The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3 | Nature</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/nature.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { connectionDetail.slowConnection = true; } } if (!(connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled || connectionDetail.slowConnection)) { createLink("/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2"); } else { document.documentElement.classList.add('save-data'); } </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"letter","legacy":{"webtrendsPrimaryArticleType":"research","webtrendsSubjectTerms":null,"webtrendsContentCategory":null,"webtrendsContentCollection":null,"webtrendsContentGroup":"Nature","webtrendsContentGroupType":null,"webtrendsContentSubGroup":"Letter","status":null}},"article":{"doi":"10.1038/nature07920"},"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","copyright":{"open":false,"legacy":{"webtrendsLicenceType":null}}},"contentInfo":{"authors":["P. Jenniskens","M. H. Shaddad","D. Numan","S. Elsir","A. M. Kudoda","M. E. Zolensky","L. Le","G. A. Robinson","J. M. Friedrich","D. Rumble","A. Steele","S. R. Chesley","A. Fitzsimmons","S. Duddy","H. H. Hsieh","G. Ramsay","P. G. Brown","W. N. Edwards","E. Tagliaferri","M. B. Boslough","R. E. Spalding","R. Dantowitz","M. Kozubal","P. Pravec","J. Borovicka","Z. Charvat","J. Vaubaillon","J. Kuiper","J. Albers","J. L. Bishop","R. L. Mancinelli","S. A. Sandford","S. N. Milam","M. Nuevo","S. P. 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Some 19 hours — and many astronomical observations — later it entered the atmosphere and disintegrated at 37 km altitude. No macroscopic fragments were expected to have survived but a dedicated search along the approach trajectory in a desert in northern Sudan has recovered 47 meteorites, fragments of a single body named Almahata Sitta, with a total mass of 3.95 kg. The asteroid and meteorite reflectance spectra identify the asteroid as surface matter from a class 'F' asteroid, material so fragile that it was not previously represented in meteorite collections. To have recovered meteorites from a known class of asteroids is a coup on a par with a successful spacecraft sample-return mission — without the rocket science. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid designated 2008 TC3 hit the Earth in northern Sudan. Jenniskens et al. searched along the approach trajectory and luckily found 47 bits of a meteorite named Almahata Sitta. 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All rights reserved"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="On 6 October 2008, a small Earth-bound asteroid designated 2008 TC3 was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey. Some 19 hours — and many astronomical observations — later it entered the atmosphere and disintegrated at 37 km altitude. No macroscopic fragments were expected to have survived but a dedicated search along the approach trajectory in a desert in northern Sudan has recovered 47 meteorites, fragments of a single body named Almahata Sitta, with a total mass of 3.95 kg. The asteroid and meteorite reflectance spectra identify the asteroid as surface matter from a class 'F' asteroid, material so fragile that it was not previously represented in meteorite collections. To have recovered meteorites from a known class of asteroids is a coup on a par with a successful spacecraft sample-return mission — without the rocket science. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid designated 2008 TC3 hit the Earth in northern Sudan. Jenniskens et al. searched along the approach trajectory and luckily found 47 bits of a meteorite named Almahata Sitta. Analysis reveals it to be a porous achondrite and a polymict ureilite, and so the asteroid was F-class (dark carbon-rich anomalous ureilites). In the absence of a firm link between individual meteorites and their asteroidal parent bodies, asteroids are typically characterized only by their light reflection properties, and grouped accordingly into classes1,2,3. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid was discovered with a flat reflectance spectrum in the 554–995 nm wavelength range, and designated 2008 TC3 (refs 4–6). It subsequently hit the Earth. Because it exploded at 37 km altitude, no macroscopic fragments were expected to survive. Here we report that a dedicated search along the approach trajectory recovered 47 meteorites, fragments of a single body named Almahata Sitta, with a total mass of 3.95 kg. Analysis of one of these meteorites shows it to be an achondrite, a polymict ureilite, anomalous in its class: ultra-fine-grained and porous, with large carbonaceous grains. The combined asteroid and meteorite reflectance spectra identify the asteroid as F class3, now firmly linked to dark carbon-rich anomalous ureilites, a material so fragile it was not previously represented in meteorite collections."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="458"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="7237"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="485"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="488"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07920"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/nature07920"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07920.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07920"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="458"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="7237"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2009/03"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="485"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="488"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/nature07920"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/nature07920"/> <meta name="size" content="93416"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/nature07920"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/nature07920&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="On 6 October 2008, a small Earth-bound asteroid designated 2008 TC3 was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey. Some 19 hours — and many astronomical observations — later it entered the atmosphere and disintegrated at 37 km altitude. No macroscopic fragments were expected to have survived but a dedicated search along the approach trajectory in a desert in northern Sudan has recovered 47 meteorites, fragments of a single body named Almahata Sitta, with a total mass of 3.95 kg. The asteroid and meteorite reflectance spectra identify the asteroid as surface matter from a class 'F' asteroid, material so fragile that it was not previously represented in meteorite collections. To have recovered meteorites from a known class of asteroids is a coup on a par with a successful spacecraft sample-return mission — without the rocket science. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid designated 2008 TC3 hit the Earth in northern Sudan. Jenniskens et al. searched along the approach trajectory and luckily found 47 bits of a meteorite named Almahata Sitta. Analysis reveals it to be a porous achondrite and a polymict ureilite, and so the asteroid was F-class (dark carbon-rich anomalous ureilites). In the absence of a firm link between individual meteorites and their asteroidal parent bodies, asteroids are typically characterized only by their light reflection properties, and grouped accordingly into classes1,2,3. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid was discovered with a flat reflectance spectrum in the 554–995 nm wavelength range, and designated 2008 TC3 (refs 4–6). It subsequently hit the Earth. Because it exploded at 37 km altitude, no macroscopic fragments were expected to survive. Here we report that a dedicated search along the approach trajectory recovered 47 meteorites, fragments of a single body named Almahata Sitta, with a total mass of 3.95 kg. Analysis of one of these meteorites shows it to be an achondrite, a polymict ureilite, anomalous in its class: ultra-fine-grained and porous, with large carbonaceous grains. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Letter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2009-03-26">26 March 2009</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC<sub>3</sub></h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--long" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Jenniskens-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Jenniskens-Aff1" data-author-search="Jenniskens, P." data-corresp-id="c1">P. Jenniskens<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__H_-Shaddad-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-M__H_-Shaddad-Aff2" data-author-search="Shaddad, M. H.">M. H. Shaddad</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-D_-Numan-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-D_-Numan-Aff2" data-author-search="Numan, D.">D. Numan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Elsir-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Elsir-Aff3" data-author-search="Elsir, S.">S. Elsir</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A__M_-Kudoda-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-A__M_-Kudoda-Aff2" data-author-search="Kudoda, A. M.">A. M. Kudoda</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__E_-Zolensky-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-M__E_-Zolensky-Aff4" data-author-search="Zolensky, M. E.">M. E. Zolensky</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-L_-Le-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-L_-Le-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-search="Le, L.">L. Le</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-G__A_-Robinson-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-G__A_-Robinson-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-search="Robinson, G. A.">G. A. Robinson</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J__M_-Friedrich-Aff6-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-J__M_-Friedrich-Aff6-Aff7" data-author-search="Friedrich, J. M.">J. M. Friedrich</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a>,<a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-D_-Rumble-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-D_-Rumble-Aff8" data-author-search="Rumble, D.">D. Rumble</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A_-Steele-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-A_-Steele-Aff8" data-author-search="Steele, A.">A. Steele</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S__R_-Chesley-Aff9" data-author-popup="auth-S__R_-Chesley-Aff9" data-author-search="Chesley, S. R.">S. R. Chesley</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff9">9</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A_-Fitzsimmons-Aff10" data-author-popup="auth-A_-Fitzsimmons-Aff10" data-author-search="Fitzsimmons, A.">A. Fitzsimmons</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Duddy-Aff10" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Duddy-Aff10" data-author-search="Duddy, S.">S. Duddy</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-H__H_-Hsieh-Aff10" data-author-popup="auth-H__H_-Hsieh-Aff10" data-author-search="Hsieh, H. H.">H. H. Hsieh</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-G_-Ramsay-Aff11" data-author-popup="auth-G_-Ramsay-Aff11" data-author-search="Ramsay, G.">G. Ramsay</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff11">11</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P__G_-Brown-Aff12" data-author-popup="auth-P__G_-Brown-Aff12" data-author-search="Brown, P. G.">P. G. Brown</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff12">12</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-W__N_-Edwards-Aff12" data-author-popup="auth-W__N_-Edwards-Aff12" data-author-search="Edwards, W. N.">W. N. Edwards</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff12">12</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-E_-Tagliaferri-Aff13" data-author-popup="auth-E_-Tagliaferri-Aff13" data-author-search="Tagliaferri, E.">E. Tagliaferri</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff13">13</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__B_-Boslough-Aff14" data-author-popup="auth-M__B_-Boslough-Aff14" data-author-search="Boslough, M. B.">M. B. Boslough</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff14">14</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-R__E_-Spalding-Aff14" data-author-popup="auth-R__E_-Spalding-Aff14" data-author-search="Spalding, R. E.">R. E. Spalding</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff14">14</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-R_-Dantowitz-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-R_-Dantowitz-Aff15" data-author-search="Dantowitz, R.">R. Dantowitz</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Kozubal-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Kozubal-Aff15" data-author-search="Kozubal, M.">M. Kozubal</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Pravec-Aff16" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Pravec-Aff16" data-author-search="Pravec, P.">P. Pravec</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff16">16</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Borovicka-Aff16" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Borovicka-Aff16" data-author-search="Borovicka, J.">J. Borovicka</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff16">16</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Z_-Charvat-Aff17" data-author-popup="auth-Z_-Charvat-Aff17" data-author-search="Charvat, Z.">Z. Charvat</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff17">17</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Vaubaillon-Aff18" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Vaubaillon-Aff18" data-author-search="Vaubaillon, J.">J. Vaubaillon</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff18">18</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Kuiper-Aff19" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Kuiper-Aff19" data-author-search="Kuiper, J.">J. Kuiper</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff19">19</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Albers-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Albers-Aff1" data-author-search="Albers, J.">J. Albers</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J__L_-Bishop-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-J__L_-Bishop-Aff1" data-author-search="Bishop, J. L.">J. L. Bishop</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-R__L_-Mancinelli-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-R__L_-Mancinelli-Aff1" data-author-search="Mancinelli, R. L.">R. L. Mancinelli</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S__A_-Sandford-Aff20" data-author-popup="auth-S__A_-Sandford-Aff20" data-author-search="Sandford, S. A.">S. A. Sandford</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff20">20</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S__N_-Milam-Aff20" data-author-popup="auth-S__N_-Milam-Aff20" data-author-search="Milam, S. N.">S. N. Milam</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff20">20</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Nuevo-Aff20" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Nuevo-Aff20" data-author-search="Nuevo, M.">M. Nuevo</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff20">20</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 35 authors for this article" title="Show all 35 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S__P_-Worden-Aff20" data-author-popup="auth-S__P_-Worden-Aff20" data-author-search="Worden, S. P.">S. P. Worden</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff20">20</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 458</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>485–488 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2009</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">2393 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">302 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">4 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature07920/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs3" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs3">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs3-content"><p>In the absence of a firm link between individual meteorites and their asteroidal parent bodies, asteroids are typically characterized only by their light reflection properties, and grouped accordingly into classes<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Lauretta, D. S. & McSween, H. Y. Jr (eds) Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (Univ. Arizona Press, 2006)" href="/articles/nature07920#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d4148884e901">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Vernazza, P. et al. Compositional differences between meteorites and near-Earth asteroids. Nature 454, 858–860 (2008)" href="/articles/nature07920#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d4148884e904">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Tholen, D. J. in Asteroids II (eds Matthews, M. S., Binzel, R. P. & Gehrels, T.) 1139–1150 (Univ. Arizona Press, 1989)" href="/articles/nature07920#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d4148884e907">3</a></sup>. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid was discovered with a flat reflectance spectrum in the 554–995 nm wavelength range, and designated 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> (refs <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4–6" title="Kowalski, R. A. et al. in MPEC 2008–T50 (ed. Williams, G. V.) 1–1 (Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 2008)" href="/articles/nature07920#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d4148884e912">4–6</a>). It subsequently hit the Earth. Because it exploded at 37 km altitude, no macroscopic fragments were expected to survive. Here we report that a dedicated search along the approach trajectory recovered 47 meteorites, fragments of a single body named Almahata Sitta, with a total mass of 3.95 kg. Analysis of one of these meteorites shows it to be an achondrite, a polymict ureilite, anomalous in its class: ultra-fine-grained and porous, with large carbonaceous grains. The combined asteroid and meteorite reflectance spectra identify the asteroid as F class<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Tholen, D. J. in Asteroids II (eds Matthews, M. S., Binzel, R. P. & Gehrels, T.) 1139–1150 (Univ. Arizona Press, 1989)" href="/articles/nature07920#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d4148884e916">3</a></sup>, now firmly linked to dark carbon-rich anomalous ureilites, a material so fragile it was not previously represented in meteorite collections.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature07920" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" 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P.J. is supported by the NASA Planetary Astronomy program. D.R. acknowledges the support of NASA's Cosmochemistry program (grant NNX07AI48G). A. Alunni, J. Travis-Garcia and L. Hofland of NASA Ames Research Center, and J. Herrin of NASA Johnson Space Flight Center, provided laboratory assistance. The work conducted at JPL/Caltech was under contract with NASA. The William Hershel Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.</p><p><b>Author Contributions</b> P.J., M.H.S., D.N., S.E. and A.M.K. led the field search for meteorites. M.E.Z., L.L. and G.A.R. performed the petrographic analysis. J.M.F. performed the trace element bulk chemistry analysis. D.R. performed the oxygen isotope analysis. A.S. performed the Raman analysis. S.R.C. calculated the orbit and ground track. A.F., S.D., H.H.H. and G.R. observed and analysed the astronomical spectrum. P.G.B. analysed the infrasound data. P.G.B., W.N.E. and P.J. performed dark-flight calculations. S.P.W., E.T., M.B.B. and R.E.S. facilitated and analysed the US Government satellite observations. R.D. and M.K. observed the asteroid light curve, which was analysed by P.P., J.B. and Z.C. analysed the Meteosat 8 observations. P.J. and J.V. investigated the link with possible other parent bodies. J.K. provided wind model data. J.A. and P.J. analysed train wind drift. J.L.B. and P.J. measured reflection spectra of the meteorite. R.L.M. and P.J. obtained optical imaging of the meteorite. S.A.S., S.N.M., M.N. and P.J. performed the mid-infrared analysis.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 515 North Whisman Road, Mountain View, California 94043, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. Jenniskens, J. Albers, J. L. Bishop & R. L. Mancinelli</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Physics Department, University of Khartoum, PO Box 321, Khartoum 11115, Sudan, </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. H. Shaddad, D. Numan & A. M. Kudoda</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Physics Department, Juba University, Juba, Sudan</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">S. Elsir</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code KT, Houston, Texas 77058, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. E. Zolensky, L. Le & G. A. Robinson</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Jacobs Technologies Engineering Science Contact Group (ESCG), Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">L. Le & G. A. Robinson</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York 10458, USA, </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J. M. Friedrich</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, New York 10024, USA, </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J. M. Friedrich</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington DC 20015-1305, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">D. Rumble & A. Steele</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">S. R. Chesley</p></li><li id="Aff10"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">A. Fitzsimmons, S. Duddy & H. H. Hsieh</p></li><li id="Aff11"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">G. Ramsay</p></li><li id="Aff12"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada, </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. G. Brown & W. N. Edwards</p></li><li id="Aff13"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> ET Space Systems, 5990 Worth Way, Camarillo, California 93012, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">E. Tagliaferri</p></li><li id="Aff14"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. B. Boslough & R. E. Spalding</p></li><li id="Aff15"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Clay Center Observatory, Dexter and Southfield Schools, 20 Newton Street, Brookline, Massachusetts 02445, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">R. Dantowitz & M. Kozubal</p></li><li id="Aff16"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Fričova 298, 25165 Ondřejov Observatory, Czech Republic , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. Pravec & J. Borovicka</p></li><li id="Aff17"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 143 06 Praha 4, Czech Republic , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Z. Charvat</p></li><li id="Aff18"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides, 77 avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J. Vaubaillon</p></li><li id="Aff19"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Dutch Meteor Society, Akker 141, 3732 XD De Bilt, The Netherlands , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J. Kuiper</p></li><li id="Aff20"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">S. A. Sandford, S. N. Milam, M. Nuevo & S. P. Worden</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-P_-Jenniskens-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">P. 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Jenniskens</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM308"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature07920/MediaObjects/41586_2009_BFnature07920_MOESM308_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This file contains Supplementary Notes, Supplementary Figures S1-S2 with Legends, Supplementary Table S1 and Supplementary References (PDF 115 kb)</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="PowerPoint slides"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">PowerPoint slides</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM304"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature07920/MediaObjects/41586_2009_BFnature07920_MOESM304_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for 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impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC<sub>3</sub>. <i>Nature</i> <b>458</b>, 485–488 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07920</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nature07920?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2009-02-06">06 February 2009</time></span></p></li><li 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The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3 | Nature