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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ramayana</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Ramayana" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Ramayana" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Sanskrit epic. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ramayana (disambiguation)">Ramayana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Ramayana (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rɑːˈmɑːjənə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: रामायणम्, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Rāmāyaṇam<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>), also known as Valmiki Ramayana, as traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">smriti</a> text (also described as a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epic</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, one of the two important epics of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasas</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The epic narrates the life of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the seventh <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, who is a prince of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>. The epic follows <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Lord_Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Exile of Lord Rama">his fourteen-year exile</a> to the forest urged by his father King <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a>, on the request of Rama's stepmother <a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a>; his travels across forests in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>; the kidnapping of Sita by <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, that resulted in war; and Rama's eventual return to <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> to be crowned king amidst jubilation and celebration. <table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Rāmāyaṇa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png/220px-R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png/330px-R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png/440px-R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1310"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Rāma slaying Rāvaṇa, from a royal Mewar manuscript, 17th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">7th century BCE–3rd century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">500 Sargas, 7 Kandas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">24,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/sa:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="s:sa:वाल्मीकिरामायणम्">Rāmāyaṇa</a> at Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Scholarly estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 7th to 5th centuries BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198420%E2%80%9323-5">[5]</a> and later stages extend up to the 3rd century CE,<a href="#cite_note-Brockington-1998-6">[6]</a> although the original date of composition is unknown. It is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature and consists of nearly 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verses</a> (mostly set in the <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">Shloka</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADubh" title="Anuṣṭubh">Anuṣṭubh</a> metre), divided into seven kāṇḍa (chapters). It belongs to the genre of Itihasa, narratives of past events (purāvṛtta), interspersed with teachings on <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">the goals of human life</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_the_Ramayana" title="Versions of the Ramayana">versions of the Ramayana</a> in Indian languages, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Jain</a> adaptations. There are also <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Tibeto-Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> versions of the Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-12">[note 1]</a> The Ramayana was an important influence on later <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> poetry and the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> life and culture, and its main figures were fundamental to the cultural consciousness of a number of nations, both <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>. Its most important moral influence was the importance of virtue, in the life of a citizen and in the ideals of the formation of a state (from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: रामराज्य, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Rāmarājya, a utopian state where Rama is king) or of a functioning society/ realm. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dating">2 Dating</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Textual_characteristics">3 Textual characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Genre">3.1 Genre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Structure">3.2 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Recensions">3.3 Recensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Characters">4 Characters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Synopsis">5 Synopsis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#B%C4%81la_K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da">5.1 Bāla Kāṇḍa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ayodhy%C4%81_K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da">5.2 Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ara%E1%B9%87ya_K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da">5.3 Araṇya Kāṇḍa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ki%E1%B9%A3kindh%C4%81_K%C4%81%E1%B9%87da">5.4 Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sundara_Ka%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da">5.5 Sundara Kaṇḍa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Yuddha_K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da">5.6 Yuddha Kāṇḍa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Uttara_Kanda">5.7 Uttara Kanda</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Versions">6 Versions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#India">6.1 India</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Early_references_in_Tamil_literature">6.1.1 Early references in Tamil literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Buddhist_version">6.1.2 Buddhist version</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Jain_versions">6.1.3 Jain versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Southeast_Asian">6.2 Southeast Asian</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Indonesia">6.2.1 Indonesia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Malaysia">6.2.2 Malaysia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Philippines">6.2.3 Philippines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Thailand">6.2.4 Thailand</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Critical_edition">6.3 Critical edition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Commentaries">7 Commentaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Influence">8 Influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Holidays">8.1 Holidays</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Vijayadashami">8.1.1 Vijayadashami</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Diwali">8.1.2 Diwali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#In_art">8.2 In art</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#In_popular_culture">9 In popular culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Stage">9.1 Stage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Nomenclatures">9.2 Nomenclatures</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Texts_and_translations">10 Texts and translations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes">12.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Citations">12.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Works_cited">12.3 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> The name Rāmāyaṇa is composed of two words, Rāma and ayaṇa. Rāma, the name of the main figure of the epic, has two contextual meanings. In the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, it means 'dark, dark-coloured or black' and is related to the word rātri which means 'darkness or stillness of night'. The other meaning, which can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, is 'pleasing, pleasant, charming, lovely, beautiful'.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The word ayana means travel or journey. Thus, Rāmāyaṇa means "Rama's journey" with ayana altered to yaṇa (due to the amalgamation of "a" in Rama and the "a" in ayana, as per the Sanskrit grammar rule of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">internal sandhi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Avatars.jpg/220px-Avatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Avatars.jpg/220px-Avatars.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Avatars.jpg/330px-Avatars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Avatars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rama (left third from top) depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a>, the ten avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. Painting from <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Scholarly estimates for the earliest stage of the available text range from the 7th to 5th centuries BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198420%E2%80%9322-17">[16]</a> with later stages extending up to the 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Brockington-1998-6">[6]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Robert P. Goldman</a> (1984), the oldest parts of the Ramayana date to the early <a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">7th century BCE</a>.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman198423"[W]e_feel_that_it_is_extremely_unlikely_that_the_archetype_of_the_Valmiki_Ramayana_can_be_much_earlier_than_the_beginning_of_the_seventh_century_B.C.,_although_it_is_impossible_to_demonstrate_this_with_any_sort_of_rigor"_18-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198423%22%5BW%5De_feel_that_it_is_extremely_unlikely_that_the_archetype_of_the_Valmiki_Ramayana_can_be_much_earlier_than_the_beginning_of_the_seventh_century_B.C.,_although_it_is_impossible_to_demonstrate_this_with_any_sort_of_rigor%22-18">[17]</a> The later parts cannot have been composed later than the 6th or 5th century BCE, due to the narrative not mentioning Buddhism (founded in the 5th century BCE) nor the prominence of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> (which rose to prominence in the 7th century BCE). The text also mentions <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, rather than its later name of Saketa or the successor capital of <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a>.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984p._21–22:_"[I]n_the_Balakanda,_as_in_the_central_five_books_of_the_epic,_the_kingdom_of_Kosala_is_represented_as_being_at_the_height_of_its_power_and_prosperity,_governed_from_a_major_urban_settlement_called_Ayodhya,_[o]nly_at_the_very_end_of_the_Uttara-kanda,_[the]_epilogue_to_the_poem_[w]e_find_reference_to_Sravasti_as_a_successor_capital._[A]s_Jacobi_also_pointed_out,_the_capital_city_of_the_unified_realm_of_Kosala_is_invariably_known_as_Ayodhya_in_the_epic_and_never_by_the_name_Saketa,_the_name_by_which_it_comes_to_be_known_in_much_of_Buddhist_and_later_literature"_19-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984p._21%E2%80%9322:_%22%5BI%5Dn_the_Balakanda,_as_in_the_central_five_books_of_the_epic,_the_kingdom_of_Kosala_is_represented_as_being_at_the_height_of_its_power_and_prosperity,_governed_from_a_major_urban_settlement_called_Ayodhya,_%5Bo%5Dnly_at_the_very_end_of_the_Uttara-kanda,_%5Bthe%5D_epilogue_to_the_poem_%5Bw%5De_find_reference_to_Sravasti_as_a_successor_capital._%5BA%5Ds_Jacobi_also_pointed_out,_the_capital_city_of_the_unified_realm_of_Kosala_is_invariably_known_as_Ayodhya_in_the_epic_and_never_by_the_name_Saketa,_the_name_by_which_it_comes_to_be_known_in_much_of_Buddhist_and_later_literature%22-19">[18]</a> In terms of narrative time, the action of the Ramayana predates the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. <a href="#CITEREFGoldmanSutherland_Goldman2022">Goldman & Sutherland Goldman (2022)</a> consider Ramayana's oldest surviving version was composed around 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Books two to six are the oldest portion of the epic, while the first and last books (<a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Balakanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kanda">Uttara Kanda</a>, respectively) seem to be later additions. Style differences and narrative contradictions between these two volumes and the rest of the epic have led scholars since Hermann Jacobi toward this consensus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198414%E2%80%9318Rao20142-21">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Textual_characteristics">Textual characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textual characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg/220px-Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="497"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg/220px-Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg/330px-Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An artist's impression of sage <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> composing the Ramayana</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre">Genre</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Ramayana belongs to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a>, narratives of past events (purāvṛtta), which includes the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, and the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a>. The genre also includes teachings on <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">the goals of human life</a>. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal son, servant, brother, husband, wife, and king.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Like the Mahabharata, Ramayana presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in the narrative <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In its extant form, Valmiki's Ramayana is an epic poem containing over 24,000 couplet verses, divided into seven kāṇḍas (<a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Bālakāṇḍa</a>, Ayodhyakāṇḍa, Araṇyakāṇḍa, Kiṣkindakāṇḍa, <a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundarākāṇḍa</a>, Yuddhakāṇḍa, Uttarakāṇḍa), and about 500 sargas (chapters).<a href="#cite_note-valmikiramayan.net-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> It is regarded as one of the longest epic poems ever written.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recensions">Recensions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recensions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Ramayana text has several regional renderings, recensions, and sub-recensions. Textual scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Robert P. Goldman</a> differentiates two major regional revisions: the northern (n) and the southern (s). Scholar <a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a> writes that "the Ramayana, like the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, is a growth of centuries, but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind." There has been discussion as to whether the first and the last volumes of Valmiki's Ramayana (Bala Kanda and Uttara Kanda) were composed by the original author. Though Bala Kanda is sometimes considered in the main epic, according to many Uttara Kanda is certainly a later interpolation, not attributable to Valmiki.<a href="#cite_note-valmikiramayan.net-23">[22]</a> Both of these two kāndas are absent in the oldest manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Some think that the Uttara Kanda contradicts how Rama and Dharma are portrayed in the rest of the epic. M. R. Parameswaran says that the way the positions of women and <a href="/wiki/Shudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudras">Shudras</a> are depicted shows that the Uttara Kanda is a later insertion. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Since Rama was revered as a dharmatma, his ideas seen in the Ramayana proper cannot be replaced by new ideas as to what dharma is, except by claiming that he himself adopted those new ideas. That is what the U-K [Uttara Kanda] does. It embodies the new ideas in two stories that are usually referred to as Sita-parityaga, the abandonment of Sita (after Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya and Rama was consecrated as king) and Sambuka-vadha, the killing of the ascetic Sambuka. The U-K attributes both actions to Rama, whom people acknowledged to be righteous and as a model to follow. By masquerading as an additional kanda of the Ramayana composed by Valmiki himself, the U-K succeeded, to a considerable extent, in sabotaging the values presented in Valmiki's Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParameswaran2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsvalmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaranpage156_156%5D-27">[26]</a> </blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Ramayana" title="List of characters in Ramayana">List of characters in Ramayana</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Synopsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bāla_Kāṇḍa">Bāla Kāṇḍa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bāla Kāṇḍa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Balakanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg/220px-The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11360" data-file-height="7748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg/220px-The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg/330px-The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg/440px-The_marriage_ceremony_of_Rama_and_Sita.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The marriage of the four sons of Dasharatha with the four daughters of Siradhvaja Janaka and Kushadhvaja. Rama and Sita, Lakshmana and Urmila, Bharata and Mandavi and Shatrughna with Shrutakirti. Folio from the Shnagri Ramayana, early 18th-century. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum, New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> The epic begins with the sage Vālmīki asking Nārada if there is a righteous man still left in the world, to which Nārada replies that such a man is Rāma. After seeing two birds being shot, Vālmīki creates a new form of metre called śloka, in which he is granted the ability to compose an epic poem about Rāma. He teaches his poem to the boys Lava and Kuśa, who recite it throughout the land and eventually at the court of king Rāma. Then the main narrative begins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da-28">[27]</a> Daśaratha was the King of Ayodhyā. He had three wives: Kausalyā, Kaikeyī, and Sumitrā. He did not have a son and in the desire to have a legal heir performs a fire sacrifice known as Putrīyā Iṣṭi. Meanwhile, the gods are petitioning to Brahmā and Viṣhṇu about Rāvaṇa, king of the rākṣasas who is terrorizing the universe. Thus Viṣṇu had opted to be born into mortality to combat the demon <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Rāvaṇa</a>. As a consequence, Rāma was first born to Kausalyā, Bharata was born to Kaikeyī, and Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna were born to Sumitrā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da-28">[27]</a> When Rāma was 16 years old, the <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">r̥ṣi</a> (sage) Viśvāmitra comes to the court of Daśaratha in search of help against demons who were disturbing sacrificial rites. He chooses Rāma, who is followed by Lakṣmaṇa, his constant companion throughout the story. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa receive instructions and supernatural weapons from Viśvāmitra and proceed to destroy <a href="/wiki/Tataka" title="Tataka">Tāṭakā</a> and many other demons. Viśvāmitra also recounts much lore of the landscape, his own ancestors, and the ancestors of the princes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da-28">[27]</a> The party then decide to go to attend king <a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka's</a> sacrifice in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithilā</a>, who has a bow that no one has been able to string. Janaka recounts the history of the famed bow, and informs them that whoever strings the bow will win the hand of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sītā</a>, whom he had found in the earth when plowing a field. Rāma then proceeds to not only string the bow, but breaks it in the process. Rāma marries Sītā; the wedding is celebrated with great festivity in <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithilā</a> and the marriage party returns to Ayodhyā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayodhyā_Kāṇḍa">Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg/220px-Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="822"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg/220px-Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg/330px-Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg/440px-Rama_leaving_for_fourteen_years_of_exile_from_Ayodhya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile from Ayodhya</div></figcaption></figure> After Rāma and Sītā have been married, an elderly Daśaratha expresses his desire to crown Rāma, to which the Kosala assembly and his subjects express their support. On the eve of the great event, Kaikeyī was happy about this, but was later on provoked by <a href="/wiki/Manthara" title="Manthara">Mantharā</a>, a wicked maidservant, to claim two boons that Daśaratha had long ago granted her. Kaikeyī demands <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Lord_Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Exile of Lord Rama">Rāma to be exiled into the wilderness for fourteen years</a>, while the succession passes to her son Bharata. The grief-stricken king, bound by his word, accedes to Kaikeyī's demands. Rāma accepts his father's reluctant decree with absolute submission and calm self-control which characterizes him throughout the story. He asks Sītā to remain in Ayodhyā, but she convinces him to take her with him in exile. Lakṣmaṇa also resolves to follow his brother into the forest. After Rāma's departure, King Daśaratha, unable to bear the grief, passes away. Meanwhile, Bharata, who was on a visit to his maternal uncle, learns about the events in Ayodhyā. He is shocked and refuses to profit from his mother's wicked scheming. He visits Rāma in the forest and implores him to return to Ayodhyā and claim the throne that is rightfully his. But Rāma, determined to carry out his father's orders to the letter, refuses to return before the period of exile. Bharata reluctantly returns to Ayodhyā and rules the kingdom on behalf of his brother. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Araṇya_Kāṇḍa">Araṇya Kāṇḍa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Araṇya Kāṇḍa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aranya_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranya Kanda">Aranya Kanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Lord_Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Exile of Lord Rama">Exile of Lord Rama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Jatayu_vadha,_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg/330px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg/440px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Jatayu_vadha%2C_1906.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Rāvaṇa</a> fights <a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jatāyu</a> as he carries off the kidnapped Sītā. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></figcaption></figure> In exile, Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa journey southward along the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godāvari</a>, where they build cottages and live off the land. One day, in the <a href="/wiki/Panchavati" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchavati">Pañcavati</a> forest they are visited by a <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rākṣasī</a> named <a href="/wiki/Shurpanakha" title="Shurpanakha">Śurpaṇakhā</a>, sister of Ravaṇa. She tries to seduce the brothers and, after failing, attempts to kill Sītā out of jealousy. Lakṣmaṇa stops her by cutting off her nose and ears. Hearing of this, her brothers <a href="/wiki/Khara_(Ramayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khara (Ramayana)">Khara</a> and Dushan organize an attack against the princes. Rama defeats Khara and his rakshasas. When the news of these events reaches Rāvaṇa, he resolves to destroy Rāma by capturing Sītā with the aid of the rakṣasa <a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">Mārīca</a>. Mārīca, assuming the form of a golden deer, captivates Sītā's attention. Entranced by the beauty of the deer, Sītā pleads with Rāma to capture it. Rāma, aware that this is the ploy of the demons, cannot dissuade Sītā from her desire and chases the deer into the forest, leaving Sītā under Lakṣmaṇa's guard. After some time, Sītā hears Rāma calling out to her; afraid for his life, she insists that Lakṣmaṇa rush to his aid. Lakṣmaṇa tries to assure her that Rāma cannot be hurt that easily and that it is best if he continues to follow Rāma's orders to protect her. On the verge of hysterics, Sītā insists that it is not she but Rāma who needs Lakṣmaṇa's help. He obeys her wish but stipulates that she is not to leave the cottage or entertain any stranger. He then draws a line that no demon could cross and leaves to help Rāma. With the coast finally clear, Rāvaṇa appears in the guise of an ascetic requesting Sītā's hospitality. Unaware of her guest's plan, Sītā is tricked and is then forcibly carried away by Rāvaṇa.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jatāyu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a>, tries to rescue Sītā but is mortally wounded. In Lankā, Sītā is kept under the guard of rakṣasīs. Ravaṇa asks Sītā to marry him, but she refuses, being totally devoted to Rāma. Meanwhile, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa learn about Sītā's abduction from Jatāyu and immediately set out to save her. During their search, they meet <a href="/wiki/Kabandha" title="Kabandha">Kabandha</a> and the ascetic <a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Śabarī</a>, who directs them towards Sugriva and Hanuman. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiṣkindhā_Kāṇda">Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg/330px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg/440px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A stone bas-<a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> at Banteay Srei in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> depicts the combat between <a href="/wiki/Vali_(Ramayana)" title="Vali (Ramayana)">Vali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a> (middle). To the right, Rama fires his bow. To the left, Vali lies dying.</figcaption></figure> Kishkindha Kanda is set in the place of <a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vānaras</a> (Vana-nara) – Forest dwelling humans.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa meet Hanumān, the biggest devotee of Rāma, greatest of ape heroes, and an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a>, the banished pretender to the throne of Kiṣkindhā. Rāma befriends Sugriva and helps him by killing his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Vali_(Ramayana)" title="Vali (Ramayana)">Vāli</a> thus regaining the kingdom of Kiṣkindhā, in exchange for helping Rāma to recover Sītā. However, Sugriva soon forgets his promise and spends his time enjoying his newly gained power. The clever former ape queen <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Ramayana)" title="Tara (Ramayana)">Tārā</a>, (wife of Vāli) calmly intervenes to prevent an enraged Lakṣmaṇa from destroying the ape citadel. She then eloquently convinces Sugriva to honor his pledge. Sugriva then sends search parties to the four corners of the earth, only to return without success from north, east, and west. The southern search party under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Angada" title="Angada">Aṅgada</a> and Hanumān learns from a vulture named <a href="/wiki/Sampati" title="Sampati">Sampātī</a> the elder brother of Jatāyu, that Sītā was taken to Lankā. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundara_Kaṇḍa">Sundara Kaṇḍa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sundara Kaṇḍa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara Kanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg/220px-Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg/220px-Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg/330px-Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg/440px-Sita_at_ashokavana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ravana is meeting Sita at Ashokavana. Hanuman is seen on the tree.</figcaption></figure> Sundara Kanda forms the heart of Valmiki's Ramayana and consists of a detailed, vivid account of <a href="/wiki/Hanum%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanumān">Hanumān</a>'s heroics. After learning about Sītā, Hanumān assumes a gigantic form and makes a colossal leap across the sea to Lanka. On the way, he meets with many challenges like facing a <a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva</a> Kanyā who comes in the form of a demon to test his abilities. He encounters a mountain named <a href="/wiki/Mainaka" title="Mainaka">Maināka</a> who offers Hanuman assistance and offers him rest. Hanumān refuses because there is little time remaining to complete the search for Sītā. After entering Lankā, he finds a demon, <a href="/wiki/Lankini" title="Lankini">Lankini</a>, who protects all of Lankā. Hanumān fights with her and subjugates her in order to get into Lankā. In the process, Lankini, who had an earlier vision/warning from the gods, therefore, knows that the end of Lankā nears if someone defeats Lankini. Here, Hanumān explores the demons' kingdom and spies on Rāvaṇa. He locates Sītā in Ashoka grove, where she is being wooed and threatened by Rāvaṇa and his rakshasis to marry Rāvaṇa. Hanumān reassures Sītā, giving Rāma's signet ring as a sign that Rāma is still alive. He offers to carry Sītā back to Rāma; however, she refuses and says that it is not the dharma, stating that Ramāyaṇa will not have significance if Hanumān carries her to Rāma – "When Rāma was not there Rāvaṇa carried Sītā forcibly and when Rāvaṇa was not there, Hanumān carried Sītā back to Ræma." She says that Rāma himself must come and avenge the insult of her abduction. She gives Hanumān her comb as a token to prove that she is still alive. Hanumān takes leave of Sītā. Before going back to Rāma and tell him of Sītā's location & desire to be rescued only by him, he decides to wreak havoc in Lankā by destroying trees in the Naulakha Bagh and buildings and killing Rāvaṇa's warriors. He allows himself to be captured and delivered to Rāvaṇa. He gives a bold lecture to Rāvaṇa to release Sīta. He is condemned and his tail is set on fire, but he escapes his bonds and leaps from roof to roof, sets fire to Rāvaṇa's citadel, and makes the giant leap back from the island. The joyous search party returns to Kiṣkindhā with the news. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuddha_Kāṇḍa">Yuddha Kāṇḍa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Yuddha Kāṇḍa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_Lanka,_Ramayana,_Udaipur,_1649-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2995"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/330px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/440px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Battle at Lanka, Ramayana by <a href="/wiki/Sahibdin" title="Sahibdin">Sahibdin</a>. It depicts the vānara army of Rāma (top left) fighting <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Rāvaṇa</a> the demon-king of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lankā</a> to save Rāma's kidnapped wife, Sītā. The painting depicts multiple events in the battle against the three-headed demon general <a href="/wiki/Trishira" title="Trishira">Triṣira</a>, in the bottom left. Triṣira is beheaded by Hanumān, the vānara companion of Rāma.</figcaption></figure> Also known as Lankā Kāṇḍa, this book describes the war between the army of Rāma and the army of Rāvaṇa. Having received Hanuman's report on Sītā, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa proceed with their allies towards the shore of the southern sea. There they are joined by Rāvaṇa's renegade brother <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhiṣaṇa</a>. The vānaras named <a href="/wiki/Nala_(Ramayana)" title="Nala (Ramayana)">Nala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nila_(Ramayana)" title="Nila (Ramayana)">Nīla</a> construct the <a href="/wiki/Rama_Setu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama Setu">Rama Setu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The princes and their army cross over to Lanka. A lengthy war ensues. During a battle, Ravana's son <a href="/wiki/Meghanada" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghanada">Meghanāda</a> hurls a powerful weapon at Lakṣmaṇa and he gets mortally wounded. So Hanumān assumes his gigantic form and flies from Lankā to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. Upon reaching, Hanumān is unable to identify the <a href="/wiki/Sanjivani_(Hinduism)" title="Sanjivani (Hinduism)">sanjeevani</a> herb that will cure Lakṣmaṇa and so he decides to bring the entire mountain back to Lankā. Eventually, the war ends when Rāma kills Rāvaṇa. Rāma then installs <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishaṇa</a> on the throne of Lanka. On meeting Sītā, Rāma says; "The dishonour meted out to him and the wrong done to her by Rāvaṇa have been wiped off, by his victory over the enemy with the assistance of Hanumān, Sugrīva and Vibhishaṇa".<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> However, upon criticism from people in his kingdom about the chastity of Sītā, Rāma gets extremely disheartened. So Sītā, in order to prove the citizens wrong and wipe the false blame on her, requests Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa to prepare a pyre for her to enter. When Lakṣmaṇa prepares the pyre, Sītā prays to <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> and enters into it, in order to prove her conjugal fidelity. Agni appears in person from the burning pyre, carrying Sītā in his arms and restores her to Rāma, testifying to her purity.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Rama later joyfully accepts her. The episode of Agni Pariksha varies in the versions of Ramāyaṇa by Valmiki and <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>, Sītā was under the protection of Agni (see <a href="/wiki/Maya_Sita" title="Maya Sita">Māyā Sītā</a>) so it was necessary to bring her out before reuniting with Rāma. The gods led by Brahma arrive and glorify Rama as the incarnation of Supreme God Narayana. Indra restores the dead Vanaras back to life. After the exile, Rāma returns to Ayodhya and the people are so happy they celebrate it like a festival. <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> is the day considered that Rāma, Sītā, Lakṣmaṇa and Hanumān reached Ayodhyā after a period of 14 years in exile after Rāma's army of good defeated demon king Rāvaṇa's army of evil. The return of Rāma to Ayodhyā was celebrated with his coronation. It is called Rāma pattabhisheka. There are mentions in Rāmayaṇa that Rama gave several donations to Sugriva, Jambavan, other Vanaras, and gave a pearl necklace to Sita telling her to give it to a great person. She gives it to Hanumān. <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rāma</a> was so thankful to <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhisaṇa</a> and wanted to give him a great gift. <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rāma</a> gave his <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Aradhana Devata</a> (Sri Ranganathaswamy) to <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a> as a gift.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Rama's rule itself was Rāma rājya described to be a just and fair rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1986%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid9Vo0OJtO6DQCpgPA2_2%E2%80%933%5DClaeys2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsFCuoqykV9QCpgPA240_240%E2%80%93241%5D-35">[34]</a> It is believed by many that when Rama returned people celebrated their happiness with <a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">diyas</a>, and the festival of <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> is connected with Rāma's return.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uttara_Kanda">Uttara Kanda</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uttara Kanda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sita_with_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sita_with_children.jpg/220px-Sita_with_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sita_with_children.jpg/220px-Sita_with_children.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sita_with_children.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kusha" title="Kusha">Kusha</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars note "linguistic and rhetorical differences" between the Uttara Kanda and books 2 through 6 of the Ramayana, especially in stories such as Sita's exile and death of <a href="/wiki/Shambuka" title="Shambuka">Shambuka</a>, and together with Bala Kanda it is considered by some scholars to be an interpolation, and that "the 'original' poem ended with the Yuddhakanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECakrabart%C4%AB2006GoldmanSutherland_Goldman202219-37">[36]</a> This kanda narrates Rama's reign of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>, the birth of <a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a> <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a>, and last days of Rama. At the expiration of his term of exile, Rama returns to Ayodhya with Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman, where the coronation is performed. On being asked to prove his devotion to Rama, Hanuman tears his chest open and to everyone's surprise, there is an image of Rama and Sita inside his chest. Rama rules Ayodhya and the reign is called Rama-Rajya (a place where the common folk is happy, fulfilled, and satisfied). Then Valmiki trained Lava and Kusha in archery and succeeded the throne after Rama. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Versions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_the_Ramayana" title="Versions of the Ramayana">Versions of the Ramayana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg/220px-Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg/220px-Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg/330px-Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg/440px-Wat_phra_keaw_ramayana_fresco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The epic story of Ramyana was adopted by several cultures across Asia. Shown here is a Thai historic artwork depicting the battle which took place between Rama and Ravana.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="503"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_aan_Shiva_gewijde_tempel_op_de_Candi_Lara_Jonggrang_oftewel_het_Prambanan_tempelcomplex_TMnr_10016190.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A relief with part of the Ramayana epic, shows Rama killed the golden deer that turn out to be the demon <a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">Maricha</a> in disguise. <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Trimurti temple near <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> As in many oral epics, multiple versions of the Ramayana survive. In particular, the Ramayana related in north India differs in important respects from that preserved in south India and the rest of southeast Asia. There is an extensive tradition of oral storytelling based on Ramayana in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are diverse regional versions of the Ramayana written by various authors in India. Some of them differ significantly from each other. A West Bengal manuscript from the 6th century presents the epic without two of its kandas. During the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kamban</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a>, known popularly as <a href="/wiki/Kambaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambaramayanam">Kambaramayanam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, but references to <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_in_Tamil_literature" title="Ramayana in Tamil literature">Ramayana story appear in Tamil literature</a> as early as 3rd century CE. The <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> rendition, <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganatha Ramayanam">Ranganatha Ramayanam</a>, was written by <a href="/wiki/Gona_Budda_Reddy" title="Gona Budda Reddy">Gona Budda Reddy</a> in the 13th century and another of a purer Telugu rendition, called <a href="/wiki/Molla_Ramayanam" title="Molla Ramayanam">Molla Ramayanam</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Atukuri_Molla" title="Atukuri Molla">Atukuri Molla</a> in the 15th century. The earliest translation to a regional Indo-Aryan language is the early 14th century <a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> by <a href="/wiki/Madhava_Kandali" title="Madhava Kandali">Madhava Kandali</a>. Valmiki's Ramayana inspired <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramacharit_Manas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramacharit Manas">Sri Ramacharit Manas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> in 1576, an epic in <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> with a slant more grounded in a different realm of Hindu literature, that of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>; it is an acknowledged masterpiece, popularly known as Tulsi-krita Ramayana. <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarati</a> poet Premanand wrote a version of the Ramayana in the 17th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, the third Mughal Emperor, commissioned a simplified text of the Ramayana which he dedicated to his mother, <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Banu_Begum" title="Hamida Banu Begum">Hamida Banu Begum</a>. Created around 1594, the manuscript is illustrated with scenes from the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Other versions include <a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayan" title="Krittivasi Ramayan">Krittivasi Ramayan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> version by <a href="/wiki/Krittibas_Ojha" title="Krittibas Ojha">Krittibas Ojha</a> in the 15th century; <a href="/wiki/Vilanka_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilanka Ramayana">Vilanka Ramayana</a> by 15th century poet <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Dasa" title="Sarala Dasa">Sarala Dasa</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a> (also known as Dandi Ramayana) by 16th century poet Balarama Dasa, both in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>; a Torave Ramayana in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> by 16th-century poet Narahari; <a href="/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam">Adhyathmaramayanam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> version by <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ramanujan_Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan</a> in the 16th century; in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> by Sridhara in the 18th century; in <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chanda_Jha" title="Chanda Jha">Chanda Jha</a> in the 19th century; and in the 20th century, Rashtrakavi <a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayana_Darshanam" title="Sri Ramayana Darshanam">Sri Ramayana Darshanam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Srimadramayana Kalpavrukshamu</a> in Telugu by <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a> who received <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanapeeth award</a> for this work. There is a sub-plot to the Ramayana, prevalent in some parts of India, relating the adventures of <a href="/wiki/Ahiravan" title="Ahiravan">Ahiravan</a> and Mahi Ravana, evil brother of Ravana, which enhances the role of Hanuman in the story. Hanuman rescues Rama and Lakshmana after they are kidnapped by the Ahi-Mahi Ravana at the behest of Ravana and held prisoner in a cave, to be sacrificed to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adbhuta_Ramayana" title="Adbhuta Ramayana">Adbhuta Ramayana</a> is a version that is obscure but also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> – intended as a supplementary to the original <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmiki Ramayana">Valmiki Ramayana</a>. In this variant of the narrative, Sita is accorded far more prominence, such as elaboration of the events surrounding her birth – in this case to <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>'s wife, <a href="/wiki/Mandodari" title="Mandodari">Mandodari</a> as well as her conquest of Ravana's older brother in the <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a> form. The <a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gondi people</a> have their own version of the Ramayana known as the Gond Ramayani, derived from oral folk legends. It consists of seven stories with Lakshmana as the protagonist, set after the main events of the Ramayana, where he finds a bride.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In Adiya Ramayana, an oral version of Ramayana prevailing among the Adiya tribe of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, Sita is an Adiya woman hailing from <a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a> in Wayanad.<a href="#cite_note-news18.com-42">[41]</a> A notable difference in the version is that the Rama, Lakshmana and Hanuman were tied to a tree and were brought to trial in the tribal court, where the deities of the clan Sidhappan, Nanjappan, Mathappan etc. interrogate them with intense inquiries regarding the ethical justification for abandoning his pregnant wife in the barren jungle, neglecting his duties as a husband. Rama admits his mistakes and reaccepts Sita, Lava and Kusha.<a href="#cite_note-news18.com-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_references_in_Tamil_literature">Early references in Tamil literature</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early references in Tamil literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_in_Tamil_literature" title="Ramayana in Tamil literature">Ramayana in Tamil literature</a></div> Even before <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> in Tamil in the 12th century AD, there are many ancient references to the story of Ramayana, implying that the story was familiar in the Tamil lands even before the Common Era. References to the story can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akana%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" title="Akanaṉūṟu">Akanaṉūṟu</a> (dated 1st century BCE)<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a> (dated 300 BC),<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> the twin epics of <a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a> (dated 2nd century CE)<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a> (cantos 5, 17 and 18),<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a> literature of <a href="/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar" title="Kulasekhara Alvar">Kulasekhara Alvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirumangai_Alvar" title="Thirumangai Alvar">Thirumangai Alvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a> (dated between 5th and 10th centuries CE).<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Even the songs of the Nayanmars have references to Ravana and his devotion to Lord Siva. The entire Ramayana was written as a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> again in the 18th century CE by <a href="/wiki/Arunachala_Kavi" title="Arunachala Kavi">Arunachala Kavirayar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>. The Ramayana was named as <a href="/wiki/Rama_Natakam" title="Rama Natakam">Rama Natakam</a> and was composed in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Language">Tamil Language</a>. Arunachala Kavi was fascinated by the epic Ramayana so much that he wanted to impart the story and the good lessons preached by it to a large number of persons who could not obviously read the entire epic in original. He composed the entire <a href="/wiki/Rama_Natakam" title="Rama Natakam">Ramayana</a> in the form of songs together as an opera so even normal people could understand his Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhist_version">Buddhist version</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddhist version" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dasaratha_Jataka" title="Dasaratha Jataka">Dasaratha Jataka</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ramayana" title="Special:EditPage/Ramayana">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the Buddhist variant of the Ramayana (<a href="/wiki/Dasaratha_Jataka" title="Dasaratha Jataka">Dasaratha Jataka</a>), Dasharatha was king of <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> and not Ayodhya. Rama (called Rāmapaṇḍita in this version) was the son of Kaushalya, first wife of Dasharatha. Lakṣmaṇa (Lakkhaṇa) was a sibling of Rama and son of Sumitra, the second wife of Dasharatha. Sita was the wife of Rama. To protect his children from his wife Kaikeyi, who wished to promote her son Bharata, Dasharatha sent the three to a hermitage in the Himalayas for a twelve-year exile. After nine years, Dasharatha died and Lakkhaṇa and Sita returned. Rāmapaṇḍita, in deference to his father's wishes, remained in exile for a further two years. This version does not include the abduction of Sītā. There is no <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> in this version, or the Rama-Ravana war. However, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> appears in other Buddhist literature, the <a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</a>. In the explanatory commentary on Jātaka, Rāmapaṇḍita is said to have been a previous birth of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, and Sita as previous birth of <a href="/wiki/Yasodhar%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharā">Yasodharā</a> (Rahula-Mata). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jain_versions">Jain versions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jain versions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Rama in Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Salakapurusa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Vimalsuri" title="Vimalsuri">Vimalsuri</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka</a> sect. He is best known for his composition "Paumachariyam", the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> version of the Ramayana and the oldest work of literature written in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198460-55">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> versions of the Ramayana can also be found in the various <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain agamas</a> like Saṅghadāsagaṇī Vāchaka's <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva-hindi" title="Vasudeva-hindi">Vasudevahiṇḍī</a> (circa 4th century CE),<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Ravisena's <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padmapurana</a> (story of Padmaja and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, Padmaja being the name of <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hemacandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemacandra">Hemacandra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Trisastisalakapurusa charitra</a> (hagiography of 63 illustrious persons), Sanghadasa's Vasudevahindi and Uttarapurana by Gunabhadara. According to <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>, every <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalachakra (Jainism)">half time cycle</a> has nine sets of <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> and prativasudeva. Rama, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> are the eighth Baldeva, Vasudeva and <a href="/wiki/Prativasudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Prativasudeva">Prativasudeva</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a> notes that, unlike in the Hindu Puranas, the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> in Jain Puranas. Instead they serve as names of two distinct classes of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half time cycle and jointly rule half the earth as half-<a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">chakravartins</a>. Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the jinacharitra (lives of jinas) by <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Bhadrabahu">Acharya Bhadrabahu</a> (3d–4th century BCE). In the Jain epic of Ramayana, it is not Rama who kills Ravana as told in the Hindu version. Perhaps this is because Rama, a liberated Jain Self in his last life, is unwilling to kill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamanujan2004145-57">[56]</a> Instead, it is Lakshmana who kills Ravana (as Vasudeva killes Prativasudeva).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamanujan2004145-57">[56]</a> In the end, Rama, who led an upright life, renounces his kingdom, becomes a <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monk</a> and attains <a href="/wiki/Moksa_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa (Jainism)">moksha</a>. On the other hand, Lakshmana and Ravana go to <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Hell</a>. However, it is predicted that ultimately they both will be reborn as upright persons and attain liberation in their future births. According to <a href="/wiki/Jain_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain texts">Jain texts</a>, Ravana will be the future <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> (omniscient teacher) of Jainism. The Jain versions have some variations from Valmiki's Ramayana. Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya had four queens: Aparajita, Sumitra, Suprabha and Kaikeyi. These four queens had four sons. Aparajita's son was Padma and he became known by the name of Rama. Sumitra's son was Narayana: he came to be known by another name, Lakshmana. Kaikeyi's son was Bharata and Suprabha's son was Shatrughna. Furthermore, not much was thought of Rama's fidelity to Sita. According to the Jain version, Rama had four chief queens: Maithili, Prabhavati, Ratinibha, and Sridama. Furthermore, Sita takes renunciation as a Jain ascetic after Rama abandons her and is reborn in heaven as Indra. Rama, after Lakshman's death, also renounces his kingdom and becomes a Jain monk. Ultimately, he attains <a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a> omniscience and finally liberation. Rama predicts that Ravana and Lakshmana, who were in the <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">fourth hell</a>, will attain liberation in their future births. Accordingly, Ravana is the future Tirthankara of the next half ascending time cycle and Sita will be his <a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian">Southeast Asian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Southeast Asian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud,_Ramayana_performance,_20220823_1916_0471.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg/220px-Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="1740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg/220px-Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg/330px-Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg/440px-Balinese_dance_Legong_in_Ubud%2C_Ramayana_performance%2C_20220823_1916_0471.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Balinese dance Legong in Ubud, Ramayana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramayana_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/170px-Ramayana_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2409"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/170px-Ramayana_Java.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/255px-Ramayana_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/340px-Ramayana_Java.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, Rama and Sita during their exile in <a href="/wiki/Dandaka_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandaka Forest">Dandaka Forest</a> depicted in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" title="Javanese dance">Javanese dance</a></figcaption></figure> There are several Indonesian adaptations of Ramayana, including the Javanese <a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> and Balinese Ramakavaca. The first half of <a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a> is similar to the original Sanskrit version, while the latter half is very different. One of the recognizable modifications is the inclusion of the indigenous Javanese guardian demigod, <a href="/wiki/Semar" title="Semar">Semar</a>, and his sons, Gareng, Petruk, and Bagong who make up the numerically significant four <a href="/wiki/Punokawan" title="Punokawan">Punokawan</a> or "clown servants".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoed%C3%A8s1968-60">[59]</a> Kakawin Ramayana is believed to have been written in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> circa 870 AD during the reign of Mpu Sindok in the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoed%C3%A8s1968-60">[59]</a> The Javanese Kakawin Ramayana is not based on Valmiki's epic, which was then the most famous version of Rama's story, but based on <a href="/wiki/Ravanavadha_(Bhattikavya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravanavadha (Bhattikavya)">Ravanavadha</a> or the "Ravana massacre," which is the sixth or seventh century poem by Indian poet Bhattikavya.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a> was further developed on the neighboring island of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> becoming the Balinese Ramakavaca. The bas-reliefs of Ramayana and Krishnayana scenes are carved on balustrades of the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> as well as in the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the Ramayana is a deeply ingrained aspect of the culture, especially among <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> people, and has become the source of moral and spiritual guidance as well as aesthetic expression and entertainment, for example in <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> and traditional dances.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">kecak</a> dance for example, retells the story of the Ramayana, with dancers playing the roles of Rama, Sita, Lakhsmana, Jatayu, Hanuman, Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Indrajit surrounded by a troupe of over 50 bare-chested men who serve as the chorus chanting "cak". The performance also includes a fire show to describe the burning of Lanka by Hanuman.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wayang_wong" title="Wayang wong">Wayang Wong</a> <a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" title="Javanese dance">Javanese dance</a> also retells the Ramayana. One example of a dance production of the Ramayana in Java is the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Ballet" title="Ramayana Ballet">Ramayana Ballet</a> performed on the Trimurti Prambanan open air stage, with dozens of actors and the three main prasad spires of the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Hindu temple as a backdrop.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Malaysia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Malay adaptation of the Ramayana, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a>, incorporates elements of both Hindu mythology and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mythology" title="Islamic mythology">Islamic mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Philippines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maharadia_Lawana" title="Maharadia Lawana">Maharadia Lawana</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Maharadia_Lawana" title="Maharadia Lawana">Maharadia Lawana</a>, an epic poem of the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, has been regarded as an indigenized version of the Ramayana since it was documented and translated into English by Professor <a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Francisco" title="Juan R. Francisco">Juan R. Francisco</a> and Nagasura Madale in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermo2011264-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The poem, which had not been written down before Francisco and Madale's translation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermo2011264-70">[69]</a> narrates the adventures of the monkey-king, Maharadia Lawana, to whom the Gods have granted immortality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermo2011-72">[71]</a> Francisco, an indologist from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Manila" title="University of the Philippines Manila">University of the Philippines Manila</a>, believed that the Ramayana narrative arrived in the Philippines some time between the 17th to 19th centuries, via interactions with Javanese and Malaysian cultures which traded extensively with India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisco1989101-73">[72]</a> By the time it was documented in the 1960s, the character names, place names, and the precise episodes and events in Maharadia Lawana's narrative already had some notable differences from those of the Ramayana. Francisco believed that this was a sign of "indigenization", and suggested that some changes had already been introduced in Malaysia and Java even before the story was heard by the Maranao, and that upon reaching the Maranao homeland, the story was "further indigenized to suit Philippine cultural perspectives and orientations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisco1989103-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Thailand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg/220px-Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 101px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg/220px-Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg/330px-Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg/440px-Khon_Dance_Frankfurt_Germany_2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Thai retelling of the tale—<a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a>—is popularly expressed in <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">traditional regional dance</a> theatre</figcaption></figure> Thailand's popular national epic <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: รามเกียรติ์, from rāmakīrti, 'glory of Ram') is derived from the Hindu epic. In Ramakien, Sita is the daughter of Ravana and Mandodari (thotsakan and montho). <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a> (phiphek), the astrologer brother of Ravana, predicts the death of Ravana from Sita's horoscope. Ravana throws her into the water, but she is later rescued by Janaka (chanok).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamanujan2004149-75">[74]</a> While the main story is identical to that of Ramayana, many other aspects were transposed into a Thai context, such as the clothes, weapons, topography and elements of nature, which are described as being Thai in style. It has an expanded role for Hanuman and he is portrayed as a lascivious character. Ramakien can be seen in an elaborate illustration at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a> in Bangkok. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_edition">Critical edition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Critical edition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of the text was compiled in India in the 1960s and 1970s, by the Oriental Institute at <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda#Oriental_Institute" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda</a>, India, utilizing dozens of manuscripts collected from across India and the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> An English language translation of the critical edition was completed in November 2016 by Sanskrit scholar Robert P. Goldman of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Commentaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> There are around thirty three commentaries on the Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2020-78">[77]</a> Some of the commentaries on the Ramayana include Mahesvara Tirtha's tattvadīpa (also known as tattvadīpika), Govindaraja's bhūṣaṇa (also known as govindarājīyam), Sivasahaya's śiromaṇi, Mahadeva Yogi's amṛtakaṭaka, Ramanuja's rāmānujīyam, Ahobala's taniclōkī and tilaka by Nagoji Bhatta or Ramavarma.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The three commentaries tilaka, bhūṣaṇa and śiromaṇi are known as ṭīkātraya (i.e. commentary trio) and are more popular.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Ballet" title="Ramayana Ballet">Ramayana Ballet</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_Rama" title="Symbolism of Rama">Symbolism of Rama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Holidays" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vijayadashami" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></div> Vijayadashami is a major Hindu festival celebrated every year at the end of <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarahtri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarahtri (page does not exist)">Navarahtri</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg/220px-An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg/220px-An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg/330px-An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg/440px-An_Ramlila_Actor_In_The_Role_of_Ravana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> actor wears the traditional attire of Ravanan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diwali">Diwali</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Diwali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></div> Diwali, the festival of lights in Hinduism, is celebrated in joy of Lord Rama returning to Ayodhya with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_strijd_tussen_de_apenvorsten_Sugriwa_en_Subali_TMnr_3525-25.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The painting by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a>) artist, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Bagus_Made_Togog" title="Ida Bagus Made Togog">Ida Bagus Made Togog</a> depicts the episode from the Ramayana about the Monkey Kings of <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vali_(Ramayana)" title="Vali (Ramayana)">Vali</a>; The Killing of Vali. <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> depicted as a crowned figure with a bow and arrow.</figcaption></figure> One of the most important literary works of <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>, the Ramayana has had a profound impact on art and culture in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and southeast Asia with the lone exception of Vietnam. The story ushered in the tradition of the next thousand years of massive-scale works in the rich diction of regal courts and Hindu temples. It has also inspired much secondary literature in various languages, notably <a href="/wiki/Kambaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambaramayanam">Kambaramayanam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a> of the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> <a href="/wiki/Molla_Ramayanam" title="Molla Ramayanam">Molla Ramayanam</a> by poet <a href="/wiki/Molla_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Molla (poet)">Molla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganatha Ramayanam">Ranganatha Ramayanam</a> by poet Gona Budda Reddy, 14th century <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> poet Narahari's Torave Ramayana and 15th century <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Krittibas_Ojha" title="Krittibas Ojha">Krittibas Ojha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayan" title="Krittivasi Ramayan">Krittivasi Ramayan</a>, as well as the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> version, <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. Ramayanic scenes have also been depicted through <a href="/wiki/Terracottas" class="mw-redirect" title="Terracottas">terracottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">stone sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronzes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal2008-82">[81]</a> These include the stone panel at Nagarjunakonda in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> depicting Bharata's meeting with <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh">Chitrakuta</a> (3rd century CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal2008-82">[81]</a> The Ramayana became popular in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> from the 8th century onward and was represented in literature, temple architecture, dance and theatre. Today, dramatic enactments of the story of the Ramayana, known as <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a>, take place all across <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and in many places across the globe within the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, Ramayana has become a popular source of artistic expression for dance drama and shadow puppet performances in the region. <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Ballet" title="Ramayana Ballet">Sendratari Ramayana</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" title="Javanese dance">Javanese traditional ballet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wayang_orang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang orang">wayang orang</a> style, routinely performed in the cultural center of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. Large casts were part of outdoor and indoor performances presented regularly at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Trimurti temple for many years.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese dance dramas</a> of Ramayana were also performed frequently in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese temples">Balinese Hindu temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uluwatu_Temple" title="Uluwatu Temple">Uluwatu</a>, where scenes from Ramayana are an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">kecak</a> dance performances. <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> of purwa and <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Wong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Wong">Wayang Wong</a>) also draw from Ramayana or <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Ramayana has also been depicted in many paintings, notably by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a>) artists such as I Gusti Dohkar (before 1938), I Dewa Poetoe Soegih, I Dewa Gedé Raka Poedja, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Bagus_Made_Togog" title="Ida Bagus Made Togog">Ida Bagus Made Togog</a> before 1948 period. Their paintings are currently in the National Museum of World Cultures collections of <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Malaysian artist <a href="/wiki/Syed_Thajudeen" title="Syed Thajudeen">Syed Thajudeen</a> also depicted Ramayana in 1972. The painting is currently in the permanent collection of the Malaysian National Visual Arts Gallery. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Multiple modern, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> adaptations of the epic exist, namely <a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi#Ram_Chandra_Series" title="Amish Tripathi">Ram Chandra Series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi" title="Amish Tripathi">Amish Tripathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Banker#Ramayana_Series" title="Ashok Banker">Ramayana Series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Banker" title="Ashok Banker">Ashok Banker</a> and a mythopoetic novel, Asura: Tale of the Vanquished by <a href="/wiki/Anand_Neelakantan" title="Anand Neelakantan">Anand Neelakantan</a>. Another Indian author, <a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Devdutt Pattanaik</a>, has published three different retellings and commentaries of Ramayana titled Sita, The Book Of Ram and Hanuman's Ramayan. A number of plays, movies and television serials have also been produced based upon the Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMankekar1999%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidfZf8wmVdpaICpgPA165_165%5D-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage">Stage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Stage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg/170px-Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg/170px-Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg/255px-Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg/340px-Hanoman_At_Kecak_Fire_Dance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hanuman at <a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">Kecak</a> fire dance, Bali, 2018</figcaption></figure> One of the best known[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ramayana plays is Gopal Sharman's The Ramayana, a contemporary interpretation in English, of the great epic based on the Valmiki Ramayana. The play has had more than 3,000 performances all over the world, mostly as a one-woman performance by actress <a href="/wiki/Jalabala_Vaidya" title="Jalabala Vaidya">Jalabala Vaidya</a>, wife of the playwright Gopal Sharman. The Ramayana has been performed on Broadway, London's West End, United Nations Headquarters, the Smithsonian Institution among other international venue and in more than 35 cities and towns in India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Starting in 1978 and under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Baba_Hari_Dass" title="Baba Hari Dass">Baba Hari Dass</a>, Ramayana has been performed every year by Mount Madonna School in Watsonville, California.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In the Philippines, a jazz ballet production was produced in the 1970s entitled "Rama at Sita" (Rama and Sita). The production was a result of a collaboration of four National Artists, Bienvenido Lumbera's libretto (National Artist for Literature), production design by Salvador Bernal (National Artist for Stage Design), music by Ryan Cayabyab (National Artist for Music) and choreography by Alice Reyes (National Artist for Dance).<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclatures">Nomenclatures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nomenclatures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ramayana has had a profound influence on India and Indians across the geographical and historical space. Rampur is the most common name for villages and towns across the nation particularly UP, Bihar and West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> It is so common that people have been using Ram Ram as a greeting to each other.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Texts_and_translations">Texts and translations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Texts and translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <dl><dt>Sanskrit text</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bombay.indology.info/ramayana/statement.html">Electronic version of the Sanskrit text</a>, input by Muneo Tokunaga</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil.htm#Ram">Sanskrit text</a> on <a href="/wiki/GRETIL" title="GRETIL">GRETIL</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Translations</dt></dl> Here is a list of notable English translations of the Ramayana in chronological order: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffith" title="Ralph T. H. Griffith">Griffith, Ralph T. H.</a> (1870–1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/index.htm">The Ramayan of Valmiki</a>. Trübner – via Sacred-texts.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayan+of+Valmiki&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1870%2F1874&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Ralph+T.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frama%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> (<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:24869">Project Gutenberg</a>). <ul><li>Griffith's translation was one of the earliest complete translations of the Ramayana into English.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dutt, Romesh Chunder (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RamayanaTheEpicOfRamaPrinceOfIndiaCondensedIntoEnglishVerseBy">The Ramayana and Mahabharata Condensed into English Verse</a>. J. M. Dent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+and+Mahabharata+Condensed+into+English+Verse&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Romesh+Chunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRamayanaTheEpicOfRamaPrinceOfIndiaCondensedIntoEnglishVerseBy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> Reprint: Dover Publications. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14352-1">978-0-486-14352-1</a>. <ul><li>Dutt provided a condensed version of the Ramayana in verse form.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Helen M. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html">"Book VII - Jain Ramayana (Rāmāyaṇa)"</a>. Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VII+-+Jain+Ramayana+%28R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a%29&rft.btitle=Trishashti+Shalaka+Purusha+Caritra&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Helen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fjainism%2Fbook%2Ftrishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra%2Fd%2Fdoc213981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>This translation presents the Jain perspective on the Ramayana.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Hari Prasad (1952). The Ramayana of Valmiki. Shanti Sadan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki&rft.pub=Shanti+Sadan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Hari+Prasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Shastri's translation is notable for its attempt to retain the poetic beauty of the original Sanskrit.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Narayan, R. K. (1973). The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic. Chatto and Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1990-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1990-4"><bdi>978-0-7011-1990-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana%3A+A+Shortened+Modern+Prose+Version+of+the+Indian+Epic&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-1990-4&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Narayan's translation is a prose version that simplifies the story for a modern audience while retaining its essential elements.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Buck_(translator)" title="William Buck (translator)">Buck, William</a> (1976). Ramayana. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> 35th Anniversary Edition. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27298-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27298-9">978-0-520-27298-9</a> <ul><li>Buck's version is a modern retelling that aims to make the story accessible to contemporary readers.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Raghunathan, N. (1981). Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam. Madras: Vighneswara Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad+Valmiki+Ramayanam&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=Vighneswara+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Raghunathan&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>This translation is noted for its fidelity to the original text.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Robert P. (1990). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India: Balakanda. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01485-2"><bdi>978-0-691-01485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India%3A+Balakanda&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01485-2&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">————————— (1994). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India: Kiskindhakanda. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06661-5"><bdi>978-0-691-06661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India%3A+Kiskindhakanda&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06661-5&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">————————— (1996). The Ramayana of Valmiki: Sundarakanda. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2"><bdi>978-0-691-06662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+Sundarakanda&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06662-2&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>This translation is part of the Princeton Library of Asian Translations and is noted for its scholarly approach and detailed annotations. The project spans multiple volumes and years.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arshia_Sattar" title="Arshia Sattar">Sattar, Arshia</a> (1996). The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029866-6"><bdi>978-0-14-029866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+by+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029866-6&rft.aulast=Sattar&rft.aufirst=Arshia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Sattar's translation is praised for its clarity and readability, as well as for staying close to the original text.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brockington, J. L.; Brockington, Mary (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAzNbPus9TcC">Rāma the Steadfast: An Early Form of the Rāmāyaṇa</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044744-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044744-X"><bdi>0-14-044744-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81ma+the+Steadfast%3A+An+Early+Form+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-044744-X&rft.aulast=Brockington&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Brockington%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAzNbPus9TcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>This translation provides an early form of the Ramayana, emphasizing its foundational aspects.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Debroy, Bibek (2017). The Valmiki Ramayana. Vol. 1. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87326-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-87326-26-2"><bdi>978-93-87326-26-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valmiki+Ramayana&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-87326-26-2&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Debroy's translation is known for its fidelity to the original text and detailed footnotes and commentary.</li></ul></li></ul> These translations reflect a range of approaches, from strict adherence to the original Sanskrit text to more accessible modern retellings. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81mak%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avilomak%C4%81vya%E1%B9%83" title="Rāmakṛṣṇavilomakāvyaṃ">Rāmakṛṣṇavilomakāvyaṃ</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Retellings include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kamban</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11th–12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a> Ramayanam<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11th century)</li> <li>Kumudendu Muni' s Kumudendu Ramayana (a <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> version) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13th century) and Narahari's Torave Ramayana in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> (c. 16th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gona_Budda_Reddy" title="Gona Budda Reddy">Gona Budda Reddy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganatha Ramayanam">Ranganatha Ramayanam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_Kandali" title="Madhava Kandali">Madhava Kandali</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakhanda Ramayana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> (c. 14th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krittibas_Ojha" title="Krittibas Ojha">Krittibas Ojha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayan" title="Krittivasi Ramayan">Krittivasi Ramayan</a> (also known as Shri Ram Panchali) in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (c. 15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarala_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarala Das">Sarala Das</a>' <a href="/wiki/Vilanka_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilanka Ramayana">Vilanka Ramayana</a> (c. 15th century)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and Balarama Dasa's <a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a> (also known as the Dandi Ramayana) (c. 16th century) both in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sant</a> <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bhavarth_Ramayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavarth Ramayan">Bhavarth Ramayan</a> (c. 16th century) in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitamanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramcharitamanas">Ramcharitamanas</a> (c. 16th century) in <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> (which is an eastern form of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam">Adhyathmaramayanam</a> (Kilippattu) in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuveer_Narayan" title="Raghuveer Narayan">Raghuveer Narayan</a>'s Vijay Nāyak Rāmāyana in <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 19th century)</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ramayana">"Ramayana"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104234830/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ramayana">Archived</a> 4 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219022751/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ramayana">"Ramayana | Meaning of Ramayana by Lexico"</a>. Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/ramayana">the original</a> on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Ramayana+%7C+Meaning+of+Ramayana+by+Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Framayana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Rámáyan of Válmíki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C3%A1m%C3%A1yan+of+V%C3%A1lm%C3%ADki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2023" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, P. G. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sep5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107">"Secular Reading of the Puranas"</a>. The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance Or Revivalism?. Taylor & Francis. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78039-0"><bdi>978-1-000-78039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secular+Reading+of+the+Puranas&rft.btitle=The+Bhakti+Movement%3A+Renaissance+Or+Revivalism%3F&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-78039-0&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsep5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198420–23-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman198420%E2%80%9323_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1984">Goldman 1984</a>, p. 20–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockington-1998-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockington-1998_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockington-1998_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockington1998">Brockington 1998</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA379">379ff</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhojarāja1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhojarāja (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PBrQwAACAAJ">Champu-Ramayana</a> (in Sanskrit). Pandurang Jawali.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champu-Ramayana&rft.pub=Pandurang+Jawali&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Bhojar%C4%81ja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PBrQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee,_P.1981" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, P. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA74">The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120602298" title="Special:BookSources/9788120602298"><bdi>9788120602298</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230336/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medieval+Vaishnavism+in+Orissa&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9788120602298&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7LFzfbhmJcMC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhdeva2002" class="citation book cs1">Sukhdeva (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMyxwk5g3NEC&pg=PT7">Living Thoughts of the Ramayana</a>. Jaico Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179920022" title="Special:BookSources/9788179920022"><bdi>9788179920022</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Thoughts+of+the+Ramayana&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788179920022&rft.au=Sukhdeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMyxwk5g3NEC%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamoorthy,_K.Mukhopadhyay,_S.Sahitya_Akademi1991" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamoorthy, K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Sahitya Akademi (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgeTtWkD0VkC&pg=PR27">A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Foreign languages</a>. Sahitya Akademi in collaboration with Union Academique Internationale, Bruxelles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172015077" title="Special:BookSources/9788172015077"><bdi>9788172015077</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Inventory+of+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+Studies+in+the+World%3A+Foreign+languages&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi+in+collaboration+with+Union+Academique+Internationale%2C+Bruxelles&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9788172015077&rft.au=Krishnamoorthy%2C+K.&rft.au=Mukhopadhyay%2C+S.&rft.au=Sahitya+Akademi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgeTtWkD0VkC%26pg%3DPR27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulcke,_C.Prasāda,_D.2010" class="citation book cs1">Bulcke, C.; Prasāda, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvE4wF-cfX0C&pg=PA116">Rāmakathā and Other Essays</a>. Vani Prakashan. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350001073" title="Special:BookSources/9789350001073"><bdi>9789350001073</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81makath%C4%81+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Vani+Prakashan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789350001073&rft.au=Bulcke%2C+C.&rft.au=Pras%C4%81da%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvE4wF-cfX0C%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Monier Monier Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raama">राम</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508003129/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raama">Archived</a> 8 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Monier Monier Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raatri">रात्रि</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508003129/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raatri">Archived</a> 8 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Monier Monier Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/17.html#ayana">अयन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102148/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/17.html#ayana">Archived</a> 19 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebroy2017" class="citation book cs1">Debroy, Bibek (25 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orU8DwAAQBAJ">The Valmiki Ramayana Volume 1</a>. Penguin Random House India. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789387326262" title="Special:BookSources/9789387326262"><bdi>9789387326262</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221856/https://books.google.com/books?id=orU8DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valmiki+Ramayana+Volume+1&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.isbn=9789387326262&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorU8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198420–22-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman198420%E2%80%9322_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1984">Goldman 1984</a>, p. 20–22. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198423"[W]e_feel_that_it_is_extremely_unlikely_that_the_archetype_of_the_Valmiki_Ramayana_can_be_much_earlier_than_the_beginning_of_the_seventh_century_B.C.,_although_it_is_impossible_to_demonstrate_this_with_any_sort_of_rigor"-18'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman198423%22%5BW%5De_feel_that_it_is_extremely_unlikely_that_the_archetype_of_the_Valmiki_Ramayana_can_be_much_earlier_than_the_beginning_of_the_seventh_century_B.C.,_although_it_is_impossible_to_demonstrate_this_with_any_sort_of_rigor%22_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1984">Goldman 1984</a>, p. 23, "[W]e feel that it is extremely unlikely that the archetype of the Valmiki Ramayana can be much earlier than the beginning of the seventh century B.C., although it is impossible to demonstrate this with any sort of rigor". </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984p._21–22:_"[I]n_the_Balakanda,_as_in_the_central_five_books_of_the_epic,_the_kingdom_of_Kosala_is_represented_as_being_at_the_height_of_its_power_and_prosperity,_governed_from_a_major_urban_settlement_called_Ayodhya,_[o]nly_at_the_very_end_of_the_Uttara-kanda,_[the]_epilogue_to_the_poem_[w]e_find_reference_to_Sravasti_as_a_successor_capital._[A]s_Jacobi_also_pointed_out,_the_capital_city_of_the_unified_realm_of_Kosala_is_invariably_known_as_Ayodhya_in_the_epic_and_never_by_the_name_Saketa,_the_name_by_which_it_comes_to_be_known_in_much_of_Buddhist_and_later_literature"-19'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984p._21%E2%80%9322:_%22%5BI%5Dn_the_Balakanda,_as_in_the_central_five_books_of_the_epic,_the_kingdom_of_Kosala_is_represented_as_being_at_the_height_of_its_power_and_prosperity,_governed_from_a_major_urban_settlement_called_Ayodhya,_%5Bo%5Dnly_at_the_very_end_of_the_Uttara-kanda,_%5Bthe%5D_epilogue_to_the_poem_%5Bw%5De_find_reference_to_Sravasti_as_a_successor_capital._%5BA%5Ds_Jacobi_also_pointed_out,_the_capital_city_of_the_unified_realm_of_Kosala_is_invariably_known_as_Ayodhya_in_the_epic_and_never_by_the_name_Saketa,_the_name_by_which_it_comes_to_be_known_in_much_of_Buddhist_and_later_literature%22_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1984">Goldman 1984</a>, p. 21–22: "[I]n the Balakanda, as in the central five books of the epic, the kingdom of Kosala is represented as being at the height of its power and prosperity, governed from a major urban settlement called Ayodhya, [o]nly at the very end of the Uttara-kanda, [the] epilogue to the poem [w]e find reference to Sravasti as a successor capital. [A]s Jacobi also pointed out, the capital city of the unified realm of Kosala is invariably known as Ayodhya in the epic and never by the name Saketa, the name by which it comes to be known in much of Buddhist and later literature". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldmanSutherland_Goldman2022">Goldman & Sutherland Goldman 2022</a>, p. 3: "The oldest surviving version of the great tale of Rāma, and the one that is doubtless the direct or indirect source of all of the hundreds and perhaps thousands of other versions of the story, is the monumental, mid-first millennium BCE epic poem in some twenty-five thousand Sanskrit couplets attributed to Vālmīki." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman198414–18Rao20142-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman198414%E2%80%9318Rao20142_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1984">Goldman 1984</a>, pp. 14–18; <a href="#CITEREFRao2014">Rao 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbXOEAAAQBAJ&dq=essential+hinduism&pg=PA20">Essential Hinduism</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07155-3"><bdi>978-0-313-07155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-07155-3&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbXOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dessential%2Bhinduism%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-valmikiramayan.net-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valmikiramayan.net_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valmikiramayan.net_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valmikiramayan.net/">"Valmiki Ramayana"</a>. valmikiramayan.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913082833/https://www.valmikiramayan.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=valmikiramayan.net&rft.atitle=Valmiki+Ramayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalmikiramayan.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattar2016" class="citation web cs1">Sattar, Arshia (29 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416204833/https://scroll.in/article/820198/why-the-uttara-kanda-changes-the-way-the-ramayana-should-be-read">"Why the Uttara Kanda changes the way the Ramayana should be read"</a>. Scroll.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/820198/why-the-uttara-kanda-changes-the-way-the-ramayana-should-be-read">the original</a> on 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Why+the+Uttara+Kanda+changes+the+way+the+Ramayana+should+be+read&rft.date=2016-10-29&rft.aulast=Sattar&rft.aufirst=Arshia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F820198%2Fwhy-the-uttara-kanda-changes-the-way-the-ramayana-should-be-read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgenesReddy2016" class="citation book cs1">Egenes, Linda; Reddy, Kumuda (2016). The Ramayana: A New Retelling of Valmiki's Ancient Epic—Complete and Comprehensive. Penguin. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311180-1"><bdi>978-0-14-311180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana%3A+A+New+Retelling+of+Valmiki%27s+Ancient+Epic%E2%80%94Complete+and+Comprehensive&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311180-1&rft.aulast=Egenes&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Kumuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee_Pandey2015" class="citation news cs1">Mukherjee Pandey, Jhimli (18 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/6th-century-Ramayana-found-in-Kolkata-stuns-scholars/articleshow/50227724.cms">"6th-century Ramayana found in Kolkata, stuns scholars"</a>. timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219230556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/6th-century-Ramayana-found-in-Kolkata-stuns-scholars/articleshow/50227724.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=timesofindia.indiatimes.com&rft.atitle=6th-century+Ramayana+found+in+Kolkata%2C+stuns+scholars&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.aulast=Mukherjee+Pandey&rft.aufirst=Jhimli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2F6th-century-Ramayana-found-in-Kolkata-stuns-scholars%2Farticleshow%2F50227724.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParameswaran2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsvalmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaranpage156_156]-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParameswaran2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsvalmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaranpage156_156%5D_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParameswaran2014">Parameswaran 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaran/page/156">156</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_Bālakāṇḍa-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1984Vol._I:_B%C4%81lak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da_28-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1984">Goldman 1984</a>, Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajarajan2001" class="citation book cs1">Rajarajan, R. K. K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504183709/https://www.academia.edu/2514821/S%C4%ABt%C4%81pahara%E1%B9%89am_Changing_thematic_Idioms_in_Sanskrit_and_Tamil">"Sītāpaharaṇam: Changing thematic Idioms in Sanskrit and Tamil"</a>. In Lonne, Dirk W. (ed.). Tofha-e-Dil: Festschrift Helmut Nespital. Reinbeck. pp. 783–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88587-033-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-88587-033-9"><bdi>3-88587-033-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2514821">the original</a> on 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C4%ABt%C4%81pahara%E1%B9%87am%3A+Changing+thematic+Idioms+in+Sanskrit+and+Tamil&rft.btitle=Tofha-e-Dil%3A+Festschrift+Helmut+Nespital&rft.pages=783-97&rft.pub=Reinbeck&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-88587-033-9&rft.aulast=Rajarajan&rft.aufirst=R.+K.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2514821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayashreeGeetha" class="citation journal cs1">Vijayashree, B.; Geetha, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519175458/http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf">"Vanaras or Vana-Naras: A tail's travel from Treta Yuga to DwaparaYuga"</a> (PDF). Mukt Shab Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2347-3150">2347-3150</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mukt+Shab+Journal&rft.atitle=Vanaras+or+Vana-Naras%3A+A+tail%27s+travel+from+Treta+Yuga+to+DwaparaYuga&rft.issn=2347-3150&rft.aulast=Vijayashree&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Geetha%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshabdbooks.com%2Fgallery%2F392-may-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajarajan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rajarajan, R. K. K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212334/http://www.academia.edu/8779702/Reflections_on_R%C4%81ma-Setu_in_South_Asian_Tradition">"Reflections on 'Rāma-Setu' in South Asian Tradition"</a>. The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 105 (3): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-8555">0047-8555</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8779702">the original</a> on 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Mythic+Society&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+%27R%C4%81ma-Setu%27+in+South+Asian+Tradition&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0047-8555&rft.aulast=Rajarajan&rft.aufirst=R.+K.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8779702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/yuddha/sarga115/yuddha_115_frame.htm">"Book VI : Yuddha Kanda, Sarga 115"</a>. sanskritdocuments.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829063115/https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/yuddha/sarga115/yuddha_115_frame.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. 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Retrieved 8 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Commentaries&rft.pub=IIT+Kanpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valmiki.iitk.ac.in%2Fecommentaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasarabada.org/Tattvadipika.html">"Sundarakanda"</a>. Kasarabada Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203101000/http://www.kasarabada.org/Tattvadipika.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014343/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/travel/indonesia-yogyakarta-java-island.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. 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BALLET PHILIPPINES' RAMA, HARI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200049/https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/events/dance/ballet-philippines-rama-hari/details">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BALLET+PHILIPPINES%27+RAMA%2C+HARI&rft.atitle=BALLET+PHILIPPINES%27+RAMA%2C+HARI+%26%23124%3B+Cultural+Center+of+the+Philippines&rft.aulast=Philippines&rft.aufirst=Cultural+Center+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalcenter.gov.ph%2Fevents%2Fdance%2Fballet-philippines-rama-hari%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/map-shows-villages-with-the-name-rampur-523559.html">"Someone Plotted All The Villages Named 'Rampur' In India And Came Up With This Map"</a>. IndiaTimes. 24 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629060134/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/map-shows-villages-with-the-name-rampur-523559.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndiaTimes&rft.atitle=Someone+Plotted+All+The+Villages+Named+%27Rampur%27+In+India+And+Came+Up+With+This+Map&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Ftrending%2Fsocial-relevance%2Fmap-shows-villages-with-the-name-rampur-523559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin2022" class="citation web cs1">admin (3 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beautyofindia.in/hindus-say-ram-ram/">"Why Hindus say Ram Ram?"</a>. Beauty Of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221859/https://www.beautyofindia.in/hindus-say-ram-ram/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beauty+Of+India&rft.atitle=Why+Hindus+say+Ram+Ram%3F&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beautyofindia.in%2Fhindus-say-ram-ram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsanskar2020" class="citation web cs1">sanskar, hindu (23 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindusanskar.org/post/why-do-we-say-ram-ram-as-greeting">"Why do we say Ram Ram as greeting?"</a>. Hindu-Sanskar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201215923/https://www.hindusanskar.org/post/why-do-we-say-ram-ram-as-greeting">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindu-Sanskar&rft.atitle=Why+do+we+say+Ram+Ram+as+greeting%3F&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft.aulast=sanskar&rft.aufirst=hindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindusanskar.org%2Fpost%2Fwhy-do-we-say-ram-ram-as-greeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockington1998" class="citation book cs1">Brockington, J. L. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10260-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10260-4"><bdi>90-04-10260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Epics&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-10260-4&rft.aulast=Brockington&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCakrabartī2006" class="citation book cs1">Cakrabartī, Bishṇupada (2006). The Penguin Companion to the Ramayana. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310046-1"><bdi>978-0-14-310046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Companion+to+the+Ramayana&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310046-1&rft.aulast=Cakrabart%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Bish%E1%B9%87upada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaeys2010" class="citation book cs1">Claeys, Gregory (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82842-0"><bdi>978-1-139-82842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Utopian+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82842-0&rft.aulast=Claeys&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Vella, Walter F. (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. 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Philippine Studies. 37 (1): 101–111. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633135">42633135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Indigenization+of+the+Rama+Story+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-111&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42633135%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Francisco&rft.aufirst=Juan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1984" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Robert P. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia902902.us.archive.org/26/items/vr_001_bk/VR-001-BK.pdf">The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Vol. I, Bālakānda</a> (PDF). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-3162--4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-3162--4"><bdi>81-208-3162--4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India%2C+Vol.+I%2C+B%C4%81lak%C4%81nda&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=81-208-3162--4&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia902902.us.archive.org%2F26%2Fitems%2Fvr_001_bk%2FVR-001-BK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanSutherland_Goldman2022" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Robert P.; Sutherland Goldman, Sally J. (2022). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20686-8"><bdi>978-0-691-20686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+The+Complete+English+Translation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20686-8&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.au=Sutherland+Goldman%2C+Sally+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo2011" class="citation book cs1">Guillermo, Artemio R. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7511-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7511-1&rft.aulast=Guillermo&rft.aufirst=Artemio+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Sanjeev (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue4/PartC/6-4-25-912.pdf">"A study of social issues in the Ramayana in the context of subcommentaries"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Sanskrit Research. 6 (4): 144–147. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2394-7519">2394-7519</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029011241/https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue4/PartC/6-4-25-912.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sanskrit+Research&rft.atitle=A+study+of+social+issues+in+the+Ramayana+in+the+context+of+subcommentaries&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=144-147&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2394-7519&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anantaajournal.com%2Farchives%2F2020%2Fvol6issue4%2FPartC%2F6-4-25-912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._B._Lal" title="B. B. Lal">Lal, B. B.</a> (2008). Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences. Aryan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-345-0"><bdi>978-81-7305-345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81ma%2C+His+Historicity%2C+Mandir%2C+and+Setu%3A+Evidence+of+Literature%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Other+Sciences&rft.pub=Aryan+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-345-0&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=B.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankekar1999" class="citation book cs1">Mankekar, Purnima (1999). Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2390-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-2390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screening+Culture%2C+Viewing+Politics%3A+An+Ethnography+of+Television%2C+Womanhood%2C+and+Nation+in+Postcolonial+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2390-7&rft.aulast=Mankekar&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran2014" class="citation book cs1">Parameswaran, M. R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaran">Valmiki Ramayana: Critical Essays</a>. Manipal University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82460-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-82460-18-3"><bdi>978-93-82460-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valmiki+Ramayana%3A+Critical+Essays&rft.pub=Manipal+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-82460-18-3&rft.aulast=Parameswaran&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvalmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanujan2004" class="citation book cs1">Ramanujan, A. K. (2004). The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays+of+A.+K.+Ramanujan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ramanujan&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2014" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Ajay K. (2014). Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07735-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07735-9"><bdi>978-1-134-07735-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-figuring+the+Ramayana+as+Theology%3A+A+History+of+Reception+in+Premodern+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07735-9&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Ajay+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1986" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ramashraya (1986). A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0078-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Socio-political+Study+of+the+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0078-6&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ramashraya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1998). Legends of Devi. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1438-6"><bdi>978-81-250-1438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Devi&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1438-6&rft.aulast=Bhattacharji&rft.aufirst=Sukumari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fallon, Oliver (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316124405/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-78.html">Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya)</a>. New York: New York University Press, <a href="/wiki/Clay_Sanskrit_Library" title="Clay Sanskrit Library">Clay Sanskrit Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2778-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2778-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-2778-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-78.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhatti%27s+Poem%3A+The+Death+of+R%C3%A1vana+%28Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press%2C+Clay+Sanskrit+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2778-2&rft.aulast=Fallon&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claysanskritlibrary.org%2Fvolume-v-78.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jain, Meenakshi (2013). Rama and Ayodhya. Aryan Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-451-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-451-8"><bdi>978-81-7305-451-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rama+and+Ayodhya&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-451-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Keshavadas, Sadguru Sant (1988). Ramayana at a Glance. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0545-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0545-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0545-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0545-3&rft.aulast=Keshavadas&rft.aufirst=Sadguru+Sant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Murthy, S. S. N. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808182601/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs1006/ejvs1006article.pdf">"A note on the Ramayana"</a> (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 10 (6). New Delhi: 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-7561">1084-7561</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs1006/ejvs1006article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Vedic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+Ramayana&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2003-11&rft.issn=1084-7561&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=S.+S.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com%2Fejvs1006%2Fejvs1006article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Prabhavananda, Swami (1979). <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Heritage_of_India_(book)" title="Spiritual Heritage of India (book)">The Spiritual Heritage of India</a>. Vedanta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87481-035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87481-035-6"><bdi>978-0-87481-035-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Heritage+of+India&rft.pub=Vedanta+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87481-035-6&rft.aulast=Prabhavananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Milner_Rabb" title="Kate Milner Rabb">Rabb, Kate Milner</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914003423/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8ntle10.txt">National Epics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8ntle10.txt">the original</a> on 14 September 2011 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Epics&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Rabb&rft.aufirst=Kate+Milner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext05%2F8ntle10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rohman, Todd (2009). "The Classical Period". In Watling, Gabrielle; Quay, Sara (eds.). Cultural History of Reading: World literature. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33744-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33744-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33744-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Classical+Period&rft.btitle=Cultural+History+of+Reading%3A+World+literature&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33744-4&rft.aulast=Rohman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S_Singaravelu" class="mw-redirect" title="S Singaravelu">Sachithanantham, Singaravelu</a> (2004). The Ramayana Tradition in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-100-234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-100-234-6"><bdi>978-983-100-234-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+Tradition+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-983-100-234-6&rft.aulast=Sachithanantham&rft.aufirst=Singaravelu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sundararajan, K.R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPYp7_kMBK4C&pg=PA106">"The Ideal of Perfect Life : The Ramayana"</a>. In Krishna Sivaraman; Bithika Mukerji (eds.). Hindu spirituality: Vedas through Vedanta. The Crossroad Publishing Co. pp. 106–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0755-8"><bdi>978-0-8245-0755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideal+of+Perfect+Life+%3A+The+Ramayana&rft.btitle=Hindu+spirituality%3A+Vedas+through+Vedanta&rft.pages=106-126&rft.pub=The+Crossroad+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8245-0755-8&rft.aulast=Sundararajan&rft.aufirst=K.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPYp7_kMBK4C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamayana" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&section=43" 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class="extiw" title="commons:Ramayana">Ramayana</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ramayana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ramayana">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869">Ramayana</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki">The Ramayana of Valmiki</a> English translation by Hari Prasad Shastri, 1952 (revised edition with interwoven glossary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1778&Itemid=28">A condensed verse translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Ramayan&author=Valmiki&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Ramayan</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTXyDwAAQBAJ">Absolute dating of Ramayana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23629">Collection: Art of the Ramayana</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&oldid=1256143300">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&oldid=1256143300</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 November 2024, at 13:00 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="رامايانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رامايانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A3" title="ৰামায়ণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰামায়ণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A3" title="রামায়ণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রামায়ণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D%E0%BC%BD" title="༼ར་མ་ཡ་ན།༽ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༼ར་མ་ཡ་ན།༽" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1m%C3%A1jana" title="Rámájana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rámájana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81jana" title="Rāmājana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rāmājana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ραμαγιάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραμαγιάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajano" title="Ramajano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramajano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="رامایانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رامایانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Rāmāyaṇa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rāmāyaṇa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A3" title="રામાયણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રામાયણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BC%EB%82%98" title="라마야나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라마야나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ռամայանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամայանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajana" title="Ramajana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramajana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A3" title="রামায়ণ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রামায়ণ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Rāmāyaṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rāmāyaṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ראמאיאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראמאיאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A3" title="ರಾಮಾಯಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಮಾಯಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რამაიანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამაიანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8E%D9%86" title="رامایَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رامایَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="«Рамаяна» – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="«Рамаяна»" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanum" title="Ramayanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ramayanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81jana" title="Rāmājana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rāmājana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajana" title="Ramajana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramajana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1m%C3%A1jana" title="Rámájana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rámájana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамајана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамајана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="രാമായണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാമായണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რამაიანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რამაიანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="رامایانا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رامایانا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯔꯥꯃꯥꯌꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯥꯃꯥꯌꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%8F" title="ရာမာယဏ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရာမာယဏ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%83%8A" title="ラーマーヤナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーマーヤナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A3" title="ରାମାୟଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାମାୟଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3" title="ਰਾਮਾਇਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਮਾਇਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3" title="रामायण – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रामायण" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="رامائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رامائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%BC" title="رامايڼ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رامايڼ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%88" title="រាមាយណៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាមាយណៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajana" title="Ramajana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ramajana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%A1iana" title="Ramáiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ramáiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаайана – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рамаайана" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रामायणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रामायणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="رامائن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="رامائن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajana" title="Ramajana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ramajana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="රාමායණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාමායණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%BB" title="رامائڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رامائڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1m%C3%A1jana" title="Rámájana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rámájana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajana" title="Ramajana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ramajana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамајана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рамајана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இராமாயணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராமாயணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="రామాయణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రామాయణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="รามายณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รามายณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамаяна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рамаяна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="راماین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راماین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ramayana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="羅摩衍那 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="羅摩衍那" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="罗摩衍那 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗摩衍那" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="羅摩衍那 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅摩衍那" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajana" title="Ramajana – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ramajana" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="罗摩衍那 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗摩衍那" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 13:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li 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