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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_judicial_hanging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_judicial_hanging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Methods of judicial hanging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_judicial_hanging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods of judicial hanging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_judicial_hanging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_drop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_drop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Short drop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_drop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pole_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Pole method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pole_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_drop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_drop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Standard drop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_drop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_drop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_drop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Long drop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_drop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>As suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_human_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_human_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As human sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_human_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medical effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_practices_across_the_globe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_practices_across_the_globe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable practices across the globe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_practices_across_the_globe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable practices across the globe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_practices_across_the_globe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bahamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.19</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.20</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.21</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.22</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.23</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.24</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.25</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.26</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.27</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.28</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silken_rope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silken_rope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.28.1</span> <span>Silken rope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silken_rope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.29</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upright_jerker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upright_jerker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.29.1</span> <span>Upright jerker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upright_jerker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverted_hanging,_the_"Jewish"_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverted_hanging,_the_"Jewish"_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inverted hanging, the "Jewish" punishment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inverted_hanging,_the_"Jewish"_punishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inverted hanging, the "Jewish" punishment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inverted_hanging,_the_"Jewish"_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punishment_for_traitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment_for_traitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Punishment for traitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment_for_traitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elizabethan_maritime_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elizabethan_maritime_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Elizabethan maritime law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabethan_maritime_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanging_by_the_ribs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanging_by_the_ribs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hanging by the ribs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanging_by_the_ribs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanging</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%82" title="شنق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شنق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="ফাঁসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফাঁসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Павешанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Павешанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Обесване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обесване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krouga%C3%B1" title="Krougañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krougañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%9B%C5%A1en%C3%AD" title="Oběšení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oběšení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crogi" title="Crogi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crogi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6ngning" title="Hængning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hængning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erh%C3%A4ngen" title="Erhängen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erhängen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poomine" title="Poomine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poomine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Απαγχονισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απαγχονισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahorcamiento" title="Ahorcamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahorcamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendumo" title="Pendumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pendumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkatze" title="Urkatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urkatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دار زدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دار زدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaison" title="Pendaison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendaison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcamento" title="Enforcamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enforcamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%82%AC" title="액사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="액사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="फाँसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फाँसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1anje" title="Vješanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vješanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henging" title="Henging – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Henging" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiccamento" title="Impiccamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impiccamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="תלייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಗಲ್ಲು ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಲ್ಲು ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჩამოხრჩობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩამოხრჩობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%B2%D8%B3%D8%A0" title="پھٲسؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پھٲسؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korimas" title="Korimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaszt%C3%A1s" title="Akasztás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akasztás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="തൂങ്ങിമരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൂങ്ങിമരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="फाशी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फाशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuman_gantung" title="Hukuman gantung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukuman gantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Дүүжлэх ял – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дүүжлэх ял" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophanging_(levensbe%C3%ABindiging)" title="Ophanging (levensbeëindiging) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ophanging (levensbeëindiging)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="फाँसी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फाँसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%8A%E6%AD%BB" title="縊死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="縊死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengning" title="Hengning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hengning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henging" title="Henging – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henging" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powieszenie" title="Powieszenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powieszenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forca" title="Forca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A2nzurare" title="Spânzurare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spânzurare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Повешение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Повешение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varja" title="Varja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Varja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaccu" title="Chiaccu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiaccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_(death)" title="Hanging (death) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanging (death)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obe%C5%A1anje" title="Obešanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obešanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%A1anje" title="Vešanje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vešanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1anje" title="Vješanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vješanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ngning" title="Hängning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hängning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="தூக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD" title="การแขวนคอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแขวนคอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Повішення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повішення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پھانسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھانسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treo_c%E1%BB%95" title="Treo cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Treo cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="הענגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הענגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Death by suspension around the neck</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Death by hanging" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Death_by_Hanging" title="Death by Hanging"><i>Death by Hanging</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hang (disambiguation)">Hang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pisanello_010.jpg/220px-Pisanello_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pisanello_010.jpg/330px-Pisanello_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pisanello_010.jpg/440px-Pisanello_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>Detail from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a>, 1436–1438</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hanging</b> is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with a <a href="/wiki/Noose" title="Noose">noose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ligature_strangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature strangulation">ligature</a>. Hanging has been a common method of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and has been the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first known account of execution by hanging is in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSpine2011-02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanging is also a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">method of suicide</a>. </p><p>The past and past participle of <i>hang</i> in this sense is <i>hanged</i>, not <i>hung</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_judicial_hanging">Methods of judicial hanging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods of judicial hanging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous methods of hanging in execution which instigate death either by <a href="/wiki/Cervical_fracture" title="Cervical fracture">cervical fracture</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Strangling" title="Strangling">strangulation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_drop">Short drop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Short drop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short drop is a method of hanging in which the condemned prisoner stands on a raised support such as a stool, ladder, cart, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter1965_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter1965-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suspended by the neck, the weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck, effecting <a href="/wiki/Strangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangulation">strangulation</a> and death. Loss of consciousness is typically rapid and death ensues in a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method of hanging, and it is still common in <a href="/wiki/Suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicides">suicides</a> and extrajudicial hangings (such as <a href="/wiki/Lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynchings">lynchings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>) which do not benefit from the specialised equipment and <a href="/wiki/Official_Table_of_Drops" title="Official Table of Drops">drop-length calculation tables</a> used in the newer methods.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann,_Paradies,_Becker,_Klaff,_Steinhoff_(left_to_right).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg/220px-Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg/330px-Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg/440px-Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Execution of guards and <a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">kapos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a> on 4 July 1946 by short-drop hanging. In the foreground are the female overseers: <a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewa_Paradies" title="Ewa Paradies">Ewa Paradies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Becker" title="Elisabeth Becker">Elisabeth Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Klaff" title="Wanda Klaff">Wanda Klaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Steinhoff" title="Gerda Steinhoff">Gerda Steinhoff</a> (left to right).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pole_method">Pole method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pole method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg/220px-Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg/330px-Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg/440px-Hromadn%C3%A1_poprava_Srb%C5%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Mass execution using "pole-hanging" of Serbs by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian army">Austro-Hungarian army</a> in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>A short-drop variant is the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> "pole" method, called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würgegalgen</i></span> (literally: strangling gallows), in which the following steps take place: </p> <ol><li>The condemned is made to stand before a specialized vertical pole or pillar, approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height.</li> <li>A rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.</li> <li>The condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.</li> <li>A narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.</li> <li>The chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.</li> <li>The executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.</li></ol> <p>This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, where the "pole" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until 1954, when the prison hosting Czechoslovakia's executions, <a href="/wiki/Pankr%C3%A1c_Prison" title="Pankrác Prison">Pankrác Prison</a>, constructed an indoor gallows that exclusively accommodated short-drop hangings to replace the pole method.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazi war criminal <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a>, executed in 1946 in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed by the pole hanging method in Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-KHF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_drop">Standard drop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standard drop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg/240px-Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg/360px-Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg/480px-Execution_of_Henry_Wirz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7070" data-file-height="5869" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wirz" title="Henry Wirz">Henry Wirz</a> in 1865 near the U.S. Capitol; Wirz was given a standard drop, which did not break his neck</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Haughton" title="Samuel Haughton">Samuel Haughton</a>. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin. </p><p>It was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to <a href="/wiki/Cervical_fracture" title="Cervical fracture">break the person's neck</a>, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method was used to execute condemned <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> under United States jurisdiction after the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (January 2023)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: "The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine report on the execution merely says: "The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_drop">Long drop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Long drop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Official_Table_of_Drops" title="Official Table of Drops">Official Table of Drops</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KetchumDecapitated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KetchumDecapitated.jpg/220px-KetchumDecapitated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KetchumDecapitated.jpg/330px-KetchumDecapitated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KetchumDecapitated.jpg/440px-KetchumDecapitated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Sepia-tone photo from a contemporary 1901 postcard showing <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a>'s decapitated body following a botched execution by long-drop hanging. Caption reads "Body of Black Jack after the hanging showing head snapped off."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg/170px-Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg/255px-Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg/340px-Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Execution of an unidentified Nazi war criminal after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by <a href="/wiki/William_Marwood" title="William Marwood">William Marwood</a> as a scientific advance on the standard drop, and further refined by his successor <a href="/wiki/James_Berry_(executioner)" title="James Berry (executioner)">James Berry</a>. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck. </p><p>Prior to 1892, the drop was in the range of 4–10 ft (1.2–3.0 m), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 <a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">foot-pounds force</a> (1,710 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a>. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Black Jack Ketchum</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">weight of prisoner<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="1">1892 drop (ft & inches) </th> <th colspan="1">Ft.lbs energy developed </th> <th colspan="1">1913 drop (feet & inches) </th> <th colspan="1">Ft.lbs energy developed </th></tr> <tr> <td>105 and under</td> <td>8'0"</td> <td>840</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td>7'10"</td> <td>862</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td>7'3"</td> <td>834</td> <td>8'6"</td> <td>1003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>120</td> <td>7'0"</td> <td>840</td> <td>8'4"</td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>125</td> <td>6'9"</td> <td>844</td> <td>8'0"</td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>130</td> <td>6'5"</td> <td>834</td> <td>7'8"</td> <td>996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>135</td> <td>6'2"</td> <td>833</td> <td>7'5"</td> <td>1001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>140</td> <td>6'0"</td> <td>840</td> <td>7'2"</td> <td>1003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>145</td> <td>5'9"</td> <td>834</td> <td>6'11"</td> <td>1003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>150</td> <td>5'7"</td> <td>838</td> <td>6'8"</td> <td>999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>155</td> <td>5'5"</td> <td>840</td> <td>6'5"</td> <td>995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>160</td> <td>5'3"</td> <td>853</td> <td>6'3"</td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>165</td> <td>5'1"</td> <td>839</td> <td>6'1"</td> <td>1004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>170</td> <td>4'11"</td> <td>836</td> <td>5'10"</td> <td>992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>175</td> <td>4'9"</td> <td>831</td> <td>5'8"</td> <td>991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>180</td> <td>4'8"</td> <td>839</td> <td>5'7"</td> <td>1005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>185</td> <td>4'7"</td> <td>848</td> <td>5'5"</td> <td>1002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>190</td> <td>4'5"</td> <td>839</td> <td>5'3"</td> <td>993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>195</td> <td>4'4"</td> <td>844</td> <td>5'2"</td> <td>1008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 and over</td> <td>4'2"</td> <td>833</td> <td>5'0"</td> <td>1008 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The decapitation of <a href="/wiki/Eva_Dugan" title="Eva Dugan">Eva Dugan</a> during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> to switch to the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a> as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when <a href="/wiki/Barzan_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" title="Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti</a> was hanged in Iraq in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lucas" title="Arthur Lucas">Arthur Lucas</a>, one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazis executed under British jurisdiction, including <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a>, were hanged by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pierrepoint" title="Albert Pierrepoint">Albert Pierrepoint</a> using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-340-21307-8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-340-21307-8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-drop hanging is still practised as the method of execution in a few countries, including <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a> and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_suicide">As suicide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Suicide by hanging</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_by_hanging" title="List of people who died by hanging">List of people who died by hanging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg/170px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg/255px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg/340px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-47-_-_Desperation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> by hanging</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanging is a common <a href="/wiki/Suicide_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide method">suicide method</a>. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisoners</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a>)</span>. A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_strangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature strangulation">ligature</a> around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, hanging is the most common method of suicide,<sup id="cite_ref-cansuicide_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cansuicide-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunshot wounds">gunshot wounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who survive a suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or <a href="/wiki/Strangling#Ligature_strangulation" title="Strangling">ligature point</a>, or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_anoxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral anoxia">cerebral anoxia</a> (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_human_sacrifice">As human sacrifice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As human sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals#Human_sacrifice" title="Norse rituals">some suggestions</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> practised hanging as human sacrifices to <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, to honour Odin's own <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> of hanging himself from <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the <a href="/wiki/Bog_body#Iron_Age" title="Bog body">Iron Age bog bodies</a>, many of which show signs of having been hanged, were examples of human sacrifice to the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-bog_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bog-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_effects">Medical effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoxicbraininjury.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Anoxicbraininjury.png/170px-Anoxicbraininjury.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Anoxicbraininjury.png/255px-Anoxicbraininjury.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Anoxicbraininjury.png/340px-Anoxicbraininjury.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">Anoxic brain injury</a> following a hanging<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>— both the loss of visible differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> and the reduced <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricle</a> size due to brain swelling are visible</figcaption></figure> <p>A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death: </p> <ul><li>Closure of <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> causing <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">cerebral hypoxia</a><sup id="cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSpine2011-02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Closure of the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular veins</a></li> <li>Breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cervical_fracture" title="Cervical fracture">cervical fracture</a>) causing traumatic <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spine_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical spine injury">spinal cord injury</a> or even unintended <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitation</a></li> <li>Closure of the <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airway</a><sup id="cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSpine2011-02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic "<a href="/wiki/Hangman%27s_fracture" title="Hangman's fracture">hangman's fracture</a>" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic "hangman's fracture". </p><p>According to <i>Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture</i>, the phrase in the usual execution order, "hanged by the neck until dead", was necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSpine2011-02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictably kill the victim quickly. </p><p>The side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Death from a "hangman's fracture" occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe <a href="/wiki/Subluxation" title="Subluxation">subluxation</a> of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and/or disrupts the vertebral arteries. Hangman's fractures from other hyperextension injuries (the most common being unrestrained motor vehicle accidents and falls or diving injuries where the face or chin suddenly strike an immovable object) are frequently survivable if the applied force does not cause a severe subluxation of C2 on C3. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg/170px-Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg/255px-Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg/340px-Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a>, who in 1615 was hanged and disembowelled after torture for his refusal to give up the Catholic faith and convert to Protestantism</figcaption></figure> <p>In the absence of fracture and dislocation, occlusion of blood vessels becomes the major cause of death, rather than <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiation</a>. Obstruction of venous drainage of the brain via occlusion of the internal jugular veins leads to <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral oedema">cerebral oedema</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral ischemia">cerebral ischemia</a>. The face will typically become engorged and <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanotic</a> (turned blue through lack of oxygen). Compromise of the cerebral blood flow may occur by obstruction of the carotid arteries, even though their obstruction requires far more force than the obstruction of jugular veins, since they are seated deeper and they contain blood in much higher pressure compared to the jugular veins.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When cerebral circulation is severely compromised by any mechanism, arterial or venous, death occurs over four or more minutes from cerebral hypoxia, although the heart may continue to beat for some period after the brain can no longer be resuscitated. The time of death in such cases is a matter of convention. In judicial hangings, death is pronounced at cardiac arrest, which may occur at times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. One of the hints they use is the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a>. If broken, it often means the person has been <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murdered</a> by manual <a href="/wiki/Strangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangulation">strangulation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_practices_across_the_globe">Notable practices across the globe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable practices across the globe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg/220px-Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg/330px-Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg/440px-Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5446" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption><i>La Pendaison</i> (<i>The Hanging</i>), a plate from French artist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Callot" title="Jacques Callot">Jacques Callot</a>'s 1633 series <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Grandes_Mis%C3%A8res_de_la_guerre" title="Les Grandes Misères de la guerre">The Great Miseries of War</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanging has been a method of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long-drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, while short-drop and suspension hanging is common elsewhere, in countries including Iran and Afghanistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Capital punishment in Afghanistan">Capital punishment in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Hanging is the most used form of capital punishment in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Australia" title="Capital punishment in Australia">Capital punishment in Australia</a></div> <p>Capital punishment was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of Australia">legal system of Australia</a> from the establishment of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> as a British penal colony, until 1985, by which time all Australian states and territories had abolished the death penalty;<sup id="cite_ref-relTolerance_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relTolerance-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in practice, the last execution in Australia was the hanging of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ryan" title="Ronald Ryan">Ronald Ryan</a> on 3 February 1967, in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>, sheep theft, <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assaults</a>, murder and <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>. During the 19th century, there were roughly eighty people hanged every year throughout the Australian colonies for these crimes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahamas">Bahamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bahamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bahamas" title="Capital punishment in the Bahamas">Capital punishment in the Bahamas</a></div> <p>Bahamas employs hanging to execute the condemned but no executions have been conducted in the country since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 2023, there have been some inmates on death row but their sentences have been commuted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bangladesh" title="Capital punishment in Bangladesh">Capital punishment in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>Hanging is the only method of execution in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, ever since its independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brazil" title="Capital punishment in Brazil">Capital punishment in Brazil</a></div> <p>Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a> (1792) were killed by hanging. The last man executed in Brazil was the slave <a href="/wiki/Francisco_(slave)" title="Francisco (slave)">Francisco</a>, in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bulgaria" title="Capital punishment in Bulgaria">Capital punishment in Bulgaria</a></div> <p>Bulgaria's national hero, <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Vasil Levski</a>, was executed by hanging by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, 19 February, to his monument where the gallows stood. The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">Capital punishment in Canada</a></div> <p>Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified into capital and non-capital offences. The death penalty was restricted to apply only for certain offences to the National Defence Act in 1976 and was completely abolished in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last hangings in Canada took place on 11 December 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment in Egypt</a></div> <p>In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982 Egypt hanged three civilians convicted of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">assassination of Anwar Sadat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Egypt hanged five militants on charges of trying to kill the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, which executes more people each year than any other African country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Germany" title="Capital punishment in Germany">Capital punishment in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg/220px-WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg/330px-WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg/440px-WWII_Krakow_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">Public execution</a> of Polish civilians by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germans</a> in German occupied <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Alleged Soviet partisans hanged by the Nazis in January 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In the territories occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> than hanging. The most commonly sentenced were <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black marketeers</a>, whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging was continued in post-war Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British and US Occupation Zones</a> under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany itself had abolished the death penalty by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Germany">German constitution</a> as adopted in 1949. West Berlin was not subject to the <i>Grundgesetz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a>) and abolished the death penalty in 1951. The <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> abolished the death penalty in 1987. The last execution ordered by a West German court was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison in 1949. The last hanging in Germany was the one ordered of several war criminals in <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech" title="Landsberg am Lech">Landsberg am Lech</a> on 7 June 1951. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1981 by a pistol shot to the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-relTolerance_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relTolerance-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though Hong Kong is now part of China it has no capital punishment; it is a special administrative region of China. When Hong Kong was still a part of the British Empire, it had hanging as the method of execution. The last person who was executed was a Chinese Vietnamese man who attacked a security guard and another person. This was in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hungary" title="Capital punishment in Hungary">Capital punishment in Hungary</a></div> <p>The prime minister of Hungary, during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>, was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-backed Hungarian government, in 1958. Nagy was later publicly exonerated by Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-relTolerance_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relTolerance-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">Capital punishment in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg/220px-The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg/330px-The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg/440px-The_hanging_of_two_participants_in_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857..jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The hanging of two participants in British India (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanging was introduced by the British. All executions in India since independence have been carried out by hanging, although the law provides for military executions to be carried out by firing squad. In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India.<sup id="cite_ref-TIE_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIE-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> has suggested that <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India. <a href="/wiki/Dhananjoy_Chatterjee" title="Dhananjoy Chatterjee">Dhananjoy Chatterjee</a>, the 1991 rapist and murderer was executed on 14 August 2004 in <a href="/wiki/Alipore_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Jail">Alipore Jail</a>, Kolkata. <a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Kasab" title="Ajmal Kasab">Ajmal Kasab</a>, the lone surviving terrorist of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a> was executed on 21 November 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Yerwada_Central_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerwada Central Jail">Yerwada Central Jail</a>, Pune. The Supreme Court of India had previously rejected his mercy plea, which was then rejected by the President of India. He was hanged one week later. <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Guru" title="Afzal Guru">Afzal Guru</a>, a terrorist found guilty of conspiracy in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament</a>, was executed by hanging in <a href="/wiki/Tihar_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihar Jail">Tihar Jail</a>, Delhi on 9 February 2013. <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Memon" title="Yakub Memon">Yakub Memon</a> was convicted over his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">1993 Bombay bombings</a> by Special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities court on 27 July 2007. His appeals and petitions for clemency were all rejected and he was finally executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 in Nagpur jail. In March 2020, <a href="/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Delhi gang rape">four prisoners convicted of rape and murder</a> were executed by hanging in Tihar Jail.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Capital punishment in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_execution_for_a_convicted_of_rape_in_Qarchak,_Varamin_-_26_October_2011_(13900804092511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Public_execution_for_a_convicted_of_rape_in_Qarchak%2C_Varamin_-_26_October_2011_%2813900804092511%29.jpg/220px-Public_execution_for_a_convicted_of_rape_in_Qarchak%2C_Varamin_-_26_October_2011_%2813900804092511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Public_execution_for_a_convicted_of_rape_in_Qarchak%2C_Varamin_-_26_October_2011_%2813900804092511%29.jpg/330px-Public_execution_for_a_convicted_of_rape_in_Qarchak%2C_Varamin_-_26_October_2011_%2813900804092511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Public_execution_for_a_convicted_of_rape_in_Qarchak%2C_Varamin_-_26_October_2011_%2813900804092511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>A public execution for a man convicted of rape, <a href="/wiki/Qarchak" title="Qarchak">Qarchak</a>, Iran 26 October 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>Death by hanging is the primary means of capital punishment in Iran, which carries out one of the highest numbers of annual executions in the world. The method used is the short drop, which does not break the neck of the condemned, but rather causes a slower death due to strangulation. It is legal for murder, rape, and drug trafficking unless the criminal pays <a href="/wiki/Diyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyya">diyya</a> to the victim's family, thus attaining their forgiveness (see <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>). If the presiding judge deems the case to be "causing public outrage", he can order the hanging to take place in public at the spot where the crime was committed, typically from a mobile telescoping crane which hoists the condemned high into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 July 2005, two boys, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Asgari_and_Ayaz_Marhoni" title="Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni">Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni</a>, aged 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted of the rape of a 13-year-old boy, were hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, on charges of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 August 2004, a 16-year-old girl, <a href="/wiki/Atefeh_Sahaaleh" title="Atefeh Sahaaleh">Atefeh Sahaaleh</a> (also called Atefeh Rajabi), was executed for having committed "acts incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At dawn on 27 July 2008, the Iranian government executed 29 people at <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a> in Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 December 2008, an unnamed man was hanged for murder at Kazeroun Prison, just moments after he was pardoned by the murder victim's family. He was quickly cut down and rushed to a hospital, where he was successfully revived.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conviction and hanging of <a href="/wiki/Reyhaneh_Jabbari" title="Reyhaneh Jabbari">Reyhaneh Jabbari</a> caused international uproar as she was sentenced to death in 2009 and hanged on 25 October 2014 for murdering a former intelligence officer; according to Jabbari's testimony she stabbed him during an attempted rape and then another person killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq" title="Capital punishment in Iraq">Capital punishment in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution of Saddam Hussein</a></div> <p>Hanging was used under the regime of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was suspended along with capital punishment on 10 June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded</a> and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on 8 August 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on 9 March 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">insurgents</a> by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 5 November 2006, and was executed on 30 December 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long-drop hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barzan_Ibrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzan Ibrahim">Barzan Ibrahim</a>, the head of the Mukhabarat, Saddam's security agency, and <a href="/wiki/Awad_Hamed_al-Bandar" title="Awad Hamed al-Bandar">Awad Hamed al-Bandar</a>, former chief judge, were executed on 15 January 2007, also by the long-drop method, but Barzan was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former vice-president <a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a> had been sentenced to life in prison on 5 November 2006, but the sentence was changed to death by hanging on 12 February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the fourth and final man to be executed for the 1982 crimes against humanity on 20 March 2007. The execution went smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Anfal genocide trial, Saddam's cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> (<i>alias</i> Chemical Ali), former defence minister <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Hashim_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Hashim Ahmed">Sultan Hashim Ahmed</a> al-Tay, and former deputy Hussein Rashid Mohammed were sentenced to hang for their role in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">Al-Anfal Campaign</a> against the Kurds on 24 June 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Majid was sentenced to death three more times: once for the 1991 suppression of a Shi'a uprising along with Abdul-Ghani Abdul Ghafur on 2 December 2008;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once for the 1999 crackdown in the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mohammad_Sadeq_al-Sadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr">Grand Ayatollah Mohammad al-Sadr</a> on 2 March 2009;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once on 17 January 2010 for the gassing of the Kurds in 1988;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was hanged on 25 January.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 October 2010, Saddam's top minister <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a> was sentenced to hang for persecuting the members of rival Shi'a political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sentence was commuted to indefinite imprisonment after Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> did not sign his execution order and he died in prison in 2015. </p><p>On 14 July 2011, US forces transferred condemned prisoners Sultan Hashim Ahmed al-Tay and two of Saddam's half-brothers, <a href="/wiki/Sabawi_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" title="Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watban_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti</a>, to Iraqi authorities for execution.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi High Tribunal had sentenced Saddam's half-brothers to death on 11 March 2009 for their roles in the executions of 42 traders who were accused of manipulating <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the three men were executed. </p><p>It is alleged that Iraq's government keeps the execution rate secret, and hundreds may be carried out every year. In 2007, Amnesty International stated that 900 people were at "imminent risk" of execution in Iraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel" title="Capital punishment in Israel">Capital punishment in Israel</a></div> <p>Although Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has been used only twice, and only one of those executions was by hanging. On 31 May 1962, Nazi leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> was captured, taken to Israel and then executed by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment in Japan</a></div> <p>All executions in Japan are carried out by hanging. </p><p>On 23 December 1948, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Doihara" title="Kenji Doihara">Kenji Doihara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Mut%C5%8D" title="Akira Mutō">Akira Mutō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwane_Matsui" title="Iwane Matsui">Iwane Matsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Kōki Hirota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Kimura" class="mw-redirect" title="Heitaro Kimura">Heitaro Kimura</a> were hanged at <a href="/wiki/Sugamo_Prison" title="Sugamo Prison">Sugamo Prison</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">U.S. occupation authorities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro" title="Ikebukuro">Ikebukuro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied-occupied Japan</a> for <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">crimes against peace</a> during the Asian-Pacific theatre of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February 2004, the mastermind of the <a href="/wiki/Sarin_gas_attack_on_the_Tokyo_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway">Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>, was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. On 25 December 2006, serial killer <a href="/wiki/Hiroaki_Hidaka" title="Hiroaki Hidaka">Hiroaki Hidaka</a> and three others were hanged in Japan. Long-drop hanging is the method of carrying out judicial capital punishment on civilians in Japan, as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Norio_Nagayama" title="Norio Nagayama">Norio Nagayama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Takuma" title="Mamoru Takuma">Mamoru Takuma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Miyazaki" title="Tsutomu Miyazaki">Tsutomu Miyazaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a> and several of his cult members were hanged for committing the 1995 sarin gas attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Death by hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. On 14 August 1993, Jordan hanged two Jordanians convicted of spying for Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sajida_al-Rishawi" title="Sajida al-Rishawi">Sajida al-Rishawi</a>, "The 4th bomber" of the <a href="/wiki/2005_Amman_bombings" title="2005 Amman bombings">2005 Amman bombings</a>, was executed by hanging alongside <a href="/wiki/Ziad_al-Karbouly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziad al-Karbouly">Ziad al-Karbouly</a> on 4 February 2015 in retribution for the <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">immolation</a> of Jordanian pilot <a href="/wiki/Muath_Al-Kasasbeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Muath Al-Kasasbeh">Muath Al-Kasasbeh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuwait has always used hanging for execution. During the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Iraqi government officials executed different people for different reasons. After the war, Kuwait hanged Iraqi collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the executions are in public. The most recent executions were in 2022. <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lebanon" title="Capital punishment in Lebanon">Capital punishment in Lebanon</a></div> <p>Lebanon hanged two men in 1998 for murdering a man and his sister.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, capital punishment ended up being altogether suspended in Lebanon, as a result of staunch opposition by activists and some political factions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven,_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven%2C_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven%2C_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven%2C_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg/330px-ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven%2C_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven%2C_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg/440px-ASC_Leiden_-_F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection_-_The_Hanging_of_the_Harper_Seven%2C_Liberia_-_16_February_1979_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>The Hanging of the <a href="/wiki/Harper_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Seven">Harper Seven</a>, Liberia – 16 February 1979</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 February 1979, seven men convicted of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_ritual_killings" title="Maryland ritual killings">ritual killing</a> of the popular Kru traditional singer Moses Tweh, were publicly hanged at dawn in <a href="/wiki/Harper,_Liberia" title="Harper, Liberia">Harper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malaysia" title="Capital punishment in Malaysia">Capital punishment in Malaysia</a></div> <p>Hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Malaysia and has been used to execute people convicted of murder, drug trafficking and waging war against the government. The <a href="/wiki/Barlow_and_Chambers_execution" title="Barlow and Chambers execution">Barlow and Chambers execution</a> was carried out as a result of new tighter drug regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment in Pakistan</a></div> <p>In Pakistan, hanging is the most common form of execution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Portugal" title="Capital punishment in Portugal">Capital punishment in Portugal</a></div> <p>The last person executed by hanging in Portugal was Francisco Matos Lobos on 16 April 1842. Before that, it had been a common death penalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment in Russia</a></div> <p>Hanging was commonly practised in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov Dynasty">Romanov Dynasty</a> as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impalement</a>, which was used in the 15th and 16th centuries. </p><p>Hanging was abolished in 1868 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> after <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but was restored by the time of his death and his assassins were hanged. While those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed. This also included the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> under the Russian crown. <a href="/wiki/Taavetti_Lukkarinen" title="Taavetti Lukkarinen">Taavetti Lukkarinen</a> became the last Finn to be executed this way. He was hanged for espionage and high treason in 1916. </p><p>The hanging was usually performed by short drop in public. The gallows were usually either a stout nearby tree branch, as in the case of Lukkarinen, or a makeshift gallows constructed for the purpose. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917, capital punishment was, on paper, abolished, but continued to be used unabated against people perceived to be enemies of the regime. Under the Bolsheviks, most executions were performed by shooting, either by firing squad or by a single firearm. In 1943, hanging was restored primarily for German servicemen and native collaborators for atrocities committed against Soviet POWs and civilians. The last to be hanged were <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov" title="Andrey Vlasov">Andrey Vlasov</a> and his companions in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Capital punishment in Singapore</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, long-drop hanging<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is currently used as a mandatory punishment for crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> and some types of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>. It was introduced by the British, when they occupied Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. It has also been used for punishing those convicted of unauthorised discharging of firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>Hanging was abolished in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in 1956, but in 1959 it was brought back and later halted in 1978. In 1975, the day before the execution of <a href="/wiki/Maru_Sira" title="Maru Sira">Maru Sira</a>, he had been overdosed by the prison guards to prevent him from escaping. On the day of his execution he was unconscious, so when he was brought to the gallows, he was slumped over on the trapdoor with a noose around his neck, and when the executioner pulled the lever, his execution was botched and he strangled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria" title="Capital punishment in Syria">Capital punishment in Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eli_Cohen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eli_Cohen.jpg/170px-Eli_Cohen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eli_Cohen.jpg/255px-Eli_Cohen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eli_Cohen.jpg/340px-Eli_Cohen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eli_Cohen" title="Eli Cohen">Eli Cohen</a>, publicly hanged by Syria on 18 May 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Syria has publicly hanged people, such as two individuals in 1952, Israeli spy <a href="/wiki/Eli_Cohen" title="Eli Cohen">Eli Cohen</a> in 1965, and a number of Jews accused of spying for Israel in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 19th-century report, members of the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> sect centred on <a href="/wiki/Lattakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattakia">Lattakia</a> in Syria had a particular aversion towards being hanged, and the family of the condemned was willing to pay "considerable sums" to ensure its relations were <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impaled</a>, instead of being hanged. As far as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a> could make out, this attitude was based upon the Alawites' idea that the soul ought to leave the body through the mouth, rather than leave it in any other fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> also used hanging post-mortem, after they <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Killing of captives by the Islamic State">executed alleged spies for the western-backed coalition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Exsanguination" title="Exsanguination">cutting their throats</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a>, during the Islamic holiday of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> in 2016. They also used shooting, beheading, fire and other methods to execute people during their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">Capital punishment in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>As a form of <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of the names of British <a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">hangmen</a> begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> complete records extend from the 16th century to the last hangmen, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Stewart" title="Robert Leslie Stewart">Robert Leslie Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Allen_(executioner)" title="Harry Allen (executioner)">Harry Allen</a>, who conducted the last British executions in 1964. </p><p>Until 1868 hangings were performed in public. In London, the traditional site was at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>, a settlement west of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City</a> on the main road to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, which was used on eight hanging days a year, though before 1865, executions had been transferred to the street outside <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a>, now the site of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Central Criminal Court</a>. </p><p>Three British subjects were hanged after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> after having been convicted of having helped <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in its war against Britain. <a href="/wiki/John_Amery" title="John Amery">John Amery</a>, the son of prominent British politician <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a>, became an <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> in the 1930s, moving to France. He became involved in pre-war <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> politics, remained in what became <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> following France's defeat by Germany in 1940 and eventually went to Germany and later the German puppet state in Italy headed by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. Captured by Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">partisans</a> at the end of the war and handed over to British authorities, Amery was accused of having made <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> broadcasts for the Nazis and of having attempted to recruit British <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a> regiment later known as the <a href="/wiki/British_Free_Corps" title="British Free Corps">British Free Corps</a>. Amery pleaded guilty to treason charges on 28 November 1945<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was hanged at <a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandsworth Prison">Wandsworth Prison</a> on 19 December 1945. <a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">William Joyce</a>, an American-born Irishman who had lived in Britain and possessed a British <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a>, had been involved in pre-war fascist politics in the UK, fled to Nazi Germany just before the war began to avoid arrest by British authorities and became a naturalised German citizen. He made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis, becoming infamous under the nickname <a href="/wiki/Lord_Haw_Haw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Haw Haw">Lord Haw Haw</a>. Captured by British forces in May 1945, he was tried for treason later that year. Although Joyce's defence argued that he was by birth American and thus not subject to being tried for treason, the prosecution successfully argued that Joyce's pre-war British passport meant that he was a subject of the British Crown and he was convicted. After his appeals failed, he was hanged at Wandsworth Prison on 3 January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schurch" title="Theodore Schurch">Theodore Schurch</a>, a British soldier captured by the Nazis who then began working for the Italian and German intelligence services by acting as a spy and informer who would be placed among other British prisoners, was arrested in Rome in March 1945 and tried under the <a href="/wiki/Treachery_Act_1940" title="Treachery Act 1940">Treachery Act 1940</a>. After his conviction, he was hanged at <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville" title="HM Prison Pentonville">HM Prison Pentonville</a> on 4 January 1946. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Homicide_Act_1957" title="Homicide Act 1957">Homicide Act 1957</a> created the new offence of <a href="/wiki/Capital_murder" title="Capital murder">capital murder</a>, punishable by death, with all other murders being punishable by life imprisonment. </p><p>In 1965, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Murder_(Abolition_of_Death_Penalty)_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act">Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act</a>, temporarily abolishing capital punishment for murder for five years. The Act was renewed in 1969, making the abolition permanent. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Disorder_Act_1998" title="Crime and Disorder Act 1998">Crime and Disorder Act 1998</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>, the death penalty was officially abolished for all crimes in both civilian and military cases. Following its complete abolition, the gallows were removed from <a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandsworth (HM Prison)">Wandsworth Prison</a>, where they remained in full working order until that year. </p><p>The last woman to be hanged was <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ellis" title="Ruth Ellis">Ruth Ellis</a> on 13 July 1955, by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pierrepoint" title="Albert Pierrepoint">Albert Pierrepoint</a> who was a prominent hangman in the 20th century in England. The last hangings in Britain took place in 1964, when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Anthony Allen">Peter Anthony Allen</a> was executed at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool (HM Prison)">Walton Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Owen_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwynne Owen Evans">Gwynne Owen Evans</a> was executed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Allen_(executioner)" title="Harry Allen (executioner)">Harry Allen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Strangeways_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangeways Prison">Strangeways Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. Both were executed for the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_John_Alan_West" title="Murder of John Alan West">murder of John Alan West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanging was also the method used in many colonies and overseas territories.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silken_rope">Silken rope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Silken rope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, some felons are traditionally said to have been executed by hanging with a silken rope: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary peers</a> who committed <a href="/wiki/Capital_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital offence">capital offences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as anticipated by the fictional <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Denver" title="Duke of Denver">Duke of Denver</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a>. The Duke was accused of murder in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Clouds_of_Witness" title="Clouds of Witness">Clouds of Witness</a></i>, and this execution would have been his fate, after conviction by his peers in a trial in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. It has been claimed that the execution of <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Shirley,_4th_Earl_Ferrers" title="Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers">Earl Ferrers</a> in 1760 – the only time a peer was hanged after trial by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> – was carried out with the normal hempen rope instead of a silk one. The writ of execution does not specify a silk rope be used,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Newgate_Calendar" title="The Newgate Calendar">The Newgate Calendar</a></i> makes no mention of the use of such an item<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an unusual omission given its highly sensationalist nature.</li> <li>Those who have the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City_of_London" title="Freedom of the City of London">Freedom of the City of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An image of suspected witches being hanged in England, published in 1655."><img alt="An image of suspected witches being hanged in England, published in 1655." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg/200px-Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg/300px-Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg/400px-Witches_Being_Hanged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An image of suspected <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> being hanged in England, published in 1655.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balvenie Pillar, also known as Tom na Croiche (Hangman's Knoll). The pillar was erected in 1755 to commemorate the last public hanging in the Atholl region of Scotland in 1630."><img alt="Balvenie Pillar, also known as Tom na Croiche (Hangman's Knoll). The pillar was erected in 1755 to commemorate the last public hanging in the Atholl region of Scotland in 1630." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg/132px-Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg/198px-Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg/264px-Balvenie_Pillar_2017-05-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4803" data-file-height="7282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balvenie Pillar, also known as Tom na Croiche (Hangman's Knoll). The pillar was erected in 1755 to commemorate the last public hanging in the Atholl region of Scotland in 1630.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExecutionNoose.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanging noose used at public executions outside Lancaster Castle, c. 1820s–1830s."><img alt="Hanging noose used at public executions outside Lancaster Castle, c. 1820s–1830s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ExecutionNoose.JPG/200px-ExecutionNoose.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ExecutionNoose.JPG/300px-ExecutionNoose.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ExecutionNoose.JPG/400px-ExecutionNoose.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="1666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanging noose used at public executions outside <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820s–1830s</span>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg/300px-Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg/450px-Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg/600px-Execution_Lincoln_assassins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6902" data-file-height="5425" /></a><figcaption>The execution of Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt, who were all convicted by a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> for being involved in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 7 July 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanging was one means by which <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> enforced religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known hanging carried out by the Puritans, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a> was one of the four executed <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_martyrs" title="Boston martyrs">Boston martyrs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capital punishment in the U.S. varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but used in most others. However, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. Hanging is no longer used as a method of execution. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a> pastor <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church">Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> was suspected of plotting to launch a <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, 35 people, including Vesey, were judged guilty by a city-appointed court and were subsequently hanged, and the church was burned down.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>, also known as the Dakota uprising, led to the largest mass execution in the United States when 38 Sioux Indians, who were facing starvation and displacement, attacked white settlers, for which they were sentenced to death via hanging in <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato, Minnesota</a> in December 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Dakota_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dakota-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, 303 had been sentenced to hang, but the convictions were reviewed by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and the sentences of all but 38 were commuted.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, an historic apology was issued to the Dakota people for the mass hanging and the "trauma inflicted on <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a> people at the hands of state government."<sup id="cite_ref-Dakota_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dakota-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 40 suspected <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (American)">Unionists</a> were hanged in <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Texas" title="Gainesville, Texas">Gainesville, Texas</a> in October 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 July 1865, four people involved in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of President Abraham Lincoln</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mary_Surratt" title="Mary Surratt">Mary Surratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Powell_(assassin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Powell (assassin)">Lewis Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Herold" title="David Herold">David Herold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Atzerodt" title="George Atzerodt">George Atzerodt</a>—were hanged at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McNair" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort McNair">Fort McNair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg/220px-Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg/330px-Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg/440px-Duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Men pose for a photograph of the <a href="/wiki/1920_Duluth_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Duluth lynchings">1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings</a>. Two of the black victims are still hanging while the third is on the ground.</figcaption></figure> <p>While relatively uncommon, <a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">hanging in chains</a> has also been practiced (mainly during the colonial era), the first being a slave after the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Slave_Revolt_of_1712" title="New York Slave Revolt of 1712">New York Slave Revolt of 1712</a>. The last hanging in chains was in 1913, of John Marshall in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> for murder.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last public hanging in the United States (not including <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a>, one of the last of which was <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Donald" title="Lynching of Michael Donald">Michael Donald in 1981</a>) took place on 14 August 1936, in <a href="/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky" title="Owensboro, Kentucky">Owensboro, Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rainey_Bethea" title="Rainey Bethea">Rainey Bethea</a> was executed for the rape and murder of 70-year-old Lischa Edwards. The execution was presided over by the first female <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a> in Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Shoemaker_Thompson" title="Florence Shoemaker Thompson">Florence Shoemaker Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In California, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Duffy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Duffy">Clinton Duffy</a>, who served as warden of <a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="San Quentin State Prison">San Quentin State Prison</a> between 1940 and 1952, presided over ninety executions.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to oppose the death penalty, and after his retirement, wrote a memoir entitled <i>Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women</i> in support of the movement to abolish the death penalty. The book documents several hangings gone wrong and describes how they led his predecessor, Warden <a href="/wiki/James_B._Holohan" title="James B. Holohan">James B. Holohan</a>, to persuade the California Legislature to replace hanging with the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various methods of capital punishment have been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a> in most states and the federal government. Many states that offered hanging as an option have since eliminated the method. Condemned murderer <a href="/wiki/Victor_Feguer" title="Victor Feguer">Victor Feguer</a> became the last inmate to be executed by hanging in the state of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> on 15 March 1963. Hanging was the preferred method of execution for capital murder cases in Iowa until 1965, when the death penalty was abolished and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> without <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barton_Kay_Kirkham" title="Barton Kay Kirkham">Barton Kay Kirkham</a> was the last person to be hanged in Utah, preferring it over <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">execution by firing squad</a>. Laws in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> were changed in 1986 to specify lethal injection, except for those convicted before 1986 (who were still allowed to choose hanging). If a choice was not made, or the convict refused to choose injection, then hanging would become the default method. This was the case in the 1996 execution of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bailey" title="Billy Bailey">Billy Bailey</a>, the most recent hanging in American history; since then, no Delaware prisoner fit the category, and the state's gallows were later dismantled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upright_jerker">Upright jerker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Upright jerker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></div> <p>The upright jerker is a method of hanging that originated in the United States in the late 19th century. The person to be hanged is jerked into the air by weights and pulleys. It proved to be ineffective at breaking the neck of the condemned, and death by asphyxiation often occurred. In the United States, use of the method ceased in the late 1930s. However, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> continues to intermittently employ a variant of this method, using a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> rather than a specially-designed mechanism of pulleys. The method has received heavy criticism from human rights organizations and the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inverted_hanging,_the_"Jewish"_punishment"><span id="Inverted_hanging.2C_the_.22Jewish.22_punishment"></span>Inverted hanging, the "Jewish" punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Inverted hanging, the "Jewish" punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_inverted_hanging.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Picture_of_inverted_hanging.png/220px-Picture_of_inverted_hanging.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Picture_of_inverted_hanging.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Stumpf_(writer)" title="Johann Stumpf (writer)">Johann Stumpf</a>, who witnessed this type of execution in 1553</figcaption></figure> <p>A completely different principle of hanging is to hang the convicted person from their legs, rather than from their neck, either as a form of torture, or as an execution method. In late medieval Germany, this came to be primarily associated with Jews accused of being thieves, called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Judenstrafe</i></span>. The jurist Ulrich Tengler, in his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Layenspiegel</i></span> from 1509, describes the procedure as follows, in the section <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Von Juden straff"</span></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To drag the Jew to the ordinary execution place between two angry or biting dogs. After dragging, to hang him from his feet by rope or chain at a designated gallows between the dogs, so that he is directed from life to death<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_Kisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido Kisch (page does not exist)">Guido Kisch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Kisch" class="extiw" title="de:Guido Kisch">de</a>]</span> showed that originally, this type of inverted hanging between two dogs was not a punishment specifically for Jews. Esther Cohen writes:<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The inverted hanging with the accompaniment of two dogs, originally reserved for traitors, was identified from the fourteenth century as the "Jewish execution", being practised in the later Middle Ages in both northern and Mediterranean Europe. The Jewish execution in Germany has been thoroughly studied by G. Kisch, who has argued convincingly that neither the inverted hanging nor the stringing up of dogs or wolves beside the victim were particularly Jewish punishments during the High Middle Ages. They first appeared as Jewish punishments in Germany only towards the end of the thirteenth century, never being recognized as exclusively Jewish penalties. </p><p> In France the inverted, animal-associated hanging came to be connected with Jews by the later Middle Ages. The inverted hanging of Jews is specifically mentioned in the old customs of Burgundy in the context of animal hanging. The custom, dogs and all, was still in force in Paris shortly before the final expulsion of the Jews in 1394.</p></blockquote> <p>In Spain 1449, during a mob attack against the <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">Marranos</a> (Jews nominally converted to Christianity), the Jews resisted, but lost and several of them were hanged up by the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attested German case for a Jew being hanged by the feet is from 1296, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Soultzmatt" title="Soultzmatt">Soultzmatt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other historical examples of this type of hanging within the German context are one Jew in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hennegau</a> 1326, two Jews hanged in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> 1444,<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(region)" title="Halle (region)">Halle</a> in 1462,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1486,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a> 1499,<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> 1505,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> 1553,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Lower_Saxony" title="Bergen, Lower Saxony">Bergen</a> 1588,<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Öttingen">Öttingen</a> 1611,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in Frankfurt 1615 and again in 1661,<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one condemned to this punishment in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1637.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details of the cases vary widely: In the 1444 Frankfurt cases and the 1499 Hanau case, the dogs were dead prior to being hanged, and in the late 1615 and 1661 cases in Frankfurt, the Jews (and dogs) were merely kept in this torture for half an hour, before being garroted from below. In the 1588 Bergen case, all three victims were left hanging till they were dead, ranging from 6 to 8 days after being hanged. In the Dortmund 1486 case, the dogs bit the Jew to death while hanging. In the 1611 Öttingen case, the Jew "Jacob the Tall" thought to blow up the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Deutsche Ordenhaus</span></span> with gunpowder after having burgled it. He was strung up between two dogs, and a large fire was made close to him, and he expired after half an hour under this torture. In the 1553 Württemberg case, the Jew chose to convert to Christianity after hanging like this for 24 hours; he was then given the mercy to be hanged in the ordinary manner, from the neck, and without the dogs beside him. In the 1462 Halle case, the Jew Abraham also converted after 24 hours hanging upside down, and a priest went up on a ladder and baptised him. For two more days, Abraham was left hanging, while the priest argued with the city council that a true Christian should not be punished in this way. On the third day, Abraham was granted a reprieve, and was taken down, but died 20 days later in the local hospital having meanwhile suffered in extreme pain. In the 1637 case, where the Jew had murdered a Christian jeweller, the appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">empress</a> was successful, and out of mercy, the Jew was condemned to be merely pinched with glowing pincers, have hot lead dripped into his wounds, and then be <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">broken alive on the wheel</a>. </p><p>Some of the reported cases may be myths, or wandering stories. The 1326 Hennegau case, for example, deviates from the others in that the Jew was not a thief, but was suspected (even though he was a convert to Christianity) of having struck an al fresco painting of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, so that blood had begun to seep down the wall from the painting. Even under all degrees of judicial torture, the Jew denied performing this sacrilegious act, and was therefore exonerated. Then a brawny smith demanded from him a <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a>, because, supposedly, in a dream the Virgin herself had besought the smith to do so. The court accepted the smith's challenge, he easily won the combat against the Jew, who was duly hanged up by the feet between two dogs. To add to the injury, one let him be slowly roasted as well as hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a very similar story to one told in France, in which a young Jew threw a lance at the head of a statue of the Virgin, so that blood spurted out of it. There was inadequate evidence for a normal trial, but a frail old man asked for trial by combat, and bested the young Jew. The Jew confessed his crime, and was hanged by his feet between two mastiffs.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The features of the earliest attested case, that of a Jewish thief hanged by the feet in Soultzmatt in 1296 are also rather divergent from the rest. The Jew managed somehow, after he had been left to die, to twitch his body in such a manner that he could hoist himself up on the gallows and free himself. At that time, his feet were so damaged that he was unable to escape, and when he was discovered 8 days after he had been hanged, he was strangled to death by the townspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As late as in 1699 <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a>, the courts were sufficiently horrified at how the Jewish leader of a robber gang (condemned to be hanged in the normal manner) declared blasphemies against Christianity, that they made a ruling on the <i>post mortem</i> treatment of Jonas Meyer. After 3 days, his corpse was cut down, his tongue cut out, and his body was hanged up again, but this time from its feet.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment_for_traitors">Punishment for traitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Punishment for traitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guido Kisch writes that the first instance he knows where a person in Germany was hanged up by his feet between two dogs until he died occurred about 1048, some 250 years earlier than the first attested Jewish case. This was a knight called Arnold, who had murdered his lord; the story is contained in <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s <i>History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of a non-Jew who suffered this punishment as a torture, in 1196 <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Count_of_Acerra" title="Richard, Count of Acerra">Richard, Count of Acerra</a>, was one of those executed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> in the suppression of the rebelling Sicilians:<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He [Henry VI] held a general court in Capua, at which he ordered that the count first be drawn behind a horse through the squares of Capua, and then hanged alive head downwards. The latter was still alive after two days when a certain German jester called Leather-Bag [Follis], hoping to please the emperor, tied a large stone to his neck and shamefully put him to death</p></blockquote> <p>A couple of centuries earlier, in France 991, a viscount Walter nominally owing his allegiance to the French King <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a> chose, on instigation of his wife, to join the rebellion under <a href="/wiki/Odo_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Odo I, Count of Blois">Odo I, Count of Blois</a>. When Odo found out he had to abandon <a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a> after all, Walter was duly hanged before the gates, whereas his wife, the fomentor of treason, was hanged by her feet, causing much merriment and jeers from Hugh's soldiers as her clothes fell downwards revealing her naked body, although it is not wholly clear if she died in that manner.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elizabethan_maritime_law">Elizabethan maritime law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Elizabethan maritime law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>'s reign, the following was written concerning those who stole a ship from the Royal Navy:<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If anye one practysed to steale awaye anye of her Majesty's shippes, the captaine was to cause him to be hanged by the heels untill his braines were beaten out against the shippe's sides, and then to be cutt down and lett fall intoe the sea. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanging_by_the_ribs">Hanging by the ribs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hanging by the ribs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg/170px-Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg/255px-Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg/340px-Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption><i>A Man Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>. Originally published in Stedman's <i>Narrative</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1713, <a href="/wiki/Juraj_J%C3%A1no%C5%A1%C3%ADk" title="Juraj Jánošík">Juraj Jánošík</a>, a semi-legendary Slovak outlaw and <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk hero</a>, was sentenced to be hanged from his left rib. He was left to slowly die.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German physician Gottlob Schober (1670–1739),<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who worked in Russia from 1712, notes that a person could hang from the ribs for about three days prior to expiring, his primary pain being that of extreme thirst. He thought this degree of insensitivity was something peculiar to the Russian mentality.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> were also in the habit of hanging a slave from the ribs, a custom amongst the African tribes from whom they were originally purchased. <a href="/wiki/John_Gabriel_Stedman" title="John Gabriel Stedman">John Gabriel Stedman</a> stayed in South America from 1772 to 1777 and described the method as told by a witness:<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Not long ago, (continued he) I saw a black "man suspended alive from a gallows by the ribs, between which, with a knife, was first made an incision, and then clinched an iron hook with a chain: in this manner he kept alive three days, hanging with his head "and feet downwards, and catching with his tongue the "drops of water" (it being in the rainy season) that were "flowing down his bloated breast. Notwithstanding all this, he never complained, and even upbraided a negro "for crying while he was flogged below the gallows, by calling out to him: "You man?—Da boy fasy? Are you a man? you behave like a boy". Shortly after which he was knocked on the head by the commiserating sentry, who stood over him, with the butt end of his musket.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> was specially commissioned to make illustrations to Stedman's narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard past tense and past participle form of the verb "hang", in the sense of this article, is "hanged",<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some dictionaries give "hung" as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dule_tree" title="Dule tree">Dule tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">Erotic asphyxiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">Gallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote#Execution_device" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_of_Glory" title="Hand of Glory">Hand of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_judge" title="Hanging judge">Hanging judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_tree_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging tree (United States)">Hanging tree (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman_(game)" title="Hangman (game)">Hangman (game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman%27s_knot" title="Hangman's knot">Hangman's knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ketch" title="Jack Ketch">Jack Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_by_hanging" title="List of people who died by hanging">List of people who died by hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Suicide by hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JSpine2011-02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSpine2011-02_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud_RayesMonika_MittalSetti_S._RengacharySandeep_Mittal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmoud Rayes; Monika Mittal; Setti S. Rengachary; Sandeep Mittal (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zillanatomy.com/Reference_article_Hangman's_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf">"Hangman's fracture: a historical and biomechanical perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Neurosurgery" title="Journal of Neurosurgery">Journal of Neurosurgery</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075751/http://www.zillanatomy.com/Reference_article_Hangman%27s_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>It was not until the introduction of the standard drop by Dr. Samuel Haughton in 1866, and the so-called long drop by William Marwood in 1872 that hanging became a standard, humane means to achieve instantaneous death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Hangman%27s+fracture%3A+a+historical+and+biomechanical+perspective&rft.date=2011-02&rft.au=Mahmoud+Rayes&rft.au=Monika+Mittal&rft.au=Setti+S.+Rengachary&rft.au=Sandeep+Mittal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zillanatomy.com%2FReference_article_Hangman%27s_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2012" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Robert (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fv_X8HYL4QQC&pg=PA33"><i>The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia's founding</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 33ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81560-6"><bdi>978-0-307-81560-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184941/https://books.google.com/books?id=fv_X8HYL4QQC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>Before the invention of the hinged trapdoor through which the victim was dropped, he or she was 'turned off' or 'twisted' by the hangman who pulled the ladder away.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Shore%3A+The+epic+of+Australia%27s+founding&rft.pages=33ff&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.isbn=978-0-307-81560-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfv_X8HYL4QQC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter1965-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potter1965_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1965" class="citation book cs1">Potter, John Deane (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snRAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22turned%20off%22&pg=PA23"><i>The Art of Hanging</i></a>. A. S. Barnes. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780498073878" title="Special:BookSources/9780498073878"><bdi>9780498073878</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=snRAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23&q=%22turned%20off%22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>... condemned persons still mounted a ladder which was turned round, leaving them dangling. This led to the phrase 'turned off'—they were literally turned off the ladder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Hanging&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=9780498073878&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=John+Deane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnRAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522turned%2520off%2522%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvageauRacette2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sauvageau, Anny; Racette, Stéphanie (2007). "Agonal Sequences in a Filmed Suicidal Hanging: Analysis of Respiratory and Movement Responses to Asphyxia by Hanging". <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 957–959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2007.00459.x">10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00459.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17524058">17524058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32188375">32188375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Agonal+Sequences+in+a+Filmed+Suicidal+Hanging%3A+Analysis+of+Respiratory+and+Movement+Responses+to+Asphyxia+by+Hanging&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=957-959&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32188375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17524058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2007.00459.x&rft.aulast=Sauvageau&rft.aufirst=Anny&rft.au=Racette%2C+St%C3%A9phanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hepnarova.html">"Olga Hepnarová - The Last Woman Executed in Czechoslovakia"</a>. <i>Capital Punishment UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Executedtoday.com&rft.atitle=1946%3A+Karl+Hermann+Frank&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.executedtoday.com%2F2009%2F05%2F22%2F1946-karl-hermann-frank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm">"How Does Death by Hanging Work?"</a>. <i>How Stuff Works</i>. 4 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084920/https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Works&rft.atitle=How+Does+Death+by+Hanging+Work%3F&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.howstuffworks.com%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fdeath-dying%2Fdeath-by-hanging.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellierConnolly2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hellier, C.; Connolly, R. (2009). "Cause of death in judicial hanging: a review and case study". <i>Medicine, Science, and the Law</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Frsmmsl.49.1.18">10.1258/rsmmsl.49.1.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19306616">19306616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34469210">34469210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine%2C+Science%2C+and+the+Law&rft.atitle=Cause+of+death+in+judicial+hanging%3A+a+review+and+case+study&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-26&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34469210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19306616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2Frsmmsl.49.1.18&rft.aulast=Hellier&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Connolly%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report by Kingsbury Smith, International News Service, 16 October 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonogh G., <i>After the Reich</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, London (2008) p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42">"The Gallows Chamber"</a>. <i>Life</i>, 28 October 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512222220/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging1.html">"History of British judicial hanging"</a>. <i>Capital Punishment UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729004603/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The process of judicial hanging"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hanged+by+the+neck+until+dead.+The+process+of+judicial+hanging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalpunishmentuk.org%2Fhanging2.html%23causes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D7113BF936A15757C0A964958260">"Gruesome death in gas chamber pushes Arizona towards injections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 25 April 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103182212/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D7113BF936A15757C0A964958260">Archived</a> 3 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Olive Branch Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-462-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-462-5"><bdi>978-1-56656-462-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+and+After&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Olive+Branch+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-462-5&rft.au=Phyllis+Bennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8VzP0eiLW0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lfo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3096,3218494&dq=">"Sadat Assassins are Executed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Glasgow Herald</a>. 16 April 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083657/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lfo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3096,3218494&dq=">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sadat+Assassins+are+Executed&rft.date=1982-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DLfo9AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3096%2C3218494%26dq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516064142/http://www.nytimes.com/keyword/egypt/2">"Articles about Egypt - Page 2 - New York Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/keyword/egypt/2">the original</a> on 16 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Articles+about+Egypt+-+Page+2+-+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fkeyword%2Fegypt%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/article/449278/demise-death-penalty">"Demise of the death penalty"</a>. 23 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demise+of+the+death+penalty&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Farticle%2F449278%2Fdemise-death-penalty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Solash, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/06/3c9b40e0-f493-49d4-a33d-6d93c1580bb1.html">Hungary: U.S. President To Honor 1956 Uprising</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709055810/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/06/3c9b40e0-f493-49d4-a33d-6d93c1580bb1.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (20 June 2006), radio Free Europe; RadioLiberty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIE-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIE_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/">"Yakub Memon first to be hanged in Maharashtra after Ajmal Kasab"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 30 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203233129/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Yakub+Memon+first+to+be+hanged+in+Maharashtra+after+Ajmal+Kasab&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-others%2Fyakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakhraniAdenwalla" class="citation web cs1">Sakhrani, Monica; Adenwalla, Maharukh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050817155243/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=03&filename=8383&filetype=html">"Death Penalty – Case for Its Abolition"</a>. <i>Economic & Political Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=03&filename=8383&filetype=html">the original</a> on 17 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+%26+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Death+Penalty+%E2%80%93+Case+for+Its+Abolition&rft.aulast=Sakhrani&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft.au=Adenwalla%2C+Maharukh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.org.in%2FshowArticles.php%3Froot%3D2005%26leaf%3D03%26filename%3D8383%26filetype%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhanged_to_death2020" class="citation news cs1">hanged to death, Nirbhaya convicts (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail/article31114864.ece">"Four Nirbhaya case convicts hanged to death in Tihar jail"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. The Hindu Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320010211/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail/article31114864.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Four+Nirbhaya+case+convicts+hanged+to+death+in+Tihar+jail&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.aulast=hanged+to+death&rft.aufirst=Nirbhaya+convicts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fnirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail%2Farticle31114864.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2011" class="citation news cs1">Wallace, Mark (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2011-jul-06-la-oe-wallace-cranes-iran-20110706-story.html">"Iran's execution binge"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121020129/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/06/opinion/la-oe-wallace-cranes-iran-20110706">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+execution+binge&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fla-xpm-2011-jul-06-la-oe-wallace-cranes-iran-20110706-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/07/iran_executes_2.html">"Iran executes 2 gay teenagers"</a>. <i>Direland.typepad.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902014011/http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/07/iran_executes_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Direland.typepad.com&rft.atitle=Iran+executes+2+gay+teenagers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdireland.typepad.com%2Fdireland%2F2005%2F07%2Firan_executes_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051118175201/http://www.gayrussia.ru/en/detail.php?ID=1596">"Exclusive interview with gay activists in Iran on situation of gays, recent executions of gay teens and the future"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gayrussia.ru/en/detail.php?ID=1596">the original</a> on 18 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exclusive+interview+with+gay+activists+in+Iran+on+situation+of+gays%2C+recent+executions+of+gay+teens+and+the+future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gayrussia.ru%2Fen%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D1596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104016/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE13/036/2004/en/Gj2vcmpR0sAJ">"Iran: Amnesty International outraged at reported execution of a 16 year old girl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 23 August 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Iran+hangs+woman+despite+international+uproar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F10%2Famnesty-iran-set-hang-woman-at-dawn-2014102422855125759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020809210711/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html">"Clark, Richard; <i>The process of Judicial Hanging</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=More+bombs+bring+death+to+Iraq&rft.date=2006-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2FarticlePage.aspx%3Farticleid%3D266369%26area%3D%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__international_news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061113081326/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html">"Saddam Hussein sentenced to death by hanging"</a>. CNN. 5 November 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Executedtoday.com&rft.atitle=1948%3A+Hideki+Tojo+and+six+other+Japanese+war+criminals&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.executedtoday.com%2F2008%2F12%2F23%2F1948-hideki-tojo-and-six-other-japanese-war-criminals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260">"In Secrecy, Japan Hangs a Best-Selling Author, a Killer of 4"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 7 August 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218005941/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Secrecy%2C+Japan+Hangs+a+Best-Selling+Author%2C+a+Killer+of+4&rft.date=1997-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3654144.stm">"Japanese school killer executed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711120322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3654144.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+school+killer+executed&rft.date=2004-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F3654144.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/17/asia/AS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php">"Reports: Japan executes man convicted of killing and mutilating young girls in 1980s"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. 17 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804054712/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/17/asia/AS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Reports%3A+Japan+executes+man+convicted+of+killing+and+mutilating+young+girls+in+1980s&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F06%2F17%2Fasia%2FAS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/jordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html">"Jordan 'hangs Israeli spies'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 16 August 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811204322/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/jordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jordan+%27hangs+Israeli+spies%27&rft.date=1993-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fjordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-03-19-1991078145-story.html">"Suspected Iraqi collaborators being executed in Kuwait Human rights official says up to 3,000 people are unaccounted for"</a>. 19 March 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suspected+Iraqi+collaborators+being+executed+in+Kuwait+Human+rights+official+says+up+to+3%2C000+people+are+unaccounted+for&rft.date=1991-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1991-03-19-1991078145-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/16/kuwait-executes-seven-people-despite-international-outcry">"Kuwait hangs seven people in first executions since 2017"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+hangs+seven+people+in+first+executions+since+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2Fkuwait-executes-seven-people-despite-international-outcry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4267,1914349&dq=lebanon-hanged&hl=en">"Toledo Blade – Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>News.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519205717/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4267%2C1914349&dq=lebanon-hanged&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.google.com&rft.atitle=Toledo+Blade+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DujFPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4267%2C1914349%26dq%3Dlebanon-hanged%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/lebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf">"LEBANON : Stakeholder Submission to the United Nations Universal Periodic Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theadvocatesforhumanrights.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116152102/https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/lebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theadvocatesforhumanrights.org&rft.atitle=LEBANON+%3A+Stakeholder+Submission+to+the+United+Nations+Universal+Periodic+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org%2Fuploads%2Flebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/MarylandRitualMurders08.htm">The Maryland Ritual Murders. The Final Verdict: Death By Hanging</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084938/http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/MarylandRitualMurders08.htm">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Liberiapastandpresent.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theperspective.org/2005/jan/ritualistickillings.html">Ritualistic Killings Spark Mob Action in Maryland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130234800/http://www.theperspective.org/2005/jan/ritualistickillings.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Theperspective.org Jan 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052132/http://www.suntimes.co.za/zones/sundaytimesNEW/basket7st/basket7st1132576915.aspx">"Singapore clings to death penalty"</a>. Sunday Times (South Africa). 21 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.co.za/zones/sundaytimesNEW/basket7st/basket7st1132576915.aspx">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Singapore+clings+to+death+penalty&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.co.za%2Fzones%2FsundaytimesNEW%2Fbasket7st%2Fbasket7st1132576915.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylis_Thomas1999" class="citation book cs1">Baylis Thomas (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howisraelwaswonc00bayl"><i>How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i></a></span>. Lexington Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howisraelwaswonc00bayl/page/154">154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0064-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0064-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-0064-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Israel+was+Won%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0064-6&rft.au=Baylis+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowisraelwaswonc00bayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell_G._Bard,_Ph.D.2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell G. Bard, Ph.D. (2 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVeKwfsHevgC&pg=PT193"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict, 4th Edition</i></a>. DK Publishing. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-21720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-21720-7"><bdi>978-1-101-21720-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803011218/https://books.google.com/books?id=sVeKwfsHevgC&pg=PT193">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Middle+East+Conflict%2C+4th+Edition&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-101-21720-7&rft.au=Mitchell+G.+Bard%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVeKwfsHevgC%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_L._Brown1992" class="citation book cs1">Michael L. Brown (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2PseStkG3sC&pg=PA190"><i>Our Hands Are Stained with Blood</i></a>. Destiny Image Publishers. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56043-068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56043-068-1"><bdi>978-1-56043-068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Hands+Are+Stained+with+Blood&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Destiny+Image+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56043-068-1&rft.au=Michael+L.+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2PseStkG3sC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burckhardt, J.L.:"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22956">Travels in Syria and the Holy Land</a>", London 1822, p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2016/09/13/isis-butchers-hang-prisoners-from-meat-hooks/">"ISIS butchers hang prisoners from meat hooks"</a>. 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+butchers+hang+prisoners+from+meat+hooks&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2016%2F09%2F13%2Fisis-butchers-hang-prisoners-from-meat-hooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraies1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Craies, William Feilden (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hanging"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hanging">"Hanging" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hanging&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=917-918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Craies&rft.aufirst=William+Feilden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZY6AAAAIBAJ&pg=3058,10264400&dq=british%20free%20corps&hl=en">"Toronto Daily Star – Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>News.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084852/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZY6AAAAIBAJ&pg=3058%2C10264400&dq=british+free+corps&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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City of London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/scripts/htm_hl.pl?DB=col&STEMMER=en&WORDS=histori%20history&ALL=&ANY=&EXACTB=0&PHRASE=&EXACTP=0&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=history&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&URL=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Freedom_of_City/priveleges.htm#muscat_highlighter_first_match">the original</a> on 12 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BiblioBazaar, LLC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728072115/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150617/PC16/150619408">"Nine shot, multiple fatalities reported in downtown church shooting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a></i>. 18 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150617/PC16/150619408">the original</a> on 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Findingdulcinea.com. 14 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311201258/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Kentucky-Holds-Final-Public-Execution-in-the-U-S-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+This+Day%3A+Kentucky+Holds+Final+Public+Execution+in+the+US&rft.pub=Findingdulcinea.com&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findingdulcinea.com%2Fnews%2Fon-this-day%2FJuly-August-08%2FOn-this-Day--Kentucky-Holds-Final-Public-Execution-in-the-U-S-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1982" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Gene (14 October 1982). "Famed warden Duffy of San Quentin dead at 84". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Famed+warden+Duffy+of+San+Quentin+dead+at+84&rft.date=1982-10-14&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1962" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Clinton (1962). <i>Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1317754">1317754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighty-Eight+Men+and+Two+Women&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1317754&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimrite2005" class="citation news cs1">Fimrite, Peter (20 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/20/INGFUFHCFL56.DTL">"Inside death row. At San Quentin, 647 condemned killers wait to die in the most populous execution antechamber in the United States"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702063038/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F11%2F20%2FINGFUFHCFL56.DTL">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Inside+death+row.+At+San+Quentin%2C+647+condemned+killers+wait+to+die+in+the+most+populous+execution+antechamber+in+the+United+States.&rft.date=2005-11-20&rft.aulast=Fimrite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F11%2F20%2FINGFUFHCFL56.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/iran-crime-government-and-politics-da53071412f8c3da9cd51945b7870780">"Iran execution: Man publicly hanged from crane amid protests"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Iran+execution%3A+Man+publicly+hanged+from+crane+amid+protests&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Firan-crime-government-and-politics-da53071412f8c3da9cd51945b7870780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tengler, U. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZLAAAAcAAJ&q=juden">"Layenspiegel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513023935/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZLAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:layenspiegel&hl=no&sa=X&ei=Y8wDUeb_CtKO4gSb0YGoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=juden&f=false">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p.119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original German text: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Den Juden zwischen zweyen wütenden oder beissenden hunde zu der gewonlichen gerichtstatt zu ziehen. vel schlieffen, mit dem strang oder ketten bey seinen füssen an eynen besondern galgen zwischen die hund nach verkerter mass hencken damit er also von leben zom tod gericht wird</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Esther (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lclnUXYB4sC&pg=PA92"><i>The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114622/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lclnUXYB4sC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Brill. p.92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchuleta2006" class="citation book cs1">Archuleta, Roy A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UPE8yotFAT4C&pg=PA46"><i>Where We Come From</i></a>. Where We Come From, collect. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781424304721" title="Special:BookSources/9781424304721"><bdi>9781424304721</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012644/https://books.google.com/books?id=UPE8yotFAT4C&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+We+Come+From&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Where+We+Come+From%2C+collect.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781424304721&rft.aulast=Archuleta&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUPE8yotFAT4C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2008" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Jörg R. (2008). <i>Beziehungsnetze aschkenasischer Juden während des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit</i>. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. pp. 81, footnote 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783775256292" title="Special:BookSources/9783775256292"><bdi>9783775256292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beziehungsnetze+aschkenasischer+Juden+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Mittelalters+und+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit&rft.pages=81%2C+footnote+31&rft.pub=Hahnsche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783775256292&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsches_bürgerthum_im_mittelalter_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kriegk, G. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243">"Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114626/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Frankfurt am Main 1868, p.243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Limmer, K.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA721"><i>Bibliothek der sächsischen Geschichte</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024316/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA721">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ronneburg 1831 p.721</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums</i></a>. Vol. 9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114438/https://books.google.com/books?id=soAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Leipzig 1860, p.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henne am Rhyn, O.:"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1BAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA566"><i>Kulturgeschichte der neuern Zeit: Vom Wiederaufleben d. Wiss. bis...</i></a> Vol. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512225019/https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1BAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA566">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Leipzig 1870, p.566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Battenberg, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhCKcHBYJwC&pg=PA86"><i>Von Enoch bis Kafka: Festschrift für Karl E. Grözinger zum 60. Geburtstag</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232903/https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhCKcHBYJwC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wiesbaden 2002, p.86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11806-ottingen">"Öttingen"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11806-ottingen">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=%C3%96ttingen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11806-ottingen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haym, R: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lME21-6A8kgC&pg=PA123"><i>Preussische Jahrbücher</i></a>. Vol. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512230501/https://books.google.com/books?id=lME21-6A8kgC&pg=PA123">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Berlin 1861 p.122–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Heister1863" class="citation book cs1">von Heister, Carl (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjZDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Geschichtliche Untersuchungen über Israel: Die Juden: aufgebürdete Verbrechen. Erlittene Verfolgung. Angethane Schmach</i></a>. Vol. 3. Naumburg: Tauerschmidt. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513013515/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjZDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichtliche+Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+Israel%3A+Die+Juden%3A+aufgeb%C3%BCrdete+Verbrechen.+Erlittene+Verfolgung.+Angethane+Schmach&rft.place=Naumburg&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Tauerschmidt&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=von+Heister&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjZDAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilson1896" class="citation book cs1">Neilson, George (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/caudatusanglicus00neiliala#page/10/mode/2up"><i>Caudatus Anglicus</i></a>. Edinburgh: George p. Johnston. p. 11, footnote 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caudatus+Anglicus&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=p.+11%2C+footnote+2&rft.pub=George+p.+Johnston&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcaudatusanglicus00neiliala%23page%2F10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschamser1864" class="citation book cs1">Tschamser, P. F. Malachiam (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NME8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250"><i>Annales oder Jahrs-Geschichte der ...: Minderen Brüdern S. Franc. ord. Conventualen genzunt, zu Thann ... 1724</i></a>. Vol. 1. Colmar: K. A. Hoffmann. p. 250. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513015127/https://books.google.com/books?id=NME8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+oder+Jahrs-Geschichte+der+...%3A+Minderen+Br%C3%BCdern+S.+Franc.+ord.+Conventualen+genzunt%2C+zu+Thann+...+1724&rft.place=Colmar&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=K.+A.+Hoffmann&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Tschamser&rft.aufirst=P.+F.+Malachiam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNME8AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The author regards this as probably the last case in which a Jew (although in this case dead) was hanged up by the feet in Germany. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnitzler2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schnitzler, Norbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WntiDRp3hdsC&pg=PA292">"Juden vor Gericht: Soziale Ausgrenzung durch Sanktionen"</a>. In Schlosser, Hans; Sprandel, Rolf; Willoweit, Daniel (eds.). <i>Herrschaftliches Strafen seit dem Hochmittelalter: Formen und Entwicklungsstufen</i> (in German). Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783412086015" title="Special:BookSources/9783412086015"><bdi>9783412086015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juden+vor+Gericht%3A+Soziale+Ausgrenzung+durch+Sanktionen&rft.btitle=Herrschaftliches+Strafen+seit+dem+Hochmittelalter%3A+Formen+und+Entwicklungsstufen&rft.place=Cologne%2C+Weimar&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783412086015&rft.aulast=Schnitzler&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWntiDRp3hdsC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Kisch's assessment, see for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisch1943" class="citation book cs1">Kisch, Guido (1943). <i>Historia Judaica: A Journal of Studies in Jewish History, Especially in Legal and Economic History of the Jews</i>. Vol. 5–6. Historia Judaica. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Judaica%3A+A+Journal+of+Studies+in+Jewish+History%2C+Especially+in+Legal+and+Economic+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Historia+Judaica&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Kisch&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span> On locus in Adam of Bremen's text, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen2013" class="citation book cs1">Adam of Bremen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cDtkTUF95IC&pg=PA120"><i>History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen</i></a>. Translated by Tschan, Francis J.; Reuter, Timothy. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231500852" title="Special:BookSources/9780231500852"><bdi>9780231500852</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513010628/https://books.google.com/books?id=4cDtkTUF95IC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Archbishops+of+Hamburg-Bremen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780231500852&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cDtkTUF95IC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc"><i>Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040312011115/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc">Archived</a> 12 March 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> trans. G. A. Loud</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2007" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA78"><i>The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328</i></a>. London: Conitunuum Books. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826435149" title="Special:BookSources/9780826435149"><bdi>9780826435149</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512214932/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capetians%3A+Kings+of+France+987%E2%80%931328&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Conitunuum+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780826435149&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAgDwx4pS0QC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurton1862" class="citation book cs1">Hurton, William (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULBWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Hearts of Oak, or Naval yarns. By the author of 'Vonved the Dane'<span></span></i></a>. London: Richard Bentley. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearts+of+Oak%2C+or+Naval+yarns.+By+the+author+of+%27Vonved+the+Dane%27&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Hurton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULBWAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/46928/8/modern_day_outlaws_gather_to_honour_janosik.html">Modern-day 'outlaws' gather to honour Jánošík</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516130403/http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/46928/8/modern_day_outlaws_gather_to_honour_janosik.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slovak_Spectator" title="The Slovak Spectator">The Slovak Spectator</a></i>. 9 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz78879.html"><i>Schober, Gottlob – Deutsche Biographie</i></a>. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805111436/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz78879.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schober%2C+Gottlob+%E2%80%93+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.date=1891&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fsfz78879.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1762" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Gerhard F. (1762). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bhKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Sammlung Rußischer Geschichte, 1st and 2nd Part of 7th Volume</i></a>. St. Petersburg: Kayserl. Academie der Wißenschafften. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012712/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bhKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammlung+Ru%C3%9Fischer+Geschichte%2C+1st+and+2nd+Part+of+7th+Volume&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Kayserl.+Academie+der+Wi%C3%9Fenschafften&rft.date=1762&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bhKAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stedman, J.G.: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey00stedgoog">Narrative, of a five years' expedition</a>", Vol.1, London 1813, p.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, Hugh (1975). The European Vision of America Cleveland, Ohio; The Cleveland Museum of Art, p.343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary (2015 update), OUP, Oxford, UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019030127/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hang?view=uk">"Hang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Compact_Oxford_English_Dictionary_of_Current_English" title="Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English">Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hang?view=uk">the original</a> on 19 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hang&rft.pub=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary+of+Current+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fhang%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133742/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/hang">"Hang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/hang">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hang&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.yahoo.com%2Freference%2Fdictionary%2Fentry%2Fhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hang">"Hang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421185137/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hang">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hang&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJess_Stein1979" class="citation book cs1">Jess Stein, ed. (1979). <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Dictionary of the English Language"><i>Random House Dictionary of the English Language</i></a> (1st ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+House+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jack Shuler, <i>The Thirteenth Turn: A History of the Noose.</i> New York: Public Affairs, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610391368" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610391368">978-1610391368</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hanging">Hanging</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073312/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_002_no_002/papers/paper005.html">A Case Of Strangulation Fabricated As Hanging</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073439/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_007_no_001/papers/paper005.html">Obliquity vs. Discontinuity of ligature mark in diagnosis of hanging – a comparative study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm">Death Penalty Worldwide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215756/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Academic research database on the laws, practice, and 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Current_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Current judicial methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175111#identifiers" title="Edit this at 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