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clearfix" about="/marine" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Marine" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p><strong><img alt="Map of ACG showing marine ecosystem in blue band off coast" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/A%20ACG%20Ecosystems.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 458px;"></strong></p> <p>First established as the 23,000-hectare marine portion of the new Parque Nacional Santa Rosa in 1971, the ACG marine ecosystem was initially ignored, other than hoped-for protection of spectacular numbers of Olive Ridley nesting sea turtles (mostly at Playa Nancite) and prohibition of mass commercial fishing or fishing with explosives. Then, in 1987, the marine national park protection status was extended to the northwest along the coast as a six-kilometer wide area of an additional 20,000 hectares, to generate today’s 43,000-hectare Sector Marino, which includes the Islas Murciélago, an archipelago of small islands off the west side of Peninsula Santa Elena. In 2018, the Bahía Santa Elena, which borders ACG, was designated a Marine Management Area. This bay has a completely undeveloped shoreline, rich and abundant mangroves, and serves as a breeding ground for several marine species, including dolphins, whales, and turtles, as well as the endangered whale shark and several species of rays.</p> <p><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/standard_page_full_column/public/Nancite_arribada2_Dec2017.jpg?itok=wUMMT8uV" width="610" height="458" alt="" /></p> <div class="caption">An arribada (mass nesting) of female Ridley turtles on Playa Nancite, Santa Rosa (photo: Luis Fonseca)</div> <p>While Sector Marino has long been a site of artisanal fishing, which intensified during the Sandinista-Somoza war that drove fishermen south from Nicaragua, the long distance from Cuajiniquil and somewhat treacherous seasonal heavy winds have largely protected it from over-harvesting. Once the political turmoil of the expropriation of Sector Santa Elena was completed in 2000 (<a href="/links">see chapter 17, <em>The Green Phoenix</em></a>), the long and still ongoing process of weaning the artisanal fishing out of the dying coastal fishing industry from its direct marine carnivory in Sector Marino began as an act of marine ecosystem restoration akin to the ongoing and highly successful terrestrial ecosystem restoration that had begun 30 years previously with the declaration of Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, and intensified from 1985 on with the germination of ACG. Sector Marino is to be a 100% no-take Sector of ACG, but an historical lack of funding for adequate enforcement and patrolling means there is continued pressure on fish, lobster, shrimp and other species in the protected area.</p> <p><img alt="Freshly caught hammerhead shark on small fishing boat with Osvaldo Espinoza (now a parataxonomist), 1980's" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/C%20Espinoza%2C%20Osvaldo%201983%20hammerhead%20shark%20Cuajiniquil%20reduced.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 489px;"></p> <div class="caption">Hammerhead shark on small fishing boat with Osvaldo Espinoza (now a parataxonomist), circa 1980 (photo courtesy O. Espinoza)</div> <p><img alt="Children in lifejackets on boat studying fish identification guide" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/D%20Boat%20kids%20fish%20ID.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 416px;"></p> <div class="caption">Children in Marine Bioawareness program studying sealife identification guides (photo: MM Chavarria)</div> <p>While the islands in Sector Marino were almost cleaned of their terrestrial biodiversity due to fires set by camping fishermen, introduced Norway rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), and at least four centuries of logging (and probably millennia of indigenous hunting and harvest), the underwater biodiversity is still extremely diverse and now recovering. The high contemporary biodiversity is based on reduced artisanal fishing in these distant and wind-prone waters, and second, on the upwelling of deep-ocean mineral-rich waters bathing the geologically diverse rock cliffs, sand and pebble beaches. The major mangrove swamps in Bahía Potrero Grande, fed by the seasonal Río Potrero Grande and the rainy season runoff from many small streams carrying forest litter, also adds to the diversity of habitat types, and hence species, within this ecosystem.</p> <p><img alt="Man with small net in river fishing for specimens of new species of fish" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/E%20Masis%20on%20SE%20fishing%20net%20stream%20Poecilidae.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 917px;"></p> <div class="caption">Small river upstream from mangroves; A. Masis searching for specimens of a new fish species</div> <p><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/standard_page_full_column/public/ISLAS%20SMP.jpg?itok=3_mjJ_WN" width="610" height="458" alt="" /></p> <div class="caption">Field station on Isla San José, headquarters for the Islas Murciélago</div> <p>Early on, quick-visit short-term biodiversity surveys of fish, invertebrate and coral species in Sector Marino showed clearly that it was among the most species-rich and habitat-rich areas of the Costa Rican Pacific mainland coast. In 2015, a collaboration between GDFCF, ACG and the Centro de Investigación del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) at the University of Costa Rica resulted in the initiation of the first systematic marine bioinventory of Sector Marino using DNA barcoding. The ongoing project, dubbed BioMar, has confirmed the biodiversity richness of the ACG marine environment. Since its inception, the inventory has catalogued over 1,100 species, increasing the list of known species from this area by over 885, including 69 species believed to be new and undescribed. The project is led by CIMAR senior scientist Dr. Jorge Cortés Núñez and GDFCF Vice President Dr. Frank Joyce, as well as two parataxonomists who are solely detailed to work in the marine sector. </p> <p>The combination of marine biodiversity restoration in Sector Marino, along with the BioMar bioinventory project, and continued community investment, as well as educational programs about the protected area have begun to open the door to a nascent ecotourism economy, as opposed to one solely dependent on resource extraction. There is also rising awareness of the insidious marine contamination becoming every day more abundant on Costa Rica’s Pacific coast, but relatively light in Sector Marino because the land side of this sector is not “developed” and will not be, and because of the idiosyncrasy of local currents. The beaches of Sector Santa Elena and the northern part of Sector Santa Rosa appear to be among the only unperturbed beaches without clearing at their edges.</p> <p>Alongside the bioinventory work, there has also been a concerted effort, beginning in 2018, to invest in research dedicated to learning more about some of the marine-terrestrial migrants of Sector Marino: the sea turtles of ACG. Sector Santa Rosa supports some of the most globally important nesting beaches for Olive Ridley sea turtles. Other species, including the Green, Leatherback, and Kemp's Ridley, are also known to nest on ACG beaches. Our research aims to aid understanding of the dietary and habitat needs of sea turtles, both on land and at sea, in order to protect these vulnerable creatures. The interesting phenomena of ACG jaguars preying on nesting sea turtles has also captured the attention of the sea turtle biologies and they are working to document and better understand this unique predator/prey relationship.</p> <p><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/standard_page_full_column/public/JaguarNancite2019.jpg?itok=38SXi0-h" width="610" height="343" alt="" /></p> <div class="caption">A jaguar with a turtle carcass (photo: Wilbert Villachica)</div> <p><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/standard_page_full_column/public/noticias_teasers/NewCrustacean.jpg?itok=dWrJP6dE" width="299" height="299" alt="" /></p> <div class="caption">One of the new records for crustaceans in ACG, <em>Pylopagurus holmes</em>i (photo: Jorge Cortés Núñez)</div> <p>It is generally unappreciated that marine biodiversity is a great deal more than red snapper in the market or pretty aquarium fish. The Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, and coastal region, easily has as rich a natural history as the adjacent mainland, but the marine world is constantly examined through the lens of edibility, along with recreational sportfishing. Even though most people know what a coral reef looks like, humanity is about as ignorant of marine biodiversity as it is of species from the deep rain forest.</p> <p><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/standard_page_full_column/public/Gilberth_2018.12.09-.JPG?itok=tebN-Pef" width="610" height="458" alt="" /></p> <div class="caption">Marine parataxonomist Gilberth Ampie photographing specimens (photo: Jorge Cortés)</div> <p><img alt="Large humpback whale dead on beach being experienced by a teacher and school children" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/J%20whale%20PEB%20Cuajiniquil%202000.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 458px;"></p> <div class="caption">Teacher and children of the ACG Biological Education Program (PEB) looking closely at a beached dead whale, Santa Elena Peninsula 2000 (photo: PEB)</div> <p><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/standard_page_full_column/public/Octocoral%2C%20San%20Pedrillo%20Oeste%20%208.IX_.2017.JPG?itok=2e_Z4Y6H" width="610" height="458" alt="" /></p> <div class="caption">Octocoral found in the Sector Marino (photo by Jorge Cortés)</div> <p><img alt="Many small marine fish in shallow water" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/L%20small%20marine%20fish%20Felipe%20Cuajiniquil.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 407px;"></p> <div class="caption">Small marine fish in shallow water (photo: LF Chavarria)<br>  </div> <p><img alt="Mangrove swamp, many trees with stilt roots" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/N%20SE%3Amangrove%3APPG%2001%201jul01.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 813px;"></p> <div class="caption">Mangroves swamp at Potrero Grande, Santa Elena Peninsula (July 2001)</div> <p><img alt="Mangroves behind the beach on Santa Elena Peninsula, river mouth" src="/sites/default/files/images/Biodiversity/Marine/O%20Potrero%20Grande%20Ezrine%2020jun07.jpg" style="width: 610px; height: 407px;"></p> <div class="caption">Mangroves seen from the air, Playa Potrero Grande, Santa Elena Peninsula (June 2007)</div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="column column-second column-alpha clearfix"> <div class="panel-pane pane-menu-tree pane-main-menu second-level-menu" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Where We Work </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-ctools-main-menu-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-main-menu-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded active-trail menu-mlid-740 menu-964"><a href="/biodiversity-major-ecosystems-acg" title="Four major ecosystems of ACG" class="active-trail">Major Ecosystems of ACG</a> <span class="description">Four major ecosystems of ACG</span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1205 menu-964"><a href="/marine" class="active-trail active">Marine</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1203 menu-964"><a href="/dry-forest">Dry Forest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1204 menu-964"><a href="/rain-forest">Rain forest</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1206 menu-964"><a href="/cloud-forest">Cloud Forest</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1198 menu-964"><a href="/biodiversity-species-and-human-dimensions" title="">Species and Human Dimensions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1682 menu-964"><a href="/species">Species</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1683 menu-964"><a href="/human-dimensions">Human Dimensions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1684 menu-964"><a href="/complex-natural-history-stories-0">Complex Natural History: Stories</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="column column-main column-beta clearfix"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-gdfcf-footer-gdfcf-footer" > <div 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depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/sigifredo-marin">Sigifredo Marín</a></li> <li class="menu-1064 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/luz-mar%C3%ADa-romero-villalta">Luz María Romero Villalta</a></li> <li class="menu-1563 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/alejandro-mar%C3%ADn">Alejandro Marín</a></li> <li class="menu-1645 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/dr-eugenie-jenny-phillips-rodr%C3%ADguez">Eugenie "Jenny" Phillips-Rodríguez</a></li> <li class="menu-1644 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/roberto-fern%C3%A1ndez">Roberto Fernández</a></li> <li class="menu-1776 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/selena-avenda%C3%B1o-leadem">Selena Avendaño Leadem</a></li> <li class="menu-1065 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/felipe-chavarria" title="">Felipe Chavarría</a></li> <li class="menu-1565 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/fabi%C3%A1n-z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga-d%C3%ADaz" title="">Fabián Zúñiga Díaz</a></li> <li class="menu-1636 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/monique-gilbert">Monique Gilbert</a></li> <li class="menu-1696 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/erasmo-coronado-carballo">Erasmo Coronado Carballo</a></li> <li class="menu-1077 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/parataxonomists-gusaneros">Parataxonomists (Gusaneros)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-750 depth-1 total-children-20 parent-children-0 single-children-20"><a href="/board-advisors">Board & Advisors</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-20 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1502 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/daniel-janzen" title="">Dan Janzen</a></li> <li class="menu-1503 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/winnie-hallwachs" title="">Winnie Hallwachs</a></li> <li class="menu-1066 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/frank-joyce">Frank Joyce</a></li> <li class="menu-1070 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/stephen-stroud">Stephen Stroud</a></li> <li class="menu-1076 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/brad-zlotnick">Brad Zlotnick</a></li> <li class="menu-1069 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/rob-pringle">Rob Pringle</a></li> <li class="menu-1067 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/jessie-hill">Jessie Hill</a></li> <li class="menu-1072 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/scott-miller">Scott Miller</a></li> <li class="menu-1562 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/alex-smith">Alex Smith</a></li> <li class="menu-1667 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/sara-oconnor">Sara O'Connor</a></li> <li class="menu-1668 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/jorge-cort%C3%A9s-n%C3%BA%C3%B1ez">Jorge Cortés Núñez</a></li> <li class="menu-1724 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/rex-hamilton">Rex Hamilton</a></li> <li class="menu-1075 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/alejandro-mas%C3%ADs">Alejandro Masís</a></li> <li class="menu-1071 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/patrick-goodwillie">Patrick Goodwillie</a></li> <li class="menu-1068 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/anne-lambert">Anne Lambert</a></li> <li class="menu-1493 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/nicholas-lapham">Nicholas Lapham</a></li> <li class="menu-1496 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/jason-w-green" title="">Jason W. Green</a></li> <li class="menu-1628 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/robert-puschendorf-phd" title="Robert Puschendorf">Robert Puschendorf</a></li> <li class="menu-1723 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/b%C3%A9ryl-lacoste-hamilton">Béryl Lacoste Hamilton</a></li> <li class="menu-1753 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/terri-mccarthy">Terri McCarthy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-760 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/our-supporters">Our Supporters</a></li> <li class="menu-1261 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/financial-information">Financial Information</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-964 active-trail depth-1 total-children-2 parent-children-2 single-children-0"><a href="/content/where-we-work" class="fs-root-link">Where We Work</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-2 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-740 active-trail depth-1 total-children-4 parent-children-0 single-children-4 first"><a href="/biodiversity-major-ecosystems-acg" title="Four major ecosystems of ACG" class="active-trail">Major Ecosystems of ACG</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-4 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1205 active-trail depth-1 fs-no-children first active"><a href="/marine" class="active-trail active">Marine</a></li> <li class="menu-1203 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/dry-forest">Dry Forest</a></li> <li class="menu-1204 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/rain-forest">Rain forest</a></li> <li class="menu-1206 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/cloud-forest">Cloud Forest</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-1198 depth-1 total-children-3 parent-children-1 single-children-2 last"><a href="/biodiversity-species-and-human-dimensions" title="">Species and Human Dimensions</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-3 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1682 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/species">Species</a></li> <li class="menu-1683 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/human-dimensions">Human Dimensions</a></li> <li class="menu-1684 depth-1 total-children-0 parent-children-0 single-children-0 last"><a href="/complex-natural-history-stories-0">Complex Natural History: Stories</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-965 depth-1 total-children-5 parent-children-4 single-children-1"><a href="/content/what-we-support" class="fs-root-link">What We Support</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-5 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-743 depth-1 total-children-2 parent-children-0 single-children-2 first"><a href="/bioinventory-building-library-life">Bioinventory of ACG</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-2 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1685 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/terrestrial-parataxonomy">Terrestrial Parataxonomy</a></li> <li class="menu-1686 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/marine-parataxonomy">Marine Parataxonomy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-744 depth-1 total-children-2 parent-children-0 single-children-2"><a href="/education-biodevelopment">Education for Biodevelopment</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-2 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-753 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/biological-education-peb">Biological Education (PEB)</a></li> <li class="menu-754 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/marine-bioawareness">Marine Bioawareness</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-745 depth-1 total-children-2 parent-children-0 single-children-2"><a href="/habitat-restoration">Habitat Restoration</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-2 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-751 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/expanding-acg" title="Short history of growth from 3 national parks to the present ACG.">Expanding ACG</a></li> <li class="menu-752 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/land-management">Land Management</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-1677 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/bioalfa-bioliteracy-costa-rica">BioAlfa: Bioliteracy for Costa Rica</a></li> <li class="menu-1200 depth-1 total-children-2 parent-children-0 single-children-2 last"><a href="/assisting-acg-biomanagement">Assisting ACG Biomanagement</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-2 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1687 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/sea-turtle-and-jaguar-research">Sea Turtle and Jaguar Research</a></li> <li class="menu-1762 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/bird-research">Bird Research</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-963 depth-1 total-children-5 parent-children-0 single-children-5"><a href="/ways" class="fs-root-link">Ways to Help</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-5 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1726 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/donor-advised-funds">Donor-Advised Funds</a></li> <li class="menu-1725 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/gifts-stock-and-securities">Gifts of Stock and Securities</a></li> <li class="menu-1727 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/ira-qualified-charitable-distribution">IRA Qualified Charitable Distribution</a></li> <li class="menu-1732 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li class="menu-1081 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/current-wish-list">Current Wish List</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-1786 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/ways" title="" class="fs-root-link">Donate</a></li> <li class="menu-468 depth-1 total-children-6 parent-children-0 single-children-6"><a href="/noticia" title="" class="fs-root-link">Latest News</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-6 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1791 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/content/dan-and-winnies-firehose-solution">Dan and Winnie's Firehose Solution</a></li> <li class="menu-1790 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/content/celebrating-25th-anniversary-unesco-world-heritage-site">Celebrating the 25th Anniversary as a UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></li> <li class="menu-1789 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/content/seasons-greetings-and-latest-newsletter">Season's Greetings and Latest Newsletter</a></li> <li class="menu-1788 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/content/announcing-new-gdfcf-executive-director">Announcing New GDFCF Executive Director!</a></li> <li class="menu-1787 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/content/insect-decline-may-be-cause-population-drop-neotropical-birds">Insect Decline May Be Cause for Population Drop in Neotropical Birds</a></li> <li class="menu-1785 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/content/studying-small-stuff-2nd-biomar-mini-symposium">Studying the Small Stuff: 2nd BioMar Mini Symposium</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-1681 depth-1 total-children-8 parent-children-1 single-children-7 last"><a href="/resources" title="" class="fs-root-link">Resources</a><ul class="footer_links_main-menu total-items-8 parent-items-0 single-items-0"><li class="menu-1012 depth-1 fs-no-children first"><a href="/maps">Maps</a></li> <li class="menu-966 depth-1 total-children-0 parent-children-0 single-children-0"><a href="/publications">Publications</a></li> <li class="menu-1015 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="/links">Links</a></li> <li class="menu-1482 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/" title="">ACG website</a></li> <li class="menu-1483 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gdfcf" title="">Facebook</a></li> <li class="menu-1675 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/guanacaste_dry_forest/" title="">Instagram</a></li> <li class="menu-1676 depth-1 fs-no-children"><a href="https://twitter.com/gdfcf_org" title="">Twitter</a></li> <li class="menu-1492 depth-1 fs-no-children last"><a href="/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </body> </html>