23 Must-See Buildings for Your First Trip to India

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Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. </div> <div class="label mt-20 mb-10">Select Citation Style</div> <select class="js-citation-format-select form-select"> <option selected value="mla">MLA</option> <option value="apa">APA</option> <option value="chicago">Chicago Manual of Style</option> </select> <div class="citation font-serif border rounded p-15 mt-20" data-authors="" data-title="23 Must-See Buildings for Your First Trip to India" data-published-date="16 Nov. 2023" data-url="https://www.britannica.com/list/23-must-see-buildings-for-your-first-trip-to-india" > <div class="citation-text"></div> </div> <button class="js-copy-citation-button mt-20 btn btn-xs btn-outline-blue border shadow-sm pr-10" > <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 my-n5 mr-5" data-icon="file_copy"></em> <span class="js-citation-status-text">Copy Citation</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div> <button class="js-share-modal-button js-modal gtm-topic-tool btn btn-xs btn-outline-blue border shadow-sm pr-10" data-modal=".md-share-modal"> <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 my-n5 mr-5" data-icon="share"></em> Share </button> <div class="md-share-modal size-lg d-none qa-share-modal"> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="h2 font-serif d-flex align-items-center pb-15 border-bottom"> <em class="material-icons text-blue mr-10" data-icon="share"></em> Share </div> <div class="label my-20">Share to social media</div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle d-flex align-items-start inverted" data-value="share" title="23 Must-See Buildings for Your First Trip to India" data-url="https://www.britannica.com/list/23-must-see-buildings-for-your-first-trip-to-india" > <a class="social-icon facebook justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="social-icon x justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="x" href="https://x.com/britannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>X</span></a> </div> <div class="label pt-20 mt-20 mb-5 border-top">URL</div> <a class="font-serif text-truncate d-inline-block" href="https://www.britannica.com/list/23-must-see-buildings-for-your-first-trip-to-india">https://www.britannica.com/list/23-must-see-buildings-for-your-first-trip-to-india</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article class="topic-content content"><div class="topic-paragraph font-serif md-list-intro pt-15 pb-20"><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/94537-131-467B0E07/Mausoleum-Taj-Mahal-Agra-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*0"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/94537-131-467B0E07/Mausoleum-Taj-Mahal-Agra-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Taj Mahal, India" data-width="900" data-height="675" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© Digital Vision/Getty Images</cite></figcaption></figure> <p class="topic-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taj-Mahal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Taj Mahal</a> may be India’s most iconic monument, but it’s just one of many of the country’s significant buildings.</p><span class="MOD1"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><em>Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in</em> 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die<em>, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.</em></p><span class="MOD2"></span> </div><ul class="list-unstyled md-mendel-list"><li><h2>Sangath Design Studio</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Balkrishna-Doshi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Balkrishna Doshi</a>, the first Indian architect to be awarded the Pritzker Prize, is a name synonymous with invigorating the contemporary Indian architectural landscape. He created Sangath, his design studio and research center in Ahmedabad, as an expression of his design principles and observations. The unique aspect of the studio is that it also accommodates facilities for the neighborhood.</p><span class="MOD3"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The complex, completed in 1980, is a playful juxtaposition of flat and vaulted surfaces embracing space to create habitable volumes of varying scales, allowing natural light to filter into the spaces. These are further organized around an entrance court with a split-level water body, which acts as a natural cooling system in the hot climate. The differing scale creates a topography of internal and external spaces presenting architecture as an experiential art form.</p><span class="MOD4"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The studio’s reinterpretation of the Indian vernacular is not restricted to formal aspects but also extends to the material construction. The vaults were cast <em>in situ</em> in <em>ferrocement</em>—elegant testimony to Doshi’s studies under <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Le-Corbusier" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Le Corbusier</a>. The finish is in mosaic tiles, executed by local craftsmen. More than 60 percent of the building is constructed using materials sourced locally. Brickwork and red-oxide floors interplay with the concrete post-and-beam structure to create an interface of contrasting textures that together work to create an inspirational design environment. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD5"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-1"></span></li><li><h2>Temple of Kailashnath</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/57/178157-050-4D76AED9/Ellora-Caves-Maharashtra-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*200590"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/57/178157-050-4D76AED9/Ellora-Caves-Maharashtra-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="The Ellora Caves are a series of 34 rock-cut temples in northwest-central Maharashtra state, western India." data-width="1600" data-height="1067" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/57/178157-050-4D76AED9/Ellora-Caves-Maharashtra-India.jpg" data-href="*200590">Ellora Caves</a><span>Ellora Caves, northwest-central Maharashtra state, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Jeremy Richards—iStock/Thinkstock</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">There are 33 shrines dug from the volcanic rock at <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ellora-Caves" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ellora</a>. Twelve are Buddhist from the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gupta-dynasty" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gupta Period</a>, four are Jain, and 17 are Hindu. Undoubtedly the most striking, and one of the best stone temples in all of India, is the Kailashnath temple. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and symbolizes Mount Kailash, the Himalayan peak attributed to be the abode of the deity. This building’s architectural grandeur makes it stand apart from the myriad of religious halls of worship carved into the Charanandri Hills of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aurangabad" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Aurangabad</a>. The monolithic structure is built in the architectural style of the south Indian temples, and it contains a shrine, inner sanctum, and open porches. But it is all the more brilliant because it was not constructed by laying stone upon stone, but was carved out of the rock by excavating nearly 40,000 tons of sandstone, thus making it an achievement of sublime sculptural splendor. It was conceived and executed from the topmost point—the <em>shikhar</em>—of the temple with stonemasons working all the way through to the pedestal, creating a multistoried temple 64 feet (50 m) deep, 109 feet (33 m) wide, and 98 feet (30 m) high. Its crowning glory is the largest cantilevered rock ceiling in the world. The entire external and internal surface of the temple is intricately carved with symbols and figures from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hindu</a> scriptures, helping to explain why the temple is said to have taken more than a century to complete. It was finished during the 8th century CE. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD6"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-2"></span></li><li><h2>Hawa Mahal</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/74132-050-2317CEFC/Hawa-Mahal-Jaipur-Rajasthan-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*96421"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/74132-050-2317CEFC/Hawa-Mahal-Jaipur-Rajasthan-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Hawa Mahal, Jaipur" data-width="1133" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/74132-050-2317CEFC/Hawa-Mahal-Jaipur-Rajasthan-India.jpg" data-href="*96421">Hawa Mahal</a><span>Hawa Mahal (Hall of Winds), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Frederick M. Asher</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">Regarded as one of the iconic symbols of the state of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajasthan</a>, the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawa-Mahal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hawa Mahal</a> (Palace of Winds) sits peacefully in the center of the busy city of Jaipur. Built as an extension to the women’s chambers of the city palace, it was intended as a viewing screen. Through this screen—a kind of architectural veil—women of the royal family and harem could freely view the bazaar and its vibrant proceedings unseen. </p><span class="MOD7"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The term <em>mahal</em> in this context is almost misleading, as the building was never meant to serve as a residence. The five-story building, completed in 1799, is actually quite shallow, with the top three stories being barely a room deep and containing quaint chambers in which the women sat. In keeping with the visual language of the “Pink City” of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jaipur-India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jaipur</a>, the structure is built entirely in red sandstone, which in the sunlight glows with a pink hue. Although credited to the Rajput style of architecture, it also has very strong <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mughal</a> influences manifested in the symmetry of the facade. This 50-foot-high (15 m) facade has more than 950 windows, each painted with motifs in white limewash. The main entrance is at the rear of the building, where a series of ramps lead to the upper stories. These were designed to facilitate <em>palanquins</em> (chairs carried on men’s shoulders). The Hawa Mahal, as its name suggests, continues to be a fitting vernacular response to the harsh climate—its numerous windows allowing the breeze to keep the internal spaces cool in the desert heat. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD8"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-3"></span></li><li><h2>Jaisalmer Fort</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/162444-050-526C5C03/Portion-wall-hill-fort-Rajput-Jaisalmer-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*199586"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/162444-050-526C5C03/Portion-wall-hill-fort-Rajput-Jaisalmer-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Rajput Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India. (fortification; bastion; sandstone)" data-width="1600" data-height="1067" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/162444-050-526C5C03/Portion-wall-hill-fort-Rajput-Jaisalmer-India.jpg" data-href="*199586">Jaisalmer, India: hill fort</a><span>Portion of the wall of the Rajput hill fort at Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© jean claude braun/Fotolia</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">The chieftain Rawal Jaisal, leader of the Bhatti <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajput" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajput</a> clan, sought to establish a secure desert base for his people. This became the foundation for the Jaisalmer Fort, destined to be an alternative capital to his more vulnerable one at Lodurva. The second oldest fortress town in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajasthan</a>, Jaisalmer lies in the middle of the expansive Thar Desert. Its ramparts rise out of the desert, standing tall at more than 250 feet (76 m) high. The external boundary with its numerous bastions encloses the self-sufficient habitat of more than 10,000 people. The town comprises the palace grounds, merchants‘ <em>havelis</em> (villas), residential complexes, military quarters, and temples, each competing as a symbol of the medieval prosperity of Jaisalmer.</p><span class="MOD9"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The fort, completed in the 12th century and known locally as the <em>sonar quila</em> (golden fort), now forms the heart of the city of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jaisalmer" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jaisalmer</a>. Its buildings are a subtle blend of Rajput and Islamic architectural styles, the most elaborate and elegant of these being the <em>Patwon ki Haveli</em>, a group of five residences commissioned by Guman Chand Patwa, an affluent local merchant. Every inch of the houses were intricately carved in stone, reportedly over a span of 50 years, a fitting tribute to the local craftsmanship. Sadly, modern times are taking their toll on this once glorious settlement. This large desert fort continues to stand tall, however; glowing in the first light of dawn, only just retaining its dignity and sense of indestructibility. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD10"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-4"></span></li><li><h2>Taj Lake Palace</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">This elegant marble palace, with its intricate mosaics and intimate courtyard gardens, seems to float tranquilly in the center of Lake Pichola. Covering about 4 acres (1.6 ha), Taj Lake Palace (<em>Jag Niwas</em>) has been a royal summer retreat for hundreds of years. It was built for Maharana Jagat Singh II, successor to the royal dynasty of Mewar. When he was young, he was given free reign over a small island in the lake by his father, and he decided to create his own palace here, laying its foundation stone on April 17, 1743. The first stage of its construction was completed and royally inaugurated three years later in a lavish three-day ceremony. It was built facing east, so at dawn its inhabitants could pray to the sun god from whom the royal family was believed to be descended. The palace was built almost entirely from marble in a classic combination of columns, fountains, and baths, being beautifully decorated with inlaid <a href="https://www.britannica.com/art/mosaic-art" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">mosaics</a>, colored glass, and watercolors of historic Indian scenes. With a focus on fun, the inhabitants would have enjoyed its water-filled courtyard gardens, not to mention its peepholes and secret passages. The building was slowly extended to suit the needs of successive rulers. However, in 1955, the palace was sold by the royal family and converted into India’s first luxury hotel. It became the opulent Taj Lake Palace Hotel, which was featured in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/James-Bond" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">James Bond</a> movie <em>Octopussy</em>. (Jamie Middleton)</p><span class="MOD11"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-5"></span></li><li><h2>Brihadishvara Temple</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/250066-050-B34A9532/Brihadishvara-Temple-Thanjavur-Tamil-Nadu-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*289455"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/250066-050-B34A9532/Brihadishvara-Temple-Thanjavur-Tamil-Nadu-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Brihadishvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva" data-width="1600" data-height="1060" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/250066-050-B34A9532/Brihadishvara-Temple-Thanjavur-Tamil-Nadu-India.jpg" data-href="*289455">Brihadishvara temple</a><span>The Brihadishvara temple located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">©RealityImages/stock.adobe.com</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Brihadishvara-temple" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Brihadishvara Temple</a> is just as much a symbol of power and wealth as it is a shrine to the Hindu god Shiva. Inscriptions—made on the walls detailing the ruler <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajaraja-I" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajaraja I</a>’s lavish gifts to the temple—are evidence enough of the wealth of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chola-dynasty" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Chola empire</a>. They list jewels, gold, silver, attendants, and 400 female dancers who were brides of Shiva. When Brihadishvara was completed, in 1010, it was the biggest temple in India. Moving away from the small-scale design of earlier temples, it set the standard for a new age of grandiose design. The temple’s design also started a shift toward favoring larger and more ornate gateways or <em>gopuras</em> until they eventually overshadowed even the main shrine in stature.</p><span class="MOD12"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">At a height of more than 200 feet (60 m), the main shrine of the temple is the highest pyramidal shrine tower in south <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">India</a>. Legend says its domed cupola—which weighs over 80 tons—was transported to the structure’s apex via a gently sloping 4-mile-long (6.5 km) ramp. Inside the main shrine sits a 13-foot-high (4 m) <em>lingam</em>, or sacred object, which represents the Hindu deity <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shiva" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Shiva</a>. Murals depicting <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ganga-dynasty#ref215781" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajaraja I</a> decorate the walls and are thought to be the most extant important examples of Chola painting, even though much of these have been partially obscured by a later Nayakas mural. A shrine and a pavilion to house a huge stone <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nandi-Hindu-mythology" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Nandi</a>—Shiva’s bull—were also added during the Nayakas period in the 17th century. With its soaring pyramidal shrine, heavy doorways, and early paintings, the Brihadishvara Temple is a must-see and the unrivaled masterpiece of Chola art and architecture. (Alex Brew)</p><span class="MOD13"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-6"></span></li><li><h2>Fatehpur Sikri</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/06/74706-050-C3152368/Buland-Darwaza-Fatehpur-Sikri-reign-Akbar-the.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*95541"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/06/74706-050-C3152368/Buland-Darwaza-Fatehpur-Sikri-reign-Akbar-the.jpg?w=1000" alt="Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri" data-width="1600" data-height="1115" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/06/74706-050-C3152368/Buland-Darwaza-Fatehpur-Sikri-reign-Akbar-the.jpg" data-href="*95541">Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh, India: Buland Darwāza</a><span>Buland Darwāza (“High Gate”), built during the reign of Akbar the Great, in Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh state, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Frederick M. Asher</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">A UNESCO World Heritage site, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Fatehpur-Sikri" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Fatehpur Sikri</a> was commissioned by the Mughal emperor <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Akbar the Great</a> and completed in 1585. This fort city is one of the best-enduring examples of the Mughal architectural legacy, even though it was only occupied for about 15 years.</p><span class="MOD14"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Situated on the top of a rocky outcrop, it has been realized entirely in red sandstone quarried from the same rock. The city is dotted with numerous architectural points of interest, each one evidence of Akbar’s attitude of tolerance for different cultures and religious beliefs. Primarily in the Persian style, there are also rich influences of Gujarati and Rajasthani vernacular schools, attributed to the use of masons and craftsmen of those regions. One of the most elegant of the architectural jewels is the Jodha Bai palace—the house of Akbar’s <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hindu</a> wife and mother of the crown prince—which, although simple in layout, has ornamentation inspired by Hindu architectural motifs combining two diverse cultures in one edifice.</p><span class="MOD15"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The highlight of the fort city, however, is the tomb of Salim Chisti—a Sufi saint who was consulted by Akbar about the birth of his son. A destination of pilgrimage for his devotees, this tomb lies in the center of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jami-Masjid-mosque-Delhi-India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jami Masjid</a>, or Friday Mosque. Being the only structure there to be constructed in pristine white marble, it is framed by the magnificent 147-foot-high (45 m) Buland Darwaza—a colossal triumphal arch—in stunning contrast to the backdrop of red sandstone.</p><span class="MOD16"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><em>Fatehpur</em> translates as the city of victory. This explains why, although only for a short period, the fort city was meant to share the duties of the imperial court. The magnitude and calm of the place is best experienced in the first hours of the day, when the golden glow of the sandstone is truly revealed. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD17"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-7"></span></li><li><h2>Taj Mahal</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/86/170586-050-AB7FEFAE/Taj-Mahal-Agra-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*201406"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/86/170586-050-AB7FEFAE/Taj-Mahal-Agra-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Taj Mahal, Agra, India. UNESCO World Heritage Site (minarets; Muslim, architecture; Islamic architecture; marble; mausoleum)" data-width="1600" data-height="1063" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/86/170586-050-AB7FEFAE/Taj-Mahal-Agra-India.jpg" data-href="*201406">Taj Mahal</a><span>Taj Mahal, Agra, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© TMAX/stock.adobe.com</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">As a monument to enduring love, this mausoleum was commissioned by the Mughal emperor <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Jahan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Shah Jahān</a> in memory of his favorite wife, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mumtaz-Mahal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mumtaz Mahal</a>, in 1631, the year of her death. The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taj-Mahal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Taj Mahal</a> is not solely his work, but the amalgamation of a powerhouse of master builders and craftsmen from Persia and India who saw it evolve over more than 20 years. It represents the opulence and power of the Mughal empire, and it bears the scars of a violent history of pilfering and restoration thereafter. </p><span class="MOD18"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Much has been written about the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taj-Mahal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Taj Mahal</a>: its refined elegance, architectural rendition, and balanced composition. However, its sublime beauty is best appreciated from the gateway to the Charbagh—a garden with four quarters, resplendent with flower beds, tree-lined avenues, and water courses—inspired by the Persian concept of paradise. To the extreme end of this abundance sits the mausoleum erected on a base of red sandstone. Every inch of its pure white marble is detailed with bas-relief calligraphy and abstract geometric or floral patterns inlaid with sapphires, lapis lazuli, turquoise, and semiprecious stones. The internal chamber containing the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/cenotaph" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">cenotaphs</a> of the empress and her husband are screened with intricate marble filigree screens. The ancillary buildings around the main mausoleum complement its sublimity, including the four minarets at the corners of the plinth. The minarets are smaller to accentuate the height of the Taj Mahal, and they were erected out of plumb so that in the event of a collapse they would fall away from the main building. </p><span class="MOD19"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Set against the backdrop of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Yamuna-River" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Yamuna River</a> and the Charbagh, the Taj Mahal is transformed at different times of the day and different seasons. The reflection of dawn light on the marble renders it pinkish, while moonlight causes the semiprecious stones to sparkle giving it the appearance of a jewel. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD20"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-8"></span></li><li><h2>Institute of Public Administration</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ahmadabad" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ahmadabad</a> is a small town in the state of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gujarat</a> in western India, which has the unique prestige of hosting some of the country’s premiere educational institutes, each one a signature design piece by some of the most influential architects of their period. One such example is the Institute of Public Administration, designed by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Kahn" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Louis I. Kahn</a> and completed in 1974.</p><span class="MOD21"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Regarded as one of the most international architects in both his style and conception, Kahn extended his oeuvre of simple, platonic compositions and expression of material to encompass an in-depth understanding of the local culture and traditions. Set in a large, landscaped complex, the institute demonstrates the philosophy that education should be imparted in a spiritually enriching environment.</p><span class="MOD22"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Kahn’s design follows a traditional courtyard pattern, creating many open spaces that can be visually and physically accessed from different levels. This not only gives a feeling of openness, but it also moderates the harsh brilliance of the Indian sun, which is left outside to wash the exposed brick walls in a warmer hue. It appears as if the spaces have been conceived around the collage of openings—the sweeping full circle openings and subtle arcs spanning concrete beams—and yet they are all held together by an austere discipline of spatial scale and construction technique. The building of the Indian Institute of Public Administration represents an example of how an elegant, modern architectural language can continue to be perceived as colossal in its legacy. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD23"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-9"></span></li><li><h2>Harmandir Sahib</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/84845-050-96697731/Harmandir-Sahib-Amritsar-India-Punjab.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*100613"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/84845-050-96697731/Harmandir-Sahib-Amritsar-India-Punjab.jpg?w=1000" alt="The Clock Tower and the Golden Temple, Amritsar, India. (Sikhs)" data-width="1600" data-height="1053" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/84845-050-96697731/Harmandir-Sahib-Amritsar-India-Punjab.jpg" data-href="*100613">Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib)</a><span>The Golden Temple, or Harmandir Sahib (right), in Amritsar, Punjab state, northwestern India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© Oleg Doroshenko/Dreamstime.com</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">The evolution of India’s architectural legacy is indebted largely to the conception of religious places of congregation. The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harmandir-Sahib" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Harmandir Sahib</a> is one such iconic place, establishing what many believe to be the Sikh style of architecture. A shrine of worship of immense sublimity and elegance, it is said to have found its origins in the 14th century when the founder of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sikh religion</a>, Guru Nanak Dev, came to live and meditate at the lake called Amritsar, meaning ”pool of ambrosial nectar.” The foundation of the formal temple structure was laid by the Muslim divine Mian Mīr of Lahore in December 1588, under guidance of the fifth Guru Arjan Dev. The shrine was a coevolution of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hindu</a> and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Islamic</a> architectural motifs. Uniquely, unlike established precedents of raising iconic buildings on a pedestal, the Harmandir Sahib was built at the same level as its surroundings. However, the uncertain political milieu of the 15th century turned this sanctuary into a victim and witness of nearly a hundred years of conflict, with the Sikhs defending against invasion. Rebuilt numerous times, the temple rose up each time, reflecting the strength and prosperity of its followers. In the relatively stable period of the early 19th century, the shrine was richly embellished in marble and precious stones, including the golden gilding of the upper stories, giving rise to its popular name, the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harmandir-Sahib" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Golden Temple</a>. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD24"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-10"></span></li><li><h2>Asian Games Village</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/124071-050-53525D61/Torch-2006-Asian-Games-Qatar-Doha-2006.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*117808"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/124071-050-53525D61/Torch-2006-Asian-Games-Qatar-Doha-2006.jpg?w=1000" alt="Torch of the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar." data-width="1306" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/124071-050-53525D61/Torch-2006-Asian-Games-Qatar-Doha-2006.jpg" data-href="*117808">Asian Games</a><span>Torch of the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">ffn</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">In the postcolonial milieu, it became a challenge for architects in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Indian-subcontinent" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indian subcontinent</a> to delve into their past and eclectically reconstruct the fractured social fabric through the built environment. The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/Asian-Games" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Asian Games</a> Village in Delhi, completed in 1982, is an example of one such intervention realized through the contemporary design of the traditional courtyard typology of residences. The scheme does not use the pastiche symbolism of architectural elements but finds its reference in the way private and public spaces function with respect to each other.</p><span class="MOD25"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Spread over a 35-acre (14 ha) site it accommodates 700 housing units. Whereas 200 of these are of the individual town-house type, the remaining 500 are apartment units organized over multiple floors. The individual units are based on very simple plans with living areas on the lower level and sleeping areas on the upper level. Each unit then forms a composite, which can be linked to other units on at least two other sides to create clusters or row houses. This allows for a range of open communal spaces both at higher and lower levels.</p><span class="MOD26"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The complex, by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">architect</a> Raj Rewal, has received some criticism for being essentially an adult space—not fluid enough to encourage informal play. However, it still stands as one of the more successful contemporary experiments at creating a sustainable community. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD27"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-11"></span></li><li><h2>Matrimandir Meditation Center</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">Auroville, in the former French colony of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Puducherry-union-territory-India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pondicherry</a>, is an independent settlement inspired by the spiritual teachings of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sri-Aurobindo" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sri Aurobindo</a>. Intended to be an ideal city for spiritual seekers, it steadily evolved according to the masterplan drawn up by Mirra Alfassa, known to Aurovilians as The Mother, the Paris-born spiritual partner of Sri Aurobindo. The hub of this settlement, overseen by French architect Roger Anger, is the Matrimandir Meditation Center, from which radiates the rest of the community in four sweeping zones—industrial, residential, cultural, and international.</p><span class="MOD28"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">A stunning modern-day architectural conception that is situated in a expansive landscaped area referred to as Peace, the meditation center (completed in 2007) takes the form of a golden globe appearing to rise out of the earth as a symbol of spiritual consciousness. The center takes its golden hue from cladding formed of stainless-steel discs coated with gold leaf. Inside the globe, visitors slowly ascend to the core of the meditation center through spaces enclosed by pure white <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/marble-rock" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">marble</a>. The path they walk is covered in white carpet, and the atmosphere is hushed and peaceful.</p><span class="MOD29"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The visitor is led into the core meditation chamber, a truly inspiring sight. Placed in the center is an artificial crystal 27.5 inches (70 cm) in diameter, reputed to be the largest optically perfect glass in the world. The sun’s rays hit the crystal via a programmed <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/heliostat" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">heliostat</a> mounted on the roof and provide the only source of light. There are no organized rites or symbols within this space to distract visitors from their thoughts or direct them toward a specific religion. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD30"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-12"></span></li><li><h2>Chandigarh High Court</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">The planning of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chandigarh-India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Chandigarh</a> as the administrative capital of the redefined state of Punjab began in 1947, immediately after the partition of India. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Le-Corbusier" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Le Corbusier</a> designed the city according to the principles laid down by the Congrès Internationaux d‘Architecture Moderne (CIAM), which the architect had cofounded. These design principles called for functional order. Le Corbusier demanded “honesty of materials”—exposed brick, boulder stone masonry, and concrete surfaces forming geometrical structures, which became the defining elements of Chandigarh.</p><span class="MOD31"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Le Corbusier’s work in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chandigarh-India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Chandigarh</a> is concentrated in Sector 1—the Capitol Park stands aloof like a modern <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/acropolis-ancient-Greek-district" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Acropolis</a>, dominating the city with the four huge solitaires of the Secretariat, the Assembly, the Governor’s Palace, and the High Court. The latter was the first completed building in Chandigarh and consists solely of reinforced concrete, demonstrating the sculptural possibilities of this building material.</p><span class="MOD32"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The High Court, opened in 1955, is a linear block with a gracefully arched roof, meant to shade the entire building. The main entrance has three 59-foot-high (18 m) slabs of concrete colored light green, yellow, and red. The facade toward the plaza is a playful composition of cutouts and niches, reconciling its size with the human scale while fully expressing the majesty and force of the law. It contains nine law courts with offices, each one having its own entrance. The design embraces furniture, fittings, and nine huge tapestries, which cover the back wall of each court room. (Florian Heilmeyer)</p><span class="MOD33"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-13"></span></li><li><h2>Quṭb Mīnār</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/189819-050-94021332/Qutb-Minar-minaret-Iltutmish-construction-Delhi-al-Din.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*209980"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/189819-050-94021332/Qutb-Minar-minaret-Iltutmish-construction-Delhi-al-Din.jpg?w=1000" alt="Qutb Minar, Old Delhi, India." data-width="1600" data-height="1436" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/189819-050-94021332/Qutb-Minar-minaret-Iltutmish-construction-Delhi-al-Din.jpg" data-href="*209980">Delhi: Quṭb Mīnār</a><span>Quṭb Mīnār, a minaret in Delhi; construction started in 1199 by Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak and was completed by his successor, Iltutmish.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Jay Galvin (CC-BY-2.0)</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">One of the first structures of the Islamic architectural legacy, the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qutb-Minar" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Quṭb Mīnār</a> stands tall in the midst of the sprawling Qutb complex. The best-preserved building of the complex, it may have been inspired by the minaret of Jām in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Afghanistan</a>.</p><span class="MOD34"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The tower was probably commissioned by the first Muslim ruler of Delhi, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Qutb-al-Din-Aibak" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak</a>, although only the first tier was completed during his rule. (He died in 1210.) His successor, Iltumish, and thereafter <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Firuz-Shah-Tughluq" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Fīrūz Shah Tughluq</a>, commissioned the subsequent tiers, raising its height to an astounding 238 feet (72.5 meters), making it the tallest brick masonry tower in the world. The diameter of the tower is 47 feet (14.3 meters) at the base, gradually tapering to less than 11.5 feet (3.5 meters) at the top. The tiers are multifaceted cylindrical shafts, with intricate carvings and verses, illustrative of the refinement and evolving craftsmanship of Islamic styles over the different ruling dynasties. Each of the five tiers is marked by a balcony supported by corbels.</p><span class="MOD35"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">There continues to be speculation about the purpose of the tower. Traditionally, all mosques had minarets to call people to prayer. Though the Quṭb Mīnār seems modeled on a similar style and it flanks the Qūwat-ul-Islām mosque, its scale supports the idea that it was envisaged as a victory tower, marking the overthrow of the Chauhan rulers of Delhi by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muizz-al-Din-Muhammad-ibn-Sam" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Muḥammad of Ghūr</a>.</p><span class="MOD36"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The name Quṭb means “axis” and is believed to denote a new axis for Islamic dominion. Whatever the historical pedigree of the tower, it has stood the test of time and continues to be synonymous with the south <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Delhi</a> skyline. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD37"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-14"></span></li><li><h2>Masjid-i-Jahan Numa </h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">Considered to be one of the last of the Mughal emperor <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Jahan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Shah Jahān</a>’s vast architectural legacies, the Masjid-i-Jahan Numa—meaning “Mosque Commanding a View of the World” and popularly known as the Jama Masjid—is one of India’s largest and most revered mosques.</p><span class="MOD38"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">It was constructed in 1650–56 in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mughal</a> capital of Shahjahanaba (now known as Old Delhi) opposite the emperor’s home, the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Fort" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lal Qalʿah</a> (Red Fort). The royal residence had no private place of prayer, and the construction of the mosque beyond its walls was a symbol that the city outside the fort was not deprived of royal patronage. The emperor came to the mosque for his Friday prayers, entering through the East Gate that frames a stunning vista of the old city.</p><span class="MOD39"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">As one ascends the red sandstone steps to one of the three imposing entrances to the complex, the frenzy of the city is left behind, and one steps into the peaceful grand courtyard.</p><span class="MOD40"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Capable of accommodating more than 20,000 devotees, this majestic house of worship is designed in alternating strips of red sandstone and white marble in the well-established <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mughal</a> tradition. Its stunning main prayer hall, arches, pillars, and three grand domes all evoke awe. The marble entrances are inlaid with inscriptions from the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Qurʾān</a>. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD41"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-15"></span></li><li><h2>Lotus Temple</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/156667-050-62285333/Lotus-Temple-New-Delhi-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*178742"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/156667-050-62285333/Lotus-Temple-New-Delhi-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Lotus Temple, New Delhi, India. (Baha'i religion, Indian, organic, architecture)" data-width="1600" data-height="1086" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/156667-050-62285333/Lotus-Temple-New-Delhi-India.jpg" data-href="*178742">Lotus Temple</a><span>Lotus Temple, New Delhi, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© jedi-master/Fotolia</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">A symbol of purity metaphorically rising out of the muddy water of life and blossoming in liberation—that is how the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/sacred-lotus" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">lotus flower</a> has been perceived though eons of cultural and religious evolution in India. The understanding of this is what drove architect Fariborz Sabha to conceive the house of worship for the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bahai-Faith" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Baha’i faith</a> in Delhi as an iconographic abstraction of this symbol of faith. </p><span class="MOD42"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">It seems paradoxically apt that the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lotus-Temple" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lotus Temple</a>, or Baha’i Mashriq al-Adhkār, sits in the middle of one of the densest urban, mixed-use settlements in southern Delhi. With a backdrop of random land usage and the chaos of coexisting medieval and modern transportation networks, this temple is almost a sigh of relief, evocative of less worldly concerns in its grandeur and elegant simplicity. Conceived as a nine-sided lotus with 27 petals, it sits in a sprawling landscape of 26 acres (10 ha), with a nine-sided pool forming a base, which gives the illusion of the hall floating independent of any foundation. Each of the petals is constructed in concrete with white Greek <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/marble-rock" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">marble</a> cladding. Because of the varying curvatures of the petals, each piece of marble was individually dressed as per location and orientation and then assembled on site. </p><span class="MOD43"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Another remarkable feature of this 111-foot-high (34 m) hall of worship, which was completed in 1986, is that the superstructure is entirely designed to act as a light well. The core petals form a bud, which allows light to filter through, and every subsequent layer of petals reinforces the bud. </p><span class="MOD44"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The Lotus Temple, a retreat for followers of all religions to meditate in, sits peacefully within its urban bedlam, exuding an aura of divinity. It is indeed a successful icon of the translation of an ancient motif into a construct of contemporary belief. “I cannot believe it: it is God’s work,” exclaimed jazz musician <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dizzy-Gillespie" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Dizzy Gillespie</a> on seeing it. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD45"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-16"></span></li><li><h2>Virupaksha Temple</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">Toward the south of the Indian Peninsula, in a bowl of rocky granite terrain reined in by the intemperate Tungabhadra River, lies the spectacular ruins of Hampi. This 14th-century city was the capital of the great Vijayanagar empire and reached its zenith under <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Vizierate-of-Mahmud-Gawan#ref485698" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Krishna Deva Raya</a>, who reigned 1509–29. The city spreads over an area of about 16 square miles (41 sq km), and at the core is the Virupaksha, or Pampapati Temple, which predates the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Vijayanagar" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Vijayanagar</a> empire. It was extended between the 13th and 16th centuries while Hampi was built around it. The temple’s stones carry masonry marks referring to orientation and location, which suggests that they were dressed and shaped at their source before being brought to the current location. The temple has three towers, the largest of which has nine tiers and rises to 160 feet (48 m). The tower, a <em>gopuram</em>, is typical of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hindu</a> temple entrances in southern India. It leads to an inner precinct full of shrines and pillars that date to the 13th century. From here the complex extends like a colonnaded street for more than half a mile through two smaller, tiered towers leading to a huge statue of the bull deity, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nandi-Hindu-mythology" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Nandi</a>. While the rest of Hampi has lain in ruins since its destruction in the 16th century, this Dravidian temple, dedicated to Shiva and his consort Pampa, continues to be used for pilgrimage. It is a living remnant of an extraordinary city that was once the center of a dynamic and sophisticated empire. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD46"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-17"></span></li><li><h2>Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/100339-050-0FE7BB19/Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus-Mumbai-India-UNESCO-World-2004.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*281442"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/100339-050-0FE7BB19/Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus-Mumbai-India-UNESCO-World-2004.jpg?w=1000" alt="The exterior of the Victoria terminus railway station, Mumbai, India. (Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, UNESCO World Heritage site)" data-width="1600" data-height="931" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/100339-050-0FE7BB19/Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus-Mumbai-India-UNESCO-World-2004.jpg" data-href="*281442">Chhatrapati Chivaji Terminus</a><span>Chhatrapati Shavi Terminus, Mumbai, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© Joe Ravi/Dreamstsime.com</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a> (formerly known as Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai is one of the most prominent vestiges of British colonialism in India. Designed as a railway station and administrative hub, it was completed in 1888, after ten years of construction. It was designed by English architectural engineer Frederick William Stevens, who worked for the India Public Works Department from 1867, until his services were loaned to the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in 1877 to consult on the railway station. Stevens visited Europe to look at railway stations before creating his design, and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is said to be modeled on St. Pancras railway station in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/London" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">London</a>. </p><span class="MOD47"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">It is a marvelous example of two schools of architecture, Venetian <a href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Gothic-Revival" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gothic Revival</a> and traditional Indian school, with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/flying-buttress" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">flying buttresses</a> and traditional wood carvings existing in harmony. Externally the building has a spectacular edifice of carved friezes and stained-glass windows, while the interiors are detailed in decorated tiles, ornamental railings, and grills that tie together the grand staircases and ticket offices into one stunning volume. The terminus is capped with a central dome on which stands a statue of the figure of Progress. Originally called the Victoria Terminus after <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victoria-queen-of-United-Kingdom" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Queen Victoria</a>, it was officially renamed the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in 1996 after a 17th-century Maratha king. The station also holds importance because India’s first steam engine was flagged from here. Today, the station houses the headquarters of the central railway and supports a network of local trains transporting millions of commuters every day. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD48"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-18"></span></li><li><h2>Kanchunjunga Apartments</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">After India’s independence, Mumbai, the entertainment capital of India, fast developed into a commercial metropolis for the western coast of India. Located on an island in the state of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Maharashtra" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Maharashtra</a>, it had very limited land. Therefore, the rising population and concomitant housing demand forced the urban fabric to develop vertically, modeled on Western housing typologies.</p><span class="MOD49"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Kanchunjunga Apartments, designed by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Correa" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Charles Correa</a>, is one such high-rise solution. While modeled on Modernist lines, it integrates the essential ethos of life in a hot, tropical setting. The complex contains 32 luxury apartments of three to six bedrooms and stands at a height of 275 feet (84 m).</p><span class="MOD50"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">In Mumbai, the preferred orientation of east-west is driven by the desire to catch the prevailing winds. Each apartment, spanning the building’s width, has been designed with this orientation. As a result, each apartment also has stunning views of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabian-Sea" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Arabian Sea</a>. A double-height recessed garden provides outdoor space, integral to traditional living patterns, and acts as a shield from the heavy monsoon rains. The building, completed in 1983, was seen as structurally groundbreaking at the time because the central core acts as the main element resisting the lateral loads. This apartment building is a successful example of how traditional living patterns can be comfortably adapted to the modern confines of space. (Bidisha Sinha)</p><span class="MOD51"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-19"></span></li><li><h2>Poddar Farmhouse</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">The luxury of a countryside retreat in an urban context comes in the form of expansive farmhouses for the privileged residents of Delhi. These farmhouses have gained the reputation of being a surreal world of fiction. One can find houses modeled on Swiss chalets or Victorian mansions, all forming what is known as the Punjabi Baroque style. Within this environment, the Poddar Farmhouse is a refreshing change.</p><span class="MOD52"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Owners of the Sirpur paper mills and a number of hotels, Poddar family members are leading patrons of contemporary Indian art, and their house sits as a showcase for that collection. Situated in more than 2 acres (0.9 ha) of sprawling landscape, the house, which was completed in 1999, visually integrates with the outside space. The living areas are split over two levels, allowing the family to enjoy stunning views of the landscape and lakes through the large expanses of uninterrupted glass. Primarily executed in exposed concrete bands and infill masonry blocks, externally the building has a quiet and stoic presence.</p><span class="MOD53"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The highlight of the structure is the elegant copper roof. Made to resemble a horizontal cascade, it spans the length of the residence. The underside of it is paneled in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Myanmar</a> teak, which gives the interior spaces, finished in granite and wood, a warm glow. The Poddar Farmhouse is ultimately a flight of fancy, elegantly grounded in its context. (Lars Teichmann)</p><span class="MOD54"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-20"></span></li><li><h2>Red Fort </h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/178637-050-22E50FA5/Jahangirs-Palace-Agra-Fort-India-Uttar-Pradesh.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*199125"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/178637-050-22E50FA5/Jahangirs-Palace-Agra-Fort-India-Uttar-Pradesh.jpg?w=1000" alt="Jahangir's Palace (Jahangiri Mahal) within the Agra Fort (also called the Red Fort) in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. UNESCO World Heritage site" data-width="1600" data-height="1119" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/178637-050-22E50FA5/Jahangirs-Palace-Agra-Fort-India-Uttar-Pradesh.jpg" data-href="*199125">Agra Fort: Jahāngīr's Palace</a><span>Jahāngīr's Palace (Jahāngīri Mahal) inside Agra Fort (Red Fort), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© Ron Gatepain</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph">Mughal emperor <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Jahan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Shah Jahān</a> transferred his capital from Agra to Delhi in 1638. The foundation of the new <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/citadel-architecture" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">citadel</a> Lal Qalʿah, or Red Fort, was laid in April 1639, and it is so-called because it is built of red sandstone. It took nine years to complete. The fort is close to the Yamuna River, and the crowded Chandni Chowk bazaar runs west of its Lahore Gate.</p><span class="MOD55"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The fort is octagonal in plan: about 3,250 feet (900 m) by 1,800 feet (550 m). It accommodates palaces along the eastern side. The Diwan-i-Khas, or Private Audience Hall, was the innermost court, where the glorious Peacock Throne once stood; fragments are now in Tehrān. The hall was elaborately decorated. The Diwan-i-Am, or Public Audience Hall, has fine arches and columns. The hall was restored by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lord-Curzon" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lord Curzon</a>, the British viceroy, who also paid for the replacement of two large stone elephants near the Delhi Gate. The Hammam, or Royal Baths, are built of marble, and the floors are inlaid with colored <em>pietra dura</em> (durable stone). The Red Fort was not just a fort; it was the home of the Mughal court. A complex of palaces arranged around classical Mughal gardens, it is an oasis of peaceful calm, contrasting with the bustling city beyond the gates. Important visitors to the emperor progressed through a series of ever more impressive spaces until reaching the imperial presence in the finest rooms. The Mughal emperors lived there until 1857, when the British took over the fort.</p><span class="MOD56"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Under the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">British Raj</a>, the military occupation of the fort was a symbol of domination. When Indian independence was declared in 1947, the prime minister of India addressed the nation from the fort. The replacement of the Union Jack at the Red Fort by the green, white, and saffron Indian flag symbolized the end of the British empire in India. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)</p><span class="MOD57"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-21"></span></li><li><h2>Church of St. Martin</h2><div><p class="topic-paragraph">The construction of New Delhi, as capital of British India, meant the creation of a new military district, or cantonment, close to the city, in 1928. A new garrison church was needed. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Lutyens" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sir Edwin Lutyens</a>’s assistant, A.G. Shoosmith, was delegated the commission. Lutyens encouraged him to use simple brickwork: “My dear Shoo, Bricks!…The Romans did it. Why should not Britons? You will get a fine wall, and their mass, proportion, with precious fenestration, will do the rest.” Shoosmith ultimately used 3.5 million bricks, partly because the material was cheap and easy to use by a mainly unskilled labor force.</p><span class="MOD58"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The great tower and its massive brick walls step back to create an austere, monumental building. The use of handcrafted Indian bricks, with very little decoration, evokes a spartan, military style, reminiscent of adobe frontier forts. Soldiers thought that the church was a fine place to defend in an emergency. Its plan echoes that of English parish churches, hinting at a colonial nostalgia for the familiar forms of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglicanism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Anglicanism</a>. Lutyens’s advocacy of massive Roman brickwork forms suggests the often self-conscious identification of British imperial authorities with the grandeur of the Roman empire.</p><span class="MOD59"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The church was built in the 1920s when <a href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Modernism-art/Modernism-in-the-visual-arts-and-architecture" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Modernist</a> architectural forms in Europe and North America were increasingly in vogue. The architectural historian and critic Christopher Hussey felt that, “Had this church been the work of a French or German architect, Europe would be flabbergasted by the magnificently simple and direct design. But since it is the work of an Englishman, it will probably never be heard of abroad.” (Aidan Turner-Bishop)</p><span class="MOD60"></span></div><span class="LIST-ITEM-22"></span></li><li><h2>Rashtrapati Bhavan</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/250071-050-929F1562/Rashtrapati-Bhavan-Rajpath-Raisina-Hill-New-Delhi-India.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*290911"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/250071-050-929F1562/Rashtrapati-Bhavan-Rajpath-Raisina-Hill-New-Delhi-India.jpg?w=1000" alt="Rashtrapati Bhavan, official residence of the President of India. Rajpath, Raisina Hill, New Delhi, India." data-width="1600" data-height="1067" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/250071-050-929F1562/Rashtrapati-Bhavan-Rajpath-Raisina-Hill-New-Delhi-India.jpg" data-href="*290911">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a><span>The official residence of the president of India is Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">© saiko3p/stock.adobe.com</cite></figcaption></figure><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rashtrapati-Bhavan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a> is the official residence of the president of India. When it was completed, in 1931, it was known as The Viceroy’s House after the British viceroys who ruled India in the setting years of the Raj. Its construction followed the decision to move the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi. The principal architects of the new city were Sir Herbert Baker and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Lutyens" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sir Edwin Lutyens</a>. Rashtrapati Bhavan is located at the Raisina Hill end of the long, formal Raj Path, which runs from India Gate. Lutyens wanted the processional approach to be gradually inclined, focusing on the house’s dome, but Baker was allowed to retain the level space between his two Secretariat Buildings, which frame the Raj Path. Lutyens was upset by this decision; he called it his “Bakerloo.” Today, though, the approach to the house reveals itself dramatically as you crest the hill, so perhaps Baker’s decision was the right one. This palatial house consists of a central block capped by a copper dome 177 feet (54 m) high, and four wings. Thirty-two broad steps lead to the portico and the main entrance of the Durbar Hall. The hall is a circular marble court, 75 feet (23 m) across. Off this are wings containing private apartments, 54 bedrooms, accommodation for more than 20 guests, offices, kitchens, a post office, and courtyards and <em>loggias</em>. The house is 600 feet (183 m) long. It covers 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) and used 9.8 million cubic feet (279,000 cu m) of stone. The colors of the stone are subtle and carefully considered: the lower parts are in deep red sandstone, the upper parts cream. A thin red stone line is inserted at the parapets, contrasting with the blue sky most effectively. The Moghul Gardens—designed by Lutyens, working with William Robertson Mustoe—are patterned geometrically with red and buff sandstone. 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