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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-架构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#架构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 架构 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-架构-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关架构子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-架构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-編程語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#編程語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 編程語言 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-編程語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-编译器兼容性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#编译器兼容性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 编译器兼容性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-编译器兼容性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-接口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#接口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 接口 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-接口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-内核至用户空间API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内核至用户空间API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 内核至用户空间API </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内核至用户空间API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内核至用户空间ABI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内核至用户空间ABI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 内核至用户空间ABI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内核至用户空间ABI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内核内API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内核内API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 内核内API </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内核内API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内核内ABI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内核内ABI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 内核内ABI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内核内ABI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-技术特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#技术特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 技术特性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-技术特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-抢占式调度系统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#抢占式调度系统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 抢占式调度系统 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-抢占式调度系统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-可移植性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可移植性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 可移植性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可移植性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内核错误和oops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内核错误和oops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 内核错误和oops </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内核错误和oops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-安全" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#安全"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 安全 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-安全-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-开發" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#开發"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 开發 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-开發-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关开發子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-开發-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-开发者社区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#开发者社区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 开发者社区 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-开发者社区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-开发过程与模式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#开发过程与模式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 开发过程与模式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-开发过程与模式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同_Linux_发行版的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同_Linux_发行版的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 同 Linux 发行版的关系 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同_Linux_发行版的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主线Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主线Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 主线Linux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主线Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重新开发的估价" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重新开发的估价"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 重新开发的估价 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重新开发的估价-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-版本命名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#版本命名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 版本命名 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-版本命名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律層面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律層面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 法律層面 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-法律層面-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关法律層面子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-法律層面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-许可证" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#许可证"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 许可证 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-许可证-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GPL第三版" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPL第三版"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 GPL第三版 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPL第三版-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-韌體爭議" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韌體爭議"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 韌體爭議 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韌體爭議-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-載入式核心模組許可證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#載入式核心模組許可證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 載入式核心模組許可證 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-載入式核心模組許可證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SCO爭議" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SCO爭議"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 SCO爭議 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SCO爭議-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Linux内核</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。64种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(cyrnel)" title="Linux (cyrnel) – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Linux (cyrnel)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="نواة لينكس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواة لينكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_n%C3%BCv%C9%99si" title="Linux nüvəsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linux nüvəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Линукс (ядро) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линукс (ядро)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="লিনাক্স কার্নেল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিনাক্স কার্নেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(nucli)" title="Linux (nucli) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Linux (nucli)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ناوکی لینوکس – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوکی لینوکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Linux (jádro) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux (jádro)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(j%C4%85dro)" title="Linux (jądro) – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Linux (jądro)" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Kernel)" title="Linux (Kernel) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linux (Kernel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_Linux" title="Πυρήνας Linux – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρήνας Linux" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_Linux" title="Núcleo Linux – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(tuum)" title="Linux (tuum) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linux (tuum)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="هسته لینوکس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(ydin)" title="Linux (ydin) – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linux (ydin)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_Linux" title="Noyau Linux – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyau Linux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_Linux" title="Núcleo Linux – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Núcleo Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1_(%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94)" title="לינוקס (ליבה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינוקס (ליבה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(jezgra)" title="Linux (jezgra) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linux (jezgra)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(rendszermag)" title="Linux (rendszermag) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Linux (rendszermag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_Linux" title="Kernel Linux – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kernel Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel) – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Linux (kernel)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxkjarninn" title="Linuxkjarninn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Linuxkjarninn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux (kernel)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="Linuxカーネル – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Linuxカーネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BB%A4%EB%84%90" title="리눅스 커널 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리눅스 커널" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_Linux" title="Kernel Linux – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kernel Linux" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(branduolys)" title="Linux (branduolys) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Linux (branduolys)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="ലിനക്സ് കെർണൽ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിനക്സ് കെർണൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(inti)" title="Linux (inti) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linux (inti)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxkernel" title="Linuxkernel – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linuxkernel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-kjernen" title="Linux-kjernen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linux-kjernen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxkjernen" title="Linuxkjernen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linuxkjernen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%C3%A8u_Linux" title="Nuclèu Linux – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nuclèu Linux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ଲିନକ୍ସ କର୍ନେଲ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିନକ୍ସ କର୍ନେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਲੀਨਕਸ ਕਰਨਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੀਨਕਸ ਕਰਨਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Kernel)" title="Linux (Kernel) – 普法爾茨德文" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Linux (Kernel)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="普法爾茨德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(j%C4%85dro)" title="Linux (jądro) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux (jądro)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(n%C3%BAcleo)" title="Linux (núcleo) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux (núcleo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_chira" title="Linux chira – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linux chira" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(nucleul)" title="Linux (nucleul) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linux (nucleul)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_Linux" title="Ядро Linux – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядро Linux" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(n%C3%B9cleu)" title="Linux (nùcleu) – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linux (nùcleu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(n%C3%B9cliu)" title="Linux (nùcliu) – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linux (nùcliu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%27%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ලිනක්ස් ක'නලය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිනක්ස් ක'නලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(jadro)" title="Linux (jadro) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Linux (jadro)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Linux кернел – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linux кернел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(k%C3%A4rna)" title="Linux (kärna) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux (kärna)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel) – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Linux (kernel)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="லினக்சு கருனி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லினக்சு கருனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="లినక్స్ కెర్నల్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లినక్స్ కెర్నల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ใจกลางลินุกซ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใจกลางลินุกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_%C3%A7ekirde%C4%9Fi" title="Linux çekirdeği – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Linux çekirdeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Linux шорсюлэм – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Linux шорсюлэм" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_Linux" title="Ядро Linux – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядро Linux" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n_Linux" title="Hạt nhân Linux – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt nhân Linux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a>提示：此条目页的主题不是<a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a>或<a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>。</div> <div id="noteTA-f29119eb" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Copyright"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:内核; zh-tw:核心; zh-hk:內核;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Linux</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tux.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tux"><img alt="Tux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/120px-Tux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/180px-Tux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/240px-Tux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Linux官方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E7%89%A9" title="吉祥物">吉祥物</a>，一隻叫Tux的企鵝</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_3.0.0_boot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Linux_3.0.0_boot.png/300px-Linux_3.0.0_boot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Linux_3.0.0_boot.png/450px-Linux_3.0.0_boot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Linux_3.0.0_boot.png/600px-Linux_3.0.0_boot.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="399" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Linux内核3.0.0启动画面</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%B8%88" title="软件设计师">开发者</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="林納斯·托瓦茲">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>（Linus Torvalds）和几千名合作者</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="编程语言">编程语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><a href="/wiki/C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="C語言">C語言</a>、<a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">Rust</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="汇编语言">汇编语言</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">作業系統家族</th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BBUnix%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="类Unix系统">类Unix系统</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">首次发布</th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};">0.02 (1991年10月5日，33年前（1991-10-05）)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">当前版本</th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};">6.12.1<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-2a82c823cbee64d62711403bdc99760e4c8e109e-v3-1">[1]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579?uselang=zh#P348" title="在维基数据编辑"><img alt="在维基数据编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> （2024年11月22日）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="軟件版本週期">最新預覽</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};">Kernel: 6.2-rc5<a href="#cite_note-latest_unstable-2">[2]</a>（2023年1月21日，21個月前（2023-01-21））<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Linux&action=edit">[±]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">支持的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="自然语言">语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};">多语言</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核">内核</a>类别</th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="單核心">單核心</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="软件许可证">许可证</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>（僅）第二版<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-COPYING-4">[4]</a>， 各類<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E6%BA%90%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="閉源軟體">封闭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="固件">固件</a>的許可證<a href="#cite_note-Blobs-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-firmware-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">官方網站</th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org">www.kernel.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579#P856" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93_(%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="仓库 (版本控制)">仓库</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="{{{datastyle}}};"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git">git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579#P1324" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Linux内核（英語：Linux kernel）是一种开源的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BBUnix%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="类Unix系统">类Unix</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="宏内核">宏内核</a>。整个Linux操作系统家族基于该内核部署在传统计算机平台（如个人计算机和服务器，以Linux发行版的形式<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>）和各种嵌入式平台，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器">路由器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E6%8E%A5%E5%85%A5%E9%BB%9E" title="無線接入點">无线接入点</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E7%94%A8%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E6%9C%BA" title="专用小交换机">专用小交换机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B6%E7%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="机顶盒">机顶盒</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=FTA%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTA接收器（页面不存在）">FTA接收器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTA_receiver" class="extiw" title="en:FTA receiver">FTA receiver</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="智能电视机">智能电视</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E5%BD%95%E5%83%8F%E6%9C%BA" title="数字视频录像机">数字视频录像机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E9%99%84%E5%8A%A0%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="网络附加存储">网络附加存储</a>（NAS）等。工作于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="平板電腦">平板電腦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA" title="智能手机">智能手机</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%A8" title="智能手表">智能手表</a>的<a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a>操作系统同样通过Linux内核提供的服务完成自身功能。尽管于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="桌面電腦">桌面电脑</a>的占用率较低，基于Linux的操作系统统治了几乎从移动设备到主机的其他全部领域。截至2017年11月，世界前500台最强的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="超级计算机">超级计算机</a>全部使用Linux。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Linux内核最早是于1991年由芬兰黑客<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="林納斯·托瓦茲">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>为自己的个人电脑开发的，他当时在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BB%84" title="新闻组">Usenet新闻组</a><code>comp.os.minix</code>登载帖子<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>，这份著名的帖子标志着Linux内核计划的正式开始。如今，该计划已经拓展到支持大量的计算机体系架构，远超其他操作系统和内核。它迅速吸引了一批开发者和用户，利用它作为其他自由软件项目的核心，如著名的 GNU 操作系统。<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>而今天，Linux 内核已接受了超过1200家公司的近12000名程序员的贡献，其中包括一些知名的软硬件发行商。<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 从技术上说，Linux 只是一个符合<a href="/wiki/POSIX" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX">POSIX 标准</a>的内核。它提供了一套应用程序接口（API），通过接口用户程序能与内核及硬件交互。仅仅一个内核并不是一套完整的操作系统。有一套基于 Linux 内核的完整操作系统叫作<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux 操作系统</a>，或是<a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a>（在该系统中包含了很多<a href="/wiki/GNU%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="GNU計劃">GNU 计划</a>的系统组件）。 Linux 内核是在<a href="/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证">GNU通用公共许可证</a>第2版之下发布的<a href="#cite_note-COPYING-4">[4]</a>（加上一些非自由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="固件">固件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%80%B2%E4%BD%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6" title="二進位大型物件">blob</a>与各种非自由许可证<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>），是一个开源项目协作的突出例子。它的版本支持根据版本最长可达6年，貢獻者遍佈世界各地，日常开发相关的讨论在<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux 内核邮件列表（页面不存在）">Linux 内核邮件列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" class="extiw" title="en:Linux kernel mailing list">Linux kernel mailing list</a>）上。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Linux历史">Linux歷史</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="林納斯·托瓦茲">林納斯·托瓦茲</a></figcaption></figure> 1991年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="林納斯·托瓦茲">林納斯·托瓦茲</a>，一名21岁的就读于芬兰赫尔辛基大学的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a>专业学生，基于一些简单的想法，打算编写一个操作系统内核。他通过英特尔80386汇编语言的任务切换器和一个终端驱动程序开始工作。8月25号，他在<code>comp.os.minix</code><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BB%84" title="新闻组">新闻组</a>里发了一封帖子：<a href="#cite_note-Torvlads25Aug91-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote">我在做个（自由的）操作系统（就是个兴趣爱好，我不会搞得像GNU那么大那么专业），打算让它工作在386 AT平台上。它从四月就开始酝酿了，马上就快好了。我想要那些喜欢或不喜欢minix的人的意见，因为我的系统和它有点类似（同样的文件系统的物理布局——由于实际原因——还有些其他的东西）。 我现在已经移植了<a href="/wiki/Bash" title="Bash">bash</a>(1.08)和<a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a>(1.40)，而且看起来奏效了。这意味着我会在几个月内得到一些实用的东西。「……」是的——它没有任何minix代码，并且它有一个多线程的fs。它不可移植（使用386任务切换等），而且它可能永远不会支持除AT硬盘之外的其他东西，因为我只有这些:-(。 「……」它基本上是用C语言写的，但是大多数人可能不会把我写的东西叫做C语言。它使用我能找到的386的每个可以想象的特性，因为它也是一个教我关于386的功能的项目。我前面提到过，它使用内存管理单元来进行分页（还没实现到对硬盘的功能）和分段。这个分段功能使得它真正的依赖于386（每个任务都有64Mb的代码和数据段——4Gb中最多64个任务。如果有人需要超过每个任务64Mb的限制，那将是个麻烦事）。「……」我的一些C语言文件（特别是mm.c）几乎用了和C一样多的汇编。「……」不像minix，我也碰巧喜欢中断，所以中断将在不试图隐藏背后的原因的情形下被处理。</blockquote> 之后，许多人为这个项目贡献了代码。在早期，<a href="/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX">MINIX</a>社区向 Linux 内核贡献了代码和想法。当时，GNU 项目已经创建了许多自由操作系统所需的组件，但是它自己的内核 GNU Hurd 尚不完整且无法使用；而BSD操作系统还没有摆脱合法的阻碍。因此，尽管早期版本的 Linux 功能有限，但它迅速获得了开发人员和用户。 到1991年9月，Linux内核版本 0.01 在芬兰大学和研究网络（FUNET）的FTP服务器（ftp.funet.fi）上发布。它有10,239行代码。在1991年10月，0.02版本的内核发布了。<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 1991年12月，0.11版本的内核发布。由于它可以由运行相同内核版本的计算机编译，因此该版本是第一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%89%98%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自托管（页面不存在）">自托管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" class="extiw" title="en:Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting (compilers)</a>）的 Linux 内核。当托瓦茲于1992年2月发布0.12版本时，他采用了 <a href="/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证">GNU 通用公共许可证</a>（GPL），而不是以前的自行起草的许可证，原先的许可证不允许商业再分发。<a href="#cite_note-Relnotes-0.12-16">[16]</a> 1992年1月19日，第一篇文章提交给新的新闻组<code>alt.os.linux</code>出现。<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>1992年3月31日，该新闻组更名为 <code>comp.os.linux</code>。<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/X_Window%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="X Window系統">X Window 系统</a>随后被移植到Linux上，所以在1992年3月，Linux 0.95 是第一个能够运行X的版本。从0.1x到0.9x的版本号大幅跨越是因为期望没有大的缺失部分的版本1.0的即将出现。然而，这被证明是错误的。从1993年到1994年初，出现了0.99版本的15个开发版本。 1994年3月14日，Linux内核1.0.0发布，共176,250行代码。随后的1995年3月，有310,950行代码的 Linux 内核1.2.0发布。 在1996年6月9日发布的 Linux内核2.0版本之后，以2.0为大版本的主要更新有如下这些： <ul><li>1999年1月25日 - 发布Linux内核2.2.0（1,800,847行代码）</li></ul> <ul><li>1999年12月18日 - 针对2.2.13的 <a href="/wiki/IBM%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="IBM大型主機">IBM 大型机</a>补丁发布，允许 Linux 内核用于企业级机器</li></ul> <ul><li>2001年1月4日 - 发布 Linux 内核2.4.0（3,377,902行代码）</li></ul> <ul><li>2003年12月17日 - 发布 Linux 内核2.6.0（5,929,913行代码）</li></ul> 从2004年开始，发布过程发生了变化，新的内核每隔2-3个月定期发布，编号为2.6.0、2.6.1，直到2.6.39。 2011年7月21日，Torvalds宣布发布Linux内核3.0：“2.6.<大版本> 的日子过去了”。<a href="#cite_note-3.0_release-19">[19]</a>与Linux 2.6.39相比，大的技术变化同版本跃升没有关系；<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>它标志着内核的20周年纪念。<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>基于时间的发布过程保持不变。 2013年6月发布的Linux内核版本3.10包含15,803,499行代码<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>，而2015年6月发布的4.1版本已发展到超过1950万行代码，由近14000名程序员贡献。<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論">塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%83%BD%E9%AE%91%E5%A7%86-%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%AF%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論">塔能鮑姆-林納斯辯論</a></div> Linux不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="微內核">微内核</a>架构的事实曾经引起了林納斯·托瓦茲与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E8%83%BD%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86" title="安德鲁·斯图尔特·塔能鲍姆">安德鲁·斯图尔特·塔能鲍姆</a>之间一场著名的争论。1992年在<a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>討論群組<tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:///comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a></tt><a href="#cite_note-TanenbaumPost1-24">[24]</a>開始了一場<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E8%AB%96%E6%88%B0" title="網路論戰">網路論戰</a>，討論的主題在於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="作業系統">作業系統</a>架構的選擇。稍後一些著名的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%AD%E5%AE%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="駭客">駭客</a>也加入討論，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%93%A1)" title="大衛·米勒 (程式員)">大衛·米勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%B7" title="曹子德">曹子德</a>。這場辯論影響了Linux核心的設計走向。塔能鲍姆認為Linux内核採用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%A1%8A%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" title="整塊性核心">宏内核</a>已經過時了，應該採取比較先進的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="微內核">微內核</a>架構，引起了林納斯的反擊。 在2006年5月9日，这个主题被重新审视<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>，并且在2006年5月12日塔能鲍姆写了一份立场声明。<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="架构">架构</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：架构">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/300px-Linux_kernel_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/450px-Linux_kernel_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/600px-Linux_kernel_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Linux内核地图</figcaption></figure> Linux是一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%93%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="单体内核">单体内核</a>，支持真正的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A2%E5%8D%A0%E5%BC%8F%E5%A4%9A%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="抢占式多任务处理">抢占式多任务处理</a>（于用户态，和版本2.6系列之后的内核态<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-lwn-22912-28">[28]</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98" title="虚拟内存">虚拟内存</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E5%BA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="共享库">共享库</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82%E5%88%86%E9%A1%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="请求分页（页面不存在）">请求分页</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_paging" class="extiw" title="en:Demand paging">Demand paging</a>）、共享<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%99%E6%97%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="写时复制">写时复制</a>可执行体（通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8C%E9%A1%B5%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内核同页合并（页面不存在）">内核同页合并</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_same-page_merging" class="extiw" title="en:Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a>））、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="内存管理">内存管理</a>、<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">Internet协议族</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B" title="线程">线程</a>等功能。 设备<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="驱动程序">驱动程序</a>和内核扩展运行于<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="内核空间">内核空间</a>（在很多<a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="计算机体系结构">架构</a>中是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%BA%A7%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9F%9F" title="分级保护域">ring 0</a>），可以完全访问<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="计算机硬件">硬件</a>，但也有运行于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="用户空间">用户空间</a>的一些例外，例如基于<a href="/wiki/FUSE" title="FUSE">FUSE</a>/CUSE的文件系统，和部分UIO<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。多数人与Linux一起使用的<a href="/wiki/X_Window%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="X Window系统">图形系统</a>不运行在内核中。与标准单体内核不同，Linux的设备驱动程序可以轻易的配置为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%BC%89%E5%85%A5%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="可載入核心模組">内核模块</a>，并在系统运行期间可直接装载或卸载。也不同于标准单体内核，设备驱动程序可以在特定条件下被抢占；增加这个特征用于正确处理<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中断">硬件中断</a>并更好的支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="对称多处理">对称多处理</a><a href="#cite_note-lwn-22912-28">[28]</a>。出于自愿选择，Linux内核没有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3" title="应用二进制接口">二进制内核接口</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>。 硬件也被整合入文件层级中。用户应用到设备驱动的接口是在<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79829556">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><a href="/wiki/Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">/dev</a>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79829556"><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">/sys</a>目录下的入口文件<a href="#cite_note-tldp_file-32">[32]</a>。进程信息也通过<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79829556"><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">/proc</a>目录映射到文件系统<a href="#cite_note-tldp_file-32">[32]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Linux内的各种层，还显示了在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="用户空间">用户空间</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="内核空间">内核空间</a>之间的分离。 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">用户模态 </th> <td colspan="1">用户应用 </td> <td colspan="5">例如：<a href="/wiki/Bash" title="Bash">Bash</a>，<a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>，<a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>，<a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a>，<a href="/wiki/0_A.D." title="0 A.D.">0 A.D.</a>，<a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>等 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffffff">低层系统构件 </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9db5f9">系统<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E6%8A%A4%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B" title="守护进程">守护进程</a>： <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>，<a href="/wiki/Runit" title="Runit">runit</a>，logind，networkd，<a href="/wiki/PulseAudio" title="PulseAudio">PulseAudio</a>等 </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #9db5f9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%AA%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="视窗系统">窗口系统</a>： <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-disambig" title="X11">X11</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wayland" title="Wayland">Wayland</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=SurfaceFlinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SurfaceFlinger（页面不存在）">SurfaceFlinger</a>(Android) </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #ffac75">其他库： <a href="/wiki/GTK%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK+">GTK+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt" title="Qt">Qt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries（页面不存在）">EFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SDL" title="SDL">SDL</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple and Fast Multimedia Library（页面不存在）">SFML</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLTK" title="FLTK">FLTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a>等 </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #9db5f9">图形： <a href="/wiki/Mesa_3D" title="Mesa 3D">Mesa</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=AMD_Catalyst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMD Catalyst（页面不存在）">AMD Catalyst</a>等 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #96d5aa"> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/C%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="C标准库">C标准库</a> </td> <td colspan="5"><tt>open()</tt>，<tt>exec()</tt>，<tt>sbrk()</tt>，<tt>socket()</tt>，<tt>fopen()</tt>，<tt>calloc()</tt>，... (直到2000个<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%8B%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="子例程">子例程</a>) <a href="/wiki/GNU_C%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C函数库">glibc</a>目标为<a href="/wiki/POSIX" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80UNIX%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="单一UNIX规范">SUS</a>兼容，<a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a>和<a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a>目标为嵌入式系统，<a href="/wiki/Bionic_(%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94)" title="Bionic (軟體)">bionic</a>为<a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a>而写等 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">内核模态 </th> <td rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linux内核</a> </td> <td colspan="5"><tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stat（页面不存在）">stat</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Splice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Splice（页面不存在）">splice</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dup（页面不存在）">dup</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read（页面不存在）">read</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open（页面不存在）">open</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Write&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Write（页面不存在）">write</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mmap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mmap（页面不存在）">mmap</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close（页面不存在）">close</a></tt>, <tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exit（页面不存在）">exit</a></tt>等（大约380个系统调用） Linux内核<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8" title="系统调用">系统调用接口</a>（SCI，目标为<a href="/wiki/POSIX" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80UNIX%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="单一UNIX规范">SUS</a>兼容） </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffb7b7;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA)" title="调度 (计算机)">进程调度</a>子系统 </td> <td>IPC子系统 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="内存管理">内存管理</a>子系统 </td> <td>虚拟文件子系统 </td> <td>网络子系统 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffb7b7;"> <td colspan="5">其他构件：<a href="/wiki/ALSA" title="ALSA">ALSA</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct Rendering Infrastructure（页面不存在）">DRI</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evdev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evdev（页面不存在）">evdev</a>，<a href="/wiki/LVM" class="mw-redirect" title="LVM">LVM</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Device_mapper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Device mapper（页面不存在）">device mapper</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Network_Scheduler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Network Scheduler（页面不存在）">Linux Network Scheduler</a>，<a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="Linux安全模組">Linux安全模组</a>：<a href="/wiki/SELinux" class="mw-redirect" title="SELinux">SELinux</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=TOMOYO_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TOMOYO Linux（页面不存在）">TOMOYO</a>，<a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smack（页面不存在）">Smack</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffd99c;"> <th colspan="7">硬件（<a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98" class="mw-disambig" title="内存">内存</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="数据存储设备">数据存储设备</a>等。） </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="編程語言">編程語言</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：編程語言">编辑</a>]</div> Linux是用<a href="/wiki/C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="C語言">C語言</a>中的<a href="/wiki/GCC" title="GCC">GCC</a>版（這種C語言有對標準C進行擴展）寫的，還有幾個用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="組合語言">組合語言</a>（用的是GCC的"AT&T風格"）寫的目標架構短段。因為要支持擴展的C語言，GCC在很長的時間里是唯一一个能正确编译Linux的编译器。有許多其他的語言用在一些方面上，主要集中在內核構建過程中（這裡指從源代碼創建可啟動鏡像）。包括<a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>、<a href="/wiki/Python" title="Python">Python</a>和多種<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腳本語言">腳本語言</a>。有一些驅動可能是用<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>、<a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>或其他語言寫的，但是這樣是強烈不建議的。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="编译器兼容性">编译器兼容性</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：编译器兼容性">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/GCC" title="GCC">GCC</a>是Linux内核源代码的缺省<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="编译器">编译器</a>。在2004年，<a href="/wiki/Intel" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel">Intel</a>主张通过修改内核，以便<a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B%E7%B7%A8%E8%AD%AF%E5%99%A8" title="Intel C++編譯器">Intel C++編譯器</a>能正确编译内核。<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>在2009年，有通过修改内核2.6.22版而成功编译的报告（並帶來平均8-9%效能增長）。<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> 自从2010年，已经开始进行使用<a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a>建造Linux内核的努力，Clang是一个可作为替代的C语言编译器<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>；截止2014年4月12日，官方内核几乎可以完全用Clang编译<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>。致力于这个目标的计划叫做“LLVMLinux”，得名于Clang所基于的<a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>编译器下部构造<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>。LLVMLinux不意图复制Linux内核或LLVM，因此它是由最终提交给上游计划的补丁构成的一个元计划。使Linux内核可以用Clang编译最大的好处是比GCC有更快的编译速度，内核开发者可以得益于由此而来的更快的工作流程<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="接口">接口</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：接口">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核接口（页面不存在）">Linux内核接口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" class="extiw" title="en:Linux kernel interfaces">Linux kernel interfaces</a>）</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/300px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/450px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/600px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>区分四种接口：两种内核内部，两种在内核和用户空间之间。</figcaption></figure> 符合标准是Linux内核内部的普遍策略。另一个规则是Linux内核主线不接受只由专有用户空间软件使用的内核模块。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内核至用户空间API">内核至用户空间API</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：内核至用户空间API">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/POSIX" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80UNIX%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="单一UNIX规范">单一UNIX规范</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_API.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Linux_API.svg/300px-Linux_API.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Linux_API.svg/450px-Linux_API.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Linux_API.svg/600px-Linux_API.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Linux API组成自Linux内核的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8" title="系统调用">系统调用</a>接口、<a href="/wiki/GNU_C%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C函数库">GNU C函数库</a>、<a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a><a href="#cite_note-libcgroup-41">[41]</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Rendering_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct Rendering Manager（页面不存在）">libdrm</a>、<a href="/wiki/ALSA" title="ALSA">libalsa</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evdev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evdev（页面不存在）">libevdev</a><a href="#cite_note-libevdev-42">[42]</a>。</figcaption></figure> 源代码可移植性确保符合标准的C程序可以在符合同样标准的任何系统上编译和运行。Linux内核开发、<a href="/wiki/GNU_C%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C函数库">GNU C函数库</a>和相关的实用工具致力于追随<a href="/wiki/POSIX" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80UNIX%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="单一UNIX规范">单一UNIX规范</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8API&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核API（页面不存在）">Linux内核API</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" class="extiw" title="en:Linux kernel interfaces">Linux kernel interfaces</a>）是内核的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8" title="系统调用">系统调用</a>接口。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内核至用户空间ABI">内核至用户空间ABI</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：内核至用户空间ABI">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="Linux标准规范">Linux标准规范</a></div> 二进制可移植性将保证任何程序在符合标准的给定硬件平台上一旦编译通过，可以在符合同样标准的任何其他硬件平台上以编译后的形式运行。二进制可移植性是在基于Linux内核的操作系统上建造<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="独立软件供应商">独立软件供应商</a>（ISV）应用有商业可行性的本质要求。现有唯一的二进制兼容标准是<a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="Linux标准规范">Linux标准规范</a>（LSB）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内核内API">内核内API</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：内核内API">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg/300px-Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg/450px-Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg/600px-Linux_kernel_and_OpenGL_video_games.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>图形的数据和指令被发送至<a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a>来处理。渲染呈现的结果被存储在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%A7%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%99%A8" title="帧缓冲器">帧缓冲器</a>，其中的内容由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视频显示控制器（页面不存在）">视频显示控制器</a>扫描并发送至屏幕。</figcaption></figure> 在不同子系统间使用了数个内核内部API。其中一些是跨越多个发行版保持稳定的，另一些则不然。对于内核内API不作担保。维护者和贡献者可以在任何时候增加或变更它们<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。 内核内API的例子包括针对下列类别设备驱动程序的软件框架/API： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a> – 用于视频捕捉硬件。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSA" title="ALSA">高级Linux声音体系</a>（ALSA） – 用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%8D%A1" title="声卡">声卡</a>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_API&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New API（页面不存在）">New API</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_API" class="extiw" title="en:New API">New API</a>） – 用于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%A1" title="网卡">网络接口控制器</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="直接渲染管理器">直接渲染管理器</a> – 用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="圖形處理器">图形加速器</a>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KMS%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KMS驱动器（页面不存在）">KMS驱动器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMS_driver" class="extiw" title="en:KMS driver">KMS driver</a>） – 用于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视频显示控制器（页面不存在）">视频显示控制器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_controller" class="extiw" title="en:Video display controller">Video display controller</a>）。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac80211&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac80211（页面不存在）">mac80211</a> – 用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%A1" title="无线网卡">无线网络接口控制器</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内核内ABI">内核内ABI</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：内核内ABI">编辑</a>]</div> Linux内核开发者选择不维护稳定的内核内ABI<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="技术特性">技术特性</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：技术特性">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="抢占式调度系统">抢占式调度系统</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：抢占式调度系统">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg/300px-IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg/450px-IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg/600px-IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=I/O%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I/O调度器（页面不存在）">I/O调度器</a>在Linux内核存储栈各层内的位置。<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> Linux内核提供在特定条件下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A2%E5%8D%A0%E5%BC%8F%E5%A4%9A%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="抢占式多任务处理">抢先式调度</a>。直到内核版本2.4，只有用户进程是抢先式的，就是说除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%89%87" title="时间片">时间片</a>用尽，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="用户模式">用户模式</a>下执行的当前进程，如果有更高态优先级的进程进入<code>TASK_RUNNING</code>状态，它就会被中断<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。自从2.6系列Linux内核，增加了中断执行<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%BA%A7%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9F%9F" title="分级保护域">内核代码</a>的任务的能力，但不是对于内核代码的所有段落<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>。 Linux内核含有不同的调度器类<a href="#cite_note-moshe-49">[49]</a>。内核缺省使用的调度机制叫做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="完全公平调度器">完全公平调度器</a>，它介入于内核版本2.6.23<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。这个缺省调度器类在内部也叫做<code>SCHED_OTHER</code>，而内核还含有两个遵循POSIX的实时调度类<a href="#cite_note-posix1b-51">[51]</a>，分别叫做<code>SCHED_FIFO</code>（实时<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%80%B2%E5%85%88%E5%87%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="先進先出">先进先出</a>）和<code>SCHED_RR</code>（实时<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E5%88%B6" title="循環制">轮流式</a>），二者都优先于缺省类<a href="#cite_note-moshe-49">[49]</a>。 通过使用实时Linux内核补丁<code>PREEMPT_RT</code>，可以支持对关键段落、中断处理器和“中断禁用”代码序列的完全抢先<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>。实时Linux内核补丁部分地集成入主线内核已经带给它一些功能<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>。抢先机制改善<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6)" title="延迟 (工程学)">延迟</a>、增进响应性，并使得Linux更加适合桌面和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="实时计算">实时</a>应用。老版本内核有所谓的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A8%E9%94%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巨锁（页面不存在）">巨锁</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_lock" class="extiw" title="en:Giant lock">Giant lock</a>），用于锁定粒度为整个内核的同步，它最终由Arnd Bergmann在2011年移除了<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>。 还有叫做<code><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCHED_DEADLINE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCHED DEADLINE（页面不存在）">SCHED_DEADLINE</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCHED_DEADLINE" class="extiw" title="en:SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a>）</code>的调度策略，实现了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%88%AA%E6%AD%A2%E6%9C%9F%E9%99%90%E6%9C%80%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最近截止期限最先（页面不存在）">最近截止期限最先</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/earliest_deadline_first_scheduling" class="extiw" title="en:earliest deadline first scheduling">earliest deadline first scheduling</a>）（EDF）算法，它增加于2014年3月30日发行的内核版本3.14<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="可移植性">可移植性</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：可移植性">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pya-Render-Front.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pya-Render-Front.png/220px-Pya-Render-Front.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pya-Render-Front.png/330px-Pya-Render-Front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pya-Render-Front.png/440px-Pya-Render-Front.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=DragonBox_Pyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DragonBox Pyra（页面不存在）">DragonBox Pyra</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonBox_Pyra" class="extiw" title="en:DragonBox Pyra">DragonBox Pyra</a>）上运行Linux</figcaption></figure> 尽管林納斯·托瓦茲的初衷不是使Linux成为一个可移植的操作系统，今天的Linux却是全球被最广泛移植的操作系统内核。從行動電話到超級電腦，甚至於有人成功的將Linux内核在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC" title="索尼">索尼</a>出品的遊戲機<a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PS2</a>及<a href="/wiki/PS3" class="mw-redirect" title="PS3">PS3</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="微軟">微軟</a>出品的遊戲機<a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a>上使用。Linux也是IBM<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="超级计算机">超级计算机</a><a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a>的操作系统。直至2011年11月，全球前五百大超級電腦（<a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a>）有高達91.4%的比例採用Linux為它們的作業系統<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。一些为手机开发的操作系统，使用Linux内核的修改后的版本，其中包括谷歌<a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a>、<a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a>、HP <a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>和诺基亚<a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a>。<a href="#cite_note-hartmann-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-hartmann2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-maemo-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内核错误和oops">内核错误和oops</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：内核错误和oops">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernel-panic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/220px-Kernel-panic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/330px-Kernel-panic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/440px-Kernel-panic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>内核错误（Kernel panic）</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a>和<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8oops" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux内核oops">Linux内核oops</a></div> 在Linux中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF" title="内核错误">内核错误</a>（Kernel panic）是指<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>在监测到内核系统内部无法恢复的错误，相对于在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="用户空间">用户空间</a>代码类似的错误。操作系统试图读写无效或不允许的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="内存地址">内存地址</a>是导致内核错误的一个常见原因。内核错误也有可能在遇到硬件错误或操作系统BUG时发生。在许多情况中，操作系统可以在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E8%BF%9D%E4%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内存访问违例（页面不存在）">内存访问违例</a>发生时继续运行。然而，系统处于不稳定状态时，操作系统通常会停止工作以避免造成破坏安全和数据损坏的风险，并提供错误的诊断信息。 在Linux上，<a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8oops" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux内核oops">oops</a>即Linux内核的行为不正确，并产生了一份相关的错误日志。许多类型的oops会导致内核错误，即令系统立即停止工作，但部分oops也允许继续操作，作为与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定性">稳定性</a>的妥协。这个概念只代表一个简单的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="錯誤">错误</a>。当内核检测到问题时，它会打印一个oops信息然后<a href="/wiki/Kill_(%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4)" title="Kill (命令)">杀死</a>全部相关<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="进程">进程</a>。oops信息可以帮助Linux内核工程师<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E8%AF%95" title="调试">调试</a>，检测oops出现的条件，并<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A3%9C%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="修補程式">修复</a>导致oops的程序错误。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="安全">安全</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：安全">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="计算机安全">计算机安全</a>是一个非常公众化的主题，关系到Linux内核，因为大量在内核中的错误可能成为潜在的安全漏洞，是否允许提升权限漏洞或拒绝服务攻击源漏洞。<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>在过去的几年中，许多这样的缺陷被发现，并在Linux内核中被修补好。新的安全功能被继续实现，以解决在Linux内核中的电脑不安全问题。<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> 批評者指責內核開發人員，稱他們掩蓋（至少並未公佈）安全漏洞。2008年，作為回應，Torvalds稱：「個人認為，安全漏洞只是『正常的漏洞』。這些漏洞我並不去掩蓋，不過我不認為應當把它們特殊化，更不認為應該追蹤並公示它們……我不理會整個安全團隊，原因之一就是，我認為這些漏洞不僅美化還鼓勵了錯誤的行為。這令安全人員成了『英雄』，就猶如不修補正常漏洞的人就不值一提似的。而事實上，所有無聊的正常漏洞極為重要，僅僅因為它們實在太多了。我不認為該美化和關心那些嚴重的安全漏洞——它們並不及那些由死鎖造成的隨機嚴重崩潰來得更特殊。」<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> 如2012年五月，SYSRET指令被發現在AMD和英特爾處理器間在實現方面有差異，這個差異在<a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>、<a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=XenServer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XenServer（页面不存在）">XenServer</a>和<a href="/wiki/Solaris" title="Solaris">Solaris</a>這些主流作業系統會導致漏洞。2012年六月，Linux核心中該問題已被修復。<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> 2021年，來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E8%8B%8F%E8%BE%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="明尼苏达大学">明尼蘇達大學</a>的研究人員，曾藉由貢獻修補程式至Linux核心的名義，利用修補程式導入Bug和漏洞，以觀察Linux核心社群的反應，再度故技重施時被發現，之後维护人员封鎖了所有來自該大學的貢獻，與移除過去該大學曾經貢獻的程式碼。<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="开發">开發</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：开發">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="tright"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">由于已知的技术原因，图表暂时不可用。带来不便，我们深表歉意。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="开发者社区">开发者社区</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：开发者社区">编辑</a>]</div> 截止2007年，内核开发已经从20位最活跃开发者写80%的代码转变为顶端30人写30%的代码，而顶端开发者花费更多的时间审核变更。<a href="#cite_note-dev-68">[68]</a> 开发者还可以按从属关系来归类；在2007年，顶端类属是“不知名”而顶端公司是Red Hat，它占有12%的贡献，而知名业余爱好者占3.9%。<a href="#cite_note-dev-68">[68]</a> 在2007年中所做内核变更已经由超过1900位开发者提交。一般假定Linux内核开发者社区由5000或6000名成员组成。 Linux基金会发表的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822224924/http://go.linuxfoundation.org/linux-kernel-development-report-2016">2016年Linux内核开发报告</a>的更新表明，从版本3.18（2014年12月）至4.7（2016年7月）期间：平均每次发行有来自200-250个公司的大约1500位开发者作出贡献。顶端30位开发者贡献了稍大于16%的代码。在公司中，顶端贡献者是Intel（12.9%）和Red Hat（8.0%），第三和第四位为“none”（7.7%）和“unknown”（6.8%）类属。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="开发过程与模式">开发过程与模式</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：开发过程与模式">编辑</a>]</div> 一个想要对 Linux 内核进行修改的开发者一般就从对那个修改的开发和测试开始着手。接下来的过程取决于变化的重要程度，及修改该变更的子系统数量是由单个还是多个修补程序组成。如果仅仅是修改了由单个维护人员维护的单个子系统，那么这些修改的补丁代码就直接通过Cc中某个邮件列表发送给相关的维护人员。邮件列表的阅读者和子系统的维护人员将检查补丁代码并提供反馈。一旦审查过程完成，维护者接受他内核代码树中的补丁。如果这些更改被认为是够重要的错误修复，那么包含这些修补程序的拉取请求（pull request）将在几天内发送给Linus。否则，将在下一个合并窗口时向Linus发送拉取请求。合并窗口通常会持续两周，并在之前的内核版本发布后立即启动<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>。 Linus Torvalds拥有对Linux内核能够接受哪些更改和谁可以成为维护者的最终决定权。内核维护者在他们自愿放弃之前将维持他们的角色。目前，没有任何已知的内核维护者被要求退出。此外，还没有一个内核维护者因与其他维护者的交互风格的因素而受到Linus批评的例子。这为维护者提供了宽松的社区空间。虽然内核开发社区的文化多年来有所改善，但曾有一段时间它的声誉很糟糕<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>。认为自己遭受了不公正对待的开发者可以向Linux基金会的技术专家委员会报告<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>。尽管如此，一些社区成员仍然不认同现在的讨论氛围<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="同_Linux_发行版的关系">同 Linux 发行版的关系</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：同 Linux 发行版的关系">编辑</a>]</div> 大多数Linux用户运行一个由他们 Linux 发行版提供的内核。一些发行版搭载的是 Linux 的通用内核（也就是 “vanilla”或“stable”）版本。不过，一些Linux内核发行商（如<a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>和<a href="/wiki/SUSE" title="SUSE">SUSE</a>）会维护他们自己的内核分支。这些发行商分支的内核版本通常相对于稳定版本（vanilla）而言更新的速度更慢一些，但是同样会包括所有相关的稳定版本分支的补丁。此外，他们同时也会增添一些新特性和对新硬件的支持，而这些支持是这些发行商分支基于的稳定分支所不包括的。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主线Linux">主线Linux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：主线Linux">编辑</a>]</div> 包含Linux内核的<a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>的<a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a>树被称为主线Linux。每个稳定的内核发布都源自主线树<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>，并经常在<a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a>上发布。主线Linux只对运行Linux的众多设备中的一小部分设备提供坚实的支持。非主线支持由独立项目（如<a href="/wiki/Yocto%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="Yocto計劃">Yocto</a>或<a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a>）提供，但在许多情况下需要设备供应商的内核。<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>使用供应商内核可能需要一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E7%BA%A7%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%8C%85" title="板级支持包">板级支持包</a>。 在主线Linux之外维护一个内核树已被证明是困难的。<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> 主线化（Mainlining）是指将对设备的支持添加到主线内核中的努力<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>，而以前只有在分支中支持或根本没有支持。这通常包括添加驱动程序或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E6%A0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="设备树（页面不存在）">设备树</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devicetree" class="extiw" title="en:Devicetree">Devicetree</a>）文件。完成后，该功能或安全修复被视为mainlined。<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重新开发的估价">重新开发的估价</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：重新开发的估价">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/220px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/330px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/440px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>重新开发Linux内核的估价</figcaption></figure> 按照传统商业软件开发的方式，重新开发Linux 2.6.0内核的估计代价将是6.12亿美元（4.67亿欧元、3.94亿英镑），以2004年的<a href="/wiki/COCOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="COCOMO">COCOMO</a>人月估计模型.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>在2006年，欧盟资助的一项研究表明，重新开发Linux 2.6.8以后的内核，代价是8.82亿欧元（11.4亿美元、7.44亿英镑）<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>。 截至2011年1月4日，使用当前的代码行（LOC）和大卫·惠勒的计算工资数，这将花费约30亿美元（约22亿欧元），才能够重新开发Linux的内核。<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="版本命名">版本命名</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：版本命名">编辑</a>]</div> Linux内核有三个不同的命名方案。早期版本：第一个版本的内核是0.01，其次是0.02,0.03,0.10,0.11,0.12（第一<a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>版本),0.95,0.96,0.97,0.98,0.99及1.0。<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>，从0.95版有许多的补丁发布於主要版本版本之间。 旧计划（1.0和2.6版之间)，版本的格式為A.B.C，其中A,B,C代表：A大幅度转变的内核，这是很少发生变化，只有当发生重大变化的代码和核心发生才会发生，在历史上曾改变两次的内核：1994年的1.0及1996年的2.0； B是指一些重大修改的内核，内核使用了传统的奇数次要版本号码的软件号码系统（用偶数的次要版本号码来表示稳定版本）；C是指轻微修订的内核，这个数字当有安全补丁，bug修复，新的功能或驱动程序，内核便会有变化。自2.6.0（2003年12月）发布後，人们认识到，更短的发布周期将是有益的。自那时起，版本的格式為A.B.C.D，其中A,B,C,D代表：A和B是无关緊要的，C是内核的版本，D是安全补丁。 自3.0（2011年7月）发布后，版本的格式為3.A.B，其中A,B代表：A是内核的版本，B是安全补丁。而4.0（2015年4月）釋出後，則延續3.A.B的命名格式，只是將主版號變更為4。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法律層面">法律層面</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：法律層面">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="许可证">许可证</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：许可证">编辑</a>]</div> 原先托瓦茲将 Linux 置于一个禁止任何商业行为的条例之下<a href="#cite_note-hiroo-83">[83]</a>，但0.12版本之后改用 <a href="/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证">GNU 通用公共许可证</a>第二版。<a href="#cite_note-Relnotes-0.12-16">[16]</a> 该协议允许任何人对软件进行修改或发行，包括商业行为，只要其遵守该协议，所有基于Linux的软件也必须以该协议的形式发表，并提供<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="源代码">源代码</a>。 托瓦茲曾经公开声称将Linux置于GNU通用公共许可证之下是他一生中所做的“最好的决定”。<a href="#cite_note-hiroo-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPL第三版">GPL第三版</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：GPL第三版">编辑</a>]</div> Linux 内核明确地仅发表在 GNU 通用公共许可证（GPL）第二版下，<a href="#cite_note-COPYING-4">[4]</a>而不向被许可方提供选择“任何更高版本”的选项（这是常见的 GPL 扩展）。关于如何轻松地改变许可证以使用后来的 GPL 版本（包括第3版）以及这种更改是否合乎需要，存在着相当多的争论。<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> 托瓦茲本人在版本2.4.0的发布中明确指出，他自己的代码仅在版本2下发布。<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>然而，GPL的条款规定，如果没有指定版本，那么可以使用任何版本；<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>并且<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="艾倫·考克斯">艾伦·考克斯</a>指出，很少有其他 Linux 贡献者指定了特定版本的 GPL。<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> 2006年9月，对29位关键内核程序员的调查显示其中的28位更倾向于使用 GPL 第二版（GPLv2）而非当时的 GPL 第三版（GPLv3）草案。托瓦茲评论说：“我认为一些外界人士......相信我才是那个古怪不合群的人，因为我这么大张旗鼓地不做 GPLv3 的忠实粉丝。”<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>这些高水平的内核开发者就大众媒体对 GPLv3 的反对发表了评论，其中包括林納斯·托瓦茲本人、葛雷格·克羅哈曼和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%A0%93" title="安德魯·莫頓">安德鲁·莫顿</a>。<a href="#cite_note-kerneldevelopers2006-89">[89]</a>他们提到有关<a href="/wiki/DRM" class="mw-disambig" title="DRM">DRM</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=TiVo%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TiVo化（页面不存在）">TiVo化</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="ja:TiVo化">TiVo化</a>）、专利及“附加限制”的条款，并警告GPLv3对“开源宇宙”的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8C%96" title="巴尔干化">巴尔干化</a>。<a href="#cite_note-kerneldevelopers2006-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>决定不采用 GPLv3 作为 Linux 内核许可证的托瓦茲在几年后重申了他的批评。<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="韌體爭議">韌體爭議</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：韌體爭議">编辑</a>]</div> 許可證爭議的一個重點是Linux使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8C%E9%AB%94" title="韌體">韌體</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E9%80%B2%E4%BD%8D%E5%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二進位包（页面不存在）">二進位包</a>以支援某些硬體裝置。<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理察·馬修·斯托曼">理察·馬修·斯托曼</a>認為這些東西讓Linux某部份成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="非自由软件">非自由軟體</a>，甚至以此散佈Linux更會破壞GPL，因為GPL需要完全可獲取的原始碼<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>。 林纳斯·托瓦兹及Linux社群中的領導者，支持較寬鬆的許可證，不支持<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理察·馬修·斯托曼">理察·馬修·斯托曼</a>的立場。社群中的<a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>提供完整的自由軟體韌體。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="載入式核心模組許可證">載入式核心模組許可證</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：載入式核心模組許可證">编辑</a>]</div> 另一個爭論點，就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="載入式核心模組">載入式核心模組</a>是否算是智慧財產權下的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%89%B5%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衍生創作（页面不存在）">衍生創作</a>，意即LKM是否也受GPL約束？托瓦茲本人相信LKM僅用一部分「公開」的核心介面，因此不算衍生創作，因此允許一些僅有二進位包裹的驅動程式或不以GPL宣告的驅動程式用於核心。但也不是每個人都如此同意，且托瓦茲也同意很多LKM的確是純粹的衍生創作，也寫下「基本上，核心模組是衍生創作」這樣的句子。另一方面托瓦茲也說過： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">有時候一些驅動程式原先並非為Linux設計，而是為其他作業系統而作（意即並非為Linux作的衍生創作），這是個灰色地帶……這「的確」是個灰色地帶，而我個人相信一些模組可視為非Linux衍生創作，是針對Linux設計，也因此不會遵守Linux訂下的行為準則。<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></blockquote> 特別像繪圖卡驅動程式就有非常大的爭議，也許到最後得由立法機關給個答案。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SCO爭議">SCO爭議</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：SCO爭議">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/SCO-Linux%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="SCO-Linux爭議">SCO-Linux爭議</a></div> 在2003年3月，<a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">SCO Group</a>對<a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a><a href="/wiki/SCO%E8%A8%B4IBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO訴IBM">提告</a>，聲稱IBM將一些在SCO智慧財產權許可證保護下的Unix原始碼植入Linux中，破壞了SCO給予IBM的原始碼使用許可權。另外SCO也發出一大堆存證函給許多公司，警告他們在沒有SCO許可權的情況下使用了Linux，此舉可能導致侵犯智慧財產權，並且以起訴為手段對個別使用者施壓。SCO也同時對<a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="戴姆勒克莱斯勒">戴姆勒克萊斯勒</a>（DaimlerChrysler，在2004年7月被部份駁回）以及<a href="/wiki/AutoZone" title="AutoZone">AutoZone</a>提出告訴，且被<a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>與其他反對SCO論點的公司反告。2007年8月24日，聯邦法院審理SCO對Novell案（SCO v. Novell），法院認定Novell才是Unix商標的合法擁有者，而不是SCO。2010年3月20日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E4%B8%8A%E8%AF%89%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国联邦第十巡回上诉法院">美国联邦第十巡回上诉法院</a>宣判，Novell才是UNIX與UnixWare商標的合法擁有者。此項判決宣布後，已進入破產保護程序的SCO公司，決定停止繼續提出訴訟。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:自由软件">自由软件主题</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="林納斯·托瓦茲">林納斯·托瓦茲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="操作系统内核的比较（页面不存在）">操作系统内核的比较</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels" class="extiw" title="en:Comparison of operating system kernels">Comparison of operating system kernels</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Linux内核版本历史">Linux内核版本历史</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-2a82c823cbee64d62711403bdc99760e4c8e109e-v3-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-2a82c823cbee64d62711403bdc99760e4c8e109e-v3_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">葛雷格·克羅哈曼. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/2024112234-circle-number-6388@gregkh/">Linux 6.12.1</a>. 2024年11月22日 [2024年11月22日].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=%E8%91%9B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%93%88%E6%9B%BC&rft.btitle=Linux+6.12.1&rft.date=2024-11-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flore.kernel.org%2Flinux-kernel%2F2024112234-circle-number-6388%40gregkh%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-latest_unstable-2"><a href="#cite_ref-latest_unstable_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation mailinglist"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2023/1/21/298">Linux 6.2-rc5</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LKML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LKML（页面不存在）">LKML</a> (邮件列表). 2023-01-21 [2023-01-21].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.btitle=Linux+6.2-rc5&rft.date=2023-01-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2023%2F1%2F21%2F298&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web">InfoWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6HaNoLuig?url=http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/linux-creator-torvalds-still-no-fan-gplv3-667">Linux creator Torvalds still no fan of GPLv3</a>. [2008-10-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/06/07/28/HNtorvaldsnofan_1.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=InfoWorld&rft.btitle=Linux+creator+Torvalds+still+no+fan+of+GPLv3&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F06%2F07%2F28%2FHNtorvaldsnofan_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-COPYING-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_4-2">4.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221041715/http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=COPYING">COPYING</a>. 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ISACA. 2005: 14 [2012-11-15]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-893209-78-4" title="Special:网络书源/1-893209-78-4">ISBN 1-893209-78-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105632/https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA14">存档</a>于2020-08-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=K.K.+Mookhey%2C+Nilesh+Burghate+and+ISACA&rft.btitle=Linux--+Security%2C+Audit+and+Control+Features&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-893209-78-4&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=ISACA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kD0sxQ0EkIC%26pg%3DPA14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Brian Hatch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=f5Vz08spzw8C&pg=PA524">Hacking exposed Linux: Linux security secrets & solutions</a>. 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Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 2008: 122 [2012-11-15]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-59829-212-9" title="Special:网络书源/1-59829-212-9">ISBN 1-59829-212-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003428/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4PYPSv8nBMC&pg=PA122">存档</a>于2021-01-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=Trent+Jaeger&rft.btitle=Operating+system+security&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59829-212-9&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4PYPSv8nBMC%26pg%3DPA122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jeremy Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710023859/http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Security_Bugs_and_Full_Disclosure">Security Bugs and Full Disclosure</a>. 2008-07-16 [2010-12-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Security_Bugs_and_Full_Disclosure">原始内容</a>存档于2012-07-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=Jeremy+Andrews&rft.btitle=Security+Bugs+and+Full+Disclosure&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2FLinux%2FSecurity_Bugs_and_Full_Disclosure&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation mailinglist">Brad Spengler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2008/Jul/276">Linux's unofficial security-through-coverup policy</a>. Full-Disclosure (邮件列表). 2008-07-16 [2010-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807161645/https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2008/Jul/276">存档</a>于2020-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=Brad+Spengler&rft.btitle=Linux%27s+unofficial+security-through-coverup+policy&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseclists.org%2Ffulldisclosure%2F2008%2FJul%2F276&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616221259/http://blog.xen.org/index.php/2012/06/13/the-intel-sysret-privilege-escalation/">The Intel SYSRET privilege escalation –</a>. Blog.xen.org. 2012-06-13 [2012-07-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.xen.org/index.php/2012/06/13/the-intel-sysret-privilege-escalation/">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.btitle=The+Intel+SYSRET+privilege+escalation+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Blog.xen.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.xen.org%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2Fthe-intel-sysret-privilege-escalation%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation news">陳曉莉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427112244/https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/143992">把漏洞導入Linux核心來作實驗，Linux大佬封殺明尼蘇達大學所有貢獻</a>. ithome. 2021-04-22 [2021-04-22]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/143992">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%8A%8A%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E5%B0%8E%E5%85%A5Linux%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E4%BE%86%E4%BD%9C%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%EF%BC%8CLinux%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%AC%E5%B0%81%E6%AE%BA%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E8%98%87%E9%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E6%9B%89%E8%8E%89&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithome.com.tw%2Fnews%2F143992&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dev-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dev_68-0">68.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_68-1">68.1</a> <cite class="citation news">Marti, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworlduk.com/applications/are-top-linux-developers-losing-the-will-to-code-604/">Are top Linux developers losing the will to code?</a>. ComputerworldUK. [2016-10-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141838/https://www.computerworlduk.com/applications/are-top-linux-developers-losing-the-will-to-code-604/">存档</a>于2019-06-12） （英国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=Are+top+Linux+developers+losing+the+will+to+code%3F&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.aulast=Marti&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ComputerworldUK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworlduk.com%2Fapplications%2Fare-top-linux-developers-losing-the-will-to-code-604%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/2.Process.html">How the development process works</a>. [2018-02-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209130758/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/2.Process.html">存档</a>于2017-12-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.btitle=How+the+development+process+works&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2F2.Process.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Sharwood, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/06/linix_kernel_dev_who_asked_linus_torvalds_to_stop_swearing_quits_over_swearing/">Linux kernel dev who asked Linus Torvalds to stop verbal abuse quits over verbal abuse</a>. The Register. 2015-10-06 [2018-02-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329075939/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/06/linix_kernel_dev_who_asked_linus_torvalds_to_stop_swearing_quits_over_swearing/">存档</a>于2020-03-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+dev+who+asked+Linus+Torvalds+to+stop+verbal+abuse+quits+over+verbal+abuse&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.aulast=Sharwood&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2015%2F10%2F06%2Flinix_kernel_dev_who_asked_linus_torvalds_to_stop_swearing_quits_over_swearing%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Corbet, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/738222/">Bash the kernel maintainers</a>. LWN.net. 2017-11-06 [2018-02-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003428/https://lwn.net/Articles/738222/">存档</a>于2021-01-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=Bash+the+kernel+maintainers&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F738222%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/code-of-conflict.rst">Code of Conflict</a>. [2018-02-04].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.btitle=Code+of+Conflict&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FDocumentation%2Fprocess%2Fcode-of-conflict.rst&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">永久失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Edge, Jake. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/745817/">Too many lords, not enough stewards</a>. LWN.net. 2018-01-31 [2018-02-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004145/https://lwn.net/Articles/745817/">存档</a>于2020-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=Too+many+lords%2C+not+enough+stewards&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F745817%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Billimoria, Kaiwan N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240585605">Linux Kernel Programming A Comprehensive Guide to Kernel Internals, Writing Kernel Modules, and Kernel Synchronization.</a>. Birmingham: Packt Publishing, Limited. 2021: 55. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-78995-592-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-78995-592-7">ISBN 978-1-78995-592-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240585605">OCLC 1240585605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Kaiwan+N.&rft.aulast=Billimoria&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+Programming+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Kernel+Internals%2C+Writing+Kernel+Modules%2C+and+Kernel+Synchronization.&rft.date=2021&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-78995-592-7&rft.pages=55&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1240585605&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1240585605&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Vaduva, Alexandru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960471438">Linux : embedded development : leverage the power of Linux to develop captivating and powerful embedded Linux projects : a course in three modules</a>. Alex Gonzalez, Chris Simmonds. Birmingham, UK. 2016: 663. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-78712-445-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-78712-445-5">ISBN 978-1-78712-445-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/960471438">OCLC 960471438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft.aulast=Vaduva&rft.btitle=Linux+%3A+embedded+development+%3A+leverage+the+power+of+Linux+to+develop+captivating+and+powerful+embedded+Linux+projects+%3A+a+course+in+three+modules&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-78712-445-5&rft.pages=663&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F960471438&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960471438&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Karim Yaghmour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/273049576">Building embedded Linux systems</a> 2nd. Sebastopol [Calif.]: O'Reilly Media. 2008: 387. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-596-52968-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-596-52968-0">ISBN 978-0-596-52968-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/273049576">OCLC 273049576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=Karim+Yaghmour&rft.btitle=Building+embedded+Linux+systems&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52968-0&rft.pages=387&rft.place=Sebastopol+%5BCalif.%5D&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F273049576&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F273049576&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Yaghmour, Karim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812180000">Embedded Android</a>. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. 2011: 44. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4493-2798-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4493-2798-9">ISBN 978-1-4493-2798-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/812180000">OCLC 812180000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft.aulast=Yaghmour&rft.btitle=Embedded+Android&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-2798-9&rft.pages=44&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F812180000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812180000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/hardware/soc">SoC (System on a Chip)</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a> Wiki. 2014-11-06 [2021-03-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823021323/https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/hardware/soc">存档</a>于2022-08-23） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=SoC+%28System+on+a+Chip%29&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenWrt+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenwrt.org%2Fdocs%2Ftechref%2Fhardware%2Fsoc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation web">David A. Wheeler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">Linux Kernel 2.6: It's Worth More!</a>. [2012-11-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616XYjg7d?url=http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">存档</a>于2011-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.au=David+A.+Wheeler&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+2.6%3A+It%27s+Worth+More%21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fessays%2Flinux-kernel-cost.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/2006-11-20-flossimpact_en.pdf">Economic impact of FLOSS on innovation and competitiveness of the EU ICT sector</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100215190539/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/2006-11-20-flossimpact_en.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Table 3 on page 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Wheeler, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">The Linux Kernel: It’s Worth More!</a>. [2012-09-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616XYjg7d?url=http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">存档</a>于2011-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.btitle=The+Linux+Kernel%3A+It%E2%80%99s+Worth+More%21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fessays%2Flinux-kernel-cost.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.cdut.edu.cn/pub/linux/kernel/history/lka-001.html">Linux Kernel Archives - Volume 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050511062834/http://ftp.cdut.edu.cn/pub/linux/kernel/history/lka-001.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2005-05-11（Riley Williams） </li> <li id="cite_note-hiroo-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiroo_83-0">83.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiroo_83-1">83.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Yamagata, Hiroo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210224351/http://hotwired.goo.ne.jp/matrix/9709/5_linus.html">The Pragmatist of Free Software</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=HotWired&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HotWired（页面不存在）">HotWired</a>. 1997-08-03 [2007-02-21]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotwired.goo.ne.jp/matrix/9709/5_linus.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Hiroo&rft.aulast=Yamagata&rft.btitle=The+Pragmatist+of+Free+Software&rft.date=1997-08-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HotWired&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhotwired.goo.ne.jp%2Fmatrix%2F9709%2F5_linus.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Corbet, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/169797/">GPLv3 and the kernel</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. 2006-01-31 [2007-02-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810165701/https://lwn.net/Articles/169797/">存档</a>于2020-08-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.btitle=GPLv3+and+the+kernel&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F169797%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation mailinglist"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0009.1/0096.html">Linux-2.4.0-test8</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LKML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LKML（页面不存在）">LKML</a> (邮件列表). 2000-09-08 [2007-02-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515235654/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0009.1/0096.html">存档</a>于2020-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.btitle=Linux-2.4.0-test8&rft.date=2000-09-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0009.1%2F0096.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html#section9">gnu.org</a>. www.gnu.org. [2017-10-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202151435/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html#section9">存档</a>于2021-02-02） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=gnu.org&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fold-licenses%2Fgpl-2.0.en.html%23section9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation mailinglist"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Cox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Cox（页面不存在）">Cox, Alan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/169831/">Re: GPL V3 and Linux</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LKML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LKML（页面不存在）">LKML</a> (邮件列表). 2006-01-20 [2007-02-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131909/https://lwn.net/Articles/169831/">存档</a>于2021-01-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.btitle=Re%3A+GPL+V3+and+Linux&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F169831%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Shankland, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.com/Top+Linux+programmers+pan+GPL+3/2100-7344_3-6119372.html">Top Linux programmers pan GPL 3</a>. <a href="/wiki/News.com" class="mw-redirect" title="News.com">News.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. 2006-09-25 [2007-02-21].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.atitle=Top+Linux+programmers+pan+GPL+3&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.com%2FTop%2BLinux%2Bprogrammers%2Bpan%2BGPL%2B3%2F2100-7344_3-6119372.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-kerneldevelopers2006-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kerneldevelopers2006_89-0">89.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kerneldevelopers2006_89-1">89.1</a> <cite class="citation web">James E.J. Bottomley, Mauro Carvalho Chehab, Thomas Gleixner, Christoph Hellwig, Dave Jones, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Tony Luck, Andrew Morton, Trond Myklebust, David Woodhouse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/">Kernel developers' position on GPLv3: The Dangers and Problems with GPLv3</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. 2006-09-15 [2015-03-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118015213/https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/">存档</a>于2021-01-18）. <q>The current version (Discussion Draft 2) of GPLv3 on first reading fails the necessity test of section 1 on the grounds that there's no substantial and identified problem with GPLv2 that it is trying to solve. However, a deeper reading reveals several other problems with the current FSF draft: 5.1 DRM Clauses [...] 5.2 Additional Restrictions Clause [...] 5.3 Patents Provisions [...] since the FSF is proposing to shift all of its projects to GPLv3 and apply pressure to every other GPL licensed project to move, we foresee the release of GPLv3 portends the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkanisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkanisation（页面不存在）">Balkanisation</a> of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.btitle=Kernel+developers%27+position+on+GPLv3%3A+The+Dangers+and+Problems+with+GPLv3&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F200422%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Petreley, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000100">A fight against evil or a fight for attention?</a>. linuxjournal.com. 2006-09-27 [2015-03-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302144635/http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000100">存档</a>于2018-03-02）. <q>Second, the war between Linus Torvalds and other Kernel developers and the Free Software Foundation over GPLv3 is continuing, with Torvalds saying he's fed up with the FSF.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Petreley&rft.btitle=A+fight+against+evil+or+a+fight+for+attention%3F&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=linuxjournal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fnode%2F1000100&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaKIZ7gJlRU">Linus Torvalds says GPL v3 violates everything that GPLv2 stood for</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180508034417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaKIZ7gJlRU">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debconf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debconf（页面不存在）">Debconf</a> 2014, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portland,_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portland, Oregon（页面不存在）">Portland, Oregon</a> (accessed 11 March 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">存档副本</a>. [2006-11-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6HaNpiUw2?url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">存档</a>于2013-06-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Flinux-gnu-freedom.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927081641/http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0312.0/0670.html">存档副本</a>. [2006-11-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0312.0/0670.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ALinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussg.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0312.0%2F0670.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003060514/http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">林納斯與塔能包姆爭論微核心的筆仗</a></li> <li>（英文）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2SED6sewRw">Greg Kroah Hartman on the Linux Kernel at youtube</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210101104646/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2SED6sewRw">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>（中文）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ytyzx.org/index.php/%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8BLinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF">如何查看Linux内核版本信息</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200813212256/https://www.ytyzx.org/index.php/%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8BLinux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="内核" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">内核</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83" title="Linux基金會">Linux基金會</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%95%86%E6%A0%87%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux商标协会（页面不存在）">Linux商标协会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="林纳斯定律">林纳斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%83%BD%E9%AE%91%E5%A7%86-%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2%E8%BE%AF%E8%AB%96" title="塔能鮑姆-托瓦茲辯論">塔能鮑姆-托瓦茲辯論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux" title="Tux">Tux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO-Linux%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="SCO-Linux爭議">SCO与Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证">GNU GPL v2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menuconfig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menuconfig（页面不存在）">menuconfig</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/menuconfig" class="extiw" title="en:menuconfig">menuconfig</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Linux支持的计算机系统结构列表">支持架构</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核名称列表（页面不存在）">内核名称</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8DLinux%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對Linux的批評">对Linux的批评</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" class="extiw" title="en:Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">支持</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>开发者 <ul><li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux编程接口（页面不存在）">Linux编程接口</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核邮件列表（页面不存在）">LKML</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux会议（页面不存在）">Linux会议</a></li></ul></li> <li>用户 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BB%84" title="Linux用户组">Linux用户组（LUG）</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">技术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">调试</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRIU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRIU（页面不存在）">CRIU</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIU" class="extiw" title="en:CRIU">CRIU</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ftrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ftrace（页面不存在）">ftrace</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ftrace" class="extiw" title="en:ftrace">ftrace</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdump" title="Kdump">kdump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oops_(Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8)" title="Oops (Linux内核)">Linux内核oops</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SystemTap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SystemTap（页面不存在）">SystemTap</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemTap" class="extiw" title="en:SystemTap">SystemTap</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux启动过程">启动过程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dracut_(%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dracut (软件)（页面不存在）">dracut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initrd" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initramfs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Initramfs（页面不存在）">initramfs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核接口（页面不存在）">ABI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="Linux标准规范">Linux标准规范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X32_ABI" title="X32 ABI">x32 ABI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核接口（页面不存在）">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">用户空间</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="虚拟文件系统">FS</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E6%8A%A4%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B" title="守护进程">守护进程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="设备文件系统">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debugfs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debugfs（页面不存在）">debugfs</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/debugfs" class="extiw" title="en:debugfs">debugfs</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kmscon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kmscon（页面不存在）">Kmscon</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmscon" class="extiw" title="en:Kmscon">Kmscon</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">封装库</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB" title="C標準函式庫">C標準函式庫</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_C%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB" title="GNU C函式庫">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94)" title="Bionic (軟體)">Bionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybris_(%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybris (软件)（页面不存在）">libhybris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="直接渲染管理器">libdrm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSA" title="ALSA">libalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evdev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evdev（页面不存在）">libevdev</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evdev" class="extiw" title="en:evdev">evdev</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">内核部分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核接口（页面不存在）">系统调用接口</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open (系统调用)（页面不存在）">open</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Read_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read (系统调用)（页面不存在）">read</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close (系统调用)（页面不存在）">close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_(Unix)" title="Sync (Unix)">sync</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li> <li>Linux独有 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Splice_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Splice (系统调用)（页面不存在）">splice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dnotify&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dnotify（页面不存在）">dnotify</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dnotify" class="extiw" title="en:dnotify">dnotify</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核接口（页面不存在）">内核内</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALSA" title="ALSA">ALSA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直接渲染架构（页面不存在）">DRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_API&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New API（页面不存在）">New API</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_API" class="extiw" title="en:New API">New API</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto_API_(Linux)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crypto API (Linux)（页面不存在）">Crypto API</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_API_(Linux)" class="extiw" title="en:Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API (Linux)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">内核</a>组件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%BC%89%E5%85%A5%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="可載入核心模組">内核模块</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BlueZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BlueZ（页面不存在）">BlueZ</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueZ" class="extiw" title="en:BlueZ">BlueZ</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux控制台（页面不存在）">控制台</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bcache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bcache（页面不存在）">bcache</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bcache" class="extiw" title="en:bcache">bcache</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="设备映射器（页面不存在）">设备映射器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dm-cache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dm-cache（页面不存在）">dm-cache</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dm-cache" class="extiw" title="en:dm-cache">dm-cache</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="直接渲染管理器">DRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3" title="错误检测与纠正">EDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evdev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evdev（页面不存在）">evdev</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evdev" class="extiw" title="en:evdev">evdev</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8C%E9%A1%B5%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内核同页合并（页面不存在）">内核同页合并</a>（KSM）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LIO_(SCSI%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIO (SCSI目标)（页面不存在）">LIO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%B8%A7%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux帧缓冲区（页面不存在）">帧缓冲区</a>（Framebuffer）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%8D%B2%E8%BB%B8%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%93%A1" title="邏輯捲軸管理員">LVM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KMS%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KMS驱动（页面不存在）">KMS驱动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网络调度器（页面不存在）">网络调度器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perf_(Linux)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perf (Linux)（页面不存在）">perf</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perf_(Linux)" class="extiw" title="en:perf (Linux)">perf (Linux)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLUB_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLUB (程序)（页面不存在）">SLUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zram" title="Zram">zram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%A8%8B" title="排程">进程和I/O调度器</a>：</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O(n)%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O(n)调度器（页面不存在）">O(n)调度器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O(1)%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O(1)调度器（页面不存在）">O(1)调度器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E6%8E%92%E7%A8%8B%E5%99%A8" title="完全公平排程器">完全公平排程器</a> (CFQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%AE%98%E6%8E%92%E7%A8%8B%E5%99%A8" title="腦殘排程器">腦殘排程器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noop%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noop调度器（页面不存在）">Noop调度器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCHED_DEADLINE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCHED DEADLINE（页面不存在）">SCHED_DEADLINE</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCHED_DEADLINE" class="extiw" title="en:SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux安全模块">安全模块</a>：<a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exec_Shield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exec Shield（页面不存在）">Exec Shield</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exec_Shield" class="extiw" title="en:Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grsecurity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grsecurity（页面不存在）">grsecurity</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/grsecurity" class="extiw" title="en:grsecurity">grsecurity</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PaX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PaX（页面不存在）">PaX</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaX" class="extiw" title="en:PaX">PaX</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seccomp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seccomp（页面不存在）">seccomp</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seccomp" class="extiw" title="en:seccomp">seccomp</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%BA%E5%BC%8FLinux" title="安全增强式Linux">SELinux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smack_(%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smack (软件)（页面不存在）">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TOMOYO_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TOMOYO Linux（页面不存在）">TOMOYO Linux</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMOYO_Linux" class="extiw" title="en:TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO Linux</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_PAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux PAM（页面不存在）">Linux PAM</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_PAM" class="extiw" title="en:Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="设备驱动">设备驱动</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83" title="开源无线驱动比较">802.11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%8A%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E6%98%BE%E5%8D%A1%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由及开放源代码显卡设备驱动程序（页面不存在）">显卡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" title="裸设备">裸设备</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initramfs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Initramfs（页面不存在）">initramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGraft（页面不存在）">kGraft</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kGraft" class="extiw" title="en:kGraft">kGraft</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kpatch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kpatch（页面不存在）">kpatch</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kpatch" class="extiw" title="en:kpatch">kpatch</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">变种</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux内核主线（页面不存在）">主线</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linux内核</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="超级计算机">高性能计算</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=INK_(%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INK (操作系统)（页面不存在）">INK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算节点Linux（页面不存在）">计算节点Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurm%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="Slurm工作调度工具">SLURM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="实时计算">实时计算</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>?</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTAI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTAI（页面不存在）">RTAI</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTAI" class="extiw" title="en:RTAI">RTAI</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E7%BA%A7Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电信级Linux（页面不存在）">电信级Linux</a></li></ul></li> <li>无<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" title="内存管理单元">MMU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSXLinux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSXLinux（页面不存在）">PSXLinux</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSXLinux" class="extiw" title="en:PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSLinux" title="DSLinux">DSLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="虛擬化" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8C%96" title="虛擬化">虛擬化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E6%9C%BA" title="基于内核的虚拟机">KVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BA%A7%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="操作系统级虚拟化">操作系统级虚拟化</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux-VServer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux-VServer（页面不存在）">Linux-VServer</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-VServer" class="extiw" title="en:Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lguest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lguest（页面不存在）">Lguest</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lguest" class="extiw" title="en:Lguest">Lguest</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">LXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>其它 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L4Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L4Linux（页面不存在）">L4Linux</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L4Linux" class="extiw" title="en:L4Linux">L4Linux</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELinOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ELinOS（页面不存在）">ELinOS</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinOS" class="extiw" title="en:ELinOS">ELinOS</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8FLinux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="用户模式Linux（页面不存在）">用户模式Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MkLinux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MkLinux（页面不存在）">MkLinux</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MkLinux" class="extiw" title="en:MkLinux">MkLinux</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A1%E7%94%A8" title="Linux的採用">采用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="使用范围" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux使用范围（页面不存在）">使用范围</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux桌面环境（页面不存在）">桌面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8FLinux" title="嵌入式Linux">嵌入式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="Linux游戏">游戏</a></li> <li>瘦客户端： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E7%BB%88%E7%AB%AF%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux终端服务器项目（页面不存在）">LTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thinstation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thinstation（页面不存在）">Thinstation</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinstation" class="extiw" title="en:Thinstation">Thinstation</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>服务器： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LAMP" title="LAMP">LAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LYME&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LYME（页面不存在）">LYME/LYCE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux設備">设备</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">采用者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux采用者列表（页面不存在）">Linux采用者列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GENIVI%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GENIVI联盟（页面不存在）">GENIVI联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux专有软件列表（页面不存在）">Linux专有软件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E8%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔纳·贝肯（页面不存在）">乔纳·贝肯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔纳森·科比特（页面不存在）">乔纳森·科比特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="艾倫·考克斯">艾伦·考克斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔恩·霍尔 (程序员)（页面不存在）">乔恩·霍尔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本杰明·马可·希尔（页面不存在）">本杰明·马可·希尔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·凯利斯克（页面不存在）">迈克尔·凯利斯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" title="康恩·科里瓦斯">康恩·科里瓦斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%93%88%E6%9B%BC" title="葛雷格·克羅哈曼">葛雷格·克罗哈曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%93%A1)" title="大衛·米勒 (程式員)">大卫·米勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%85%A7" title="英格·蒙內">英格·蒙内</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%A0%93" title="安德魯·莫頓">安德鲁·莫顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B" title="伊恩·默多克">伊恩·默多克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="布鲁斯·佩伦斯">布鲁斯·佩伦斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%AF_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼尔·罗宾斯 (程序员)（页面不存在）">丹尼尔·罗宾斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉斯蒂·拉塞尔（页面不存在）">拉斯蒂·拉塞尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林纳斯·托瓦兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%B7" title="曹子德">曹子德</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="Category:Linux內核">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="extiw" title="commons:Linux kernel">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="维基百科图书" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux" class="extiw" title="b:Linux">教科书</a></li> <li><img alt="维基学院页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/16px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/24px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/32px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Linux" class="extiw" title="v:Linux">学院</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">主题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux" title="Template:Linux"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux" title="Template talk:Linux"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Linux" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Linux"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linux" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linux内核</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Linux历史">历史</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">内核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="林纳斯定律">林纳斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B" title="Linux启动进程">Linux启动过程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oops_(Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8)" title="Oops (Linux内核)">Linux内核oops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux" title="Tux">Tux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Template:Linux内核">更多…</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">争议</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="GNU/Linux命名爭議">GNU/Linux命名争议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%83%BD%E9%AE%91%E5%A7%86-%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%B2%E8%BE%AF%E8%AB%96" title="塔能鮑姆-托瓦茲辯論">塔能鲍姆-托瓦兹辩论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO-Linux%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="SCO-Linux爭議">SCO与Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88" title="Linux发行版">Linux发行版</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83" title="Linux发行版比较">一般比较</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Linux发行版列表">发行版列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="面向上网本的Linux发行版比较（页面不存在）">上网本版比较</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" class="extiw" title="en:Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8ERAM%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="从RAM运行的Linux发行版列表">从RAM运行的Linux发行版</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%8F%E7%BA%A7Linux%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%88" title="轻量级Linux发行版">轻量级Linux发行版</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux专有软件列表（页面不存在）">Linux专有软件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proprietary_software_for_Linux" class="extiw" title="en:List of proprietary software for Linux">List of proprietary software for Linux</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="软件包管理系统">软件包管理系统</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8C%85%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="软件包格式">Linux软件包格式</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="软件包管理系统列表（页面不存在）">软件包管理系统列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems" class="extiw" title="en:List of software package management systems">List of software package management systems</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux基金会">Linux基金会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E5%95%86%E6%A0%87%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux商标协会（页面不存在）">Linux商标协会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BB%84" title="Linux用户组">Linux用户组（LUG）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="Linux文档计划">Linux文档计划</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LinuxChix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LinuxChix（页面不存在）">LinuxChix</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxChix" class="extiw" title="en:LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Counter（页面不存在）">Linux Counter</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Counter" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A1%E7%94%A8" title="Linux的採用">采用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8DLinux%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對Linux的批評">對Linux的批評</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2Linux%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對桌面Linux的批評">对桌面Linux的批评</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">桌面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8FLinux" title="嵌入式Linux">嵌入式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="Linux游戏">游戏</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux使用范围（页面不存在）">Linux使用范围</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" class="extiw" title="en:Linux range of use">Linux range of use</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux采用者列表（页面不存在）">Linux采用者列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters" class="extiw" title="en:List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">媒体</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由软件杂志（页面不存在）">自由软件杂志</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Magazine" class="extiw" title="en:Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Format&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Format（页面不存在）">Linux Format</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Format" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Format">Linux Format</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Source_For_You&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Source For You（页面不存在）">Open Source For You</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_For_You" class="extiw" title="en:Open Source For You">Open Source For You</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Gazette（页面不存在）">Linux Gazette</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Gazette" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Journal（页面不存在）">Linux Journal</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Journal" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Magazine（页面不存在）">Linux Magazine</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Magazine" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LinuxUser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LinuxUser（页面不存在）">LinuxUser</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxUser" class="extiw" title="en:LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu_User&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubuntu User（页面不存在）">Ubuntu User</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_User" class="extiw" title="en:Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Outlaws&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Outlaws（页面不存在）">Linux Outlaws</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Outlaws" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Voice（页面不存在）">Linux Voice</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Voice" class="extiw" title="en:Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LugRadio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LugRadio（页面不存在）">LugRadio</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LugRadio" class="extiw" title="en:LugRadio">LugRadio</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronix" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="操作系统革命">操作系统革命</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(2001%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)" title="代码 (2001年电影)">代码</a>》（2001年电影）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="艾倫·考克斯">艾倫·考克斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾利森·兰德尔（页面不存在）">艾利森·兰德尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Randal" class="extiw" title="en:Allison Randal">Allison Randal</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%A0%93" title="安德魯·莫頓">安德鲁·莫顿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本杰明·马可·希尔（页面不存在）">本杰明·马可·希尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" class="extiw" title="en:Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7M%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布拉德利·M·库恩（页面不存在）">布拉德利·库恩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" class="extiw" title="en:Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="布鲁斯·佩伦斯">布鲁斯·佩伦斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%AF_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼尔·罗宾斯 (程序员)（页面不存在）">丹尼尔·罗宾斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Robbins_(computer_programmer)" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Robbins (computer programmer)">Daniel Robbins (computer programmer)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%93%A1)" title="大衛·米勒 (程式員)">大卫·米勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%93%88%E6%9B%BC" title="葛雷格·克羅哈曼">葛雷格·克羅哈曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B" title="伊恩·默多克">伊恩·默多克</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔恩·霍尔 (程序员)（页面不存在）">乔恩·霍尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)" class="extiw" title="en:Jon Hall (programmer)">Jon Hall (programmer)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E8%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔纳·贝肯（页面不存在）">乔纳·贝肯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jono_Bacon" class="extiw" title="en:Jono Bacon">Jono Bacon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="卡伦·桑德勒">卡伦·桑德勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9" title="林纳斯·托瓦兹">林纳斯·托瓦兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99" title="埃里克·雷蒙">埃里克·雷蒙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%83%E6%80%9D" title="马克·沙特尔沃思">马克·沙特尔沃思</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕米拉·琼斯（页面不存在）">帕米拉·琼斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Jones" class="extiw" title="en:Pamela Jones">Pamela Jones</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕特里克·沃尔克丁（页面不存在）">帕特里克·沃尔克丁</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Volkerding" class="extiw" title="en:Patrick Volkerding">Patrick Volkerding</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·斯托曼">理查德·斯托曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%B7" title="曹子德">曹子德</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·约翰·沙利文（页面不存在）">威廉·约翰·沙利文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" class="extiw" title="en:William John Sullivan">William John Sullivan</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux" title="Category:Linux">Linux</a></li> <li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="Category:Linux内核功能">Linux内核功能</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux主題</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" 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