Fire | NIST

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<li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210113345/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--topic nist-section-header--hero"> <div class="nist-section-header__hero-img"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/03/08/Fire_1200x248.jpg" width="1200" height="248" alt="A fire burning in a forest" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Fire</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-description padding-top-4 margin-top-1"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Overview</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-bottom-4"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>Fire testing may have started some 2.5 million years ago when one of our ancestors stuck his hand into the first flame and “scientifically” determined that the temperature was too hot to bear. Since that primitive beginning, humans have been on an unending quest to understand, measure and exploit the behavior of fire—and most importantly, to improve our ability to protect life and property from its ravages. Fire testing at NIST, a staple of the agency’s research since the early 1900s, has helped provide much of the data, insights and knowledge demanded by that pursuit. Research has run covered everything from fire safety engineering and fire fighting to fire investigation and fire testing to fire data management and intentional burning.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Featured Content</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/national-fire-research-laboratory-73306">National Fire Research Laboratory</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/video-category/fire">Fire Video Collection</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/el/fcd">Fire Calorimetry Database</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories/trial-fire-look-nist-fire-testing-through-years">Trial by Fire: A Historical Photo Essay</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire/why-you-should-water-your-christmas-tree">Why You Should Water Your Christmas Tree</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire/holiday-fire-safety">Holiday Fire Safety</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-5 margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-list grid-container"> <div class="views-element-container nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-db708561daee7306976a4b514674b546e2cbba34c83cab5e365ee6a6d61d40df"> <div class="nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Fire Topics</h2> </div> <ul class="add-list-reset link-list"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/emergency-building-evacuation" hreflang="en">Emergency building evacuation</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire-detection" hreflang="en">Fire detection</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire-dynamics-science" hreflang="en">Fire dynamics & science</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire-fighting" hreflang="en">Fire fighting</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire-modeling" hreflang="en">Fire modeling</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/fire-risk-reduction" hreflang="en">Fire risk reduction</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/materials-flammability" hreflang="en">Materials flammability</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/structural-fire-resistance" hreflang="en">Structural fire resistance</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/wildland-urban-interface-fire" hreflang="en">Wildland urban interface fire</a></div></div></li> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--main"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2> Key Accomplishments </h2> </div> <div class="tablet-lg:grid-col-8 padding-right-5"> <div class="text-long"><ul><li><strong>Fire reconstructions:</strong> NIST thoroughly investigates some of the country’s most unique and devastating wildland-urban interface (WUI) and building fires, such as the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c60abdba-05ee-4121-a72d-eb0104b99152" href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2010/10/nist-study-charleston-furniture-store-fire-calls-national-safety" title="NIST Study on Charleston Furniture Store Fire Calls for National Safety Improvements">Charleston Sofa Super Store fire</a>. By studying and reconstructing the behavior and timeline of these fires in detail, NIST makes recommendations, some of which have led to improved codes and standards related to fuel load, sprinklers, egress and other fire safety considerations. </li> <li><strong>Materials flammability:</strong> From building materials on the WUI to furniture in the common home, NIST devises test methods and mitigation strategies for reducing the flammability of numerous materials. NIST’s research in this area has bolstered state and federal standards and, in the case of mattress flammability, had a measurable <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1bfa4cba-015f-42a7-a7bd-cef9c35c87c6" href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2020/11/mattress-flammability-standard-lifesaver-nist-report-finds" title="Mattress Flammability Standard Is a Lifesaver, NIST Report Finds">lifesaving impact</a>. </li> <li><strong>Fire modeling:</strong> NIST developed and continues to update advanced <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f9e625b8-df79-4aad-b17f-887e000f3891" href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/advanced-fire-modeling" title="Advanced Fire Modeling">fire modeling</a> software capable of digitally recreating complex fire and smoke behaviors. These free tools have played key roles in cracking forensic cases of residential and industrial fires and supporting studies on and the design of fire protection systems. </li> <li><strong>Smoke detection: </strong>For decades, NIST has <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="96c2cd96-56d1-4130-980d-c185fc668590" href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/el/home-smoke-alarm-tests" title="Home Smoke Alarm Tests">rigorously tested</a> smoke alarms and detectors, like those used in many homes (and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="be10d7ec-7ec9-4cd1-b85e-8f9131179504" href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2018/05/nistnasa-study-shows-one-detector-doesnt-fit-all-smoke-spacecraft" title="NIST/NASA Study Shows One Detector Doesn’t ‘Fit All’ for Smoke in Spacecraft">in space</a>), to raise the bar for their performance. NIST’s work in this area laid the groundwork for several standards for the sensitivity and installation of these vital technologies.</li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-research paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>The Research</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Projects & Programs</h2> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/safety-building-occupants-project" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/safety-building-occupants-project" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/07/10/egressnew.jpg?itok=bYSueJKr" width="88" height="100" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/safety-building-occupants-project"><span>Safety of Building Occupants Project</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> NIST will develop a model to predict evacuation decision-making during fires through a better understanding and quantification of the risk perceived by </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/wui-building-and-fire-codes-and-standards-project" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/wui-building-and-fire-codes-and-standards-project"><span>WUI Building and Fire Codes and Standards Project</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--green boolean">Completed</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Although over 46 million residential structures in the United States are in areas of risk of wildfires, building and fire codes and standards do not provide the </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/design-fires-structures-project" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/design-fires-structures-project"><span>Design Fires for Structures Project</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> This project will address upcoming needs and take advantage of new resources associated with the completion of National Fire Research Laboratory (NFRL). The </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/fire-risk-reduction-communities-program" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fire-risk-reduction-communities-program" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/07/10/11el016_dragon_vidstill_cs.jpg?itok=15yW_vXq" width="100" height="81" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fire-risk-reduction-communities-program"><span>Fire Risk Reduction in Communities Program</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> This program reduces community fire risk by 1) increasing the fire resilience of wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities and 2) enhancing the safety and </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/topic/248586">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Additional Resources Links</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link nist-field--link-list font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248586&ta%5B1%5D=248586">Publications</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/topic/248586">Software</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/topic/248586">Tools & Instruments</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-featured paragraph--view-mode--default nist-content-row--width-full bg-base-lightest margin-y-5"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full nist-card--base-lightest"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories/eye-fire"> <div class="entity-reference"> <figure class="nist-image"> <img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2019/05/29/19el006_matt-and-bob-in-the-field.jpg?itok=zRt4yZzj" width="800" height="400" alt="NIST engineer in yellow jacket stands to right of BOB glass globe. To his right and left are two men." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"> <div data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-image__caption-content"> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3> In the Eye of the Fire </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-long"><p>“In experimental fire research, some of the most compelling data you can get is the visual data from video and photography,” says Matt Hoehler, a research structural engineer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. “So we’re always trying to get closer to the fire.”</p> <p>With a prototype camera system developed by Hoehler and his colleagues at NIST’s National Fire Research Laboratory (NFRL), he has succeeded not just in getting close to a fire, but inside it. So far, the system has captured mesmerizing 360-degree video from a burning room, a mock-up of a museum collection storage room, a kitchen fire and, most recently, a forest fire. The footage allows a viewer to immerse themselves in the scene and shift their gaze in any direction to look at different aspects of the fire.</p></div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories/eye-fire" class="usa-button ">Read more.</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="entity-reference"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/knocking-down-fences-fire-research"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2020/10/27/fences.jpg?itok=Y9Tp_zYO" width="600" height="360" alt="partially knocked down fence in the foreground, a wildfire in the background" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3><span>Knocking Down Fences for Fire Research</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Wildfires don’t stop where the wilderness ends. They burn through communities and neighborhoods, destroying property and taking lives. In 2018, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection alone reported 7,948 wildfire incidents, burning almost 2 million acres across the state and resulting in 100 confirmed fatalities and 24,226 structures damaged or destroyed. NIST researchers are at</div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/knocking-down-fences-fire-research" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-8a0c35cabca4c46c614c5f3993cc74ff5d515d402173f07b086aedb3ff1a12f3"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/10/machine-learning-based-solution-could-help-firefighters-circumvent-deadly"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/10/04/Screen_Shot_2022-09-26_at_7.41.30_PM.png?itok=wtbZiGJZ" width="800" height="400" alt="A fireball rushes out of the opening of a small metal compartment in a concrete room. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">A Machine Learning-Based Solution Could Help Firefighters Circumvent Deadly Backdrafts</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/10/machine-learning-based-solution-could-help-firefighters-circumvent-deadly" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/08/nist-study-finds-wildfire-hazards-residential-fences-and-mulch-beds"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/08/03/IMG_3536.jpg?itok=d8q6GYEy" width="800" height="400" alt="Flames rising from a burning fence are spreading to a tree above and a shed nearby." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Study Finds Wildfire Hazards in Residential Fences and Mulch Beds</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/08/nist-study-finds-wildfire-hazards-residential-fences-and-mulch-beds" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230210113345/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/08/ai-may-come-rescue-future-firefighters"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230210113345im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/08/10/Flashover.png?itok=O5TOrCTK" width="800" 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