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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>India has a very high volume of <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">child trafficking</a>. As many as one child disappears every eight minutes, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Children_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Children in India">children</a> are taken from their homes to be bought and sold in the market. In other cases, children are tricked into the hands of traffickers by being presented an opportunity for a job, when in reality, upon arrival they become enslaved. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, there are many children trafficked for various reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in India">labor</a>, begging, and sexual exploitation. Because of the nature of this crime, it is hard to track; due to the poor enforcement of laws, it is difficult to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, there are only vague estimates of figures regarding the issue. India is a prime area for child trafficking to occur, as many of those trafficked are from, travel through or destined to go to India. Though most of the trafficking occurs within the country, there is also a significant number of children trafficked from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChildLine_India_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChildLine_India-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many different causes that lead to child trafficking, with the primary reasons being poverty, weak law enforcement, and a lack of good quality public education. The traffickers that take advantage of children can be from another area in India, or could even know the child personally. Children who return home after being trafficked often face shame in their communities, rather than being welcomed home.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the root causes of child trafficking in India are: poverty, a lack of education, and the need to financially support their family.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unemployment rate in India is considerably low with the United Nations Development Programme estimating it to be at 3.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, there are not that many financial opportunities. When children are offered work, they are likely to be exploited. Children in poverty are often forced to trade sex for a place to live or food to eat. In order to get out of poverty or to pay off debts, some parents have even been forced to sell their children to traffickers. Children are often trafficked by gangs and forced to beg on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lack of access to quality education and low literacy levels and rates increase child trafficking rates in India.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The challenge of limited access to education impacts all of the people involved to worsen the consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the child, a lack of access to education limits their future opportunities and can hinder their mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be linked to feelings of increased vulnerability, low self-esteem, and a lack of knowledge about their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of an effective public education system, and a lack of financial security make finding employment in unskilled labour sectors (such as construction and domestic help) much more appealing to children rather than pursuing an education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lack of good, affordable educational opportunities and financial security can lead to a devaluing of education from the parents' perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially true for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When weighing the costs of educating a daughter against other costs to the family, a daughter's education is often foregone.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the financial benefits of an education are only truly seen in the future, the value of an education in the present is considered to be quite low.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reasoning is supported by the lack of economic opportunities available to underprivileged and marginalized communities in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of educational opportunities is exploited by traffickers who often sell parents and children alike on the promise of steady, high paying jobs to lure them away from their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_causes">Additional causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Additional causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to institutional challenges in India, traditional religious and cultural practices also pose a threat to vulnerable children. In some parts of India, for example, young girls are forced into the system of Devadasi where they're "forced into a lifetime of ritual sex slavery" and given to an elder of the village to be their concubine.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child marriage is also one of the leading causes of child trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of children have also been trafficked due to the demand by tourists. People will travel from countries where there are strict enforcement around child trafficking, as well as it being heavily frowned upon and socially unaccepted, to India to find child prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The different forms of child trafficking include, but are not limited to: involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor, illegal activities, child soldiers, and children exploited for commercial sex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involuntary_Domestic_Servitude">Involuntary Domestic Servitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Involuntary Domestic Servitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children are very vulnerable when it comes to domestic servitude. Often children are told that they will be offered excellent wages to work as a domestic helper in middle-class homes, but they usually end up being severely underpaid, abused, and sometimes sexually assaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular type of trafficking is hard to detect because it takes place inside private homes where there is no public enforcement. Every year hundreds of thousands of girls are trafficked from rural India to work as domestic helpers in the urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_Child_Labor">Forced Child Labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forced Child Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legally, children in India are allowed to do light work, but they are often trafficked for <a href="/wiki/Bonded_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonded labour">bonded labour</a> and domestic work, and are worked far beyond what is allowed in the country. Children are also forced to work as bonded labourers in brick and stone quarries to pay off family debts owed to moneylenders and employers. They are often forced to work in the use of contraptions that bound them to be unable to escape and then forced to submit to control. Others may be bound by abuse whether physical, emotional, or sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children from India's rural areas migrate or are trafficked for employment in industries, such as spinning mills, cottonseed production, manual work, domestic work in family homes, stone quarrying, brick kilns and tea gardens amongst others, where they are forced to work in hazardous environments for little or no pay.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those forced into labor lose all freedom, being thrown into the workforce, essentially becoming slaves, and losing their childhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_activities">Illegal activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Illegal activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children, over adults are often chosen to be trafficked for illegal activities such as <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">begging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_trade" title="Organ trade">organ trade</a>, as they are seen as more vulnerable. Not only are these children being forced to beg for money, but a significant number of those on the streets have had limbs forcibly amputated, or even acid poured into their eyes to blind them by gang masters. Those who are injured tend to make more money, which is why they are often abused in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_beggars_in_India_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_beggars_in_India-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organ trade is also common, when traffickers trick or force children to give up an organ. </p><p><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> estimates that more than 300,000 children under 18 are currently being exploited in more than 30 armed conflicts worldwide. While the majority of <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a> are between the ages of 15 and 18, some are as young as 7 or 8 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of children are abducted to use as soldiers. Others are used to serve as porters, cooks, guards, servants, messengers, or spies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these young soldiers are sexually abused which often ends with unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Some children have been forced to commit atrocities against their families and communities. Reports indicate that children were coerced by anti government <a href="/wiki/Naxalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalites">naxalites</a> to join children's units (“Bal Dasta”), where they were trained and used as couriers and informants, to plant improvised explosive devices and in front-line operations against national security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_Exploited_for_Commercial_Sex">Children Exploited for Commercial Sex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Children Exploited for Commercial Sex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children that are exploited for commercial sex are subject to transactions for <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">child prostitution</a> and rape. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE) of women and children generates approximately 400 million US Dollars annually in the city of Mumbai alone.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is hard to find accurate numbers for exactly how many children are trafficked, studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) estimates that there are about three million prostitutes in the country, of which an estimated 40 percent are children, as there is a growing demand for very young girls to be inducted into prostitution on account of customer preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many severe<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequences these children face from being sexually exploited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Child trafficking is an issue that is extremely prevalent in India, and is continuing to grow rapidly. The trafficking of young girls (under the age of 18) has grown 14 times over the last decade and has grown by 65% in the year 2014 according to the National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been numerous reports about the increase of trafficking taking place across India. According to the US State Department, there are approximately 600,000 to 820,000 people trafficked a year across international borders, and up to 50% of those are children.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is definitely seen as a growing issue in Asia, with the many children that are and continue to be trafficked and exploited for many reasons. In India specifically, it is estimated that there are around 135,000 children trafficked each year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, a study was conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) after they received an alarming number of reports from the press, police, and <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organisation">non-government organisations</a> (NGOs) about the rise of human trafficking within India. They found that India was fast becoming a source, transit point and destination for traffickers of women and children for sexual and non-sexual purposes. This finding has only increased since being recognised in 2005, and is becoming a very large problem. Almost 20,000 children and women were subjected to human trafficking in 2016. This is nearly a 25% rise from 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas of the greatest concern were poverty stricken areas such as <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-india-hub_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-hub-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state within India which has the most child trafficking is Assam, holding 38% of the nation's cases.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the issue of child trafficking is higher in some specific parts of India, it is a widespread problem all over the nation. It is difficult to find exact numbers on the issue of child trafficking due to the fact that it is illegal, so the process is very secretive. From the information that is known, there is a very clear increase, not only over the past decade, but also from year to year. This is extremely concerning and the data seems to point to the assumption that it will continue to rise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figures_in_India">Figures in India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Figures in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1998, between 5,000 and 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese people">Nepalese</a> girls, some barely 9–10 years old were trafficked into the red light districts in Indian cities. More than 250,000 Nepalese women and girls were already in Indian brothels at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, 12.6 million children are engaged in hazardous occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, it was estimated that 1.2 million children were trafficked worldwide for sexual exploitation, including for prostitution or the production of sexually abusive images.<sup id="cite_ref-india-hub_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-hub-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only 10% of human trafficking in India is international, while 90% is interstate.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_Trafficking2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_Trafficking2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to a report by the National Human Rights Commission of India, 40,000 children are abducted each year, leaving 11,000 untraced.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_Trafficking2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_Trafficking2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NGO's estimate that between 12,000 and 50,000 women and children are trafficked into the country annually from neighbouring nations as a part of the sex trade.<sup id="cite_ref-ChildLine_India_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChildLine_India-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There are an estimated 300,000 child beggars in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_beggars_in_India_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_beggars_in_India-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Every year, 44,000 children fall into the clutches of gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_beggars_in_India_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_beggars_in_India-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, only 4,203 human trafficking cases were investigated in India.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2014, 76% of all people trafficked in India were women and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children make up roughly 40% of prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-ChildLine_India_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChildLine_India-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is estimated that over 2 million women and children are trafficked for sex into the red-light districts in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Indian Government estimates that girls make up the majority of children in sex trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) reports from 2009, there are an estimated 1.2 million children involved in prostitution in India.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actions_against_trafficking">Actions against trafficking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Actions against trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Action against child trafficking in India is being taken at many levels. The central government's response can be seen at a policy level in terms of the schemes they provide, and at a legal level in the form of acts and amendments they pass. State governments have also been noted to take action to address child trafficking by making an effort to implement schemes and laws at the state-level. Any gaps in the implementation of schemes and laws are largely filled in by non-governmental organizations that work to address different aspects of this issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_government's_response"><span id="Indian_government.27s_response"></span>Indian government's response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian government's response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India is viewed as a hub for human trafficking, however the issue is of low priority for Indian Government.<sup id="cite_ref-auto22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act was first amended in 1956. The act was created to prevent trafficking and sexual exploitation of women and children<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Act does not provide a clear definition of "'trafficking'".<sup id="cite_ref-Child_Trafficking2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_Trafficking2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, India enforced the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime">United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime</a>, which includes three protocols, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_especially_Women_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children</a>. The protocol "provides an agreed upon definition of trafficking in persons. It aims at comprehensively addressing trafficking in persons through the so-called three P's - Prosecution of perpetrators, Protection of victims and Prevention of trafficking."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol defines trafficking as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or service, slavery or practice similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organ."<sup id="cite_ref-auto22_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti_Child_Trafficking_Unit">Anti Child Trafficking Unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anti Child Trafficking Unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India- Tamil Nadu is the only State constituted Anti- Child Trafficking Unit, which is an outcome Habeas corpus petition (<b>HCP 881/2016</b>) filed by <b>Advocate Natarajan V</b>, the Landmark Judgement has been Passed by <b>Justice Nagamuthu and Justice Bharathidhasan of Madras High Court</b>. This is one of the important milestone in preventing Child Trafficking in Tamilnadu. More than 30000 child has been rescued by this special unit ACTU. On the international stage, intergovernmental organisations, like the United Nations, have been introducing measures to address child trafficking since the early 1900s with varying degrees of success.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of their more notable measures include the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948 by the United Nations, and the adoption of the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a national level, Article 23 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> explicitly bans human trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of India has also passed other acts and amended the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> (IPC) to address the challenge of child trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1986 (ITPA) is an amended version of The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 (SITA). SITA made human trafficking for prostitution illegal and outlined legal action against people involved in human trafficking in any capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ITPA made laws friendlier towards the victim. ITPA also created a system to rehabilitate victims of trafficking and prevent them from bring trafficked again.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the IPC was amended to create new provisions to address human trafficking in India that are more in line with the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reframing">Critical reframing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critical reframing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The way in which the current legal system operates to address child trafficking in India can be considered to be coming into direct conflict with the trend of independent child migration that is seen across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars raise the argument that at times child welfare laws and anti child trafficking laws can put independent child migrants at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current laws make it difficult for children seeking employment in their hometowns, because there are limited opportunities. Children between the ages of 14 and 18 are also not allowed to work in a number of industries that are considered hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children above the age of 14 are not required by law to remain in school adding to this underage labour force.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a situation often pushes children to seek employment in informal sectors, such as the service and handicraft industries, which more often than not also require them to migrate to urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children migrating with non-family adults for work often get mistaken for victims of child trafficking, since the current laws do not account for the possibility of independent child migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These children are usually forced to remain in shelters or are returned to their homes. The adults involved are accused of being traffickers and face legal action.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars argue that this limitation in the legal system may put independent child migrants at risk who are forced to depend on trafficking agents for passage to cities or are forced to make the dangerous journey on their own as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are no clear responses to this challenge yet, scholars have proposed certain possible solutions such as changing the education system to include skills training, creating employment opportunities for rural populations, and better training for law enforcement officials working to address child trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_India" title="Child labour in India">Child labour in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">Human trafficking in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_State_Child_Protection_Society" title="Odisha State Child Protection Society">Odisha State Child Protection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_India" title="Street children in India">Street children in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShah2012" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Shreya (16 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/16/indias-missing-children-by-the-numbers/">"India's Missing Children, By the Numbers"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=India%27s+Missing+Children%2C+By+the+Numbers&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Shreya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Findiarealtime%2F2012%2F10%2F16%2Findias-missing-children-by-the-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Harlan, Emily K. 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"Rethinking Human Trafficking in India: Nature, Extent and Identification of Survivors". <i>The Round Table</i>. <b>103</b> (5): 483–495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358533.2014.966499">10.1080/00358533.2014.966499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154187202">154187202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Round+Table&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Human+Trafficking+in+India%3A+Nature%2C+Extent+and+Identification+of+Survivors&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=483-495&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00358533.2014.966499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154187202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Siddhartha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IND">"| Human Development Reports"</a>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=%7C+Human+Development+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FIND&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliperti,_Jason2010" class="citation book cs1">Aliperti, Jason, Aliperti, Patricia (2010). "Nine: Preventing child trafficking in India: the role of education". In Craig, Gary (ed.). <i>Child Slavery Now: A contemporary reader</i>. 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Dhaka: Concern Universal-Bangladesh. 2009. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-33-0535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-33-0535-0"><bdi>978-984-33-0535-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495597346">495597346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafficking+report+%3A+a+compilation+of+research+and+study+documents+of+C-BAT+project.&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Concern+Universal-Bangladesh&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495597346&rft.isbn=978-984-33-0535-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trafficking report : a compilation of research and study documents of C-BAT project</i>. Prevention of Cross-Border Trafficking in Women and Children between Bangladesh and West Bengal, India Project., Concern Universal (Organization : Bangladesh), Development Cooperation Ireland., European Commission. Dhaka: Concern Universal-Bangladesh. 2009. pp. 32–34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-33-0535-3" title="Special:BookSources/984-33-0535-3">984-33-0535-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 495597346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105377.htm">"Major Forms of Trafficking in Persons"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Forms+of+Trafficking+in+Persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2008%2F105377.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenyer2013" class="citation web cs1">Denyer, Simon (19 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-turns-blind-eye-to-trafficking-rape-of-child-maids/2013/01/19/3f7ec544-5e73-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_story.html">"India turns blind eye to trafficking, rape of child maids"</a> – via www.washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+turns+blind+eye+to+trafficking%2C+rape+of+child+maids&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.aulast=Denyer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Findia-turns-blind-eye-to-trafficking-rape-of-child-maids%2F2013%2F01%2F19%2F3f7ec544-5e73-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404020310/http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/en/about/trafficking-for-forced-labour.html">"UNGIFT.ORG"</a>. <i>www.ungift.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ungift.org&rft.atitle=UNGIFT.ORG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ungift.org%2Fknowledgehub%2Fen%2Fabout%2Ftrafficking-for-forced-labour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509233629/https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/images/ilab/child-labor/India.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/images/ilab/child-labor/India.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Filab%2Fchild-labor%2FIndia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Child_beggars_in_India-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Child_beggars_in_India_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Child_beggars_in_India_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Child_beggars_in_India_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalitfreedom.org.au/trafficking/child-beggars.html">Child beggars in India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608010257/http://www.dalitfreedom.org.au/trafficking/child-beggars.html">Archived</a> June 8, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074340/https://www.unicef.org/protection/armedconflict.html">"Child Protection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/protection/armedconflict.html">the original</a> on 2017-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fprotection%2Farmedconflict.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142747.htm">"What Is Trafficking in Persons?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Trafficking+in+Persons%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2010%2F142747.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/countries-caac/india/">"India - United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict"</a>. <i>childrenandarmedconflict.un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=childrenandarmedconflict.un.org&rft.atitle=India+-+United+Nations+Office+of+the+Special+Representative+of+the+Secretary-General+for+Children+and+Armed+Conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchildrenandarmedconflict.un.org%2Fcountries-caac%2Findia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074438/http://www.ijmindia.org/files/library/CSES%20Study%20Report%20Rev%20%28Final%20Prevalence%20Study%29.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijmindia.org/files/library/CSES%20Study%20Report%20Rev%20%28Final%20Prevalence%20Study%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijmindia.org%2Ffiles%2Flibrary%2FCSES%2520Study%2520Report%2520Rev%2520%2528Final%2520Prevalence%2520Study%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074453/http://www.ijmindia.org/node/192">"Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Mumbai - International Justice Mission - India"</a>. <i>www.ijmindia.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ijmindia.org&rft.atitle=Commercial+Sexual+Exploitation+of+Children+in+Mumbai+-+International+Justice+Mission+-+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijmindia.org%2Fnode%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630085337/https://www.unicef.org/worldfitforchildren/files/India_WFFC5_Report.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/worldfitforchildren/files/India_WFFC5_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/chapters/Chapter%206.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%3A+Government+ratifies+two+UN+Conventions+related+to+transnational+organized+crime+and+corruption&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fsouthasia%2Fen%2Ffrontpage%2F2011%2Fmay%2Findian-govt-ratifies-two-un-conventions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2018" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9"><bdi>978-93-8357-615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+and+Child+Trafficking+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=SSDN+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-8357-615-9&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Afkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+trafficking+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 87-94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9">978-93-8357-615-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 101-102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9">978-93-8357-615-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 101-110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9">978-93-8357-615-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 104-105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9">978-93-8357-615-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9">978-93-8357-615-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Afkar (2018). <i>Woman and Child Trafficking in India</i>. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers and Distributors. p. 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8357-615-9">978-93-8357-615-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romano, C.R. (2014). Independent Child Migration in the Developing World: Victims of trafficking and child labor, or autonomous economic actors? Case Studies—Togo and India (Honours Thesis). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/8601/Maria%20Cecilia%20Romano-%20Final%20-%20CA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/8601/Maria%20Cecilia%20Romano-%20Final%20-%20CA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijgo.org/article/S0020-7292(06)00190-1/fulltext">Child Trafficking in South Asia</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401021122/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/12262.pdf">Child trafficking in India:A Concern</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_trafficking_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/india/children.html">UNICEF: India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309074503/http://www.unicef.org/india/children.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childlineindia.org.in/1098/CaseOfChildTraffickers.htm">Case of Child traffickers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/India.htm">Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412114228/http://nird.ap.nic.in/clic/rrdl37.html">Exploitation of Child Labour Is a Grown Up Problem for India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206030059/http://www.indianchild.in/Child_Exploitation/">Child Exploitation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327080228/http://www.tnchildlabour.tn.gov.in/">State Child Labour Rehabilitation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">Farmers' suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_System" title="National Pension System">National Pension System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line" title="Below Poverty Line">BPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public distribution system">Public distribution system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slums_in_India" title="List of slums in India">Slums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_India" title="Slum clearance in India">Clearance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">Street vendors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_India" title="Universal basic income in India">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_India" title="Urbanization in India">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_India" title="Unemployment in India">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_India" title="Income inequality in India">Widening income gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_disputes_in_India" title="Category:Water disputes in India">Water disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_in_India" title="Cohabitation in India">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint family">Joint family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygyny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_India" title="Child labour in India">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_India" title="Female infanticide in India">Female infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_India" title="Street children in India">Street children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_India" title="Prostitution in India">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Sexism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics" title="Caste politics">Caste politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">Separatist movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_kidnapping" title="Groom kidnapping">Groom kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_housing_in_India" title="Illegal housing in India">Illegal housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_scams_in_India" title="Mining scams in India">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India" title="Organised crime in India">Organised crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism#India" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police#India" title="Internet police">Cybercrime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_in_India" title="Diabetes in India">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epidemics_in_India" title="Category:Epidemics in India">Epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_in_India" title="Leprosy in India">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_India" title="Obesity in India">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_India" title="Tuberculosis in India">Tuberculosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_social_issues_in_India" title="Category:Films about social issues in India">Films about social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_India" title="Freedom of expression in India">Freedom of expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_television_drama#Social_impact" title="Indian television drama">Social impact of Indian television drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone#India" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_India" title="Homosexuality in India">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_India" title="Disability in India">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Police brutality in India">Police brutality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex_trafficking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_trafficking" title="Template:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_trafficking" title="Template talk:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_trafficking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sex_trafficking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Brunei" title="Sex trafficking in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_East_Timor" title="Sex trafficking in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_El_Salvador" title="Sex trafficking in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Guatemala" title="Sex trafficking in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Sex trafficking in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sex trafficking in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Sex trafficking in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Macau" title="Sex trafficking in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Sex trafficking in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Sex trafficking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_South_Korea" title="Sex trafficking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Sex trafficking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_A21_Campaign" title="The A21 Campaign">The A21 Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_International_Missions" title="Agape International Missions">Agape International Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_Against_Human_Trafficking_(HAART)" title="Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)">Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dragon_Children%27s_Foundation" title="Blue Dragon Children's Foundation">Blue Dragon Children's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Heart_Campaign" title="Blue Heart Campaign">Blue Heart Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Against_Slavery" title="California Against Slavery">California Against Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women" title="Coalition Against Trafficking in Women">Coalition Against Trafficking in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Abolish_Slavery_and_Trafficking" title="Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking">Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbar_Mahila_Samanwaya_Committee" title="Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee">Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECPAT_International" class="mw-redirect" title="ECPAT International">ECPAT International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Human_Trafficking_Now" title="End Human Trafficking Now">End Human Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus_Road" title="The Exodus Road">The Exodus Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_Bulgaria" title="Face to Face Bulgaria">Face to Face Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_Against_Traffic_in_Women" title="Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women">Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centurion" title="Global Centurion">Global Centurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_International" title="Hagar International">Hagar International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_for_Justice" title="Hope for Justice">Hope for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdepartmental_Working_Group_on_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons">Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children">International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Justice_Mission" title="International Justice Mission">International Justice Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation for Migration">International Organisation for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Strada_International_Association" title="La Strada International Association">La Strada International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse:_Center_for_Human_Trafficking_Victims" title="Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims">Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Gender_Equality_Center" title="Mongolian Gender Equality Center">Mongolian Gender Equality Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashi_(Canadian_organisation)" title="Nashi (Canadian organisation)">Nashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Not for Sale (organization) (page does not exist)">Not for Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvader" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvader">Nvader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis_Charitable_Trust" title="Oasis Charitable Trust">Oasis Charitable Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_to_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Underground_Railroad" title="Operation Underground Railroad">Operation Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Project" title="Polaris Project">Polaris Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerana" title="Prerana">Prerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaching_Out_Romania" title="Reaching Out Romania">Reaching Out Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlight_Children_Campaign" title="Redlight Children Campaign">Redlight Children Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_Foundation" title="Renew Foundation">Renew Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Courage" class="mw-redirect" title="Run for Courage">Run for Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Hope_International" title="Shared Hope International">Shared Hope International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Child_Trafficking_Now" title="Stop Child Trafficking Now">Stop Child Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Traffik" title="Stop the Traffik">Stop the Traffik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(organization)" title="Thorn (organization)">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckers_Against_Trafficking" title="Truckers Against Trafficking">Truckers Against Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlikely_Heroes" title="Unlikely Heroes">Unlikely Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols and<br />conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Persons_and_of_the_Exploitation_of_the_Prostitution_of_Others" title="Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others">Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Women_and_Children" title="International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children">International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Walk_Across_the_Sun" title="A Walk Across the Sun">A Walk Across the Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_Ones_(2015_film)" title="The Chosen Ones (2015 film)">The Chosen Ones</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Promises" title="Eastern Promises">Eastern Promises</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eden_(2012_film)" title="Eden (2012 film)">Eden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holly_(2006_film)" title="Holly (2006 film)">Holly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hope_Lost" title="Hope Lost">Hope Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Trafficking_(miniseries)" title="Human Trafficking (miniseries)">Human Trafficking</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jammed" title="The Jammed">The Jammed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinjite:_Forbidden_Subjects" title="Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects">Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilya_4-ever" title="Lilya 4-ever">Lilya 4-ever</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meena_(film)" title="Meena (film)">Meens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefarious:_Merchant_of_Souls" title="Nefarious: Merchant of Souls">Nefarious: Merchant of Souls</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_My_Life" title="Not My Life">Not My Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakhi_(film)" title="Pakhi (film)">Pakhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradise_Suite_(film)" title="The Paradise Suite (film)">The Paradise Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambo:_Last_Blood" title="Rambo: Last Blood">Rambo: Last Blood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redlight_(film)" title="Redlight (film)">Redlight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dolls:_Sex_Trade" title="Russian Dolls: Sex Trade">Russian Dolls: Sex Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Save_Me_(British_TV_series)" title="Save Me (British TV series)">Save Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Slaves_(film)" title="Sex Slaves (film)">Sex Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Traffic" title="Sex Traffic">Sex Traffic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_Makers" title="The Storm Makers">The Storm Makers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taken_(film)" title="Taken (film)">Taken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade_(film)" title="Trade (film)">Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade_of_Innocents" title="Trade of Innocents">Trade of Innocents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trafficked" title="Trafficked">Trafficked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Traffickers_(2016_TV_series)" title="The Traffickers (2016 TV series)">The Traffickers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricked_(film)" title="Tricked (film)">Tricked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Have_They_Done_to_Your_Daughters%3F" title="What Have They Done to Your Daughters?">What Have They Done to Your Daughters?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Name_Is_Justine" title="Your Name Is Justine">Your Name Is Justine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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