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standardization</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: standardization"> <meta name="keywords" content="standardization"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="standardization"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 207</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: standardization</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> Development and Validation of a HPLC Method for Standardization of Methanolic Extract of Hypericum sinaicum Hochst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taghreed%20A.%20Ibrahim">Taghreed A. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atef%20A.%20El-Hela"> Atef A. El-Hela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hala%20M.%20El-Hefnawy"> Hala M. El-Hefnawy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The chromatographic profile of methanol extract of Hypericum sinaicum was determined using HPLC-DAD. Apigenin was used as an external standard in the development and validation of the HPLC method. The proposed method is simple, rapid and reliable and can be successfully applied for standardization of Hypericum sinaicum methanol extract. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title="quality control">quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=falvonoids" title=" falvonoids"> falvonoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methanol%20extract" title=" methanol extract"> methanol extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15989/development-and-validation-of-a-hplc-method-for-standardization-of-methanolic-extract-of-hypericum-sinaicum-hochst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> Design Standardization in Aramco: Strategic Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mujahid%20S.%20Alharbi">Mujahid S. Alharbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction of process plants in oil and gas-producing countries, such as Saudi Arabia, necessitates substantial investment in design and building. Each new plant, while unique, includes common building types, suggesting an opportunity for design standardization. This study investigates the adoption of standardized Issue For Construction (IFC) packages for non-process buildings in Saudi Aramco. A SWOT analysis presents the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of this approach. The approach's benefits are illustrated using the Hawiyah Unayzah Gas Reservoir Storage Program (HUGRSP) as a case study. Standardization not only offers significant cost savings and operational efficiencies but also expedites project timelines, reduces the potential for change orders, and fosters local economic growth by allocating building tasks to local contractors. Standardization also improves project management by easing interface constraints between different contractors and promoting adaptability to future industry changes. This research underscores the standardization of non-process buildings as a powerful strategy for cost optimization, efficiency enhancement, and local economic development in process plant construction within the oil and gas sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title="building">building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project" title=" project"> project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172008/design-standardization-in-aramco-strategic-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172008.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Preliminary Study of Standardization and Validation of Micronuclei Technique to Assess the DNA Damages Cause for the X-Rays</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20J.%20D%C3%ADaz">L. J. Díaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Hern%C3%A1ndez"> M. A. Hernández</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20Molina"> A. K. Molina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Berm%C3%BAdez"> A. Bermúdez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Crane"> C. Crane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20M.%20Pab%C3%B3n"> V. M. Pabón</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important biological indicators that show the exposure to the radiation is the micronuclei (MN). This technique is using to determinate the radiation effects in blood cultures as a biological control and a complement to the physics dosimetry. In Colombia the necessity to apply this analysis has emerged due to the current biological indicator most used is the chromosomal aberrations (CA), that is why it is essential the MN technique’s standardization and validation to have enough tools to improve the radioprotection topic in the country. Besides, this technique will be applied on the construction of a dose-response curve, that allow measure an approximately dose to irradiated people according to MN frequency found. Inside the steps that carried out to accomplish the standardization and validation is the statistic analysis from the lectures of “in vitro” peripheral blood cultures with different analysts, also it was determinate the best culture medium and conditions for the MN can be detected easily. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micronuclei" title="micronuclei">micronuclei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioprotection" title=" radioprotection"> radioprotection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validation" title=" validation"> validation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16835/preliminary-study-of-standardization-and-validation-of-micronuclei-technique-to-assess-the-dna-damages-cause-for-the-x-rays" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">204</span> The Standardization of Colorado Schools to Offer Opportunity Through Equal Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heather%20Caldwell">Heather Caldwell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1915, state superintendent, Mary C.C. Bradford initiated a state standardization plan in order to improve the quality of schools and the educational experience for all children in Colorado. This plan would change the schools, improving them and offering more opportunities for children, teachers, and the community. In a state where geography limited opportunity to make all schools equal and brought challenges to state school leaders to improve education throughout the state, the leadership prevailed and worked together with local schools and school leaders to make drastic improvements in the curriculum. This paper will discuss this plan and will highlight key contributions to this standardization plan that improved opportunities for all students in the state of Colorado through these educational initiatives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=history%20of%20education" title="history of education">history of education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curriculum" title=" curriculum"> curriculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20superintendent" title=" state superintendent"> state superintendent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20in%20education" title=" women in education"> women in education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183342/the-standardization-of-colorado-schools-to-offer-opportunity-through-equal-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">53</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">203</span> Meanings and Concepts of Standardization in Systems Medicine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imme%20Petersen">Imme Petersen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wiebke%20Sick"> Wiebke Sick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Regine%20Kollek"> Regine Kollek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In systems medicine, high-throughput technologies produce large amounts of data on different biological and pathological processes, including (disturbed) gene expressions, metabolic pathways and signaling. The large volume of data of different types, stored in separate databases and often located at different geographical sites have posed new challenges regarding data handling and processing. Tools based on bioinformatics have been developed to resolve the upcoming problems of systematizing, standardizing and integrating the various data. However, the heterogeneity of data gathered at different levels of biological complexity is still a major challenge in data analysis. To build multilayer disease modules, large and heterogeneous data of disease-related information (e.g., genotype, phenotype, environmental factors) are correlated. Therefore, a great deal of attention in systems medicine has been put on data standardization, primarily to retrieve and combine large, heterogeneous datasets into standardized and incorporated forms and structures. However, this data-centred concept of standardization in systems medicine is contrary to the debate in science and technology studies (STS) on standardization that rather emphasizes the dynamics, contexts and negotiations of standard operating procedures. Based on empirical work on research consortia that explore the molecular profile of diseases to establish systems medical approaches in the clinic in Germany, we trace how standardized data are processed and shaped by bioinformatics tools, how scientists using such data in research perceive such standard operating procedures and which consequences for knowledge production (e.g. modeling) arise from it. Hence, different concepts and meanings of standardization are explored to get a deeper insight into standard operating procedures not only in systems medicine, but also beyond. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data" title="data">data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science%20and%20technology%20studies%20%28STS%29" title=" science and technology studies (STS)"> science and technology studies (STS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systems%20medicine" title=" systems medicine"> systems medicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69146/meanings-and-concepts-of-standardization-in-systems-medicine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">202</span> Development of Industry Sector Specific Factory Standards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Burggr%C3%A4f">Peter Burggräf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moritz%20Krunke"> Moritz Krunke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanno%20Voet"> Hanno Voet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to shortening product and technology lifecycles, many companies use standardization approaches in product development and factory planning to reduce costs and time to market. Unlike large companies, where modular systems are already widely used, small and medium-sized companies often show a much lower degree of standardization due to lower scale effects and missing capacities for the development of these standards. To overcome these challenges, the development of industry sector specific standards in cooperations or by third parties is an interesting approach. This paper analyzes which branches that are mainly dominated by small or medium-sized companies might be especially interesting for the development of factory standards using the example of the German industry. For this, a key performance indicator based approach was developed that will be presented in detail with its specific results for the German industry structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factory%20planning" title="factory planning">factory planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factory%20standards" title=" factory standards"> factory standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry%20sector%20specific%20standardization" title=" industry sector specific standardization"> industry sector specific standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20planning" title=" production planning"> production planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37790/development-of-industry-sector-specific-factory-standards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37790.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">201</span> Linearization and Process Standardization of Construction Design Engineering Workflows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20R.%20Sreeram">T. R. Sreeram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Natarajan"> S. Natarajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Jena"> C. Jena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Civil engineering construction is a network of tasks involving varying degree of complexity and streamlining, and standardization is the only way to establish a systemic approach to design. While there are off the shelf tools such as AutoCAD that play a role in the realization of design, the repeatable process in which these tools are deployed often is ignored. The present paper addresses this challenge through a sustainable design process and effective standardizations at all stages in the design workflow. The same is demonstrated through a case study in the context of construction, and further improvement points are highlighted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syste" title="syste">syste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lean" title=" lean"> lean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20stream" title=" value stream"> value stream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20improvement" title=" process improvement"> process improvement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151051/linearization-and-process-standardization-of-construction-design-engineering-workflows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151051.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">200</span> Standard Essential Patents for Artificial Intelligence Hardware and the Implications For Intellectual Property Rights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wendy%20de%20Gomez">Wendy de Gomez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Standardization is a critical element in the ability of a society to reduce uncertainty, subjectivity, misrepresentation, and interpretation while simultaneously contributing to innovation. Technological standardization is critical to codify specific operationalization through legal instruments that provide rules of development, expectation, and use. In the current emerging technology landscape Artificial Intelligence (AI) hardware as a general use technology has seen incredible growth as evidenced from AI technology patents between 2012 and 2018 in the United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO) AI dataset. However, as outlined in the 2023 United States Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology the codification through standardization of emerging technologies such as AI has not kept pace with its actual technological proliferation. This gap has the potential to cause significant divergent possibilities for the downstream outcomes of AI in both the short and long term. This original empirical research provides an overview of the standardization efforts around AI in different geographies and provides a background to standardization law. It quantifies the longitudinal trend of Artificial Intelligence hardware patents through the USPTO AI dataset. It seeks evidence of existing Standard Essential Patents from these AI hardware patents through a text analysis of the Statement of patent history and the Field of the invention of these patents in Patent Vector and examines their determination as a Standard Essential Patent and their inclusion in existing AI technology standards across the four main AI standards bodies- European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI); International Telecommunication Union (ITU)/ Telecommunication Standardization Sector (-T); Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Once the analysis is complete the paper will discuss both the theoretical and operational implications of F/Rand Licensing Agreements for the owners of these Standard Essential Patents in the United States Court and Administrative system. It will conclude with an evaluation of how Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) can work with SEP owners more effectively through various forms of Intellectual Property mechanisms such as patent pools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patents" title="patents">patents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artifical%20intelligence" title=" artifical intelligence"> artifical intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standards" title=" standards"> standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F%2FRand%20agreements" title=" F/Rand agreements"> F/Rand agreements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178633/standard-essential-patents-for-artificial-intelligence-hardware-and-the-implications-for-intellectual-property-rights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">199</span> Characterization of an Extrapolation Chamber for Dosimetry of Low Energy X-Ray Beams </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernanda%20M.%20Bastos">Fernanda M. Bastos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Te%C3%B3genes%20A.%20da%20Silva"> Teógenes A. da Silva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Extrapolation chambers were designed to be used as primary standard dosimeter for measuring absorbed dose in a medium in beta radiation and low energy x-rays. The International Organization for Standardization established series of reference x-radiation for calibrating and determining the energy dependence of dosimeters that are to be reproduced in metrology laboratories. Standardization of the low energy x-ray beams with tube potential lower than 30 kV may be affected by the instrument used for dosimetry. In this work, parameters of a 23392 model PTW extrapolation chamber were determined aiming its use in low energy x-ray beams as a reference instrument. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrapolation%20chamber" title="extrapolation chamber">extrapolation chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20energy%20x-rays" title=" low energy x-rays"> low energy x-rays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=x-ray%20dosimetry" title=" x-ray dosimetry"> x-ray dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray%20metrology" title=" X-ray metrology"> X-ray metrology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54330/characterization-of-an-extrapolation-chamber-for-dosimetry-of-low-energy-x-ray-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">198</span> European Standardization in Nanotechnologies and Relation with International Work: The Standardization Can Help Industry and Regulators in Developing Safe Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrice%20Conner">Patrice Conner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanotechnologies have enormous potential to contribute to human flourishing in responsible and sustainable ways. They are rapidly developing field of science, technology and innovation. As enabling technologies, their full scope of applications is potentially very wide. Major implications are expected in many areas, e.g. healthcare, information and communication technologies, energy production and storage, materials science/chemical engineering, manufacturing, environmental protection, consumer products, etc. However, nanotechnologies are unlikely to realize their full potential unless their associated societal and ethical issues are adequately attended. Namely nanotechnologies and nanoparticles may expose humans and the environment to new health risks, possibly involving quite different mechanisms of interference with the physiology of human and environmental species. One of the building blocks of the ‘safe, integrated and responsible’ approach is standardization. Both the Economic and Social Committee and the European Parliament have highlighted the importance to be attached to standardization as a means to accompany the introduction on the market of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials, and a means to facilitate the implementation of regulation. ISO and CEN have respectively started in 2005 and 2006 to deal with selected topics related to this emerging and enabling technology. In the beginning of 2010, EC DG ‘Enterprise and Industry’ addressed the mandate M/461 to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for standardization activities regarding nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. Thus CEN/TC 352 ‘Nanotechnologies’ has been asked to take the leadership for the coordination in the execution of M/461 (46 topics to be standardized) and to contact relevant European and International Technical committees and interested stakeholders as appropriate (56 structures have been identified). Prior requests from M/461 deal with characterization and exposure of nanomaterials and any matters related to Health, Safety and Environment. Answers will be given to: - What are the structures and how they work? - Where are we right now and how work is going from now onwards? - How CEN’s work and targets deal with and interact with global matters in this field? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title="characterization">characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20protection" title=" environmental protection"> environmental protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure" title=" exposure"> exposure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20risks" title=" health risks"> health risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotechnologies" title=" nanotechnologies"> nanotechnologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsible%20and%20sustainable%20ways" title=" responsible and sustainable ways"> responsible and sustainable ways</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56543/european-standardization-in-nanotechnologies-and-relation-with-international-work-the-standardization-can-help-industry-and-regulators-in-developing-safe-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">197</span> Towards a Standardization in Scheduling Models: Assessing the Variety of Homonyms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcel%20Rojahn">Marcel Rojahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edzard%20Weber"> Edzard Weber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norbert%20Gronau"> Norbert Gronau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Terminology is a critical instrument for each researcher. Different terminologies for the same research object may arise in different research communities. By this inconsistency, many synergistic effects get lost. Theories and models will be more understandable and reusable if a common terminology is applied. This paper examines the terminological (in) consistency for the research field of job-shop scheduling through a literature review. There is an enormous variety in the choice of terms and mathematical notation for the same concept. The comparability, reusability, and combinability of scheduling methods are unnecessarily hampered by the arbitrary use of homonyms and synonyms. The acceptance in the community of used variables and notation forms is shown by means of a compliance quotient. This is proven by the evaluation of 240 scientific publications on planning methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job-shop%20scheduling" title="job-shop scheduling">job-shop scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terminology" title=" terminology"> terminology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=notation" title=" notation"> notation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150516/towards-a-standardization-in-scheduling-models-assessing-the-variety-of-homonyms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">196</span> Impact of Mass Customization for 3D Geographic Information Systems under Turbulent Environments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdo%20Shabah">Abdo Shabah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mass customization aims to produce customized goods (allowing economies of scope) at lower cost (to achieve economies of scale) using multiple strategies (modularization and postponement). Through a simulation experiment of organizations under turbulent environment, we aim to compare standardization and mass customization of services and assess the impact of different forms of mass customization (early and late postponement) on performance, quality and consumer satisfaction, on the use of modular dynamic 3D Geographic Information System. Our hypothesis is that mass customization performs better and achieves better quality in turbulent environment than standardization, but only when using early postponement strategies. Using mixed methods study, we try to confirm our hypothesis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20customization" title="mass customization">mass customization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postponement" title=" postponement"> postponement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experiment" title=" experiment"> experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satisfaction" title=" satisfaction"> satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20GIS" title=" 3D GIS"> 3D GIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24260/impact-of-mass-customization-for-3d-geographic-information-systems-under-turbulent-environments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24260.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">453</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">195</span> Factors of Divergence of Shari’Ah Supervisory Opinions and Its Effects on the Harmonization of Islamic Banking Products and Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dlir%20Abdullah%20Ahmed">Dlir Abdullah Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Overall aims of this study are to investigate the effects of differences of opinions among Shari’ah supervisory bodies on standardization and internationalization of Islamic banking products and services. The study has used semi-structured in-depth interview where five respondents from both the Middle East and Malaysia Shari’ah advisors participated in the interview sessions. The data were analyzed by both manual and software techniques. The findings reveal that indeed there are differences of opinions among Shari’ah advisors in different jurisdictions. These differences are due to differences in educational background, schools of thoughts, environment in which they operate, and legal requirements. Moreover, the findings also reveal that these differences in opinions among Shari’ah bodies create confusions among public and bankers, and negatively affect standardization of Islamic banking transactions. In addition, the study has explored the possibility to develop Islamic-based products. However, the finding shows that it is difficult for the industry to have Islamic-based products due to high competition from conventional counterpart, legal constraints and moral hazard. Furthermore, the findings indicate that lack of political will and unity, lack of technology are the main constraints to internationalization of Islamic banking products. Last but not least, the study found that there are possibility of convergence of opinions, standardization of Islamic banking products and services if there are unified international Shari’ah h advisory council, international basic requirements for Islamic Shari’ah h advisors, and increase training and educations of Islamic bankers. This study has several implications to the bankers, policymakers and researchers. The policymakers should be able to resolve their political differences and set up unified international advisory council and international research and development center. The bankers should increase training and educations of the workforce as well improve on their banking infrastructure to facility cross-border transactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shari%E2%80%99ah%20h%20views" title="Shari’ah h views">Shari’ah h views</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title=" Islamic banking"> Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=products%20%26%20services" title=" products & services"> products & services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization." title=" standardization."> standardization.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168157/factors-of-divergence-of-shariah-supervisory-opinions-and-its-effects-on-the-harmonization-of-islamic-banking-products-and-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">194</span> Defining Polysubstance Use in Adolescents: A Literary Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cailyn%20Green">Cailyn Green</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research investigated the lack of standardization that exists in the field of polysubstance use. This standardization has to do with a uniform way of defining when and if polysubstance is taking place. This research is important to the field of substance abuse as it makes future researchers aware of this lack of uniformity in a commonly used word in the field. By investigating, we make researchers aware of these discrepancies to encourage a uniform definition to be created and used. The methodology for this research was a literary review. This literature review consisted of four peer-reviewed and published journal articles in four different journals. These articles focused on adolescents and their polysubstance use. The research question asked what time frame was used to determine if a client's substance use can be classified as polysubstance use when they reported using two or more substances. The results identify that there is no uniform working definition of the time frame for polysubstance to take place. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addiction" title="addiction">addiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescence" title=" adolescence"> adolescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literary%20review" title=" literary review"> literary review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polysubstance" title=" polysubstance"> polysubstance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159954/defining-polysubstance-use-in-adolescents-a-literary-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">193</span> Development of a Standardization Methodology Assessing the Comfort Performance for Hanok</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mi-Hyang%20Lee">Mi-Hyang Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Hoon%20Han"> Seung-Hoon Han</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Korean traditional residences have been built with deep design issues for various values such as social, cultural, and environmental influences to be started from a few thousand years ago, but its meaning is being vanished due to the different lifestyles these days. It is necessary, therefore, to grasp the meaning of the Korea traditional building called Hanok and to get Korean people understand its real advantages. The purpose of this study is to propose a standardization methodology for evaluating comfort features towards Korean traditional houses. This paper is also trying to build an official standard evaluation system and to integrate aesthetic and psychological values induced from Hanok. Its comfort performance values could be divided into two large categories that are physical and psychological, and fourteen methods have been defined as the Korean Standards (KS). For this research, field survey data from representative Hanok types were collected for each method. This study also contains a qualitative in-depth analysis of the Hanok comfort index by the professions using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and has examined the effect of the methods. As a result, this paper could define what methods can provide trustful outcomes and how to evaluate the own strengths in aspects of spatial comfort of Hanok using suggested procedures towards the spatial configuration of the traditional dwellings. This study has finally proposed an integrated development of a standardization methodology assessing the comfort performance for Korean traditional residences, and it is expected that they could evaluate inhabitants of the residents and interior environmental conditions especially structured by wood materials like Hanok. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanok" title="Hanok">Hanok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comfort%20performance" title=" comfort performance"> comfort performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20condition" title=" human condition"> human condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20hierarchy%20process" title=" analytical hierarchy process"> analytical hierarchy process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92152/development-of-a-standardization-methodology-assessing-the-comfort-performance-for-hanok" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">192</span> Need for Standardization of Manual Inspection in Small and Medium-Scale Manufacturing Industries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adithya%20Nadig">Adithya Nadig</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the field of production, characterization of surface roughness plays a vital role in assessing the quality of a manufactured product. The defined parameters for this assessment, each, have their own drawbacks in describing a profile surface. From the purview of small-scale and medium-scale industries, an increase in time spent for manual inspection of a product for various parameters adds to the cost of the product. In order to reduce this, a uniform and established standard is necessary for quantifying a profile of a manufactured product. The inspection procedure in the small and medium-scale manufacturing units at Jigani Industrial area, Bangalore, was observed. The parameters currently in use in those industries are described in the paper and a change in the inspection method is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency%20of%20quality%20assessment" title="efficiency of quality assessment">efficiency of quality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20areal%20profiling%20technique" title=" manual areal profiling technique"> manual areal profiling technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing%20in%20small%20and%20medium-scale%20industries%20product-oriented%20inspection" title=" manufacturing in small and medium-scale industries product-oriented inspection"> manufacturing in small and medium-scale industries product-oriented inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization%20of%20manual%20inspection" title=" standardization of manual inspection"> standardization of manual inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness%20characterization" title=" surface roughness characterization"> surface roughness characterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16525/need-for-standardization-of-manual-inspection-in-small-and-medium-scale-manufacturing-industries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">191</span> Knowledge Based Automated Software Engineering Platform Used for the Development of Bulgarian E-Customs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Stanev">Ivan Stanev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Koleva"> Maria Koleva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Described are challenges to the Bulgarian e-Customs (BeC) related to low level of interoperability and standardization, inefficient use of available infrastructure, lack of centralized identification and authorization, extremely low level of software process automation, and insufficient quality of data stored in official registers. The technical requirements for BeC are prepared with a focus on domain independent common platform, specialized customs and excise components, high scalability, flexibility, and reusability. The Knowledge Based Automated Software Engineering (KBASE) Common Platform for Automated Programming (CPAP) is selected as an instrument covering BeC requirements for standardization, programming automation, knowledge interpretation and cloud computing. BeC stage 3 results are presented and analyzed. BeC.S3 development trends are identified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20oriented%20architecture" title="service oriented architecture">service oriented architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20based%20automated%20software%20engineering" title=" knowledge based automated software engineering"> knowledge based automated software engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20platform%20for%20automated%20programming" title=" common platform for automated programming"> common platform for automated programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-customs" title=" e-customs"> e-customs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83167/knowledge-based-automated-software-engineering-platform-used-for-the-development-of-bulgarian-e-customs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">190</span> The First Step to Standardization of Iranian Buffalo Milk: Physicochemical Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farnoosh%20Attar">Farnoosh Attar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, buffalo’s milk due to has highly nutritional properties, has a special place among consumers and its application for the production of dairy products due to the high technological properties is increasing day by day. In the present study, the physicochemical characteristics of Iranian buffalo’s milk were compared with cow's milk. According to chemical analysis, the amount of fat, protein, and total solid was higher in buffalo milk than cow's milk (respectively, 8.2%, 4.73%, and 15.92% compared with 3.5%, 3.25%, and 12.5%). Also, the percentage of cholesterol buffalo’s milk was less than in cow's milk. In contrast, no significant difference between the pH, acidity, and specific gravity was observed. The size of buffalo milk fat globules was larger than cow's milk. In addition, the profile of buffalo free fatty acids milk showed the relatively high distribution of long chain saturated fatty acids. The presence of four major bands related to αs casein, β casein, β-lactoglobulin, and α-lactalbumin with quite higher intensity than cow’s milk was also observed. The results obtained will provide a reference investigation to improve the developing of buffalo milk standard. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buffalo%20milk" title="buffalo milk">buffalo milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical%20characterization" title=" physicochemical characterization"> physicochemical characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20products" title=" dairy products"> dairy products</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23975/the-first-step-to-standardization-of-iranian-buffalo-milk-physicochemical-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23975.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">189</span> Industrial Ecology Perspectives of Food Supply Chains: A Framework of Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luciano%20Batista">Luciano Batista</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvia%20Saes"> Sylvia Saes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuno%20Fouto"> Nuno Fouto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liam%20Fassam"> Liam Fassam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces the theoretical and methodological basis of an analytical framework conceived with the purpose of bringing industrial ecology perspectives into the core of the underlying disciplines supporting analyses in studies concerned with environmental sustainability aspects beyond the product cycle in a supply chain. Given the pressing challenges faced by the food sector, the framework focuses upon waste minimization through industrial linkages in food supply chains. The combination of industrial ecology practice with basic LCA elements, the waste hierarchy model, and the spatial scale of industrial symbiosis allows the standardization of qualitative analyses and associated outcomes. Such standardization enables comparative analysis not only between different stages of a supply chain, but also between different supply chains. The analytical approach proposed contributes more coherently to the wider circular economy aspiration of optimizing the flow of goods to get the most out of raw materials and cuts wastes to a minimum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=by-product%20synergy" title="by-product synergy">by-product synergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20supply%20chain" title=" food supply chain"> food supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20ecology" title=" industrial ecology"> industrial ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20symbiosis" title=" industrial symbiosis"> industrial symbiosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20036/industrial-ecology-perspectives-of-food-supply-chains-a-framework-of-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20036.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">188</span> Establishment of Standardized Bill of Material for Korean Urban Rail Transit System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20E.%20Jung">J. E. Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Yang"> J. M. Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20W.%20Kim"> J. W. Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The railway market across the world has been standardized with the globalization strategy of Europe. On the other hand, the Korean urban railway system is operated by 10 operators which have established their standards and independently managed BOMs. When operators manage different BOMs, lack of system compatibility prevents them from sharing information and hinders work linkage and efficiency. Europe launched a large-scale railway project in 1993 when the European Union went into effect. In particular, the recent standardization efforts of the EU-funded MODTRAIN project are similar to the approach of the urban rail system standardization research that is underway in Korea. This paper looks into the BOMs of Koran urban rail transit operators and suggests the standard BOM for the rail transit system in Korea by reviewing rail vehicle technologies and the MODTRAIN project of Europe. The standard BOM is structured up to the key device level or module level, and it allows vehicle manufacturers and component manufacturers to manage their lower-level BOMs and share them with each other and with operators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BOM" title="BOM">BOM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korean%20rail" title=" Korean rail"> Korean rail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20rail" title=" urban rail"> urban rail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardized" title=" standardized"> standardized</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67065/establishment-of-standardized-bill-of-material-for-korean-urban-rail-transit-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">187</span> Evaluating the Performance of Existing Full-Reference Quality Metrics on High Dynamic Range (HDR) Video Content</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Azimi">Maryam Azimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Banitalebi-Dehkordi"> Amin Banitalebi-Dehkordi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuanyuan%20Dong"> Yuanyuan Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20T.%20Pourazad"> Mahsa T. Pourazad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panos%20Nasiopoulos"> Panos Nasiopoulos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While there exists a wide variety of Low Dynamic Range (LDR) quality metrics, only a limited number of metrics are designed specifically for the High Dynamic Range (HDR) content. With the introduction of HDR video compression standardization effort by international standardization bodies, the need for an efficient video quality metric for HDR applications has become more pronounced. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of the existing full-reference LDR and HDR video quality metrics on HDR content and identify the most effective one for HDR applications. To this end, a new HDR video data set is created, which consists of representative indoor and outdoor video sequences with different brightness, motion levels and different representing types of distortions. The quality of each distorted video in this data set is evaluated both subjectively and objectively. The correlation between the subjective and objective results confirm that VIF quality metric outperforms all to their tested metrics in the presence of the tested types of distortions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HDR" title="HDR">HDR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20range" title=" dynamic range"> dynamic range</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LDR" title=" LDR"> LDR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subjective%20evaluation" title=" subjective evaluation"> subjective evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20compression" title=" video compression"> video compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HEVC" title=" HEVC"> HEVC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20quality%20metrics" title=" video quality metrics"> video quality metrics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18171/evaluating-the-performance-of-existing-full-reference-quality-metrics-on-high-dynamic-range-hdr-video-content" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18171.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">186</span> Objectives of the Standardization of Technical Terminology Nowadays in Albanian</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gani%20Pllana">Gani Pllana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the conditions of the rapid development of technics and technology in recent years, the cooperation of the scientific-technical language with the standard Albanian language is continuing with a higher intensity than before. We notice a vigor of enrichment in the vocabulary of technical terminology, due to the birth and formation of new fields and subfields of technics, technology, as computing, mechatronics, telemetry, a multitude of concepts many of which, on the one hand, are marked with names of the languages they come from, mainly from English, but on the other hand, they meet their needs with the lexical mother tongue composition (by common words being raised to terms) and with the activation of other layers, such as compound word terms. Thus, for example, in the field of computing, we notice in it the inclusion of the ordinary vocabulary for reproductive reasons, like mi, dritare, flamur, adresë, skedar (Engl: mouse, window, flag, address, file), and along with them, the compound word terms, serving to differentiate relevant concepts, like, adresë e hiperlidhjes, adresë e uebit, adresë relative, adresë virtuale (Engl. address hyperlink, web address, relative address, virtual address) etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20words" title="common words">common words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Albanian%20language" title=" Albanian language"> Albanian language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20terminology" title=" technical terminology"> technical terminology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73214/objectives-of-the-standardization-of-technical-terminology-nowadays-in-albanian" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">185</span> Relationship between Quality Improvement Strategies on the Basis of Different Management Activities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manjinder%20Singh">Manjinder Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anish%20Sachdeva"> Anish Sachdeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research on total quality management (TQM), total productive maintenance (TPM), international organization for standardization (ISO) and six sigma generally investigate the implementation and impact of these programs in isolation. However, none of these quality improvement programs is self-sufficient and they may not be powerful enough to deliver the improvements and innovations that are required nowadays to ensure the survival and growth of a firm. They are not mutually exclusive and inconsistent. On the contrary, they need complementary support and may reinforce mutually to make use of their complementarity, inducement of side-effects in favor of other quality improvement program, mutual simulation and exploitation of shared values. In this paper, first of all, the various management activities were identified which are normally under focus when any quality improvement program is implemented in any organization. Then TOPSIS methodology was applied to establish the ranking of various quality improvement programs (total quality management, total productive maintenance, ISO and six sigma which were brought to the corporate boardroom to improve the quality) with respect to different management activities (operations related activities, quality related activities, maintenance related activities, organizational related activities, human related activities and finance related activities). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20productive%20maintenance%20%28TPM%29" title="total productive maintenance (TPM)">total productive maintenance (TPM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20quality%20management%20%28TQM%29" title=" total quality management (TQM)"> total quality management (TQM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TOPSIS" title=" TOPSIS"> TOPSIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20organization%20for%20standardization%20%28ISO%29" title=" international organization for standardization (ISO)"> international organization for standardization (ISO)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11744/relationship-between-quality-improvement-strategies-on-the-basis-of-different-management-activities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">184</span> Introduction of Knowledge Management in a Public Sector Organization in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siddharth%20Vashisth">Siddharth Vashisth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varun%20Mathur"> Varun Mathur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This review provides an overview of the impact that implementation of various Knowledge Management (KM) strategies has had on the growth of a department in a Public Sector Company in India. In a regulated utility controlled by the government, the growth of an organization such as Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) had depended largely on the efficiencies of the systems and its people. However, subsequent to the de-regularization & to the entry of the private competition, the need for a ‘systematic templating’ of knowledge was recognized. This necessitated the introduction of Knowledge Management Centre (KMC). Projects & Pipelines Department (P&P) of HPCL introduced KMC that contributed significantly towards KM by adopting various strategies such as standardization, leveraging information system, competency enhancement, and improvements & innovations. These strategies gave both tangible as well as intangible benefits towards KM. Knowledge, technology & people are the three pillars that need to be catered for effective knowledge management in any organization. In HPCL, the initiative of KMC has served as an intermediary between these three major pillars as each activity of the strategy was centered on them and contributed significantly to their growth and up-gradation, ensuring overall growth of KM in the department. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title="knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20sector%20organization" title=" public sector organization"> public sector organization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=people" title=" people"> people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skill" title=" skill"> skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20system" title=" information system"> information system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competency" title=" competency"> competency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact" title=" impact"> impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35421/introduction-of-knowledge-management-in-a-public-sector-organization-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">183</span> Factors Affecting the Results of in vitro Gas Production Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Kahraman">O. Kahraman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Alatas"> M. S. Alatas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20B.%20Citil"> O. B. Citil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In determination of values of feeds which, are used in ruminant nutrition, different methods are used like in vivo, in vitro, in situ or in sacco. Generally, the most reliable results are taken from the in vivo studies. But because of the disadvantages like being hard, laborious and expensive, time consuming, being hard to keep the experiment conditions under control and too much samples are needed, the in vitro techniques are more preferred. The most widely used in vitro techniques are two-staged digestion technique and gas production technique. In vitro gas production technique is based on the measurement of the CO2 which is released as a result of microbial fermentation of the feeds. In this review, the factors affecting the results obtained from in vitro gas production technique (Hohenheim Feed Test) were discussed. Some factors must be taken into consideration when interpreting the findings obtained in these studies and also comparing the findings reported by different researchers for the same feeds. These factors were discussed in 3 groups: factors related to animal, factors related to feeds and factors related with differences in the application of method. These factors and their effects on the results were explained. Also it can be concluded that the use of in vitro gas production technique in feed evaluation routinely can be contributed to the comprehensive feed evaluation, but standardization is needed in this technique to attain more reliable results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20production%20technique" title=" gas production technique"> gas production technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hohenheim%20feed%20test" title=" Hohenheim feed test"> Hohenheim feed test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26010/factors-affecting-the-results-of-in-vitro-gas-production-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">599</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">182</span> Standardization of Solar Water Pumping System for Remote Areas in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danar%20Agus%20Susanto">Danar Agus Susanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hermawan%20Febriansyah"> Hermawan Febriansyah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meilinda%20Ayundyahrini"> Meilinda Ayundyahrini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The availability of spring water to meet people demand is often a problem, especially in tropical areas with very limited surface water sources, or very deep underground water. Although the technology and equipment of pumping system are available and easy to obtain, but in remote areas, the availability of pumping system is difficult, due to the unavailability of fuel or the lack of electricity. Solar Water Pumping System (SWPS) became one of the alternatives that can overcome these obstacles. In the tropical country, sunlight can be obtained throughout the year, even in remote areas. SWPS were already widely built in Indonesia, but many encounter problems during operations, such as decreased of efficiency; pump damaged, damaged of controllers or inverters, and inappropriate photovoltaic performance. In 2011, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) issued the IEC standard 62253:2011 titled Photovoltaic pumping systems - Design qualification and performance measurements. This standard establishes design qualifications and performance measurements related to the product of a solar water pumping system. National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN) as the national standardization body in Indonesia, has not set the standard related to solar water pumping system. This research to study operational procedures of SWPS by adopting of IEC Standard 62253:2011 to be Indonesia Standard (SNI). This research used literature study and field observation for installed SWPS in Indonesia. Based on the results of research on SWPS already installed in Indonesia, IEC 62253: 2011 standard can improve efficiency and reduce operational failure of SWPS. SWPS installed in Indonesia still has GAP of 51% against parameters in IEC standard 62253: 2011. The biggest factor not being met is related to operating and maintenance handbooks for personnel that included operation and repair procedures. This may result in operator ignorance in installing, operating and maintaining the system. The Photovoltaic (PV) was also the most non-compliance factor of 71%, although there are 22 Indonesia Standard (SNI) for PV (modules, installation, testing, and construction). These research samples (installers, manufacturers/distributors, and experts) agreed on the parameter in the IEC standard 62253: 2011 able to improve the quality of SWPS in Indonesia. Recommendations of this study, that is required the adoption of IEC standard 62253:2011 into SNI to support the development of SWPS for remote areas in Indonesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title="efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inappropriate%20installation" title=" inappropriate installation"> inappropriate installation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20areas" title=" remote areas"> remote areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20water%20pumping%20system" title=" solar water pumping system"> solar water pumping system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard" title=" standard"> standard</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90760/standardization-of-solar-water-pumping-system-for-remote-areas-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">181</span> A Unified Webcam Proctoring Solution on Edge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saw%20Thiha">Saw Thiha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jay%20Rajasekera"> Jay Rajasekera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A boom in video conferencing generated millions of hours of video data daily to be analyzed. However, such enormous data pose certain scalability issues to be analyzed efficiently, let alone do it in real-time, as online conferences can involve hundreds of people and can last for hours. This paper proposes an efficient online proctoring solution that can analyze the online conferences real-time on edge devices such as Android, iOS, and desktops. Since the computation can be done upfront on the devices where online conferences take place, it can scale well without requiring intensive resources such as GPU servers and complex cloud infrastructure. According to the linear models, face orientation does indeed impact the perceived eye openness. Also, the proposed z score facial landmark standardization was proven to be functional in detecting face orientation and contributed to classifying eye blinks with single eyelid distance computation while achieving a better f1 score and accuracy than the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) threshold method. Last but not least, the authors implemented the solution natively in the MediaPipe framework and open-sourced it along with the reproducible experimental results on GitHub. The solution provides face orientation, eye blink, facial activity, and translation detections out of the box and is highly customizable and extensible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=android" title="android">android</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desktop" title=" desktop"> desktop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20computing" title=" edge computing"> edge computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blink" title=" blink"> blink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=face%20orientation" title=" face orientation"> face orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facial%20activity%20and%20translation" title=" facial activity and translation"> facial activity and translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MediaPipe" title=" MediaPipe"> MediaPipe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20source" title=" open source"> open source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time" title=" real-time"> real-time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20conference" title=" video conference"> video conference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web" title=" web"> web</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iOS" title=" iOS"> iOS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z%20score%20facial%20landmark%20standardization" title=" Z score facial landmark standardization"> Z score facial landmark standardization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155052/a-unified-webcam-proctoring-solution-on-edge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">180</span> Design of a New Architecture of IDS Called BiIDS (IDS Based on Two Principles of Detection)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Farhaoui">Yousef Farhaoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An IDS is a tool which is used to improve the level of security.In this paper we present different architectures of IDS. We will also discuss measures that define the effectiveness of IDS and the very recent works of standardization and homogenization of IDS. At the end, we propose a new model of IDS called BiIDS (IDS Based on the two principles of detection). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrusion%20detection" title="intrusion detection">intrusion detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectures" title=" architectures"> architectures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic" title=" characteristic"> characteristic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tools" title=" tools"> tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12298/design-of-a-new-architecture-of-ids-called-biids-ids-based-on-two-principles-of-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12298.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">179</span> Development and Optimization of German Diagnostical Tests in Mathematics for Vocational Training</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Thiele">J. Thiele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Teachers working at vocational Colleges are often confronted with the problem, that many students graduated from different schools and therefore each had a different education. Especially in mathematics many students lack fundamentals or had different priorities at their previous schools. Furthermore, these vocational Colleges have to provide Graduations for many different working-fields, with different core themes. The Colleges are interested in measuring the different Education levels of their students and providing assistance for those who need to catch up. The Project mathe-meistern was initiated to remedy this problem at vocational Colleges. For this purpose, online-tests were developed. The aim of these tests is to evaluate basic mathematical abilities of the students. The tests are online Multiple-Choice-Tests with a total of 65 Items. They are accessed online with a unique Transaction-Number (TAN) for each participant. The content is divided in several Categories (Arithmetic, Algebra, Fractions, Geometry, etc.). After each test, the student gets a personalized summary depicting their strengths and weaknesses in mathematical Basics. Teachers can visit a special website to examine the results of their classes or single students. In total 5830 students did participate so far. For standardization and optimization purposes the tests are being evaluated, using the classic and probabilistic Test-Theory regarding Objectivity, Reliability and Validity, annually since 2015. This Paper is about the Optimization process considering the Rasch-scaling and Standardization of the tests. Additionally, current results using standardized tests will be discussed. To achieve this Competence levels and Types of errors of students attending vocational Colleges in Nordrheinwestfalen, Germany, were determined, using descriptive Data and Distractorevaluations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnostical%20tests%20in%20mathematics" title="diagnostical tests in mathematics">diagnostical tests in mathematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distractor%20devaluation" title=" distractor devaluation"> distractor devaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test-optimization" title=" test-optimization"> test-optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test-theory" title=" test-theory"> test-theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97362/development-and-optimization-of-german-diagnostical-tests-in-mathematics-for-vocational-training" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">178</span> Evaluation of Liquid Fermentation Strategies to Obtain a Biofertilizer Based on Rhizobium sp.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Diaz%20Garcia">Andres Diaz Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Maria%20Ceballos%20Rojas"> Ana Maria Ceballos Rojas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duvan%20Albeiro%20Millan%20Montano"> Duvan Albeiro Millan Montano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the initial technological development stages in the area of liquid fermentation required to reach the quantities of biomass of the biofertilizer microorganism Rhizobium sp. strain B02, for the application of the unitary stages downstream at laboratory scale. In the first stage, the adjustment and standardization of the fermentation process in conventional batch mode were carried out. In the second stage, various fed-batch and continuous fermentation strategies were evaluated in 10L-bioreactor in order to optimize the yields in concentration (Colony Forming Units/ml•h) and biomass (g/l•h), to make feasible the application of unit operations downstream of process. The growth kinetics, the evolution of dissolved oxygen and the pH profile generated in each of the strategies were monitored and used to make sequential adjustments. Once the fermentation was finished, the final concentration and viability of the obtained biomass were determined and performance parameters were calculated with the purpose of select the optimal operating conditions that significantly improved the baseline results. Under the conditions adjusted and standardized in batch mode, concentrations of 6.67E9 CFU/ml were reached after 27 hours of fermentation and a subsequent noticeable decrease was observed associated with a basification of the culture medium. By applying fed-batch and continuous strategies, significant increases in yields were achieved, but with similar concentration levels, which involved the design of several production scenarios based on the availability of equipment usage time and volume of required batch. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofertilizer" title="biofertilizer">biofertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fermentation" title=" liquid fermentation"> liquid fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhizobium%20sp." title=" Rhizobium sp."> Rhizobium sp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization%20of%20processes" title=" standardization of processes"> standardization of processes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100703/evaluation-of-liquid-fermentation-strategies-to-obtain-a-biofertilizer-based-on-rhizobium-sp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100703.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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