games" title="Race and video games">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_review-bombing_incidents" title="List of review-bombing incidents">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual content</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_and_video_games" title="Sexism and video games">Sexism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_video_games" title="Intellectual property protection of video games">Intellectual property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_United_States_Senate_hearings_on_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 United States Senate hearings on video games">1993 U.S. Senate hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_Protection_Act" title="Family Entertainment Protection Act">Family Entertainment Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_law" title="Shutdown law">Shutdown law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Video_Game_Rating_Act" title="Truth in Video Game Rating Act">Truth in Video Game Rating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Game_Decency_Act" title="Video Game Decency Act">Video Game Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_3037/2002" title="Law 3037/2002">Law 3037/2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtransaction" title="Microtransaction">Microtransactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loot_box" title="Loot box">Loot boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_of_the_National_Press_and_Publication_Administration_on_Further_Strict_Management_and_Effective_Prevention_of_Minors%27_Addiction_to_Online_Games" title="Notice of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strict Management and Effective Prevention of Minors' Addiction to Online Games">Notice of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strict Management and Effective Prevention of Minors' Addiction to Online Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_piracy" title="Video game piracy">Video game piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_gambling" title="Skin gambling">Skin gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_crime" title="Virtual crime">Virtual crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse_law" title="Metaverse law">Metaverse law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawsuits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Ass%27n_v._Foti" title="Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Foti">Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Foti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games v. Apple</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strickland_v._Sony" title="Strickland v. Sony">Strickland v. Sony</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template talk:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed or recognised<br />diagnostic categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online problem gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated<br />psychiatric conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image_disturbance" title="Body image disturbance">Body image disturbance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpathology" title="Cyberpathology">Cyberpathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_detox" title="Digital detox">Digital detox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Evolution of cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotion of anorexia">Promotion of anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_restrictions_on_children_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media restrictions on children in Australia">Social media restrictions on children in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br />processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_effects_of_cars" title="Societal effects of cars">Societal effects of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science 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