CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>United States sanctions against Iran - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"62765f1f-feb1-4d59-ac66-05db5e38cd9c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"United_States_sanctions_against_Iran","wgTitle":"United States sanctions against Iran","wgCurRevisionId":1257962048,"wgRevisionId":1257962048,"wgArticleId":9941859,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with dead external links from April 2013","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020","Iran–United States relations","Economy of Iran","Modern history of Iran","Politics of Iran","Sanctions against Iran","United States sanctions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"United_States_sanctions_against_Iran","wgRelevantArticleId":9941859,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions" :{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q14641401","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="850"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="567"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg/640px-Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="454"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="United States sanctions against Iran - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-United_States_sanctions_against_Iran rootpage-United_States_sanctions_against_Iran skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States+sanctions+against+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States+sanctions+against+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States+sanctions+against+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States+sanctions+against+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Legal basis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carter_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carter_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Carter presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carter_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reagan_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reagan presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinton_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinton_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Clinton presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinton_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Clinton presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Clinton_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Iran and Libya Sanctions Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Khatami_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Khatami_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Early Khatami government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Khatami_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bush_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bush presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bush_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bush presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bush_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Banking sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Obama presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obama_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Obama presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Obama_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanctions_against_third_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_against_third_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sanctions against third parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_against_third_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_nuclear_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_nuclear_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Iran nuclear deal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_nuclear_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Trump presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trump_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trump presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trump_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countering_America's_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countering_America's_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countering_America's_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-JCPOA_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-JCPOA_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Post-JCPOA sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-JCPOA_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Iran reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_against_IRGC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_against_IRGC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sanctions against IRGC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_against_IRGC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Other sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biden_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biden_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biden presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biden_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Effects and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Impact on health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_overseas_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_overseas_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Impact on overseas students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_overseas_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Exceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">United States sanctions against Iran</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" > 10 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="العقوبات الأمريكية ضد إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العقوبات الأمريكية ضد إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تحریم‌های آمریکا علیه ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحریم‌های آمریکا علیه ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="ԱՄՆ պատժամիջոցներն Իրանի դեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ պատժամիջոցներն Իրանի դեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanzioni_degli_Stati_Uniti_contro_l%27Iran" title="Sanzioni degli Stati Uniti contro l'Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sanzioni degli Stati Uniti contro l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Экономические санкции против Ирана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономические санкции против Ирана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таҳримҳои иқтисодӣ алайҳи Эрон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таҳримҳои иқтисодӣ алайҳи Эрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABD%27nin_%C4%B0ran%27a_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1_yapt%C4%B1r%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1" title="ABD'nin İran'a karşı yaptırımları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ABD'nin İran'a karşı yaptırımları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Санкції США проти Ірану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санкції США проти Ірану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_l%E1%BB%87nh_tr%E1%BB%ABng_ph%E1%BA%A1t_c%E1%BB%A7a_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_v%E1%BB%9Bi_Iran" title="Các lệnh trừng phạt của Hoa Kỳ đối với Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các lệnh trừng phạt của Hoa Kỳ đối với Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%9A%84%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81" title="美國對伊朗的制裁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國對伊朗的制裁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14641401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&oldid=1257962048" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&id=1257962048&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnited_States_sanctions_against_Iran">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnited_States_sanctions_against_Iran">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14641401" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trade restrictions levied by the United States government</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg/375px-Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg/500px-Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The United States imposed sanction of 1995 bans aviation companies from selling aircraft and repair parts to <a href="/wiki/Airlines_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Airlines of Iran">Iranian airlines</a>. Iranian registered commercial airplanes (such as this <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-100B</a> for example) were also banned from entering U.S. airspace due to the sanctions.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the United States has since 1979 applied various economic, trade, scientific and military <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>. United States <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC), an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>. As of 2017, United States sanctions against Iran include an embargo on dealings with the country by the United States, and a ban on selling aircraft and repair parts to Iranian aviation companies.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update?</a>] The United States has imposed sanctions against Iran in response to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iranian nuclear program</a> and Iranian <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Iranian_state_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of Iranian state terrorism">support</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Islamic_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Islamic Jihad">Palestine Islamic Jihad</a>, that are considered terrorist organizations by the United States. Iranian support for the <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Shia militias in Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemen civil war</a> are also in contention. On 17 May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> announced its intention to implement the <a href="/wiki/Blocking_statute" title="Blocking statute">blocking statute</a> of 1996 to declare United States sanctions against Iran null and void in Europe and ban European citizens and companies from complying with them. The EC also instructed the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> to facilitate European companies' investment in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal basis">edit</a>]</div> United States sanctions can be imposed under the <a href="/wiki/National_Emergencies_Act" title="National Emergencies Act">National Emergencies Act</a> (NEA) of 1976, the <a href="/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act" title="International Emergency Economic Powers Act">International Emergency Economic Powers Act</a> (IEEPA) of 1977 and the <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a> of 1996 (ILSA, later renamed to Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)). Declarations under NEA and IEEPA must be renewed annually to remain in effect. Another sanctions law is the <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a> of 2017. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carter_presidency">Carter presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carter presidency">edit</a>]</div> United States President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> imposed sanctions against Iran in November 1979 after <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">radical students</a> seized the United States Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">took hostages</a>, after the United States permitted the exiled <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> to enter the United States for medical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 12170">12170</a> froze about US$8.1 billion in Iranian assets, including bank deposits, gold and other properties. It also imposed a <a href="/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargo</a>. The sanctions were lifted in January 1981 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">negotiated settlement of the hostages’ release</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reagan_presidency">Reagan presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reagan presidency">edit</a>]</div> United States President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> imposed an arms embargo in 1983 on Iran, including United States military spare parts to the military during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1981–1988).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> An embargo on Iranian goods and services was imposed in 1987 in response to Iran's actions from 1981 to 1987 against the United States and other vessels in the Persian Gulf and because of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">support for terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinton_presidency">Clinton presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinton presidency">edit</a>]</div> United States President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> imposed some of the toughest sanctions against Iran in March 1995, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iranian nuclear program</a> and Iranian <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Iranian_state_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of Iranian state terrorism">support</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Islamic_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Islamic Jihad">Palestine Islamic Jihad</a>, that are considered terrorist organizations by the United States under <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12957" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 12957">12957</a>, to prohibit the United States from trading in Iran's oil industry. In May 1995 Clinton also issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12959" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 12959">12959</a> to prohibit the United States from trading with Iran. Trade with the United States, which had been growing since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, ended abruptly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blocking_statute" title="Blocking statute">Blocking statute</a></div> The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA) was signed into law on 5 August 1996 by President Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-kat13jun-9">[9]</a> ISA (the renamed ILSA in 2006) targets both American and non-American businesses that make investments over $20 million in Iran for the development of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> resources in Iran. They face having imposed against them two out of seven possible penalties by the United States:<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>denial of Export-Import Bank assistance,</li> <li>denial of export licenses for exports to the violating company,</li> <li>prohibition on loans or credits from United States financial institutions of over $10 million in any 12-month period,</li> <li>prohibition on designation as a primary dealer for United States government debt instruments,</li> <li>prohibition on serving as an agent of the United States or as a repository for U.S. government funds,</li> <li>denial of United States government procurement opportunities (consistent with WTO obligations), and</li> <li>a ban on all or some imports of the violating company.</li></ul> ISA was extended several times under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kat13jun-9">[9]</a> and on December 1, 2016, it was extended under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, before vacating office, for a further ten years.<a href="#cite_note-2016extension-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Khatami_government">Early Khatami government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Khatami government">edit</a>]</div> After the election of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_reformists" title="Iranian reformists">Iranian reformist</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> in 1997, President Clinton eased sanctions on Iran. In 2000 the sanctions for items such as pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian rugs">Persian rugs</a> were reduced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bush_presidency">Bush presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bush presidency">edit</a>]</div> In February 2004, during the final year of Khatami's presidency, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> in the presidency of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> ruled against editing or publishing scientific manuscripts from Iran, and stated that the American scientists collaborating with Iranians could be prosecuted. As a consequence, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) temporarily stopped editing manuscripts from Iranian researchers and took steps to clarify the OFAC guidelines concerning its publishing and editing activities. In April 2004 IEEE received a response from OFAC which fully resolved that no licenses were needed for publishing works from Iran and that the entire IEEE publication process including peer review and editing was exempt from restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a> (AIP), the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, which publishes <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, refused to comply, saying that the prohibition on publishing goes against <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:650-fifth-avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/650-fifth-avenue.jpg/220px-650-fifth-avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/650-fifth-avenue.jpg/330px-650-fifth-avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/650-fifth-avenue.jpg/440px-650-fifth-avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>In December 2008 the United States government sought 40 percent interest in <a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a> which it said was co-owned by <a href="/wiki/Bank_Melli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Melli">Bank Melli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> After being <a href="/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian presidential election, 2005">elected president</a> in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">President Ahmadinejad</a> lifted the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> that had been agreed with the <a href="/wiki/EU_three" title="EU three">EU3</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> reported Iran's non-compliance with its safeguards agreement to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>. The United States government then began pushing for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> sanctions against Iran over its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In June 2005, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13382" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13382">13382</a> freezing the assets of individuals connected with Iran's nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In June 2007, the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> enacted a boycott on companies trading with Iran and Sudan, while <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a> was considering similar action.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1737" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737">Resolution 1737</a> in December 2006, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">Resolution 1747</a> in March 2007, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1803" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1803">Resolution 1803</a> in March 2008, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1929" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929">Resolution 1929</a> in June 2010. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_sanctions">Banking sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Banking sanctions">edit</a>]</div> Iranian financial institutions are barred from directly accessing the U.S. financial system, but they are permitted to do so <a href="/wiki/U-turn_(banking)" title="U-turn (banking)">indirectly through banks in other countries</a>. In September 2006, the United States government imposed sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Bank_Saderat_Iran" title="Bank Saderat Iran">Bank Saderat Iran</a>, barring it from dealing with U.S. financial institutions, even indirectly. The move was announced by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Levey" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Levey">Stuart Levey</a>, the undersecretary for treasury, who accused the major state-owned bank in Iran of transferring funds for certain groups, including <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>. Levey said that since 2001 a Hezbollah-controlled organization had received $50 million directly from Iran through Bank Saderat. He said the United States government will also persuade European banks and financial institutions not to deal with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-18">[18]</a> As of November 2007, the following Iranian banks were prohibited from transferring money to or from United States banks:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Sepah" title="Bank Sepah">Bank Sepah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Saderat_Iran" title="Bank Saderat Iran">Bank Saderat Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Melli_Iran" title="Bank Melli Iran">Bank Melli Iran</a></li> <li>Bank Kargoshaee (aka Kargosa’i Bank)</li> <li>Arian Bank (aka Aryan Bank)</li></ul> In other words, these banks were placed on the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC) <a href="/wiki/Specially_Designated_Nationals_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Specially Designated Nationals List">Specially Designated Nationals List</a> (SDN List). The SDN List is a directory of entities and individuals who have been prohibited from accessing the U.S. financial system. Although difficult there are ways to carry out an OFAC SDN List removal.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> As of early 2008, the targeted banks, such as <a href="/wiki/Bank_Mellat" title="Bank Mellat">Bank Mellat</a>, had been able to replace banking relationships with a few large sanction-compliant banks with relationships with a larger number of smaller non-compliant banks.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Citigroup Inc.">Citigroup Inc.</a> to freeze over $2 billion held for Iran in Citigroup accounts.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> For individuals and small businesses, these banking restrictions have created a large opportunity for the <a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">hawala</a> market, which allows Iranians to transfer money to and from foreign countries using an underground unregulated exchange system.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In June 2010, in the case <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a>, the use of the hawala method of currency transfer led to a criminal conviction against a U.S. citizen of Iranian origin. Banki was sentenced to two and a half years in federal prison; however, on the sentencing guidelines, this type of offense could result in imprisonment of up to 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obama_presidency">Obama presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obama presidency">edit</a>]</div> On June 24, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a> (CISADA), signed into law by President Obama on July 1, 2010. The CISADA greatly enhanced restrictions on Iran, including the rescission of the authorization for Iranian-origin imports for articles such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716000917/http://sanctionlaw.com/2010/08/21/no-more-rugs-pistachios-or-caviar-all-iranian-origin-imports-banned/">rugs, pistachios, and caviar</a>. In response, President Obama issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13553" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13553">13553</a> in September 2010 and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13574" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13574">13574</a> in May 2011, and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13590" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13590">13590</a> in November 2011. The sanctions imposed on Iran at the beginning of 2012 "had persistent and significant effects on the Iranian economy. The cost reached its maximum of 19.1% of real gross domestic product 4 years after the application of the sanctions, and the economy has not fully recovered after their removal."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> On 31 July 2013, members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> voted 400 to 20 in favor of toughened sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The United States imposed additional financial sanctions against Iran, effective 1 July 2013. An administration official explained that according to the new Executive Order "significant transactions in the rial will expose anyone to sanctions," and predicted “it should cause banks and exchanges to dump their rial holdings.”<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-28">[28]</a> This took place as Iran's president-elect <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> was scheduled to take office on August 3, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_against_third_parties">Sanctions against third parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sanctions against third parties">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, U.S. authorities put a $5 million bounty on Chinese businessman <a href="/wiki/Li_Fangwei" title="Li Fangwei">Li Fangwei</a>, whom they alleged to have been instrumental in evading sanctions against Iran's missile programs.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2014, French bank <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> agreed to pay an $8.9 billion fine, the largest ever, for violating United States sanctions. Germany's <a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a>, France's <a href="/wiki/Credit_Agricole" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit Agricole">Credit Agricole</a> and Swiss <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> have also been fined.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 2015, Germany's largest bank <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> was fined $258 million for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran, Libya and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_nuclear_deal">Iran nuclear deal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iran nuclear deal">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> (known commonly as the Iran nuclear deal), signed in July 2015, the United States agreed to cancel most of the U.S. sanctions against Iran, with some safeguard provisions, in return for limitations on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran's nuclear program</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trump_presidency">Trump presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trump presidency">edit</a>]</div> In April 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> joined the United States Treasury Department's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC), and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> to investigate possible violations of U.S. sanctions against Iran by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The U.S. inquiry stemmed from an earlier sanctions-violation probe that ultimately led to penalties against another Chinese technology company, <a href="/wiki/ZTE_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ZTE Corporation">ZTE Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Huawei's deputy chair and CFO <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a>, daughter of the company's founder <a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">Ren Zhengfei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">was arrested in Vancouver, Canada</a> on December 1, 2018, under an extradition request by United States authorities for allegedly putting HSBC bank at risk of violating U.S. sanctions on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In May 2019, the United States warned banks, investors, traders, and companies of the United Kingdom which trade with Iran through the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_in_Support_of_Trade_Exchanges" title="Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges">Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges</a> (Instex) <a href="/wiki/Special_purpose_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special purpose entity">special purpose vehicle</a>, that they will be punished somehow by Washington.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Trump administration imposed sanctions on two <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> based aviation companies, Parthia Cargo and Delta Parts Supply, that violated U.S. sanctions on Iran's <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Air" title="Mahan Air">Mahan Air</a> by providing them logistics services and supplying parts to the Iranian airline. Federal prosecutors also filed criminal charges against one of the companies under violation of United States export control regulations.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countering_America's_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></div> The Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) was enacted in August 2017 and imposed sanctions against Iran, as well as against Russia and North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> CAATSA requires the President to impose sanctions against: (1) Iran's ballistic missile or weapons of mass destruction programs, (2) the sale or transfer to Iran of military equipment or the provision of related technical or financial assistance, and (3) Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and affiliated foreign persons.<a href="#cite_note-HR3364-CAATSA-46">[46]</a> The President may also impose sanctions against persons responsible for violations of internationally recognized human rights committed against individuals in Iran,<a href="#cite_note-HR3364-CAATSA-46">[46]</a> and can waive the imposition or continuation of sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-HR3364-CAATSA-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-JCPOA_sanctions">Post-JCPOA sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-JCPOA sanctions">edit</a>]</div> In May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States President Donald Trump announced an intention to withdraw</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> (JCPOA or Iran nuclear deal), and subsequently imposed several new non-nuclear sanctions against Iran,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> some of which were condemned by Iran as a violation of the deal. These treasury and other arms of the government, both under Obama and Trump, have basically weakened the JCPOA extensively, which has kept a lot of the sanctions regime intact.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>]<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In August 2018, the Trump administration reimposed sanctions and warned that anyone doing business with Iran will not be able to do business with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> However, the United States will be granting waivers to certain countries. For example, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was granted a waiver that would allow the country to continue purchasing gas, energy and food products from Iran on the condition that the purchases were not paid for in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) "ordered" the United States government to revoke the sanctions on the basis of the 1955 United States-Iran <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">"Friendship Treaty"</a>, that had been signed with the government that had been overthrown by the 1979 Islamic Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In response, the United States withdrew from two international agreements with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In October 2018, Reuters reported that <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> bank had "agreed to pay $5.3 million to settle allegations it violated Cuban Assets Control Regulations, Iranian sanctions and Weapons of Mass Destruction sanctions 87 times, the United States Treasury said".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> British bank <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a> faced a $1.5 billion fine by the U.S. agencies for violating Iran sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In November 2018, the United States officially reinstated all sanctions against Iran that had been lifted before the United States withdrew from the JCPOA.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In April 2019, the United States threatened to sanction countries continuing to buy oil from Iran after an initial six-month waiver announced in November expired.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In June 2019, Trump imposed sanctions on Iranian Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a>, his office and those closely affiliated with his access to key financial resources.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-62">[62]</a> On 31 July 2019, the United States placed sanctions on Iran's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total S.A.</a> officially withdrew from the Iranian <a href="/wiki/South_Pars_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars gas field">South Pars gas field</a> because of sanctions pressure from the United States,<a href="#cite_note-dwir-64">[64]</a> leaving CNPC to take up their 50.1% stake in the natural gas field, of which it had already 30%.<a href="#cite_note-apgm-65">[65]</a> It held this 80.1% share until it withdrew its investment in October 2019 due once again to the U.S. sanctions, according to Oil Minister <a href="/wiki/Bijan_Namdar_Zangeneh" title="Bijan Namdar Zangeneh">Bijan Zangeneh</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SHANA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHANA (page does not exist)">SHANA</a> news agency.<a href="#cite_note-apgm-65">[65]</a> On 19 May 2020, the United States sanctions targeted Shanghai Saint Logistics Limited, a PRC-based company that provides general sales agent services for Mahan Air. The United States claimed that Iran used Mahan Air to carry gold of fuel sales of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Also, Iran denied the allegation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 8 June 2020, the United States imposed new sanctions of <a href="/wiki/Iran_Shipping_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Shipping Lines">Iran Shipping Lines</a> (IRISL) and its Shanghai-based subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/E-Sail_Shipping_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Sail Shipping Company">E-Sail Shipping Company</a> Ltd (<a href="/wiki/E-Sail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Sail">E-Sail</a>).<a href="#cite_note-irisl-68">[68]</a> The individuals and companies that had been added to United States sanctions list in 2018:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Bahadori, Masoud</li> <li>Bateni, Naser</li> <li>Bazargan, Farzad</li> <li>Behzad, Morteza Ahmadali</li> <li>Cambis, Dimitris</li> <li>Chaghazardy, Mohammad Kazem</li> <li>Dajmar, Mohammad Hossein</li> <li>Eslami, Mansour</li> <li>Ghalebani, Ahmad</li> <li>Jashnsaz, Seifollah</li> <li>Khalili, Jamshid</li> <li>Khosrowtaj, Mojtaba</li> <li>Mohaddes, Seyed Mahmoud</li> <li>Moinie, Mohammad</li> <li>Nikousokhan, Mahmoud</li> <li>Parsaei, Reza</li> <li>Pouransari, Hashem</li> <li>Rezvanianzadeh, Mohammed Reza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Saeedi" title="Mohammad Saeedi">Saeedi, Mohammed</a></li> <li>Safdari, Seyed Jabe</li> <li>Seyyedi, Seyed Nasser Mohammad</li> <li>Suri, Muhammad</li> <li>Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Khatibi</li> <li>Yazdanjoo, Mohammad Ali</li> <li>Yousefpour, Ali</li> <li>Ziracchian Zadeh, Mahmoud</li> <li>A.S.P. BUILDERS (A.S.P. Construction Company)</li> <li>AA Energy FZCO</li> <li>Advanced Technologies Company of Iran</li> <li>AEOI Basij Resistance Center</li> <li>Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research Center</li> <li>Arash Shipping Enterprises limited</li> <li>Arta Shipping Enterprises Limited</li> <li>Asan Shipping Enterprise Limited</li> <li>ATLANTIC SHIPPING & TRANS</li> <li>Belize Shipping Line Services LTD</li> <li>Belize Ship and Logistics Limited</li> <li>Blue Tanker Shipping SA</li> <li>Bushehr Shipping Company Limited</li> <li>Arjan Electricity and Energy Generation Management</li> <li>Arman Resources Equip and Support Management</li> <li>ASCOTEC Holding GmbH</li> <li>ASCOTEC Japan K.K.</li> <li>ASCOTEC Mineral & Machinery GmbH</li> <li>ASCOTEC Science & Technology GMBH</li> <li>Ascotec Steel Trading GmbH</li> <li>Asia Energy General Trading LLC</li> <li>BIIS Maritime Limited</li> <li>Atieh Sazan Day</li> <li>Atlas Kian Qeshm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization of Iran</a></li> <li>Atomic Fuel Development Engineering Company</li> <li>Azar Investment</li> <li>Azar Pad Qeshm Co. (APCO)</li> <li>Azerbaijan Construction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Insurance_Company" title="Iran Insurance Company">Iran Insurance Company</a></li> <li>Baghmisheh Residential Development</li> <li>Behsaz Kashane Tehran Construction Co</li> <li>Behsazan Pars Equipment Development</li> <li>Behshahr Industrial Development Corp</li> <li>Banco Internacional de Desarrollo C.A.</li> <li>Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company Ltd.</li> <li>BMIIC International General Trading</li> <li>Bou Ali Sina Petrochemical Co.</li> <li>Breyeller Stahl Technology GmbH & Co</li> <li>Buali Investment Company</li> <li>Caspian maritime Limited</li> <li>Cement Industry Investment and Development Company</li> <li>Commercial Pars Oil Company</li> <li>Credit Institution for Development</li> <li>Cylinder System L.T.D.</li> <li>Damavand Electricity and power engineering</li> <li>Damavand Power Generation Company</li> <li>Dana Integrated System for Electronic Interactions Co.</li> <li>Danesh Shipping Company Limited</li> <li>DARYA Capital Administration GmbH</li> <li>Daryanavard Kish</li> <li>Davar Shipping Co LTD</li> <li>Day Bank Brokerage Co.</li> <li>e-Commerce Day</li> <li>Day Exchange Company</li> <li>Day Investment Company</li> <li>Day Iranian Financial and Accounting Services Company</li> <li>Day Leasing Company</li> <li>Dena Tankers Fze</li> <li>Diamond Transportation Limited</li> <li>Diamond Transportation Limited Company</li> <li>EDBI Exchange Broker (EDBI Exchange Company)</li> <li>EDBI Stock Brokerage Company</li> <li>Eighth Ocean GmbH & Co. KG</li> <li>Seventh Ocean Administration GmbH</li> <li>Eleventh Ocean GmbH & Co. KG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Investment_Bank" title="Amin Investment Bank">Amin Investment Bank</a></li> <li>Arian Bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayandeh_Bank" title="Ayandeh Bank">Ayandeh Bank</a></li> <li>Bank Kargoshaee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Keshavarzi_Iran" title="Bank Keshavarzi Iran">Bank Keshavarzi Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Maskan" title="Bank Maskan">Bank Maskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Melli_Iran" title="Bank Melli Iran">Bank Melli Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Industry_and_Mine" title="Bank of Industry and Mine">Bank of Industry and Mine</a></li> <li>Bank Torgovoy Kapital Zao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Sepah" title="Bank Sepah">Bank Sepah</a></li> <li>Bank Sepah International PLC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li>Shahr Bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refah_Bank" title="Refah Bank">Refah Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejarat_Bank" title="Tejarat Bank">Tejarat Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Day" title="Bank Day">Bank Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_Bank" title="EN Bank">EN Bank</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran_reactions">Iran reactions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iran reactions">edit</a>]</div> On 8 May 2019, according to article 36 of the JCPOA agreement, Iran was allowed to reply in case of non-compliance by other signatories. President Rouhani announced that Iran was acting in reply to "the European countries' failure" and held on to stockpiles of excess uranium and heavy water used in nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Rouhani said that Iran gave a 60-day deadline to remaining signatories of the JCPOA to protect it from U.S. sanctions<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and provide additional economic support.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Otherwise, at the end of that deadline, Iran would exceed the limits on its stockpile of enriched uranium.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In September 2019, as a third major step to scale down commitments to the 2015 nuclear accord, after another 60-day deadline, Iran nullified all limits on nuclear research and development.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_against_IRGC">Sanctions against IRGC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sanctions against IRGC">edit</a>]</div> On 25 October 2007, the United States designated the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>, a part of IRGC, a terrorist organization under <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13224" title="Executive Order 13224">Executive Order 13224</a>, for providing material support to U.S.-designated terrorist organizations, prohibiting transactions between the group and U.S. citizens, and freezing any assets under United States jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-us-2007-10-25-75">[75]</a> On 18 May 2011, the United States imposed sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, the commander of the Quds Force, along with Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and other senior Syrian officials, due to Soleimani's alleged involvement in providing material support to the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-alfonehjuly11-76">[76]</a> He was listed as a known terrorist, which forbade U.S. citizens from doing business with him.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchy-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-state-78">[78]</a> On 8 April 2019, the United States imposed economic and travel sanctions on the IRGC and organizations, companies and individuals affiliated with it.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-terrorism-80">[80]</a> Hossein Salami was one of the individuals listed. On 15 April 2019, the United States designated the IRGC as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[81]</a> The designation is still in force. On 21 April 2019, a few days before United States sanctions were due to take effect, Iran Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei appointed <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Salami" title="Hossein Salami">Hossein Salami</a> as the new commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-83">[83]</a> On 7 June 2019, the United States imposed sanctions on some of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">petroleum industry in Iran</a> because they were owned by the IRGC.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On 24 June 2019, the US imposed sanctions on eight senior commanders of the navy, aerospace and ground forces components of IRGC.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-62">[62]</a> In May 2020 the United States charged Iranian-Iraqi Amir Dianat and his Iranian business partner with money-laundering on behalf of the Quds Force and with violating sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> administration levied the sanctions on Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Crops officials on 1 June 2023, who were convicted for plotting assassination abroad, involving against <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>. The sanctions targeted Mohammad Reza Ansari, an official with a unit of IRGC-Qods Force “tasked with undertaking covert operations abroad, including planning and conducting intelligence and lethal operations against Iranian dissidents and other non-Iranian nationals in the United States, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa”. The US sanctions will also affect Hossein Hafez Amini, a dual Iranian and Turkish national, for assisting the IRGC-QF's covert operations.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sanctions">Other sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other sanctions">edit</a>]</div> On 3 September 2019, Trump added the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Space Agency">Iran Space Agency</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Astronautics_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian Astronautics Research Institute (page does not exist)">Iranian Astronautics Research Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">Iranian Space Research Center</a> to its sanctions list.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 20 September 2019, the United States imposed sanctions on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank of Iran</a> (CBI), the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund of Iran</a> (NDF) and Etemad Tejarate Pars Co., an Iranian company that was used to transfer money to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)">Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In October 2019, the US imposed sanctions on some of the Iranian construction sector which is <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">owned</a> by Iran's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC), which it regards as a foreign terrorist organization. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> also identified four “strategic materials” being used in connection with <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> programs, making trade in them subject to sanctions. However, the department extended nuclear-cooperation waivers on Iran's civil nuclear program, renewing them for 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On 4 November 2019, the United States imposed new sanctions on the core inner circle of advisers to the <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ali Khamenei">Ayatollah Ali Khamenei</a>. The new sanctions included one of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei" title="Mojtaba Khamenei">Mojtaba Khamenei</a>, the newly appointed head of Iran's judiciary, <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a>, the supreme leader's chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mohammadi_Golpayegani" title="Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani">Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani</a>, and others. The Trump administration also issued $20 million to a reward for information about a former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> agent who disappeared in Iran 12 years previously.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On 8 October 2020, the United States imposed further sanctions on Iran's financial sector, targeting 18 Iranian banks. The banks targeted are <a href="/wiki/Amin_Investment_Bank" title="Amin Investment Bank">Amin Investment Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Keshavarzi_Iran" title="Bank Keshavarzi Iran">Bank Keshavarzi Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Maskan" title="Bank Maskan">Bank Maskan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Refah_Kargaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Refah Kargaran">Bank Refah Kargaran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank-e_Shahr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank-e Shahr (page does not exist)">Bank-e Shahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eghtesad_Novin_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Eghtesad Novin Bank">Eghtesad Novin Bank</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gharzolhasaneh_Resalat_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gharzolhasaneh Resalat Bank (page does not exist)">Gharzolhasaneh Resalat Bank</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hekmat_Iranian_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hekmat Iranian Bank (page does not exist)">Hekmat Iranian Bank</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_Zamin_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran Zamin Bank (page does not exist)">Iran Zamin Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karafarin_Bank" title="Karafarin Bank">Karafarin Bank</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khavarmianeh_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khavarmianeh Bank (page does not exist)">Khavarmianeh Bank</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehr_Iran_Credit_Union_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehr Iran Credit Union Bank (page does not exist)">Mehr Iran Credit Union Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasargad_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasargad Bank">Pasargad Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saman_Bank" title="Saman Bank">Saman Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmayeh_Bank" title="Sarmayeh Bank">Sarmayeh Bank</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosee_Taavon_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosee Taavon Bank (page does not exist)">Tosee Taavon Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_Bank" title="Tourism Bank">Tourism Bank</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Regional_Cooperation_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Regional Cooperation Bank (page does not exist)">Islamic Regional Cooperation Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irbanks-91">[91]</a> In September 2020, the United States said that it imposed sanctions on Judge Seyyed Mahmoud Sadati, Judge Mohammad Soltani, Branch 1 of the Revolutionary Court of Shiraz, and Adel Abad, Orumiyeh, and Vakilabad Prisons. Elliott Abrams said "the sanctions targeted a judge who sentenced Iranian wrestler <a href="/wiki/Navid_Afkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Navid Afkari">Navid Afkari</a> to death," who was convicted of murdering a security guard during the <a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Iranian protests">2018 Iranian protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biden_presidency">Biden presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biden presidency">edit</a>]</div> United States President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> said on February 8, 2021, that he would not lift economic sanctions against Iran until Iran complies with the terms of the 2015 JCPOA nuclear deal. Iran's Supreme Leader Khamenei had previously said that Tehran would only return to compliance if the United States first lifted all economic sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On the other hand, Iran said that it would suspend the implementation of the Additional Protocol, if the other parties to the 2015 nuclear pact do not fulfill their obligations by February 21, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On September 22, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> announced sanctions against the Iran <a href="/wiki/Guidance_Patrol" title="Guidance Patrol">Morality Police</a> as well as seven senior leaders of Iran's various security organizations, "for violence <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">against protestors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Mahsa_Amini" title="Death of Mahsa Amini">death of Mahsa Amini</a>". These include Mohammad Rostami Cheshmeh Gachi, chief of Iran's Morality Police, and Kioumars Heidari, commander of the Iranian army's ground force, in addition to the Iranian Minister of Intelligence Esmail Khatib, Haj Ahmad Mirzaei, head of the Tehran division of the Morality Police, Salar Abnoush, deputy commander of the <a href="/wiki/Basij_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Basij militia">Basij militia</a>, and two law enforcement commanders, Manouchehr Amanollahi and Qasem Rezaei of the LEF in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran. The sanctions would involve blocking any properties or interests in property within the jurisdiction of the US, and reporting them to the US Treasury. Penalties would be imposed on any parties that facilitate transactions or services to the sanctioned entities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-ustr-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-ussanc2209-97">[97]</a> In June 2023, the United States sanctioned a procurement network involving seven individuals and six entities in Iran and the People's Republic of China (PRC) for supporting the activities of the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics, Parchin Chemical Industries, and P.B. Sadr as key actors in Iran's ballistic missile program.<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-98">[98]</a> In May 2024 American officials have claimed that Iran uses Malaysian services to sell crude oil under US sanctions. In a meeting with Nelson, the U.S. Treasury under-secretary, Home Minister <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Nasution_Ismail" title="Saifuddin Nasution Ismail">Saifuddin Nasution Ismail</a>, government official in Malaysia said that we only recognize the sanctions of the United Nations, and the sanctions of the United States and any other country are not recognized by Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In September 2024, The United States imposed sanctions on 12 Iranian officials for human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The sanctions targeted members of Iran's security forces involved in suppressing protests, prison officials linked to torture and executions, and operatives involved in targeting dissidents abroad. The U.S. Treasury highlighted the ongoing repression and called out the Iranian regime’s systematic human rights violations, including abuses against peaceful protesters and political activists.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_and_criticism">Effects and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Effects and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg/220px-Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg/330px-Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg/440px-Inflation_Iran_CPI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Annual inflation of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a>. As of 2020, US economic sanctions have contributed to inflation and high <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran#Labor_force" title="Economy of Iran">unemployment rate</a> alongside economic mismanagement and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_liquid_fuels,_crude_oil,_and_lease_condensate_production_and_exports_from_Jan_2011_to_Sep_2018_(31644477528).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Iran_liquid_fuels%2C_crude_oil%2C_and_lease_condensate_production_and_exports_from_Jan_2011_to_Sep_2018_%2831644477528%29.png/310px-Iran_liquid_fuels%2C_crude_oil%2C_and_lease_condensate_production_and_exports_from_Jan_2011_to_Sep_2018_%2831644477528%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Iran_liquid_fuels%2C_crude_oil%2C_and_lease_condensate_production_and_exports_from_Jan_2011_to_Sep_2018_%2831644477528%29.png/465px-Iran_liquid_fuels%2C_crude_oil%2C_and_lease_condensate_production_and_exports_from_Jan_2011_to_Sep_2018_%2831644477528%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Iran_liquid_fuels%2C_crude_oil%2C_and_lease_condensate_production_and_exports_from_Jan_2011_to_Sep_2018_%2831644477528%29.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Changes in Iranian oil production in response to sanctions, 2011–2018</figcaption></figure> According to an Iranian journalist, the effects of sanctions in Iran include expensive basic goods and an aging and increasingly unsafe aircraft fleet. "According to reports from Iranian news agencies, 17 planes have crashed over the past 25 years, killing approximately 1,500 people."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The United States forbids aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> to sell aircraft to Iranian aviation companies.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However, there are some authorizations for the export of civil aviation parts to Iran when those items are required for the safety of commercial aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> An analysis by <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a> found that a third of the 117 Iranian planes designated by the U.S. had experienced accidents or crashes.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A 2005 report, presented at the 36th session of the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a>, reported that the U.S. sanctions had endangered the safety of civil aviation in Iran because it prevented Iran from acquiring parts and support essential for aviation safety. It also stated that the sanctions were contrary to article 44 of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a> (to which the U.S. is a member). The ICAO report said aviation safety affects human lives and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, stands above political differences, and that the assembly should bring international <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public pressure</a> on the United States to lift the sanctions against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The European Union was critical of most of the U.S. trade sanctions against Iran. Some EU member states criticized ILSA as a "double standard" in U.S. foreign policy, in which the United States vigorously worked against the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israel" title="Arab League boycott of Israel">Arab League boycott of Israel</a> while at the same time promoted a worldwide boycott of Iran. The EU member states threatened formal counter-action in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rep-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> According to a study by Akbar E. Torbat, "overall, the sanctions' economic effect" on Iran "has been significant, while its political effect has been minimal."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> According to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Foreign_Trade_Council" title="National Foreign Trade Council">National Foreign Trade Council</a>, in the medium-term, lifting U.S. sanctions and liberalizing Iran's economic regime would increase Iran's total trade annually by as much as $61 billion (at the 2005 world <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">oil price</a> of $50/bbl), adding 32 percent to Iran's GDP. In the oil-and-gas sector, output and exports would expand by 25-to-50 percent (adding 3 percent to world crude oil production). <blockquote>Iran could reduce the world price of crude petroleum by 10 percent, saving the United States annually between $38 billion (at the 2005 world oil price of $50/bbl) and $76 billion (at the proximate 2008 world oil price of $100/bbl). Opening Iran’s market place to foreign investment could also be a boon to competitive US multinational firms operating in a variety of manufacturing and service sectors.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></blockquote> In 2009, there was discussion in the United States of implementing "crippling sanctions" against Iran, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Refined_Petroleum_Sanctions_Act_of_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Refined Petroleum Sanctions Act of 2009">Iran Refined Petroleum Sanctions Act of 2009</a>, "if diplomatic overture did not show signs of success by the autumn". Professor <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, said in August 2009 that this was likely to bring "catastrophic humanitarian consequences", while enriching and strengthening the "security and military apparatus" of "the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Pasdaran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a>," and having absolutely no support from "any major or even minor opposition leader" in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> have said that new Iran sanctions would cost $25 billion in U.S. exports.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It has also been argued the sanctions have had the counter effect of protecting Iran in some ways, for example the 2007 imposition of U.S. sanctions against Iranian financial institutions to a high degree made Iran immune to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Iranian officials argued that the sanctions created new business opportunities for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">Iranian companies</a> to develop in order to fill the gap left by foreign contractors.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> According to U.S. officials, Iran may lose up to $60 billion in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">energy investments</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">global sanctions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> On 18 January 2012 Russian <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> warned that sanctions are aimed at strangling the economy of Iran and would create much discontent toward <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western nations</a>, and potentially provoke a negative recourse.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On 13 August 2018 Iran Supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said that "mismanagement" harmed Iran more than U.S. sanctions did. "More than the sanctions, economic mismanagement (by the government) is putting pressure on ordinary Iranians ... I do not call it betrayal but a huge mistake in management," Khamenei was quoted as saying.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 22 August 2018, United Nations Special Rapporteur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_Jazairy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idriss Jazairy (page does not exist)">Idriss Jazairy</a> described the sanctions against Iran as "unjust and harmful". "The reimposition of sanctions against Iran after the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the Iran nuclear deal, which had been unanimously adopted by the Security Council with the support of the United States itself, lays bare the illegitimacy of this action," said Jazairy. According to Jazairy, "chilling effect" caused by the "ambiguity" of recently reimposed sanctions, would lead to "silent deaths in hospitals".<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-120">[120]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, United States sanctions against Iran are affecting neighboring Pakistan. He stated that "The last thing the Muslim World needs is another conflict. The Trump administration is moving towards that direction."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On 5 May 2019, <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> announced the United States has stationed an aircraft carrier strike group and Air Force bombers to the Middle East for “troubling and escalatory signs and warnings” connected to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Bombers-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">Mr. Bolton</a> said the purpose of the action is sending a message to the Iranian regime that any attack on U.S. interests or on those of our allies by Iran will be faced with our unremitting response.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Also, he declared in the statement, we are not looking for war with Iran but ready to repel to any attack, whether by proxy, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps or regular Iranian forces.<a href="#cite_note-Bombers-122">[122]</a> On 19 May 2019, Trump threatened Iran and said in his Twitter post "If Iran wants to fight, that will be the official end of Iran. Never threaten the United States again!"<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Donald J. Trump <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@realDonaldTrump</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left"> If Iran wants to fight, that will be the official end of Iran. Never threaten the United States again! </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">May 19, 2019<a href="#cite_note-TweetrealDonaldTrump-125">[125]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> According to a 2019 AlJazeera report, some tech companies like as <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft</a> began limiting users linked to Iran, and several other countries under U.S. sanctions, access to its services.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On 27 September 2019, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkish President</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> said that it is "impossible" for his country to stop buying oil and natural gas from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, despite U.S. sanctions against the latter.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Iranian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Javad_Zarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Javad Zarif">Javad Zarif</a> repeatedly condemned the American sanctions against Iran as "<a href="/wiki/Economic_terrorism" title="Economic terrorism">economic terrorism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In June 2022, Iran claimed that despite changes imposed on by the continuance of U.S. sanctions, oil sales have remained at relatively high levels. According to figures from the petroleum ministry, Iran is currently exporting more than a million barrels of crude oil and gas condensate daily.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_health">Impact on health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Impact on health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_impacts_of_U.S._sanctions_against_Iran" title="Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran">Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran</a></div> During the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, health workers and sanctions experts said U.S. sanctions, including financial sanctions and lost oil revenues, were preventing the import of medicine and medical supplies including raw materials and equipment needed to manufacture medicines domestically.<a href="#cite_note-Erin-130">[130]</a> The United States has ostensibly exempted humanitarian items from sanctions, but in practice the prohibition against business with Iranian banks and the reduction in issuance of certain medical export licenses by the United States Treasury Department enforcement agency have caused difficulties in Iran. For example, Iran faces a critical shortage of spare parts that are needed to repair dual-use equipment used to produce medicine. Sanctions have also prevented Iran from procuring active ingredients necessary to manufacture locally produced medicine to treat asthma, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In December 2020, according to the central bank chief of Iran, Iran could not pay for a COVID-19 vaccine because of U.S. sanctions against Iranian banks. In March 2020, during the first wave of the pandemic, the United States blocked Iran's request for an emergency $5 billion IMF loan.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> After the United States withdrew from the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, many banks and businesses worldwide, including pharmaceutical and medical companies, decided not to conduct any business with Iran due to U.S. sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_overseas_students">Impact on overseas students</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact on overseas students">edit</a>]</div> As of December 2018, United States sanctions were reportedly affecting hundreds of Iranian university students in the United Kingdom, preventing them from being able to readily pay their tuition fees and forcing them to choose between abandoning their studies or using dangerous means to transfer funds.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exceptions">Exceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exceptions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Economic_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Economic relations between Iran and the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_lawsuit_at_ICJ_against_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's lawsuit at ICJ against United States">Iran's lawsuit at ICJ against United States</a></div> In December 2010 it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> had approved nearly 10,000 exceptions to U.S. sanctions rules worldwide over the preceding decade by issuing special licenses for American companies.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> European and United States sanctions do not affect Iran's electricity exports, which creates a loophole for Iran's natural gas reserves.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago%27s_Persian_heritage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago's Persian heritage crisis">Chicago's Persian heritage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_in_Support_of_Trade_Exchanges" title="Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges">Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a> of 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">Iran and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a> of 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Mission_Center" title="Iran Mission Center">Iran Mission Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007</a> (never passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2012" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions against Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">^</a> Haidar, J.I., 2017."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/haidar/files/haidar-sanctionsandexportdeflection-finaldraft.pdf">Sanctions and Exports Deflection: Evidence from Iran</a>," Economic Policy (Oxford University Press), April 2017, Vol. 32(90), pp. 319-355. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/eu-to-reactivate-blocking-statute-against-us-sanctions-on-iran-for-european-firms/a-43826992">"EU to reactivate ′blocking statute′ against US sanctions on Iran for European firms"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=EU+to+reactivate+%E2%80%B2blocking+statute%E2%80%B2+against+US+sanctions+on+Iran+for+European+firms&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feu-to-reactivate-blocking-statute-against-us-sanctions-on-iran-for-european-firms%2Fa-43826992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-eu-response/eu-to-start-iran-sanctions-blocking-law-process-on-friday-idUSL5N1SO4W2">"EU to start Iran sanctions blocking law process on Friday"</a>. Reuters. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EU+to+start+Iran+sanctions+blocking+law+process+on+Friday&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Firan-nuclear-eu-response%2Feu-to-start-iran-sanctions-blocking-law-process-on-friday-idUSL5N1SO4W2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/eu-moves-block-sanctions-iran-180517134848253.html">"EU moves to block US sanctions on Iran"</a>. Al Jazeera. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+moves+to+block+US+sanctions+on+Iran&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2Feu-moves-block-sanctions-iran-180517134848253.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Moin Khomeini, (2000), p.220 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Charles Nelson Brower and Jason D. Brueschke, The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (1998) p. 7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=hostage+release+1981+billions+assets&num=10">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/reagan-administration">"The Reagan Administration"</a>. The Iran Primer. 2010-10-05. Retrieved 2022-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Iran+Primer&rft.atitle=The+Reagan+Administration&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanprimer.usip.org%2Fresource%2Freagan-administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevs2012" class="citation news cs1">Levs, Josh (23 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/23/world/meast/iran-sanctions-facts/index.html">"A summary of sanctions against Iran"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051142/https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/23/world/meast/iran-sanctions-facts/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+summary+of+sanctions+against+Iran&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Levs&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F01%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Firan-sanctions-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kat13jun-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kat13jun_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kat13jun_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzman2013" class="citation web cs1">Katzman, Kenneth (13 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf">"Iran Sanctions"</a> (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Sanctions&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.aulast=Katzman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmideast%2FRS20871.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Wright, Steven. The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The Foundations of the War on Terror, Ithaca Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863723216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863723216">978-0863723216</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016extension-11"><a href="#cite_ref-2016extension_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZengerle2016" class="citation news cs1">Zengerle, Patricia (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN13Q5JW">"Extension of Iran Sanctions Act passes U.S. Congress"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Extension+of+Iran+Sanctions+Act+passes+U.S.+Congress&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=Zengerle&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN13Q5JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "US Reverses Journal Embargo", The Scientist, 7 April 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427663a">"Publishers split over response to US trade embargo ruling"</a>. Nature. 427 (6976): 663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.427Q.663B">2004Natur.427Q.663B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427663a">10.1038/427663a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14973440">14973440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Publishers+split+over+response+to+US+trade+embargo+ruling&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=6976&rft.pages=663&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14973440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F427663a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.427Q.663B&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F427663a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2008" class="citation news cs1">Kessler, Glenn (18 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/17/AR2008121703844_pf.html">"U.S. Links Iranian Bank to Fifth Avenue Building"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Links+Iranian+Bank+to+Fifth+Avenue+Building&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F17%2FAR2008121703844_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100418234826/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D890900D-A483-4C19-86C8-41F35135090D.htm">"Iraq prime minister to visit Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 9 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D890900D-A483-4C19-86C8-41F35135090D.htm">the original</a> on 18 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+prime+minister+to+visit+Iran&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2FD890900D-A483-4C19-86C8-41F35135090D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/whwmdeo.pdf">"Executive Order 13382—Blocking Property of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators and Their Supporters"</a> (PDF). www.treasury.gov. June 28, 2005. Retrieved May 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+13382%E2%80%94Blocking+Property+of+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction+Proliferators+and+Their+Supporters&rft.pub=www.treasury.gov&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fresource-center%2Fsanctions%2FDocuments%2Fwhwmdeo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181813036172&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"New Jersey mulls banning Iran investments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Associated Press. 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=New+Jersey+mulls+banning+Iran+investments&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1181813036172%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhua-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_18-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/09/eng20060909_301143.html">U.S. imposes sanctions on Iranian bank</a>, People's Daily, 9 September 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> John B. Reynolds, III, Amy E. Worlton and Cari N. Stinebower, "U.S. Dollar Transactions with Iran are Subject to New Restrictions – Tough Policy Decisions Face International Financial Institutions", Wiley Rein LLP, 28 November 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctionlaw.com/ofac-sdn-list-removals-ofac-sdn-list-designations/">"OFAC SDN List Removals; OFAC SDN List Designations -"</a>. February 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OFAC+SDN+List+Removals%3B+OFAC+SDN+List+Designations+-&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctionlaw.com%2Fofac-sdn-list-removals-ofac-sdn-list-designations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a05a3cb2-6f9f-11dd-986f-0000779fd18c.html?nclick_check=1">"Iran gets around US bank sanctions", By Najmeh Bozorgmehr in Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, August 21, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BB0ID20091212">"U.S. froze $2 billion held for Iran in Citibank: report"</a>. Reuters. 12 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+froze+%242+billion+held+for+Iran+in+Citibank%3A+report&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE5BB0ID20091212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2011" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Jay (30 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204632204577129103296611964">"Iran to File Motion in U.S. Court to Unfreeze Funds"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Iran+to+File+Motion+in+U.S.+Court+to+Unfreeze+Funds&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970204632204577129103296611964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Farnaz Fassihi and Chip Cummins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14153">"Iranians scheme to elude sanctions"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>, 6 February 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussc.gov/guidelines/archive/2010-federal-sentencing-guidelines-manual">"2010 Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual"</a>. United States Sentencing Commission. October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Sentencing+Commission&rft.atitle=2010+Federal+Sentencing+Guidelines+Manual&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussc.gov%2Fguidelines%2Farchive%2F2010-federal-sentencing-guidelines-manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhomi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ghomi, Morteza (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecpo.12203">"Who is afraid of sanctions? The macroeconomic and distributional effects of the sanctions against Iran"</a>. Economics & Politics. 34 (3): 395–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecpo.12203">10.1111/ecpo.12203</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F34254">10016/34254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0343">1468-0343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245210799">245210799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Who+is+afraid+of+sanctions%3F+The+macroeconomic+and+distributional+effects+of+the+sanctions+against+Iran&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-428&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F34254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245210799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-0343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecpo.12203&rft.aulast=Ghomi&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fecpo.12203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/tehran-is-changing-pity-about-dc/article5004096.ece">"Tehran is changing, pity about DC"</a>. The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tehran+is+changing%2C+pity+about+DC&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2Ftehran-is-changing-pity-about-dc%2Farticle5004096.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-28"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone2013" class="citation news cs1">Gladstone, Rick (3 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/world/middleeast/us-adds-to-its-list-of-sanctions-against-iran.html?_r=0">"U.S. Adds to Its List of Sanctions Against Iran"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Adds+to+Its+List+of+Sanctions+Against+Iran&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fus-adds-to-its-list-of-sanctions-against-iran.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/06/15/irans-next-president-hassan-rouhani-seen-as-best-hope-for-ending-nuclear-standoff-with-west/">"Iran's next president, Hassan Rouhani, seen as best hope for ending nuclear standoff with West"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+next+president%2C+Hassan+Rouhani%2C+seen+as+best+hope+for+ending+nuclear+standoff+with+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F06%2F15%2Firans-next-president-hassan-rouhani-seen-as-best-hope-for-ending-nuclear-standoff-with-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrouas2014" class="citation news cs1">Arrouas, Michelle (30 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/82221/karl-lee-li-fangwei-wanted-reward/">"Wanted: Li Fangwei, Alias Karl Lee. Reward: $5 Million"</a>. Time. Retrieved 5 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Wanted%3A+Li+Fangwei%2C+Alias+Karl+Lee.+Reward%3A+%245+Million&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft.aulast=Arrouas&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F82221%2Fkarl-lee-li-fangwei-wanted-reward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/french-bank-fined-for-violating-us-sanctions/a-18792404">"French bank fined for violating US sanctions"</a>. Deutsche Welle. October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=French+bank+fined+for+violating+US+sanctions&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffrench-bank-fined-for-violating-us-sanctions%2Fa-18792404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9">"France's Hollande criticises huge U.S. fines against corporate Europe"</a>. Reuters. October 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France%27s+Hollande+criticises+huge+U.S.+fines+against+corporate+Europe&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ffrance-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/us-fines-deutsche-bank-258-million-for-violating-iran-sanctions/27346099.html">"U.S. Fines Deutsche Bank $258 Million for Violating Sanctions"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. November 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=U.S.+Fines+Deutsche+Bank+%24258+Million+for+Violating+Sanctions&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fus-fines-deutsche-bank-258-million-for-violating-iran-sanctions%2F27346099.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/huawei-under-criminal-investigation-over-iran-sanctions-1524663728">"Huawei Under Criminal Investigation over Iran Sanctions"</a>. Wall Street Journal. 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Huawei+Under+Criminal+Investigation+over+Iran+Sanctions&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhuawei-under-criminal-investigation-over-iran-sanctions-1524663728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/article/ndaa-zte-huawei-ban">"President Trump signs NDAA, banning government use of ZTE and Huawei technology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=President+Trump+signs+NDAA%2C+banning+government+use+of+ZTE+and+Huawei+technology&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fndaa-zte-huawei-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Sheridan Prasso (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-25/fbi-is-said-to-probe-huawei-for-possible-sanctions-violations">"Huawei Said to Be Probed by FBI for Possible Iran Violations"</a>. Bloomberg Technology. Retrieved 9 August 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/25/the-doj-is-investigating-potential-huawei-violations-of-iran-sanctions/">"The DOJ is investigating potential Huawei violations of Iran sanctions"</a>. 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+DOJ+is+investigating+potential+Huawei+violations+of+Iran+sanctions&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2018%2F04%2F25%2Fthe-doj-is-investigating-potential-huawei-violations-of-iran-sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/04/25/huawei-department-justice-investigation-violating-iran-sanctions/">"Huawei is under Department of Justice investigation for violating Iran sanctions"</a>. 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+is+under+Department+of+Justice+investigation+for+violating+Iran+sanctions&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidpolice.com%2F2018%2F04%2F25%2Fhuawei-department-justice-investigation-violating-iran-sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakabayashiRappeport2018" class="citation news cs1">Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Rappeport, Alan (2018-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/05/business/huawei-cfo-arrest-canada-extradition.html">"A Top Huawei Executive Is Arrested in Canada for Extradition to the U.S."</a> The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Top+Huawei+Executive+Is+Arrested+in+Canada+for+Extradition+to+the+U.S.&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Wakabayashi&rft.aufirst=Daisuke&rft.au=Rappeport%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Fhuawei-cfo-arrest-canada-extradition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/24/meng-wanzhou-canada-china-us-settlement-analysis">"Canada, China and US were all doomed to lose in Meng Wanzhou's case"</a>. the Guardian. 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2021-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Canada%2C+China+and+US+were+all+doomed+to+lose+in+Meng+Wanzhou%27s+case&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2Fsep%2F24%2Fmeng-wanzhou-canada-china-us-settlement-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2019" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (8 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/world/europe/eu-iran-nuclear-sanctions.html">"Nuclear Deal Traps E.U. Between Iran and U.S."</a> The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Deal+Traps+E.U.+Between+Iran+and+U.S.&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F08%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feu-iran-nuclear-sanctions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasheed" class="citation web cs1">Rasheed, Zaheena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/game-europe-betrayal-iran-190508204815694.html">"'Dangerous game': US, Europe and the 'betrayal' of Iran"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=%27Dangerous+game%27%3A+US%2C+Europe+and+the+%27betrayal%27+of+Iran&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Zaheena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F05%2Fgame-europe-betrayal-iran-190508204815694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/us-hits-uae-based-aviation-firms-sanctions-iran-72470286">"US hits UAE-based aviation firms with sanctions over Iran"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=US+hits+UAE-based+aviation+firms+with+sanctions+over+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2FwireStory%2Fus-hits-uae-based-aviation-firms-sanctions-iran-72470286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/senate-overwhelmingly-passes-new-russia-and-iran-sanctions/2017/06/15/df9afc2a-51d8-11e7-91eb-9611861a988f_story.html">Senate overwhelmingly passes new Russia and Iran sanctions</a>". The Washington Post. 15 June 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2017" class="citation news cs1">Editorial, Reuters (2 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1AI2N0">"Iran says new U.S. sanctions violate nuclear deal, vows 'proportional reaction'"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran+says+new+U.S.+sanctions+violate+nuclear+deal%2C+vows+%27proportional+reaction%27&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Editorial&rft.aufirst=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1AI2N0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HR3364-CAATSA-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HR3364-CAATSA_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HR3364-CAATSA_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HR3364-CAATSA_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward2017" class="citation web cs1">Edward, Royce (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3364">"H.R.3364 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act"</a>. U.S. Congress. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Congress&rft.atitle=H.R.3364+-+115th+Congress+%282017-2018%29%3A+Countering+America%27s+Adversaries+Through+Sanctions+Act&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Edward&rft.aufirst=Royce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F3364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/plane-leaves-iran-with-post-reporter-other-americans-in-swap/2016/01/17/5dc7095c-bd21-11e5-9443-7074c3645405_story.html">"Plane with freed Americans leaves Iran; U.S. imposes new sanctions"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Plane+with+freed+Americans+leaves+Iran%3B+U.S.+imposes+new+sanctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fplane-leaves-iran-with-post-reporter-other-americans-in-swap%2F2016%2F01%2F17%2F5dc7095c-bd21-11e5-9443-7074c3645405_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/1.769482">Feb 03, 2017, U.S. Announces New Sanctions on Iran Over Ballistic Missile Test</a>, Haaretz. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerRocha2018" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Meg; Rocha, Veronica (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-iran-nuclear-deal/">"Trump, Iran nuclear deal"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+Iran+nuclear+deal&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive-news%2Ftrump-iran-nuclear-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/people-protesting-iran-171230083612254.html">"Why are people protesting in Iran?"</a>. Al Jazeera. 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Why+are+people+protesting+in+Iran%3F&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2Fpeople-protesting-iran-171230083612254.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuncombe2018" class="citation news cs1">Buncombe, Andrew (6 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/iran-sanctions-trump-us-eu-nuclear-deal-trade-executive-order-latest-a8479806.html">"Trump signs order reimposing sanctions on Iran - a move the EU said it 'deeply' regrets"</a>. The Independent. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Trump+signs+order+reimposing+sanctions+on+Iran+-+a+move+the+EU+said+it+%27deeply%27+regrets&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.aulast=Buncombe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Firan-sanctions-trump-us-eu-nuclear-deal-trade-executive-order-latest-a8479806.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45098031">"Iran sanctions: Trump warns trading partners"</a>. BBC News. 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+sanctions%3A+Trump+warns+trading+partners&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-45098031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-sanctions-iraq-idUSKCN1N725U">"U.S. to grant Iraq waiver over Iran sanctions for gas, food items:..."</a> Reuters. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+to+grant+Iraq+waiver+over+Iran+sanctions+for+gas%2C+food+items%3A...&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-iran-sanctions-iraq-idUSKCN1N725U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2018/10/03/fgn15-un-us-ld%20iran.html">"US ordered to halt 'humanitarian' Iran sanctions in blow for Donald Trump"</a>. The Week. Agence France Presse. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018. <q>Judges in The Hague unanimously ruled that the sanctions on some goods breached a 1955 "friendship treaty" between Iran and the US that predates Iran's Islamic Revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=US+ordered+to+halt+%27humanitarian%27+Iran+sanctions+in+blow+for+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fwire-updates%2Finternational%2F2018%2F10%2F03%2Ffgn15-un-us-ld%2520iran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004053954/https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN1MD2CP-OCATP">"U.S. withdraws from international accords, says U.N. world court 'politicized'"</a>. Reuters. 4 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN1MD2CP-OCATP">the original</a> on October 4, 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+withdraws+from+international+accords%2C+says+U.N.+world+court+%27politicized%27&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidCAKCN1MD2CP-OCATP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jpmorgan-sanctions/j-p-morgan-to-settle-allegations-of-violating-sanctions-u-s-treasury-idUSKCN1MF1UE">"J.P. Morgan to settle allegations of violating sanctions: U.S. Treasury"</a>. Reuters. October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=J.P.+Morgan+to+settle+allegations+of+violating+sanctions%3A+U.S.+Treasury&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-jpmorgan-sanctions%2Fj-p-morgan-to-settle-allegations-of-violating-sanctions-u-s-treasury-idUSKCN1MF1UE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-stanchart-iran-usa/stanchart-braces-for-possible-new-iran-fine-of-about-1-5-billion-bloomberg-idUSKCN1MB35X">"StanChart braces for possible new Iran fine of about $1.5 billion: Bloomberg"</a>. Reuters. October 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=StanChart+braces+for+possible+new+Iran+fine+of+about+%241.5+billion%3A+Bloomberg&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-stanchart-iran-usa%2Fstanchart-braces-for-possible-new-iran-fine-of-about-1-5-billion-bloomberg-idUSKCN1MB35X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_Borak_and_Nicole_Gaouette2018" class="citation web cs1">Donna Borak and Nicole Gaouette (5 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/05/politics/iran-sanctions/index.html">"US officially reimposes all sanctions lifted under 2015 Iran nuclear deal"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 2019-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=US+officially+reimposes+all+sanctions+lifted+under+2015+Iran+nuclear+deal&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft.au=Donna+Borak+and+Nicole+Gaouette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F11%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Firan-sanctions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-03/trump-and-iran-sanctions/10462528">"Donald Trump restores Iran sanctions, hitting oil exports over its support for militant groups"</a>. ABC News. 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2019-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+restores+Iran+sanctions%2C+hitting+oil+exports+over+its+support+for+militant+groups&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-11-03%2Ftrump-and-iran-sanctions%2F10462528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWroughton2019" class="citation news cs1">Wroughton, Lesley (22 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-oil/u-s-to-end-all-waivers-on-imports-of-iranian-oil-crude-price-jumps-idUSKCN1RX0R1">"U.S. to end all waivers on imports of Iranian oil, crude price jumps"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+to+end+all+waivers+on+imports+of+Iranian+oil%2C+crude+price+jumps&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Wroughton&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-iran-oil%2Fu-s-to-end-all-waivers-on-imports-of-iranian-oil-crude-price-jumps-idUSKCN1RX0R1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland,_Kalin2019" class="citation news cs1">Holland, Kalin, Steve, Stephen (25 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-iran-usa/trump-puts-sanctions-on-iranian-supreme-leader-other-top-officials-idUSKCN1TP13D">"Trump puts sanctions on Iranian supreme leader, other top officials"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+puts+sanctions+on+Iranian+supreme+leader%2C+other+top+officials&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft.aulast=Holland%2C+Kalin&rft.aufirst=Steve%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-iran-usa%2Ftrump-puts-sanctions-on-iranian-supreme-leader-other-top-officials-idUSKCN1TP13D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgerWintour2019" class="citation web cs1">Borger, Julian; Wintour, Patrick (24 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jun/24/mike-pompeo-us-saudi-arabia-talks-iran-united-arab-emirates-tensions">"Donald Trump orders fresh sanctions against Iran's Ali Khamenei"</a>. The Guardian. Washington, D.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+orders+fresh+sanctions+against+Iran%27s+Ali+Khamenei&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Wintour%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2019%2Fjun%2F24%2Fmike-pompeo-us-saudi-arabia-talks-iran-united-arab-emirates-tensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/8/1/us-imposes-sanctions-on-iranian-foreign-minister-zarif">"US imposes sanctions on Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif"</a>. Al Jazeera. 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=US+imposes+sanctions+on+Iranian+Foreign+Minister+Zarif&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2019%2F8%2F1%2Fus-imposes-sanctions-on-iranian-foreign-minister-zarif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwir-64"><a href="#cite_ref-dwir_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/french-energy-giant-total-officially-pulls-out-of-iran/a-45150849">"French energy giant Total officially pulls out of Iran"</a>. DW.com. 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+energy+giant+Total+officially+pulls+out+of+Iran&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffrench-energy-giant-total-officially-pulls-out-of-iran%2Fa-45150849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apgm-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apgm_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apgm_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/article-iran-says-chinas-state-oil-firm-withdraws-from-us5-billion-natural/">"Iran says China's state oil firm withdraws from US$5-billion natural gas deal; U.S. sanctions may be to blame"</a>. The Globe and Mail Inc. Associated Press. 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+says+China%27s+state+oil+firm+withdraws+from+US%245-billion+natural+gas+deal%3B+U.S.+sanctions+may+be+to+blame&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fbusiness%2Findustry-news%2Fenergy-and-resources%2Farticle-iran-says-chinas-state-oil-firm-withdraws-from-us5-billion-natural%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-designates-company-providing-services-for-iranian-airline-mahan-airs-operations-in-china/">"The United States Designates Company Providing Services for Iranian Airline Mahan Air's Operations in China"</a>. United States Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Designates+Company+Providing+Services+for+Iranian+Airline+Mahan+Air%27s+Operations+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fthe-united-states-designates-company-providing-services-for-iranian-airline-mahan-airs-operations-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiola,_Ryan_and_Cunningham" class="citation web cs1">Faiola, Ryan and Cunningham, Anthony, Missy and Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/as-tankers-head-toward-the-caribbean-growing-iran-venezuela-ties-draw-us-concern/2020/05/21/1b35e048-99e7-11ea-ad79-eef7cd734641_story.html">"As tankers head toward the Caribbean, growing Iran-Venezuela ties draw U.S. concern"</a>. washingtonpost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost&rft.atitle=As+tankers+head+toward+the+Caribbean%2C+growing+Iran-Venezuela+ties+draw+U.S.+concern&rft.aulast=Faiola%2C+Ryan+and+Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Anthony%2C+Missy+and+Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fas-tankers-head-toward-the-caribbean-growing-iran-venezuela-ties-draw-us-concern%2F2020%2F05%2F21%2F1b35e048-99e7-11ea-ad79-eef7cd734641_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-irisl-68"><a href="#cite_ref-irisl_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/united-states-designates-key-iranian-shipping-entities-under-proliferation-authority-as-tehran-continues-to-expand-proliferation-sensitive-activities/">"United States Designates Key Iranian Shipping Entities Under Proliferation Authority as Tehran Continues To Expand Proliferation Sensitive Activities PRESS STATEMENT"</a>. United States Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=United+States+Designates+Key+Iranian+Shipping+Entities+Under+Proliferation+Authority+as+Tehran+Continues+To+Expand+Proliferation+Sensitive+Activities+PRESS+STATEMENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Funited-states-designates-key-iranian-shipping-entities-under-proliferation-authority-as-tehran-continues-to-expand-proliferation-sensitive-activities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions/20181105_names">"Publication of Updates to OFAC's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List and 13599 List Removals"</a>. United States Department of the Treasury. November 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226014438/https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions/20181105_names">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.atitle=Publication+of+Updates+to+OFAC%27s+Specially+Designated+Nationals+and+Blocked+Persons+List+and+13599+List+Removals&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.treasury.gov%2Fpolicy-issues%2Ffinancial-sanctions%2Frecent-actions%2F20181105_names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/iran-set-unlimited-nuclear-research-development-190906020712544.html">"Iran set to begin 'unlimited' nuclear research and development"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=Iran+set+to+begin+%27unlimited%27+nuclear+research+and+development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Firan-set-unlimited-nuclear-research-development-190906020712544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/un-inspectors-to-verify-iran-claim-it-has-broken-nuclear-deal">"Iran nuclear deal in jeopardy after latest enrichment breach"</a>. theguardian. 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian&rft.atitle=Iran+nuclear+deal+in+jeopardy+after+latest+enrichment+breach&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjul%2F07%2Fun-inspectors-to-verify-iran-claim-it-has-broken-nuclear-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48899243">"Iran nuclear deal: Government announces enrichment breach"</a>. BBC News. 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iran+nuclear+deal%3A+Government+announces+enrichment+breach&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-48899243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Ghobashy,_Birnbaum_and_Morello" class="citation web cs1">El-Ghobashy, Birnbaum and Morello, Tamer, Michael and Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/iran-to-take-steps-to-reduce-its-commitment-to-landmark-nuclear-deal/2019/05/07/90cc3b1c-70fe-11e9-9331-30bc5836f48e_story.html">"Iran announces it will stop complying with parts of landmark nuclear deal"</a>. washingtonpost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost&rft.atitle=Iran+announces+it+will+stop+complying+with+parts+of+landmark+nuclear+deal&rft.aulast=El-Ghobashy%2C+Birnbaum+and+Morello&rft.aufirst=Tamer%2C+Michael+and+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Firan-to-take-steps-to-reduce-its-commitment-to-landmark-nuclear-deal%2F2019%2F05%2F07%2F90cc3b1c-70fe-11e9-9331-30bc5836f48e_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/iran-lifts-limits-nuclear-nuclear-deal-unravels-190904200637149.html">"Iran lifts more limits on nuclear programme as deal unravels"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=Iran+lifts+more+limits+on+nuclear+programme+as+deal+unravels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Firan-lifts-limits-nuclear-nuclear-deal-unravels-190904200637149.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-us-2007-10-25-75"><a href="#cite_ref-us-2007-10-25_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp644.aspx">"Fact Sheet: Designation of Iranian Entities and Individuals for Proliferation Activities and Support for Terrorism"</a>. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 25 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110014318/http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp644.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Designation+of+Iranian+Entities+and+Individuals+for+Proliferation+Activities+and+Support+for+Terrorism&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2FPages%2Fhp644.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alfonehjuly11-76"><a href="#cite_ref-alfonehjuly11_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfoneh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alfoneh, Ali (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085931/http://www.aei.org/files/2011/07/13/MEO-2011-07-No-4-g.pdf">"Iran's Most Dangerous General"</a> (PDF). Middle Eastern Outlook. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/files/2011/07/13/MEO-2011-07-No-4-g.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Outlook&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Most+Dangerous+General&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2011-07&rft.aulast=Alfoneh&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F07%2F13%2FMEO-2011-07-No-4-g.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcclatchy-77"><a href="#cite_ref-mcclatchy_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718235649/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/32141.html">"Iranian who brokered Iraqi peace is on U.S. terrorist watch list"</a>. McClatchy Newspapers. 31 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/32141.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClatchy+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Iranian+who+brokered+Iraqi+peace+is+on+U.S.+terrorist+watch+list&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2Firaq%2Fstory%2F32141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-78"><a href="#cite_ref-state_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/oct/94193.htm">"Designation of Iranian Entities and Individuals for Proliferation Activities and Support for Terrorism"</a>. United States Department of State. 25 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204233237/http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/oct/94193.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designation+of+Iranian+Entities+and+Individuals+for+Proliferation+Activities+and+Support+for+Terrorism&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2007%2Foct%2F94193.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-79"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong_and_Schmitt2019" class="citation news cs1">Wong and Schmitt, Edward and Eric (8 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps.html">"Trump Designates Iran's Revolutionary Guards a Foreign Terrorist Group"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Designates+Iran%27s+Revolutionary+Guards+a+Foreign+Terrorist+Group&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Wong+and+Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Edward+and+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Ftrump-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terrorism-80"><a href="#cite_ref-terrorism_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmt" class="citation web cs1">Zimmt, Dr. Raz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/app/uploads/2019/05/E_093_19.pdf">"Hossein Salami The New Commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hossein+Salami+The+New+Commander+of+the+Iranian+Revolutionary+Guards+Corps&rft.aulast=Zimmt&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Raz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FE_093_19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-81"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice2019" class="citation news cs1">Brice, Makini (2019-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-idUSKCN1RR1BE">"U.S. officially designates Iran's Revolutionary Guards a terrorist group"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416230151/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-idUSKCN1RR1BE">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+officially+designates+Iran%27s+Revolutionary+Guards+a+terrorist+group&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Brice&rft.aufirst=Makini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-iran-idUSKCN1RR1BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Ketbi2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salem_Al_Ketbi" title="Salem Al Ketbi">Al Ketbi</a>, Salem (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irannewsupdate.com/news/terrorism/6002-why-khamenei-changed-the-head-of-the-revolutionary-guards.html">"Why Khamenei Changed the Head of the Revolutionary Guards?"</a>. irannewsupdate.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irannewsupdate.com&rft.atitle=Why+Khamenei+Changed+the+Head+of+the+Revolutionary+Guards%3F&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Al+Ketbi&rft.aufirst=Salem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firannewsupdate.com%2Fnews%2Fterrorism%2F6002-why-khamenei-changed-the-head-of-the-revolutionary-guards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-83"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafezi2019" class="citation news cs1">Hafezi, Parisa (21 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-guards/khamenei-names-new-chief-for-irans-revolutionary-guards-idUSKCN1RX0JN">"Khamenei names new chief for Iran's Revolutionary Guards"</a>. reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters&rft.atitle=Khamenei+names+new+chief+for+Iran%27s+Revolutionary+Guards&rft.date=2019-04-21&rft.aulast=Hafezi&rft.aufirst=Parisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iran-guards%2Fkhamenei-names-new-chief-for-irans-revolutionary-guards-idUSKCN1RX0JN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiacu2019" class="citation news cs1">Chiacu, Doina (7 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-iran-sanctions/new-u-s-sanctions-target-irans-petrochemical-industry-idUSL2N23E0QL">"New U.S. sanctions target Iran's petrochemical industry"</a>. reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters&rft.atitle=New+U.S.+sanctions+target+Iran%27s+petrochemical+industry&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.aulast=Chiacu&rft.aufirst=Doina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fusa-iran-sanctions%2Fnew-u-s-sanctions-target-irans-petrochemical-industry-idUSL2N23E0QL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-sanctions/us-imposes-iran-related-sanctions-on-mining-company-individual-treasury-website-idUSKBN22D5OL">"U.S. sanctions Iranian-Iraqi businessman over support of Iran's Quds Force"</a>. Reuters. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+sanctions+Iranian-Iraqi+businessman+over+support+of+Iran%27s+Quds+Force&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-iran-sanctions%2Fus-imposes-iran-related-sanctions-on-mining-company-individual-treasury-website-idUSKBN22D5OL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansler2023" class="citation news cs1">Hansler, Jennifer (2023-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/01/politics/us-iran-sanctions-assassination-plots/index.html">"US sanctions Iranian officials accused of plotting assassinations abroad including against Bolton and Pompeo"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 2023-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=US+sanctions+Iranian+officials+accused+of+plotting+assassinations+abroad+including+against+Bolton+and+Pompeo&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Hansler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F06%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Fus-iran-sanctions-assassination-plots%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riskscreen.com/kyc360/news/u-s-sanctions-iran-space-agency-after-launch-trump-mocked/">"U.S. Sanctions Iran Space Agency After Launch Trump Mocked"</a>. Risk Screen. Retrieved 4 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Risk+Screen&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sanctions+Iran+Space+Agency+After+Launch+Trump+Mocked&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riskscreen.com%2Fkyc360%2Fnews%2Fu-s-sanctions-iran-space-agency-after-launch-trump-mocked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm780">"Treasury Sanctions Iran's Central Bank and National Development Fund"</a>. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+DEPARTMENT+OF+THE+TREASURY&rft.atitle=Treasury+Sanctions+Iran%27s+Central+Bank+and+National+Development+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.treasury.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fsm780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2019/11/01/new-us-sanctions-against-iran-nuclear-program-target-irgcs-control-of-construction-sector/">"New US Sanctions Against Iran Nuclear Program Target IRGC's Control of Construction Sector"</a>. The Algemeiner. Retrieved 1 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Algemeiner&rft.atitle=New+US+Sanctions+Against+Iran+Nuclear+Program+Target+IRGC%27s+Control+of+Construction+Sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2019%2F11%2F01%2Fnew-us-sanctions-against-iran-nuclear-program-target-irgcs-control-of-construction-sector%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asumetech.com/iran-supreme-leaders-son-chief-of-team-amid-nine-top-rated-aides-sanctioned-by-us/">"Iran Supreme Leader's Son, Chief of Team Amid Nine Top rated Aides Sanctioned by US"</a>. Asume Tech. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asume+Tech&rft.atitle=Iran+Supreme+Leader%27s+Son%2C+Chief+of+Team+Amid+Nine+Top+rated+Aides+Sanctioned+by+US&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasumetech.com%2Firan-supreme-leaders-son-chief-of-team-amid-nine-top-rated-aides-sanctioned-by-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irbanks-91"><a href="#cite_ref-irbanks_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/us-hits-irans-financial-sector-with-fresh-round-of-sanctions-645072">"US hits Iran's financial sector with fresh round of sanctions"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=US+hits+Iran%27s+financial+sector+with+fresh+round+of+sanctions&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fus-hits-irans-financial-sector-with-fresh-round-of-sanctions-645072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-iran-sanctions-pompeo-int-idUSKCN26F3BU">"U.S. imposes new Iran sanctions over human rights violations"</a>. Reuters. 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+imposes+new+Iran+sanctions+over+human+rights+violations&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fusa-iran-sanctions-pompeo-int-idUSKCN26F3BU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55972619">"Iran nuclear deal: US sanctions will not be lifted for talks, says Biden"</a>. February 7, 2021 – via www.bbc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+nuclear+deal%3A+US+sanctions+will+not+be+lifted+for+talks%2C+says+Biden&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-55972619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-nuclear-usa-idUSKBN2AF0H4">"Iran says it will end snap IAEA inspections if nuclear deal terms not met"</a>. Reuters. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran+says+it+will+end+snap+IAEA+inspections+if+nuclear+deal+terms+not+met&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-iran-nuclear-usa-idUSKBN2AF0H4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottbrath2022" class="citation web cs1">Gottbrath, Laurin-Whitney (2022-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/09/22/mahsa-amini-protests-iran-us-sanctions-morality-police">"U.S. sanctions Iran's morality police over death of woman in custody"</a>. Axios. Retrieved 2022-09-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=U.S.+sanctions+Iran%27s+morality+police+over+death+of+woman+in+custody&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.aulast=Gottbrath&rft.aufirst=Laurin-Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F09%2F22%2Fmahsa-amini-protests-iran-us-sanctions-morality-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ustr-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ustr_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0969">"Treasury Sanctions Iran's Morality Police and Senior Security Officials for Violence Against Protesters and the Death of Mahsa Amini"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>. 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.atitle=Treasury+Sanctions+Iran%27s+Morality+Police+and+Senior+Security+Officials+for+Violence+Against+Protesters+and+the+Death+of+Mahsa+Amini&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.treasury.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fjy0969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ussanc2209-97"><a href="#cite_ref-ussanc2209_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/designating-irans-morality-police-and-seven-officials-for-human-rights-abuses-in-iran/">"Designating Iran's Morality Police and Seven Officials for Human Rights Abuses in Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Designating+Iran%27s+Morality+Police+and+Seven+Officials+for+Human+Rights+Abuses+in+Iran&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdesignating-irans-morality-police-and-seven-officials-for-human-rights-abuses-in-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-98"><a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2023" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Matthew (2023-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-on-network-supporting-irans-missile-and-military-programs/">"Imposing Sanctions on Network Supporting Iran's Missile and Military Programs"</a>. United States Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Imposing+Sanctions+on+Network+Supporting+Iran%27s+Missile+and+Military+Programs&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fimposing-sanctions-on-network-supporting-irans-missile-and-military-programs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangio" class="citation web cs1">Strangio, Sebastian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/malaysia-will-not-recognize-unilateral-sanctions-on-iran-official-says/">"Malaysia Will Not Recognize Unilateral Sanctions on Iran, Official Says"</a>. the diplomat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+diplomat&rft.atitle=Malaysia+Will+Not+Recognize+Unilateral+Sanctions+on+Iran%2C+Official+Says&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2024%2F05%2Fmalaysia-will-not-recognize-unilateral-sanctions-on-iran-official-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeavey2024" class="citation news cs1">Heavey, Susan (2024-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-issues-fresh-iran-sanctions-over-alleged-human-rights-violations-2024-09-18/">"US issues fresh Iran sanctions over alleged human rights violations"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 2024-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+issues+fresh+Iran+sanctions+over+alleged+human+rights+violations&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft.aulast=Heavey&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fus-issues-fresh-iran-sanctions-over-alleged-human-rights-violations-2024-09-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansler2024" class="citation web cs1">Hansler, Jennifer (2024-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/18/politics/us-imposes-sanctions-on-12-iranian-officials-for-human-rights-abuses/index.html">"US imposes sanctions on 12 Iranian officials for human rights abuses | CNN Politics"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 2024-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=US+imposes+sanctions+on+12+Iranian+officials+for+human+rights+abuses+%7C+CNN+Politics&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft.aulast=Hansler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F09%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Fus-imposes-sanctions-on-12-iranian-officials-for-human-rights-abuses%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFassihi2020" class="citation news cs1">Fassihi, Farnaz (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/04/world/middleeast/iran-currency-inflation-rial-toman.html">"With Inflation Ravaging Currency, Iran Is Changing Names and Numbers"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+Inflation+Ravaging+Currency%2C+Iran+Is+Changing+Names+and+Numbers&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Fassihi&rft.aufirst=Farnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-currency-inflation-rial-toman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShams2009" class="citation web cs1">Shams, Sara (29 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204180128/http://www.mianeh.net/en/articles/?aid=169">"Talk of Obama in Tehran Taxis"</a>. Tehran. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mianeh.net/en/articles/?aid=169">the original</a> on February 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talk+of+Obama+in+Tehran+Taxis&rft.place=Tehran&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft.aulast=Shams&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mianeh.net%2Fen%2Farticles%2F%3Faid%3D169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Aircraft, November 2001, Iran Air Rare and Exclusive, Kian Noush, p.68 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanctionlaw.com/2010/04/07/aircraft-safety-in-iran-ofac-is-not-entirely-in-the-way/">Aircraft Safety in Iran: OFAC is Not (Entirely) in The Way</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716000925/http://sanctionlaw.com/2010/04/07/aircraft-safety-in-iran-ofac-is-not-entirely-in-the-way/">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sanction Law. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/tahrimiran/">Tracking the impact of U.S. sanctions on Iran civil aviation</a> The Jerusalem Post. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/icao/en/assembl/a36/wp/wp275_en.pdf">The safety deficiencies arising out of the United States sanctions against the civil aviation of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a>, 20 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-rep-108"><a href="#cite_ref-rep_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219020121/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/23591.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/23591.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2017-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffpc.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F23591.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbp_Usa2001" class="citation book cs1">Ibp Usa (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h_Jfg1xRYEC&pg=PA252">Iran: Foreign Policy & Government Guide</a>. International Business Publications, USA; 6 edition (January 1, 2009). p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433024153" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433024153"><bdi>978-1433024153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Foreign+Policy+%26+Government+Guide&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA%3B+6+edition+%28January+1%2C+2009%29&rft.date=2001-05&rft.isbn=978-1433024153&rft.au=Ibp+Usa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2h_Jfg1xRYEC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorbat2005" class="citation journal cs1">Torbat, Akbar E. (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbapp.csudh.edu/depts/adjunct/atorbat/Article%20Jan-2005/Torbat%20j.1467-9701.2005.00671.x.pdf">"Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran"</a> (PDF). The World Economy. 28 (3) (3 ed.): 407–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2005.00671.x">10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00671.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154113008">154113008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Economy&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+the+US+Trade+and+Financial+Sanctions+on+Iran&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-434&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2005.00671.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154113008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Torbat&rft.aufirst=Akbar+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbapp.csudh.edu%2Fdepts%2Fadjunct%2Fatorbat%2FArticle%2520Jan-2005%2FTorbat%2520j.1467-9701.2005.00671.x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Dean A. DeRosa & Gary Clyde Hufbauer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nftc.org/default/trade/NFTC%20Iran%20Normalizaton%20Book.pdf">"Normalization of Economic Relations"</a>, National Foreign Trade Council, 21 November 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Hamid Dabashi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/08/05/dabashi.sanctions.iran/">Commentary: Huge risks in Iran sanctions</a>, CNN. 5 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1156.html">"Boeing, Exxon say Iran sanctions would cost $25 billion"</a>. Payvand. 10 May 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Payvand&rft.atitle=Boeing%2C+Exxon+say+Iran+sanctions+would+cost+%2425+billion&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F10%2Fmay%2F1156.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsi2010" class="citation news cs1">Parsi, Massoud (22 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/05/201052271814825709.html">"The tragicomedy of Iran sanctions"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+tragicomedy+of+Iran+sanctions&rft.date=2010-05-22&rft.aulast=Parsi&rft.aufirst=Massoud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Ffocus%2F2010%2F05%2F201052271814825709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318211447/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jlwi1NKpiUaV0FrKpeIGQFF2d-NQ?docId=CNG.87edb35a8d312b35562231e10b3cddfa.201">"Sanctions an 'opportunity' for local companies: Iran"</a>. AFP via Google. 14 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jlwi1NKpiUaV0FrKpeIGQFF2d-NQ?docId=CNG.87edb35a8d312b35562231e10b3cddfa.201">the original</a> on March 18, 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sanctions+an+%27opportunity%27+for+local+companies%3A+Iran&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jlwi1NKpiUaV0FrKpeIGQFF2d-NQ%3FdocId%3DCNG.87edb35a8d312b35562231e10b3cddfa.201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=227661">"Sanctions should be taken as opportunity: Larijani"</a>. 29 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanctions+should+be+taken+as+opportunity%3A+Larijani&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Findex_View.asp%3Fcode%3D227661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-usa-sanctions-idUSN0113655820101201">"UPDATE 1-US: Sanctions cost Iran investment, banking access"</a>. Reuters. December 1, 2010 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UPDATE+1-US%3A+Sanctions+cost+Iran+investment%2C+banking+access&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Firan-usa-sanctions-idUSN0113655820101201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/18/russia-iran-attack_n_1212432.html">"Russia: Iran Attack Would Cause Catastrophe"</a>. Huffington Post. 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%3A+Iran+Attack+Would+Cause+Catastrophe&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F01%2F18%2Frussia-iran-attack_n_1212432.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/khamenei-says-mismanagement-hurts-iran-more-than-us-sanctions">"Khamenei says mismanagement hurts Iran more than US sanctions"</a>. The Business Times. Retrieved 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Khamenei+says+mismanagement+hurts+Iran+more+than+US+sanctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Fgovernment-economy%2Fkhamenei-says-mismanagement-hurts-iran-more-than-us-sanctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHCHR-120"><a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823181416/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23469&LangID=E">"Iran sanctions are unjust and harmful, says UN expert warning against generalised economic war"</a>. OHCHR. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23469&LangID=E">the original</a> on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Iran+sanctions+are+unjust+and+harmful%2C+says+UN+expert+warning+against+generalised+economic+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D23469%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeleOborne2018" class="citation news cs1">Steele, Jonathan; Oborne, Peter (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/imran-khan-pakistan-khashoggi-iran-saudi-arabia-syria-764307301">"Imran Khan: Pakistan cannot afford to snub Saudis over Khashoggi killing"</a>. Middle East Eye.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Imran+Khan%3A+Pakistan+cannot+afford+to+snub+Saudis+over+Khashoggi+killing&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Oborne%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fimran-khan-pakistan-khashoggi-iran-saudi-arabia-syria-764307301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> (updated 8 November 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-Bombers-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bombers_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bombers_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2019" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/05/world/middleeast/us-iran-military-threat-.html">"Citing Iranian Threat, U.S. Sends Carrier Group and Bombers to Persian Gulf"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Citing+Iranian+Threat%2C+U.S.+Sends+Carrier+Group+and+Bombers+to+Persian+Gulf&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F05%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fus-iran-military-threat-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48173357">"US sends aircraft carrier and bomber task force to 'warn Iran'"</a>. BBC News. 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+sends+aircraft+carrier+and+bomber+task+force+to+%27warn+Iran%27&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-48173357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/trump-threatens-iran-seeks-fight-190520003050499.html">"Trump threatens Iran's 'end' if it seeks fight with the US"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=Trump+threatens+Iran%27s+%27end%27+if+it+seeks+fight+with+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F05%2Ftrump-threatens-iran-seeks-fight-190520003050499.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TweetrealDonaldTrump-125"><a href="#cite_ref-TweetrealDonaldTrump_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_J._Trump2019" class="citation web cs1">Donald J. Trump [@realDonaldTrump] (May 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1130207891049332737">"If Iran wants to fight, that will be the official end of Iran. Never threaten the United States again!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+Iran+wants+to+fight%2C+that+will+be+the+official+end+of+Iran.+Never+threaten+the+United+States+again%21&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft.au=Donald+J.+Trump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FrealDonaldTrump%2Fstatus%2F1130207891049332737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotamedi" class="citation web cs1">Motamedi, Maziar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/locked-tech-company-comply-iran-sanctions-190731081829014.html">"Locked out: Did US tech company over-comply with Iran sanctions?"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=Locked+out%3A+Did+US+tech+company+over-comply+with+Iran+sanctions%3F&rft.aulast=Motamedi&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fajimpact%2Flocked-tech-company-comply-iran-sanctions-190731081829014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iran-trade-usa/erdogan-says-turkey-will-continue-oil-natural-gas-trade-with-iran-ntv-idUSKBN1WB33D">"Erdogan says Turkey will continue oil, natural gas trade with Iran: NTV"</a>. Reuters. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erdogan+says+Turkey+will+continue+oil%2C+natural+gas+trade+with+Iran%3A+NTV&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-turkey-iran-trade-usa%2Ferdogan-says-turkey-will-continue-oil-natural-gas-trade-with-iran-ntv-idUSKBN1WB33D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-ca/video/news/irans-foreign-minister-says-us-policy-is-economic-terrorism/vi-AAEFjxv">"Iran's foreign minister says U.S. policy is 'economic terrorism'"</a>. www.msn.com. Retrieved 2019-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+foreign+minister+says+U.S.+policy+is+%27economic+terrorism%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-ca%2Fvideo%2Fnews%2Firans-foreign-minister-says-us-policy-is-economic-terrorism%2Fvi-AAEFjxv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/11/iran-says-oil-sales-strong-despite-ukraine-war-changes">"Iran says oil sales strong despite effect of Ukraine war"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+says+oil+sales+strong+despite+effect+of+Ukraine+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F6%2F11%2Firan-says-oil-sales-strong-despite-ukraine-war-changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erin-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Erin_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/as-coronavirus-cases-explode-in-iran-us-sanctions-hinder-its-access-to-drugs-and-medical-equipment/2020/03/28/0656a196-6aba-11ea-b199-3a9799c54512_story.html">"As coronavirus cases explode in Iran, U.S. sanctions hinder its access to drugs and medical equipment"</a>. washingtonpost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost&rft.atitle=As+coronavirus+cases+explode+in+Iran%2C+U.S.+sanctions+hinder+its+access+to+drugs+and+medical+equipment&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fas-coronavirus-cases-explode-in-iran-us-sanctions-hinder-its-access-to-drugs-and-medical-equipment%2F2020%2F03%2F28%2F0656a196-6aba-11ea-b199-3a9799c54512_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200302-sanctions-hit-iran-struggles-to-make-cancer-drugs">"Sanctions-hit Iran struggles to make cancer drugs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Sanctions-hit+Iran+struggles+to+make+cancer+drugs&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200302-sanctions-hit-iran-struggles-to-make-cancer-drugs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotamedi" class="citation web cs1">Motamedi, Maziar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/7/iran-says-us-blocking-covid-19-vaccine-purchase">"Iran's top banker says US blocking COVID-19 vaccine purchase"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+top+banker+says+US+blocking+COVID-19+vaccine+purchase&rft.aulast=Motamedi&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F7%2Firan-says-us-blocking-covid-19-vaccine-purchase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadzo" class="citation web cs1">Gadzo, Mersiha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/28/iranians-with-epidermolysis-bullosa-dying-under-us-sanctions">"Iranians with rare disease dying under US sanctions"</a>. aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera&rft.atitle=Iranians+with+rare+disease+dying+under+US+sanctions&rft.aulast=Gadzo&rft.aufirst=Mersiha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F5%2F28%2Firanians-with-epidermolysis-bullosa-dying-under-us-sanctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2018" class="citation web cs1">Townsend, Mark (15 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/dec/15/uk-universitity-tells-iranin-student-pay-tuition-fees-in-cash-trump-sanctions">"UK university tells Iranian student: go home and get tuition fees in cash"</a>. Theguardian.com. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theguardian.com&rft.atitle=UK+university+tells+Iranian+student%3A+go+home+and+get+tuition+fees+in+cash&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2018%2Fdec%2F15%2Fuk-universitity-tells-iranin-student-pay-tuition-fees-in-cash-trump-sanctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20101224/us_nm/us_usa_iran_business_2">"US Iran business"</a>. Yahoo. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+Iran+business&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fnm%2F20101224%2Fus_nm%2Fus_usa_iran_business_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsaeedi-Glossner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mirsaeedi-Glossner, Shabnam (15 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2013/irans-flourishing-regional-influence">"Iran's Flourishing Regional Influence: Electricity Exports as a Loophole to Sanctions"</a>. Science & Diplomacy. 2 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Flourishing+Regional+Influence%3A+Electricity+Exports+as+a+Loophole+to+Sanctions&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft.aulast=Mirsaeedi-Glossner&rft.aufirst=Shabnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencediplomacy.org%2Farticle%2F2013%2Firans-flourishing-regional-influence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+sanctions+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about United States sanctions against Iran <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=United+States+sanctions+against+Iran">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=United+States+sanctions+against+Iran&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE59C22020091013">Iran Sanctions - Factbox</a> (Summary and list of all sanctions on Iran since 1979)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/10/iran-primer-us-sanctions.html">Iran Primer: U.S. Sanctions</a> – PBS website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo28380">Iran Sanctions: Strategy, Implementation, and Enforcement: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, 17 May 2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Algeria–Iran relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Iran relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Iran relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Iran–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Iran–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Iran–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Iran–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Iran–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Argentina–Iran relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bolivia–Iran relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ecuador–Iran relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">after 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Iran–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Iran relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bangladesh–Iran relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Georgia–Iran relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="History of Georgia–Iran relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Indonesia–Iran relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Iran–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Iran–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Iran–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Iran–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Iran–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Iran–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Iran–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Iran–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Iran–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Iran–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Iran–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Iran–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Albania–Iran relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Belarus–Iran relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Iran relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Croatia–Iran relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czech Republic–Iran relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Denmark–Iran relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Finland–Iran relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Greece–Iran relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Holy See–Iran relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hungary–Iran relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Iran–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Iran–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Iran–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Iran–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Iran–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Iran–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Iran–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Iran–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Australia–Iran relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Iran relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Iran–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran#NATO" title="Foreign relations of Iran">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Israeli–Sunni Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors from Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Masoud_Pezeshkian_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration">Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&oldid=1257962048">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&oldid=1257962048</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Iran" title="Category:Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Iran" title="Category:Modern history of Iran">Modern history of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Iran" title="Category:Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanctions_against_Iran" title="Category:Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions against Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_sanctions" title="Category:United States sanctions">United States sanctions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2013" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2013">Articles with dead external links from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 11:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_sanctions_against_Iran&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66c5b56c76-xnzbs","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.095","walltime":"1.317","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7406,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":283409,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15638,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":440759,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1087.444 1 -total"," 47.87% 520.571 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.85% 194.111 56 Template:Cite_news"," 16.52% 179.650 55 Template:Cite_web"," 13.74% 149.389 1 Template:Tweet"," 13.33% 144.987 1 Template:Quote_box"," 10.21% 110.990 1 Template:Iran–United_States_relations"," 9.50% 103.361 1 Template:Cite_tweet"," 7.14% 77.593 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.13% 44.933 1 Template:Update_inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.619","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7992586,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-54bdc4cc85-z87pl","timestamp":"20241211160947","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"United States sanctions against Iran","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14641401","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14641401","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-08T22:58:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T11:57:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/60\/Iranair.b747.arp.750pix.jpg","headline":"trade restrictions levied by the United States government"}</script> </body> </html>