CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of Caribbean membranophones - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"99d77d1d-ba72-4094-a9eb-86295a2f0257","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_Caribbean_membranophones","wgTitle":"List of Caribbean membranophones","wgCurRevisionId":1281351705,"wgRevisionId":1281351705,"wgArticleId":9084171,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured lists","Caribbean musical instruments","Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments","Drums","Lists of percussion instruments"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_Caribbean_membranophones","wgRelevantArticleId":9084171,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Toombah","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6566142","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Congas.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1139"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Congas.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="759"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="607"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of Caribbean membranophones - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_Caribbean_membranophones rootpage-List_of_Caribbean_membranophones skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+Caribbean+membranophones" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+Caribbean+membranophones" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+Caribbean+membranophones" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+Caribbean+membranophones" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Caribbean membranophones</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > Add languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6566142#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_Caribbean_membranophones" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&oldid=1281351705" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&id=1281351705&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_Caribbean_membranophones">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_Caribbean_membranophones">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6566142" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists" title="This is a featured list. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a featured list. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toombah&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Toombah">Toombah</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Woowoo" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Woo_Woo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Woo Woo (disambiguation)">Woo Woo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Congas.JPG/200px-Congas.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Congas.JPG/300px-Congas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Congas.JPG/400px-Congas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a> drums are a common part of Caribbean music across much of the areas</figcaption></figure> This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">membranophones</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean music</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Music area">area</a>, including the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, as well as the musics of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> , and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. It only includes membranophones that are indigenous to the local music area or are a vital and long-standing part of local culture. It does not include membranophones that are, for example, a part of Western style orchestras, nor does it include <a href="/wiki/Trap_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap set">trap sets</a> and other common membranophones used in popular music recordings of many genres across the world. Almost all membranophones are <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornbostel-Sachs">Hornbostel-Sachs</a> number is given after each instrument.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Caribbean_instruments30" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF8DC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_Caribbean_instruments" title="Template:Lists of Caribbean instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_Caribbean_instruments" title="Template talk:Lists of Caribbean instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_Caribbean_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of Caribbean instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Caribbean_instruments30" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of Caribbean instruments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_aerophones" title="List of Caribbean aerophones">Aerophones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_chordophones" title="List of Caribbean chordophones">Chordophones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_idiophones" title="List of Caribbean idiophones">Idiophones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Membranophones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Instrument </th> <th width="*">Tradition </th> <th width="*">Hornbostel–Sachs classification </th> <th width="*">Description </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">agbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See chekere </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>agida<a href="#cite_note-Suriname-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agida-5">[5]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>211.212 </td> <td>Afro-Surinamese <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> that sets a steady beat for folk music, played with a stick, of the set with apinti and tumao, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin, used in spiritual ceremonies, where it is associated with snake spirits </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">akete </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kété </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">alcagüete </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See alcahuete </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>alcahuete<a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanMusic-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a> alcagüete </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.211.2-7 </td> <td>One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">amelé </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See okónkolo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>apinti<a href="#cite_note-Suriname-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agida-5">[5]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Principal Afro-Surinamese drum of the set with agida and tumao, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> drum, decorated with carvings, and used for communication by Surinamese slaves and for religious purposes in connection with sky and ancestor spirits, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>arobapá<a href="#cite_note-Abakua-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> endóga </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.21-814 </td> <td>Drum used in Afro-Cuban <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a> societies, small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the kuchiyeremá and biapá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>assotor<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>5-to-6-foot-tall (1.5 to 1.8 m) cylindrical drum with three windows near the base so the drummer (or pair of drummers) can play it easily, decorated with brightly colored kerchiefs (foulas) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">atabales </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See palos </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>baboula<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grenada-12">[12]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a> </td> <td>211.221.1 </td> <td>Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, smaller partner of the tambou, used in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belair_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belair (dance) (page does not exist)">belair</a> dance </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>balaban<a href="#cite_note-Montserrat-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AfricanMontserrat-14">[14]</a> jumbie drum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a> </td> <td>211.311 </td> <td>Small goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used to attract spirits for the <a href="/wiki/Jumbie_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumbie dance">jumbie dance</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>balsié<a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Small double-headed drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">merengue</a> only in the south of the country </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bamboula<a href="#cite_note-GarlandVirginIslands-16">[16]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Played by two drummers, one using two sticks and the other hands and feet, used in dance genre of the same name (<a href="/wiki/Bamboula" title="Bamboula">bamboula</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bandu </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kbandu </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bari<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewGroveAatDA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandAruba-19">[19]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">Bonaire and Curaçao</a> </td> <td>211.22 </td> <td>Single-headed, made from a wooden barrel, often from the <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> industry, with a skin frame, played two-handed </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>barrel drum<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.222.2-7 </td> <td>Barrel drum variant of a <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá">batá</a> drum, often with the system of lacing replaced by nailing the heads to the drum, most common in <a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Province" title="Matanzas Province">Matanzas Province</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>barriles<a href="#cite_note-NationalGeo-20">[20]</a> buleador, primo, repicador, subidor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barrel_drum" title="Barrel drum">Barrel drums</a>, covered with lightly stretched skins, consists of large buleador drums and smaller subidor drums, used in <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bas a dé fas, tambou<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">[21]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Bass drum, double-headed, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas Byé Fò </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bas a yon fas, tambou<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.221-7 </td> <td>Bass barrel drum, one-headed, laced, and played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Sen Jan </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bas, tambou di<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartinicanCreole-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guilbault-25">[25]</a> boula, tambou dibass, tambou dibas, tambou bas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.311 </td> <td>Small frame drum played with both striking and rubbing, used in indoor music, and <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrilles</a>, ladja and <a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">gwo ka</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil music">Tamil music</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbean">Indo-Caribbean</a> Martinique </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bas, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See foulé, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bas, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bas, tambou di </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bas, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bas a yon fas, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">base, tambou di </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bas, tambou di </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandAntigua-26">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Bass drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bass drum<a href="#cite_note-GarlandBarbados-27">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Double-headed drum that keeps the ground rhythm and is slung across the drummers' shoulder, used in <a href="/wiki/Tuk_band" title="Tuk band">tuk bands</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bass drum<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">[11]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Double-headed bass drum, played with a hard stick in one hand for the lower head, and a soft mallet in the other hand for the upper head, used to accompany <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrilles</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bass drum<a href="#cite_note-Gleaner-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanReligion-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Backbone-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamaicanMusic-32">[32]</a> repeater (Maroon only) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Double-headed <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, carried with a strap and leader of marching bands, played with a covered stick in <a href="/wiki/Mansions_of_Rastafari#Nyahbinghi_music" title="Mansions of Rastafari">Nyabinghi</a> ceremonies, used in <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rastafarian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian music">Rastafarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroon</a> music </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bass tumbadora<a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> true conga </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22.2 </td> <td>Largest barrel-shaped hand drum of the tumbadora family </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>basse<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.311 </td> <td>Goatskin-headed <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>, used in secular music </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá drums">batá drums</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bata-34">[34]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.26-813 </td> <td>Family of three drums: iyá, itótele and okónkolo, used in <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Lucumi</a> religious rites, all goblet-shaped and with two goatskin heads called tcha-tchás, sometimes with a nut inside (coco-Africano), both for aural and spiritual reasons </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>batta<a href="#cite_note-AfroGuyana-35">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Afro-Guyanese <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, used in folk music traditions </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>baydum <a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indo-Trinidadian</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Double-headed bass drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Muslim_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim music">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a> (Hosein) rituals, now widespread among Afro-Trinidadians and others </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">bélé</a><a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartinicanCreole-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-RGAntilles-37">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a> </td> <td>211.251.2-91(+22) </td> <td>Single-headed, open-bottomed conical drum with a hole in the barrel and a goatskin head, stretched by a rope hoop, wrapped in more rope, used in all African-derived Martinican dances and as a symbol of Afro-Martinican identity, including <a href="/wiki/Tambour_b%C3%A9l%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambour bélé">tambour bélé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calinda" title="Calinda">kalenda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danmy%C3%A9" title="Danmyé">danmyé</a>, also used to synchronize collective labor in northern Martinique, and is a part of most Martinican rural <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work songs</a>, uses a plucking string in the northern region </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tambour_b%C3%A9l%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambour bélé">bélé</a>, tambou<a href="#cite_note-GarlandDominica-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a> </td> <td>211.221.2-86+22 </td> <td>Single-headed barrel drum, covered at one end by goatskin, stretched with rope and pegs, and played barehanded, accompanies <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">bélé</a>, features a plucked strings across the head </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bélé, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See ka </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bemba<a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> bembe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical drums with double skins, smallest of the set with conga and oumalay drums </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bembe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bemba </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bench drum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>biankomeko<a href="#cite_note-Abakua-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Afro-Cuban <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a> drum ensemble, consisting of four drums: bonkó enchemiyá and enkomo: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>biapá<a href="#cite_note-Abakua-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> tétendóga </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.21-814 </td> <td>Small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Drum" title="Big Drum">Big Drum</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Carriacou (Grenada)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Music and dance ritual, which includes drums traditionally made of tree trunks, now often of rum kegs </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bigi doon </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gaan doon </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>biola<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.321 </td> <td>Unstrung <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> with a drumhead attached </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomba_(drum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomba (drum) (page does not exist)">bomba</a><a href="#cite_note-ManuelPuertoRico-41">[41]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td>Barrel-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, used in genre of the same name (<a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bombos<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>European-style bass drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">comparsa</a>, a pre-Easter procession </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">boncó </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bonkó enchemiyá </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">bongo</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-AfroGuyana-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManuelPuertoRico-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManuelCuba-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubaMusic-43">[43]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.211.1 </td> <td>Drums of unequal size played in a pair and held between the knees, originally used in Cuban folk music of various kinds, also used in music of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and across the area, especially <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>bonkó enchemiyá<a href="#cite_note-Abakua-8">[8]</a> bonko enchemi, bonko, boncó </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.21-814 </td> <td>Largest drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the enkomo: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bonko </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bonkó enchemiyá </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bonko enchemi </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bonkó enchemiyá </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">boom </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kettle </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">boom boom </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See keg </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Boula_(music)" title="Boula (music)">boula</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guilbault-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-RGAntilles-37">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td>Single-headed hand drum, similar to tambou bèlè and played transversally and single-handed, produces lower sounds and the basic rhythms of the music, used in <a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">gwo ka</a>, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>boula<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grenada-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">[44]</a> tambou dibas, bulla, bula </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Carriacou</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td>Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; narrower and lower-tuned cousin of the kata, used in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Drum" title="Big Drum">Big Drum</a> tradition, barrel contains a hole on the side, skin is stretched by a hoop wrapped in cloth </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>boula<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> bula </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.221.2-7 </td> <td>Cowskin hand drum, with the head pegged in place around a decorative collar, used in <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">rada</a> along with segon and manman drums </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>boula<a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>211.222-92 </td> <td>Double-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanies <a href="/wiki/Calinda" title="Calinda">kalenda</a> stick fighting </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bula </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See boula (Carriacou, Haiti) </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">bulla </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See boula (Carriacou) </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>buleador<a href="#cite_note-NationalGeo-20">[20]</a> primo, repicador, burlador </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td>Larger, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin stretched using pegs, used in <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">burlador </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See buleador </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>cachimbo<a href="#cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuka-46">[46]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Smallest yuka tubular drum, along with caja and mula </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>caja<a href="#cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuka-46">[46]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Largest yuka tubular drum, along with cachimbo and mula, played by two people, one striking the bass and the other hitting the body with a pair of sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">cast </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See playing cast </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>chan, tambou<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Small and high pitched drums, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Sen Jan </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">circular </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See snare drum (Jamaica) </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Conga_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conga drum">conga</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-RGAntilles-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManuelCuba-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubaMusic-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ripsaw-47">[47]</a> tumbadora, tumba, requinto, quinto, ricardo, niño, supertumba, super quinto, tres golpes, salidor, true conga </td> <td>Originally <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuban</a>, now found throughout the Caribbean, especially <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.221.1-7 </td> <td>Tall, narrow and single-headed barrel drum, open at the bottom, played by congueros, traditionally wood, now often <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, animal-skin heads can be tuned; also used in popular genres from <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ripsaw_music" title="Ripsaw music">ripsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See petwo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>conga<a href="#cite_note-AfroGuyana-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set with bembe and oumalay drums; since introduced to <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>conga<a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical folk drums </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>conguito<a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical folk drums with a low bass tone, smaller version of the conga </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">cot </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kata </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">cotchíerima </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kuchiyeremá </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">cut drum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kata </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>cutter<a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>211.221-92 </td> <td>Single-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanies <a href="/wiki/Calinda" title="Calinda">kalenda</a> stick fighting </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">cutter </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kata </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>débonda, tambou<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartinicanCreole-24">[24]</a> doumbedoum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a> </td> <td>211.222.1 </td> <td>Double-headed barrel drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Chouval_bwa" title="Chouval bwa">chouval bwa</a> and Carnival music </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indo-Caribbean</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Double-headed drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Chutney_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutney (music)">chutney</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">dibas, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bas, tambou di </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">dibass, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bas, tambou di </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">djembe</a><a href="#cite_note-RGAntilles-37">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.261.2 </td> <td>Skin-covered hand drum, goblet-shaped and played bare-handed, used in <a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka_moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwo ka moderne">gwo ka moderne</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">doumbedoum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See dèbonda, tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>dup<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">[11]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td>Bass drum made from a cardboard barrel, used in <a href="/wiki/Parang_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Parang music">parang</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>ekué<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> ecue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>231.13-814 </td> <td>Single-headed three-legged <a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">friction drum</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a> ceremonies, played by rubbing a stick over the membrane, which is attached using wedges whose tightness can be modified </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">enómo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See enkomo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">endóga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See arobapá </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">enko </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See enkomo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>enkomo<a href="#cite_note-Abakua-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> enko, enómo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.21-814 </td> <td>Small cylindrical, or slightly tapered, goatskin-headed drums of the biankomeko ensemble, consisting of three types: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>foulé, tambou<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>211.221.2-92 </td> <td>Large barrel drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles and <a href="/wiki/Kaseko" title="Kaseko">kaseko</a>, plays a basic rhythm accompanied by the tambou koupé, head typically made of goatskin, attached with a vine or iron hoop </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">French drum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See hun </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>French reel<a href="#cite_note-Montserrat-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AfricanMontserrat-14">[14]</a> jumbie drum, woowoo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a> </td> <td>211.311 </td> <td>Goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used to attract spirits for the <a href="/wiki/Jumbie_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumbie dance">jumbie dance</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>funde<a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanReligion-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Backbone-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamaicanCults-51">[51]</a> fundeh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.211.1 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum, one-headed, held between players' legs and performed by tapping with the hand or fingers, originally used in <a href="/wiki/Burru" title="Burru">Burru</a> cult rituals, now also common in <a href="/wiki/Mansions_of_Rastafari#Nyahbinghi_music" title="Mansions of Rastafari">Nyabinghi</a> ceremonies </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>funde<a href="#cite_note-AfroGuyana-35">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>211.21 </td> <td>Afro-Guyanese <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_drum" title="Cylindrical drum">cylindrical drum</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">fundeh </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See funde </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>gaan doon<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Large <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> that leads dances, used by the Alukuó <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>ganbo<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.211.1 </td> <td>Bamboo stomping tubes, sometimes played in groups </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">gombay </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>gombey<a href="#cite_note-Frommers-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roots-53">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Afro-Bermudan drum, related to the Bahamian <a href="/wiki/Goombay" title="Goombay">goombay</a>, used in the genre of the same name (gombey) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>gonde<a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.251.2-7 </td> <td>Cowskin hand drum, played with a hand and a bow, in a set with katabo and tambou manman </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">goombah </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Goombay" title="Goombay">goombay</a><a href="#cite_note-Ripsaw-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a> </td> <td>211.211.2-7 </td> <td>Goatskin-headed drum traditionally made from improvised materials (especially discarded barrels), goatskin is tuned by heating it with a candle and attached with nails, used in the Bahamian genre of the same name (goombay) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">goombay </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">goombey </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>gragé, tambou<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>211.3 </td> <td>Frame drum, used in Creole dance accompaniment for a dance of the same name (gragé) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">groska </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gwo ka </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">gumbay </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gumbe" title="Gumbe">gumbe</a><a href="#cite_note-JamaicanMusic-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glossary-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> gumbay, goombeh, goombah, goombay, gombay, bench drum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.31 </td> <td>Small <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroon</a>-derived goatskin square-framed drum, introduced to <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">gumbay </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See gumbe </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">gwo ka</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-RGAntilles-37">[37]</a> also used synonymously with ka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Family of hand drums, used in <a href="/wiki/Lewoz" title="Lewoz">lewoz</a> and other traditions, as well as <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>harp<a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanReligion-29">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Generic term for drums used in ceremonies called <a href="/wiki/Grounation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grounation">grounations</a>; these include the bass drum, funde and kété </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>hun<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> French drums </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Family of four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, consisting of hugán, xumpé, hun-hogúlo and huní </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>hugán<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> French drum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22-861 </td> <td>Largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with xumpé, hun-hogúlo and huní </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>hun-hogúlo<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> French drum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22-861 </td> <td>Second-smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, xumpé and huní </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>huní<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> French drum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22-861 </td> <td>Smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, xumpé and hun-hogúlo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>ich, tambou<a href="#cite_note-Lucia-57">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Smaller drum used in Kélé rituals, literally child drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">ikónkolo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See okónkolo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>itótele<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bata-34">[34]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.26-813 </td> <td>Intermediate-sized <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá">batá</a> goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with the iyá and okónkolo; wax-like substance called ida or fardela sometimes used to produce a duller sound </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>iyá<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bata-34">[34]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.26-813 </td> <td>Largest <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá">batá</a> goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with goatskin, along with the itótele and okónkolo; red wax-like substance called ida or fardela is used to produce a duller sound, wrapped with bells and belts (chaguoro or tchaworo) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>juba<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> martinique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.21-92 </td> <td>Shorter and squatter variety of petwo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">jumbie drum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See French reel, balaban </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>ka<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartinicanCreole-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guilbault-25">[25]</a> also used synonymously with gwo ka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a> </td> <td>211.221 </td> <td>Single-headed drums, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Kongo, made from a barrel with goatskin heads tighted by cord </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>ka<a href="#cite_note-Lucia-57">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td> <td>211.221 </td> <td>Barrel drum with a goatskin head, used in various folk forms, including chanté siay, jwé dansé and jwé gém </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">ka </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kanmougé, tambou<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>211.211.1 </td> <td>Open-bottomed and single-headed drum, played transversally and carved from a single fragment of wood, used in Creole dance accompaniment for kanmougé and mayouri dances, played in pairs with the lead called the "female" type and the support the "male" </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kata<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grenada-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">[44]</a> cut drum, cutter, cot </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Carriacou</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; wider and higher-tuned cousin of the boula, used in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Drum" title="Big Drum">Big Drum</a> tradition, barrel contains a hole on the side, skin is stretched by a hoop wrapped in cloth </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>katabo<a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.251.2-7 </td> <td>Cowskin hand drum, played with two sticks, in a set with gonde and tambou manman </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kbandu<a href="#cite_note-JamaicanCults-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLJ-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuminadrums-59">[59]</a> bandu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.211.1+111.231 </td> <td>Large, low-pitched, plays a 4/4 rhythm, covered with a goat skin, used in <a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a> ceremonies, where it plays a steady rhythm, and is often used several at a time, open end sometimes banged with sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>keg<a href="#cite_note-GarlandVirginIslands-16">[16]</a> boom boom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Double-headed bass drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">masquerades</a> and fife and drum ensembles </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kété<a href="#cite_note-Gleaner-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanReligion-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Backbone-31">[31]</a> akete </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.21 </td> <td>Small skinny cylindrical drum, improvised, used in <a href="/wiki/Mansions_of_Rastafari#Nyahbinghi_music" title="Mansions of Rastafari">Nyabinghi</a> celebrations, played with bare hands, also used in <a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">dub poetry</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kettle<a href="#cite_note-Montserrat-13">[13]</a> boom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a> </td> <td>211.221 </td> <td>Goatskin deep-barreled drum, used in Carnival and other celebrations </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">kettle drum</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandAntigua-26">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td>211.11 </td> <td>Kettle drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kettle drum<a href="#cite_note-Frommers-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roots-53">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td>211.11 </td> <td>Central use in Bermudan traditions, derived from British <a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">kettle drum</a>, especially common in gombey </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kettle drum<a href="#cite_note-GarlandVirginIslands-16">[16]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>211.11 </td> <td>Snare drum, used in fife and drum ensembles </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kimbisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbisa">Kimbisa</a> drum<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211–864 </td> <td>Tall drum with goatskin head, held in place by cords, wedges and hoops, used in the <a href="/wiki/Kimbisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbisa">Kimbisa</a> culture </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kinfuiti<a href="#cite_note-CubaMusic-43">[43]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>231.12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">Friction drum</a>, single-headed, with a stick inserted and rubbed to produce the sound, used in the <a href="/wiki/Kimbisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbisa">Kimbisa</a> tradition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kittle<a href="#cite_note-AfroGuyana-35">[35]</a> boom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>211.11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">Kettle drum</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">masquerades</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>koupé, tambou<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>211.221.2-92 </td> <td>Small barrel drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles and <a href="/wiki/Kaseko" title="Kaseko">kaseko</a>, used to improvise for dancing while the tambou foulé plays a basic rhythm, head typically made of goatskin, attached with a vine or iron hoop </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kromanti<a href="#cite_note-Thesis-30">[30]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.21 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum, used by the <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moore_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore Town">Moore Town</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>kuchiyeremá<a href="#cite_note-Abakua-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> cotchíerima </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.21-814 </td> <td>Small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the arobapá and biapá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>lapo kabwit<a href="#cite_note-GarlandDominica-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Any kind of Dominican or Grenadan folk drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>lélé, tambou<a href="#cite_note-GarlandDominica-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum, small and wooden with goatskin at one end, strapped across the shoulder and played with two sticks, used in <a href="/wiki/Chant%C3%A9_mas" title="Chanté mas">chanté mas</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>loango<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> loangue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.21-92 </td> <td>Taller and narrower variety of petwo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">loangue </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See loango </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">maké </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See markeur </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">makuta </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See yuka </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">makyé </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See markeur </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>manman, tambou<a href="#cite_note-Lucia-57">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Larger drum used in Kélé rituals, literally mother drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>mamnan, tambou<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.251.2-7 </td> <td>Hand drum with a cowhide head, pegged in place and with a decorated collar, used in many Afro-Haitian musics, used in <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">rada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Petwo">petwo</a> and other folk traditions </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>marassas<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum that comes in pairs, traditionally made from wood or a two-gallon container with both top and bottom removed and replaced with heads, played with fingers </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>markeur<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guilbault-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-RGAntilles-37">[37]</a> makyé, marqueur, maké </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.221.2 </td> <td>Single-headed hand drum, small, high-pitched, played upright and one-handed, and held between the legs, interacts with dancers by responding to movement and improvises with the boula drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">gwo ka</a>, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">marqueur </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See markeur </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">martinique </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See juba </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">matrimonial </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See wacharaca </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>mongó<a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.3 </td> <td>Small rural folk handheld frame drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">moyen </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See segon </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>mula<a href="#cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuka-46">[46]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Intermediate-sized yuka tubular drum, along with caja and cachimbo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">ngoma </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See yuka </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>niño<a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Smallest drum of the <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">conga</a> family </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mansions_of_Rastafari#Nyahbinghi_music" title="Mansions of Rastafari">Nyabinghi</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kété </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>okónkolo<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bata-34">[34]</a> ikónkolo, amelé </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.26-813 </td> <td>Smallest <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá">batá</a> goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with the itótele and iyá </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>oumalay<a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>211.212.2 </td> <td>Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set with bembe and conga drums </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">omele </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See oumalay </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>pailas<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.12 </td> <td>Kettledrum, played in pairs, made from containers used to boil sugarcane juice, with tension lugs to adjust the tightness of the single-head, closed bottom </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>palo auxiliar<a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanMusic-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.211.2-7 </td> <td>One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>palo major<a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.211.2-7 </td> <td>Larger folk <a href="/wiki/Long_drum" title="Long drum">long drum</a> made from a tree trunk, used singly in ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>palo menor<a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.211.2-7 </td> <td>Smaller folk <a href="/wiki/Long_drum" title="Long drum">long drum</a> made from a tree trunk, used singly in ensembles called palos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>palos<a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanMusic-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a> atabale </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.211.2-7 </td> <td>Ensembles that include a number of drums, include the types of palo and alcahuete, used in the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with skin heads either pegged or tacked </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>pandereta<a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> pandero </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.3 </td> <td>Handheld frame drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a>, adapted from European tambourine </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">pandero </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See pandereta </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>panderos<a href="#cite_note-LAMECA-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>211.3 </td> <td>Small rural folk handheld frame drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">Pétro </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See petwo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>petwo<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-RGHaiti-61">[61]</a> conga, Pétro </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211.21-92 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum headed with cowskin, attached with cords, comes in two varieties: loango and juba </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>pikin doon<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Medium-sized drum that supports dancers, played in pairs, with one played solo, and both played bare-handed, used among the Alukuó <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>playing cast<a href="#cite_note-JamaicanCults-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLJ-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuminadrums-59">[59]</a> playin kya, cast </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.211.1+111.231 </td> <td>Small, high-pitched, plays complex, syncopated rhythms, covered with a goat skin, used in <a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a>, open end sometimes struck with sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">playin kya </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See playing cast </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>podya<a href="#cite_note-Suriname-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Small, skin-covered bass drum, common among the rural Afro-Surinamese </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">prenting </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kromanti </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">primo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See subidor </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>pump<a href="#cite_note-GarlandBarbados-27">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Long drum, made from a hollow tree trunk with goat or sheep skin on either end </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>pump<a href="#cite_note-NewGroveAatDA-18">[18]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">St Maarten</a> </td> <td>211.31 </td> <td>Goatskin frame drum, sometimes played in pairs or larger groups, usually using both hands </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>quinto<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.221 </td> <td>Smallest barrel-shaped hand drum, made out of a box with two sloping sides, of the tumbadora family, plays the most intricate rhythms of the group, not always characterized as a tumbadora or <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">conga</a> drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>rada<a href="#cite_note-RGHaiti-61">[61]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Drum headed with cowskin, attached with wooden pegs </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>ralé<a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Goatskin drum, used alongside tambou manman, used in <a href="/wiki/Petwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Petwo">petwo</a> and YaYa TiKongo rhythms </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">rattle </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See snare drum (Jamaica) </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">repeater </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bass drum (Jamaica), snare drum (Jamaica) </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">repeater </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See kété </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>repeater<a href="#cite_note-JamaicanCults-51">[51]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Used in the <a href="/wiki/Burru" title="Burru">Burru</a> rituals, now imported to Rastafarian music </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">repicador </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See subidor </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>requinto drum<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.25 </td> <td>Small conical hand drum, improvises over the other drum rhythms, used in <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">ricardo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw_music" title="Ripsaw music">ripsaw</a> drum<a href="#cite_note-Ripsaw-47">[47]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cat_Island_(Bahamas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat Island (Bahamas)">Cat Island</a> only) </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Goat- or cow-skin drum, heated to produce a pitch </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">round </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See snare drum (Jamaica) </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> drum<a href="#cite_note-NewGroveAatDA-18">[18]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">Saba</a> </td> <td>211.22 </td> <td>Made from kegs or barrels, and attached to a skin frame secured by wood, rope and pegs </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">salidor </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>scratch band barrel drum<a href="#cite_note-GarlandVirginIslands-16">[16]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>211.222 </td> <td>Double-headed barrel drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Scratch_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Scratch band">scratch bands</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">second </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See segon </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>segon<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>211-7 </td> <td>Cowskin hand drum with artistic collars, used in <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">rada</a> along with boula and manman drums </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">segundo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">side drum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See snare drum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>skratji<a href="#cite_note-ManuelSuriname-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMCKaseko-64">[64]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Large Afro-Surinamese bass drum with a <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbal</a> on top, used in <a href="/wiki/Kaseko" title="Kaseko">kaseko</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a><a href="#cite_note-Frommers-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roots-53">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Central use in Bermudan traditions, generally played in pairs, used in gombey </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>snare drum<a href="#cite_note-GarlandBarbados-27">[27]</a> kettle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Doubled headed side snare drum, used in <a href="/wiki/Tuk_band" title="Tuk band">tuk bands</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>snare drum<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">comparsa</a> pre-Easter celebrations </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>snare drum<a href="#cite_note-Gleaner-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamaicanMusic-32">[32]</a> side drum, Maroon only: repeater, rattle, round, circular </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a> played with wooden sticks, carried with a strap, used in <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroon</a> music </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>snare drum<a href="#cite_note-WMCKaseko-64">[64]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Kaseko" title="Kaseko">kaseko</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>stave drum<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.261.2-813 </td> <td>Drum with straight but sloping sides, closest to being a classic <a href="/wiki/Goblet_drum" title="Goblet drum">goblet drum</a>, variation on a <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Batá">batá</a> drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>subidor<a href="#cite_note-NationalGeo-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Welcome-65">[65]</a> primo, repicador </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.22 </td> <td>Smaller, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin, used in <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">super quinto </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">supertumba </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tambora_(drum)" title="Tambora (drum)">tambora</a><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanMusic-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMO-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewGroveAatDA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> originally, now also common on <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">St Maarten</a> </td> <td>211.222 </td> <td>Double-headed barrel drum of African origin, played with a stick on one head and a bare hand on the other </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tambou<a href="#cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">[11]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a> </td> <td>211.221.1 </td> <td>Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, larger partner of the baboula, accompanies the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belair_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belair (dance) (page does not exist)">belair</a> dance </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tambou<a href="#cite_note-Berrian-23">[23]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td><div class="center">-</div> </td> <td>Generic term for drums </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tambour<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_drum" title="Long drum">Long drum</a>, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk and topped with animal skin </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tambourine<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>212.211 </td> <td>Miniature version of the tymbale, beaten with two sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tambú<a href="#cite_note-NewGroveAatDA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> tambu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">Curaçao</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Long drum, made from a hollow log, used in <a href="/wiki/Tambu_(musical_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambu (musical genre)">tambú</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">tanbou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See tambou </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tanbou<a href="#cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barrel_drum" title="Barrel drum">Barrel drum</a> made from hardwood and topped with animal skin </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tassa" title="Tassa">tassa</a><a href="#cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indo-Trinidadian</a>, now commonplace </td> <td>211.11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">Kettle drum</a> with a goatskin head, used in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim music">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a> (Hosein) ritual </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tenbal, tambou<a href="#cite_note-Lucia-57">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Snare drum, used in cockfights, séwinal, merry-go-rounds, other celebrations </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> drum<a href="#cite_note-Gleaner-28">[28]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Carried with a strap, used in <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">tétendóga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See biapá </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">timbales</a><a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> tymbales </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.211.1 </td> <td>European-derived open-bottomed twin drum, played using sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tom<a href="#cite_note-Guilbault-25">[25]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum like the <a href="/wiki/Tom-tom_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom-tom drum">tom-tom drum</a>, [played with sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tombas<a href="#cite_note-Guilbault-25">[25]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Bass drum, played with sticks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>toombah<a href="#cite_note-GarlandAntigua-26">[26]</a> tumtum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Small drum, decorated with shells and tin </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">tres golpes </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tres por dos<a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22 </td> <td>Medium-sized barrel-shaped hand drum of the tumbadora family </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">true conga </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See bass tumbadora </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tumba<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.221-7 </td> <td>Largest variety of the <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">conga</a> family, stave drum with a cowskin head </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tumbadora<a href="#cite_note-MusicofPR-33">[33]</a> bass tumbadora, true conga, tres por dos, quinto </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22.2 </td> <td>Cuban <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">conga</a> drum, barrel-shaped hand drum </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tumao<a href="#cite_note-Suriname-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agida-5">[5]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Intermediate drum of the set, with agida and apinti, played with one hand, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">tumtum </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See toombah </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tumtum<a href="#cite_note-GarlandBarbados-27">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td>211.212.1 </td> <td>Hollowed-out tree trunk with skins at either end </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tun<a href="#cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Small drum, used among the Alukuó <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>twavay, tambou<a href="#cite_note-GarlandDominica-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>Small barrel frame drum, headed with goatskin; a cord with an attached bead is placed on the drumskin to add a buzzing quality to the sound, used to accompany <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work songs</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>tymbale<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>212.212.1 </td> <td>Large two-headed hooped drum, carried with a strap and sometimes with an attached board called an assot </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">tymbales </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See timbales </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>uyó<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abakua" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakua">Abakua</a> <a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">friction drum</a>, details of construction are kept secret </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:NavajoWhite">woowoo </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Bisque">See French reel </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color:Cornsilk">- </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>xumpé<a href="#cite_note-CubanDrums-9">[9]</a> French drum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.22-861 </td> <td>Second-largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, hun-hogúlo and huní </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuka_(music)" title="Yuka (music)">yuka</a><a href="#cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuka-46">[46]</a> makuta, ngoma, tambor de yuka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>211.211.2 </td> <td>Class of three folk tubular drums: caja, mula, and cachimbo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>zesse<a href="#cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>Cylindrical drum used in the dance of the same name, has a wire stretched across the single goatskin head </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManuel1988" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu">Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506334-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506334-1"><bdi>0-19-506334-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Musics+of+the+Non-Western+World%3A+An+Introductory+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-506334-1&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularmusicsofn0000manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoskoff2001" class="citation book cs1">Koskoff, Ellen (2001). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada. New York and London: Garland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6040-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6040-7"><bdi>0-8240-6040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8240-6040-7&rft.aulast=Koskoff&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Schmidt-Jones" class="citation web cs1">Catherine Schmidt-Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723081750/http://cnx.org/content/m11896/latest/">"Classifying Musical Instruments: Membranophones"</a>. Connexions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/content/m11896/latest/">the original</a> on July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connexions&rft.atitle=Classifying+Musical+Instruments%3A+Membranophones&rft.au=Catherine+Schmidt-Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontent%2Fm11896%2Flatest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060710200629/http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/anthropology/ExpnddEthnmsclgyCtgrCltrlMtrls/mMembranophones.htm">"534m Membranophones"</a>. SIL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/LinguaLinks/Anthropology/ExpnddEthnmsclgyCtgrCltrlMtrls/mMembranophones.htm">the original</a> on July 10, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL&rft.atitle=534m+Membranophones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2FLinguaLinks%2FAnthropology%2FExpnddEthnmsclgyCtgrCltrlMtrls%2FmMembranophones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_HornbostelCurt_Sachs1961" class="citation journal cs1">von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. 14: 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842168">10.2307/842168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842168">842168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Musical+Instruments%3A+Translated+from+the+Original+German+by+Anthony+Baines+and+Klaus+P.+Wachsmann&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1961-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=von+Hornbostel&rft.aufirst=Erich+M.&rft.au=Curt+Sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suriname-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suriname_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suriname_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suriname_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suriname_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelville_J._HerskovitsFrances_S._Herskovits" class="citation web cs1">Melville J. Herskovits; Frances S. Herskovits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hers005suri01_01/hers005suri01_01_0182.htm">"Suriname folk-lore"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218052445/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hers005suri01_01/hers005suri01_01_0182.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suriname+folk-lore&rft.au=Melville+J.+Herskovits&rft.au=Frances+S.+Herskovits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fhers005suri01_01%2Fhers005suri01_01_0182.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agida-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agida_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agida_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agida_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoines1975" class="citation journal cs1">Goines, Leonard (Spring 1975). "The Black Perspective in Music". The Black Perspective in Music. 3 (1): 40–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Perspective+in+Music&rft.atitle=The+Black+Perspective+in+Music&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Goines&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaribbeanMusic-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanMusic_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanMusic_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanMusic_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanMusic_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalmRoberts1973" class="citation journal cs1">Malm, Krister; Roberts, John Storm (September 1973). "Review of Caribbean Island Music: Songs and Dances of Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica by <a href="/wiki/John_Storm_Roberts" title="John Storm Roberts">John Storm Roberts</a>". Ethnomusicology. 17 (3): 587–589. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F849985">10.2307/849985</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/849985">849985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Caribbean+Island+Music%3A+Songs+and+Dances+of+Haiti%2C+the+Dominican+Republic+and+Jamaica+by+John+Storm+Roberts&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E589&rft.date=1973-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F849985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F849985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft.au=Roberts%2C+John+Storm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAMECA-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAMECA_7-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Martha_Ellen2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Davis_(ethnomusicologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Davis (ethnomusicologist)">Davis, Martha Ellen</a> (7 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagesperso-orange.fr/lameca/dossiers/ethnomusicologie/davis1_eng.html">"A Survey of Afro-Dominican Palos Sacred Drum Music"</a>. Séminaire d'ethnomusicologie caribéenne. Sainte-Anne, Guadeloupe: University of Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211223945/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/lameca/dossiers/ethnomusicologie/davis1_eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved March 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A9minaire+d%27ethnomusicologie+carib%C3%A9enne&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Afro-Dominican+Palos+Sacred+Drum+Music&rft.date=2003-07-07&rft.au=Davis%2C+Martha+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagesperso-orange.fr%2Flameca%2Fdossiers%2Fethnomusicologie%2Fdavis1_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abakua-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abakua_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abakua_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abakua_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abakua_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abakua_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abakua_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404002729/http://folkcuba.com/ir_abakdrums_enlrg.html">"Abakuá Drums in Havana"</a>. Folk Cuba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkcuba.com/ir_abakdrums_enlrg.html">the original</a> on April 4, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folk+Cuba&rft.atitle=Abaku%C3%A1+Drums+in+Havana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkcuba.com%2Fir_abakdrums_enlrg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CubanDrums-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanDrums_9-25">z</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCourlander1942" class="citation journal cs1">Courlander, Harold (April 1942). "Musical Instruments of Cuba". The Musical Quarterly. 28 (2): 227–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FXXVIII.2.227">10.1093/mq/XXVIII.2.227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Musical+Instruments+of+Cuba&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1942-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FXXVIII.2.227&rft.aulast=Courlander&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaitianInstruments-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianInstruments_10-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCourlander1941" class="citation journal cs1">Courlander, Harold (July 1941). "Musical Instruments of Haiti". The Musical Quarterly. 27 (3): 371–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FXXVII.3.371">10.1093/mq/XXVII.3.371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Musical+Instruments+of+Haiti&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=1941-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FXXVII.3.371&rft.aulast=Courlander&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandGrenada-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGrenada_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGrenada_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGrenada_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGrenada_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGrenada_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGrenada_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Lorna. "Grenada". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 865–872.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grenada&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E865-%3C%2Fspan%3E872&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenada-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenada_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenada_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenada_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831101529/http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/tombstone.php">"Tombstone - Big Drum - Saraca"</a>. Paradise Inn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/tombstone.php">the original</a> on August 31, 2005. Retrieved September 10, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paradise+Inn&rft.atitle=Tombstone+-+Big+Drum+-+Saraca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paradise-inn-carriacou.com%2Ftombstone.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montserrat-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montserrat_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montserrat_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montserrat_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMesener" class="citation book cs1">Mesener, John. "Montserrat". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 922–926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montserrat&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E922-%3C%2Fspan%3E926&rft.aulast=Mesener&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfricanMontserrat-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AfricanMontserrat_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfricanMontserrat_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMessenger1973" class="citation journal cs1">Messenger, John C. (Summer 1973). "African Retentions in Montserrat". African Arts. 6 (4): 54–57, 95–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3334803">10.2307/3334803</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334803">3334803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=African+Retentions+in+Montserrat&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3334803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3334803%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMO-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMO_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSydney_Hutchinson2006" class="citation web cs1">Sydney Hutchinson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061217031423/http://www.merengue-ripiao.com/survey.htm">"Dominican Music Overview"</a>. Merengue-Ripiao.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merengue-ripiao.com/survey.htm">the original</a> on December 17, 2006. Retrieved March 6, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merengue-Ripiao.com&rft.atitle=Dominican+Music+Overview&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Sydney+Hutchinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merengue-ripiao.com%2Fsurvey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandVirginIslands-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandVirginIslands_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandVirginIslands_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandVirginIslands_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandVirginIslands_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Virgin Islands". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgin+Islands&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographia.com/bonaire/boncul01.htm">"Culture: A Rich and Diverse Heritage"</a>. Bonaire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004907/http://www.geographia.com/bonaire/boncul01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bonaire&rft.atitle=Culture%3A+A+Rich+and+Diverse+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographia.com%2Fbonaire%2Fboncul01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewGroveAatDA-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewGroveAatDA_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGroveAatDA_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGroveAatDA_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGroveAatDA_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGroveAatDA_18-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilby" class="citation book cs1">Bilby, Kenneth. "Netherlands Antilles and Aruba". New Grove Encyclopedia of Music.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Netherlands+Antilles+and+Aruba&rft.btitle=New+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Music&rft.aulast=Bilby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandAruba-19"><a href="#cite_ref-GarlandAruba_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheehy" class="citation book cs1">Sheehy, Daniel E. "Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 927–931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aruba+and+the+Netherlands+Antilles&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E927-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.aulast=Sheehy&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalGeo-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeo_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeo_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeo_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNili_Belkind" class="citation web cs1">Nili Belkind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117171322/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/bomba_696">"Bomba"</a>. National Geographic World Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/bomba_696">the original</a> on November 17, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+World+Music&rft.atitle=Bomba&rft.au=Nili+Belkind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmusic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fworldmusic%2Fview%2Fpage.basic%2Fgenre%2Fcontent.genre%2Fbomba_696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandGuadeloupe-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGuadeloupe_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGuadeloupe_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGuadeloupe_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGuadeloupe_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGuadeloupe_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandGuadeloupe_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuilbault,_Jocelyne" class="citation book cs1">Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Guadeloupe". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 873–880.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guadeloupe&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E873-%3C%2Fspan%3E880&rft.au=Guilbault%2C+Jocelyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGFrenchWestIndies-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGFrenchWestIndies_22-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorquilts.com/julian/NewGrove.html">"French West Indies"</a>. New Grove Dictionary of Music. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050213090015/http://www.colorquilts.com/julian/NewGrove.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2005. Retrieved September 27, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.atitle=French+West+Indies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorquilts.com%2Fjulian%2FNewGrove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berrian-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berrian_23-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerrian2000" class="citation book cs1">Berrian, Brenda F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/awakeningspacesf00berr_0">Awakening Spaces: French Caribbean Popular Songs, Music, and Culture</a>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-04456-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-04456-4"><bdi>0-226-04456-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awakening+Spaces%3A+French+Caribbean+Popular+Songs%2C+Music%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-226-04456-4&rft.aulast=Berrian&rft.aufirst=Brenda+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fawakeningspacesf00berr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinicanCreole-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartinicanCreole_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinicanCreole_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinicanCreole_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinicanCreole_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCyrille2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cyrille, Dominique (Spring 2002). "Popular Music and Martinican-Creole Identity". Black Music Research Journal. 22 (1): 65–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Popular+Music+and+Martinican-Creole+Identity&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cyrille&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guilbault-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guilbault_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilbault_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilbault_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilbault_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilbault_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilbault_25-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuilbault1993" class="citation book cs1">Guilbault, Jocelyne (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoukworldmusicin00guil">Zouk: World Music in the West Indies</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-31041-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-31041-8"><bdi>0-226-31041-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zouk%3A+World+Music+in+the+West+Indies&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-226-31041-8&rft.aulast=Guilbault&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoukworldmusicin00guil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandAntigua-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandAntigua_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandAntigua_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandAntigua_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Lorna. "Antigua and Barbuda". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 798–800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E798-%3C%2Fspan%3E800&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandBarbados-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandBarbados_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandBarbados_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandBarbados_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandBarbados_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillington" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Janice. "Barbados". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 813–821.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbados&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E821&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleaner-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gleaner_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleaner_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleaner_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleaner_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021336/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20051113/ent/ent1.html">"Drums Keep the Beat!"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner News. November 13, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20051113/ent/ent1.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner+News&rft.atitle=Drums+Keep+the+Beat%21&rft.date=2005-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20051113%2Fent%2Fent1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaribbeanReligion-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanReligion_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanReligion_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanReligion_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaribbeanReligion_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caribbean-guide.info/past.and.present/religion/rastafarian/index.html">"Princes and Dreadlocks"</a>. Caribbean Religion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510050711/http://caribbean-guide.info/past.and.present/religion/rastafarian/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Religion&rft.atitle=Princes+and+Dreadlocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaribbean-guide.info%2Fpast.and.present%2Freligion%2Frastafarian%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thesis-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thesis_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thesis_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thesis_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thesis_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thesis_30-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickerson1999" class="citation web cs1">Dickerson, Ronald Eric (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227230251/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf">"Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musical+Play+Across+Ethnic+Boundaries+in+Western+Jamaica&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lsu.edu%2Fdocs%2Favailable%2Fetd-07292004-154529%2Funrestricted%2FDickerson_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backbone-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Backbone_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Backbone_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Backbone_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahn" class="citation web cs1">Kahn, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dreadlibrary/kahn.html">"Drumming, the Backbone of African and Reggae Music"</a>. The Dread Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714114644/http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dreadlibrary/kahn.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dread+Library&rft.atitle=Drumming%2C+the+Backbone+of+African+and+Reggae+Music&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~debate%2Fdreadlibrary%2Fkahn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamaicanMusic-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanMusic_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanMusic_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanMusic_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDjeDje1998" class="citation journal cs1">DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (Spring–Autumn 1998). "Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons". Black Music Research Journal. 18 (1/2): 67–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779395">10.2307/779395</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779395">779395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Remembering+Kojo%3A+History%2C+Music%2C+and+Gender+in+the+January+Sixth+Celebration+of+the+Jamaican+Accompong+Maroons&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F779395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=DjeDje&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+Cogdell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MusicofPR-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusicofPR_33-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060702021844/http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/instruments/bongos/">"Instruments"</a>. Music of Puerto Rico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/instruments/bongos/">the original</a> on July 2, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Instruments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicofpuertorico.com%2Findex.php%2Finstruments%2Fbongos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bata-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bata_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bata_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bata_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bata_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Corrales" class="citation web cs1">Mark Corrales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205141033/http://www.lafi.org/magazine/articles/batadrums.html">"The Bata Drums"</a>. Latin American Folk Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafi.org/magazine/articles/batadrums.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Folk+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Bata+Drums&rft.au=Mark+Corrales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lafi.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticles%2Fbatadrums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfroGuyana-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AfroGuyana_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfroGuyana_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfroGuyana_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfroGuyana_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfroGuyana_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Craighton2001" class="citation web cs1">Al Craighton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Cultural/African%20heritage%20GT.htm">"African Heritage in Guyana"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220170129/http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Cultural/African%20heritage%20GT.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Heritage+in+Guyana&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Al+Craighton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guyanaundersiege.com%2FCultural%2FAfrican%2520heritage%2520GT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandTrinidad-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandTrinidad_36-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Lorna. "Trinidad and Tobago". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 952–967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E952-%3C%2Fspan%3E967&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGAntilles-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RGAntilles_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAntilles_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAntilles_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAntilles_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAntilles_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAntilles_37-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_de_LedesmaGene_Scaramuzzo2000" class="citation book cs1">Charles de Ledesma & Gene Scaramuzzo (2000). "Dance Funk Creole Style". In Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham; James McConnachie & Orla Duane (eds.). Rough Guide to World Music. Vol. 2. Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 289–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dance+Funk+Creole+Style&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+World+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rft.au=Charles+de+Ledesma&rft.au=Gene+Scaramuzzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarlandDominica-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandDominica_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandDominica_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandDominica_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarlandDominica_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuilbault" class="citation book cs1">Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Dominica". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. pp. 840–844.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dominica&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E840-%3C%2Fspan%3E844&rft.aulast=Guilbault&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001190817/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/stvincent/arts.html">"The Arts and Literature"</a>. Cultural Profiles Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/stvincent/arts.html">the original</a> on October 1, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Profiles+Project&rft.atitle=The+Arts+and+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fstvincent%2Farts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2002" class="citation journal cs1">McDaniel, Lorna (Spring 2002). "Musical Thoughts on Unresolved Questions and Recent Findings in Big Drum Research". Black Music Research Journal. 22 (1): 127–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1519967">10.2307/1519967</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1519967">1519967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Musical+Thoughts+on+Unresolved+Questions+and+Recent+Findings+in+Big+Drum+Research&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1519967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1519967%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManuelPuertoRico-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ManuelPuertoRico_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ManuelPuertoRico_41-1">b</a> Manuel, pgs. 39–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-ManuelCuba-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ManuelCuba_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ManuelCuba_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManuel1988" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/24">Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey</a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/24">24–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505342-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505342-7"><bdi>0-19-505342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Musics+of+the+Non-Western+World%3A+An+Introductory+Survey&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pages=24-36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-505342-7&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularmusicsofn0000manu%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CubaMusic-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CubaMusic_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubaMusic_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubaMusic_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSublette2004" class="citation book cs1">Sublette, Ned (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubaitsmusicfrom00subl">Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo</a>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-632-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-632-6"><bdi>1-55652-632-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+Its+Music%3A+From+the+First+Drums+to+the+Mambo&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55652-632-6&rft.aulast=Sublette&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubaitsmusicfrom00subl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CreoleDrums-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CreoleDrums_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreoleDrums_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreoleDrums_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreoleDrums_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreoleDrums_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CreoleDrums_44-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Donald R. (Spring–Autumn 1998). "West African and Haitian Influences on the Ritual and Popular Music of Carriacou, Trinidad, and Cuba". Black Music Research Journal. 18 (1/2): 183–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779398">10.2307/779398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779398">779398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=West+African+and+Haitian+Influences+on+the+Ritual+and+Popular+Music+of+Carriacou%2C+Trinidad%2C+and+Cuba&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F779398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaitianDrums-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaitianDrums_45-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaston_Jean-Baptiste" class="citation web cs1">Gaston Jean-Baptiste. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223154500/http://www.bongamusic.com/drums.html">"Tanbou"</a>. Haitian Drums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bongamusic.com/drums.html">the original</a> on February 23, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haitian+Drums&rft.atitle=Tanbou&rft.au=Gaston+Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bongamusic.com%2Fdrums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuka-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yuka_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yuka_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yuka_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yuka_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404051712/http://folkcuba.com/ir_tamboryuka_drums1.html">"Tambor de Yuka"</a>. Folk Cuba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkcuba.com/ir_tamboryuka_drums1.html">the original</a> on April 4, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folk+Cuba&rft.atitle=Tambor+de+Yuka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkcuba.com%2Fir_tamboryuka_drums1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ripsaw-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ripsaw_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ripsaw_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ripsaw_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, David (Summer 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timespub.tc/index.php?id=83">"That Sweet Sound: Ripsaw Music and Our Musical Heritage"</a>. Times of the Islands. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+the+Islands&rft.atitle=That+Sweet+Sound%3A+Ripsaw+Music+and+Our+Musical+Heritage&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timespub.tc%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamnarine1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ramnarine, Tina K. (1998). "Brotherhood of the Boat: Musical Dialogues in a Caribbean Context". British Journal of Ethnomusicology. 7: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09681229808567270">10.1080/09681229808567270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Brotherhood+of+the+Boat%3A+Musical+Dialogues+in+a+Caribbean+Context&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09681229808567270&rft.aulast=Ramnarine&rft.aufirst=Tina+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Donahue" class="citation web cs1">John A. Donahue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayavase.com/frictiondrum.html">"Applying Experimental Archaeology to Ethnomusicology: Recreating an Ancient Maya Friction Drum through Various Lines of Evidence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070401164207/http://www.mayavase.com/frictiondrum.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Applying+Experimental+Archaeology+to+Ethnomusicology%3A+Recreating+an+Ancient+Maya+Friction+Drum+through+Various+Lines+of+Evidence&rft.au=John+A.+Donahue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayavase.com%2Ffrictiondrum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVelez2000" class="citation book cs1">Velez, Maria Teresa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drummingforgodsl00vl/page/20">Drumming for the Gods: The Life and Times of Felips Garcia Villamil</a>. Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drummingforgodsl00vl/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-731-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-731-6"><bdi>1-56639-731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drumming+for+the+Gods%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Felips+Garcia+Villamil&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56639-731-6&rft.aulast=Velez&rft.aufirst=Maria+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrummingforgodsl00vl%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamaicanCults-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanCults_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanCults_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanCults_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamaicanCults_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoganMarjorie_Whylie1982" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, Wendell; <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Whylie" title="Marjorie Whylie">Marjorie Whylie</a> (Spring 1982). "Some Aspects of Religious Cult Music in Jamaica". The Black Perspective in Music. 10 (1): 85–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1215000">10.2307/1215000</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1215000">1215000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Perspective+in+Music&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Religious+Cult+Music+in+Jamaica&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1215000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1215000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rft.au=Marjorie+Whylie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frommers-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frommers_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frommers_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frommers_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/0091020358.html">"Bermuda: In Depth"</a>. Frommers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103206/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/0091020358.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frommers&rft.atitle=Bermuda%3A+In+Depth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frommers.com%2Fdestinations%2Fbermuda%2F0091020358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roots-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roots_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roots_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roots_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrene_Smalls" class="citation web cs1">Irene Smalls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melanet.com/johnkankus/roots.html">"Roots of an African-American Christmas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309092938/http://melanet.com/johnkankus/roots.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+an+African-American+Christmas&rft.au=Irene+Smalls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melanet.com%2Fjohnkankus%2Froots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahamas.com/bahamas/about/general.aspx?sectionid=23148&level=2">"Art/Music/Dance"</a>. Bahamas.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406080529/http://www.bahamas.com/bahamas/about/general.aspx?sectionid=23148&level=2">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bahamas.com&rft.atitle=Art%2FMusic%2FDance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahamas.com%2Fbahamas%2Fabout%2Fgeneral.aspx%3Fsectionid%3D23148%26level%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glossary-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/educational_guide/86.htm">"Glossary"</a>. Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314065315/http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/educational_guide/86.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creativity+and+Resistance%3A+Maroon+Cultures+in+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklife.si.edu%2Fresources%2Fmaroon%2Feducational_guide%2F86.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilbyFu-Kiau_kia_Bunseki1983" class="citation book cs1">Bilby, Kenneth; Fu-Kiau kia Bunseki (1983). Kumina: A Congo Based Tradition in the New World. Brussels: Les Cahiers du CEDAF 4: Linguistique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kumina%3A+A+Congo+Based+Tradition+in+the+New+World&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Les+Cahiers+du+CEDAF+4%3A+Linguistique&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bilby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Fu-Kiau+kia+Bunseki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickerson1999" class="citation web cs1">Dickerson, Ronald Eric (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227230251/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf">"Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07292004-154529/unrestricted/Dickerson_thesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musical+Play+Across+Ethnic+Boundaries+in+Western+Jamaica&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lsu.edu%2Fdocs%2Favailable%2Fetd-07292004-154529%2Funrestricted%2FDickerson_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucia-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lucia_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lucia_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lucia_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lucia_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuilbault" class="citation book cs1">Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Saint Lucia". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Lucia&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+Two%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.aulast=Guilbault&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLJ-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLJ_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLJ_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Library_of_Jamaica" class="citation web cs1">National Library of Jamaica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218085543/http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/history.htm">"Kumina"</a>. History Notes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/history.htm">the original</a> on February 18, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Notes&rft.atitle=Kumina&rft.au=National+Library+of+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlj.org.jm%2Fdocs%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuminadrums-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuminadrums_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuminadrums_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradleyPrince_Buster2001" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Lloyd; Prince Buster (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisreggaemusi00brad">This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3828-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3828-4"><bdi>0-8021-3828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+Reggae+Music%3A+The+Story+of+Jamaica%27s+Music&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8021-3828-4&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Prince+Buster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisisreggaemusi00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFigueroa2002" class="citation web cs1">Figueroa, Frank (November 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-94768406.html">"Frank Figueroa on Afro-Caribbean percussion instruments"</a>. Latin Beat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125002234/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-94768406.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Figueroa+on+Afro-Caribbean+percussion+instruments&rft.pub=Latin+Beat&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft.aulast=Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-94768406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGHaiti-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RGHaiti_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGHaiti_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewardSean_Harvey2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Steward, Sue; Sean Harvey (2000). "Compass Points". In Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; James McConnachie; Orla Duane (eds.). World Music. Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Rough Guides. pp. 421–429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compass+Points&rft.btitle=World+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E429&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rft.aulast=Steward&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Sean+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkways.si.edu/explore_folkways/bomba_plena.aspx">"Puerto Rican Bomba and Plena"</a>. Smithsonian Global Sound. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090445/http://www.folkways.si.edu/explore_folkways/bomba_plena.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Global+Sound&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rican+Bomba+and+Plena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkways.si.edu%2Fexplore_folkways%2Fbomba_plena.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManuelSuriname-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ManuelSuriname_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Peter1995" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrent00manu">Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae</a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-338-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-338-8"><bdi>1-56639-338-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Currents%3A+Caribbean+Music+from+Rumba+to+Reggae&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56639-338-8&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaribbeancurrent00manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMCKaseko-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMCKaseko_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMCKaseko_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRein_Spoorman" class="citation web cs1">Rein Spoorman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018135959/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030414202502213">"Kaseko"</a>. World Music Central. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030414202502213">the original</a> on October 18, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Music+Central&rft.atitle=Kaseko&rft.au=Rein+Spoorman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldmusiccentral.org%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20030414202502213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welcome-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Welcome_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welcome.topuertorico.org/culture/music.shtml">"Music"</a>. Puerto Rico's Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010709/http://welcome.topuertorico.org/culture/music.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+Culture&rft.atitle=Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelcome.topuertorico.org%2Fculture%2Fmusic.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Manuel, pgs. 42–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229131704/http://puertorico-guide.info/arts.and.entertainment/instruments/">"Puerto Rican Instruments"</a>. Puerto Rico Guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puertorico-guide.info/arts.and.entertainment/instruments/">the original</a> on 2008-02-29. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puerto+Rico+Guide&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rican+Instruments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpuertorico-guide.info%2Farts.and.entertainment%2Finstruments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203093229/http://www.curacao-travelguide.com/culture/index.shtml">"Curacao's Culture"</a>. Curacao Culture and Folklore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curacao-travelguide.com/culture/index.shtml">the original</a> on December 3, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curacao+Culture+and+Folklore&rft.atitle=Curacao%27s+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curacao-travelguide.com%2Fculture%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Caribbean+membranophones" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&oldid=1281351705">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&oldid=1281351705</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caribbean_musical_instruments" title="Category:Caribbean musical instruments">Caribbean musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_American_and_Caribbean_percussion_instruments" title="Category:Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments">Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drums" title="Category:Drums">Drums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_percussion_instruments" title="Category:Lists of percussion instruments">Lists of percussion instruments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_lists" title="Category:Featured lists">Featured lists</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 March 2025, at 21:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_membranophones&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >List of Caribbean membranophones</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> Add languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-pxcfc","wgBackendResponseTime":226,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.957","walltime":"1.074","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11097,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":230746,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49802,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":296719,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 853.662 1 -total"," 40.45% 345.300 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.34% 173.619 23 Template:Cite_book"," 15.10% 128.934 33 Template:Cite_web"," 14.63% 124.883 161 Template:List_of_musical_instruments"," 8.76% 74.776 82 Template:List_of_musical_instruments-_see"," 8.38% 71.526 1 Template:Lists_of_Caribbean_instruments"," 8.36% 71.352 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.96% 67.959 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.65% 65.298 82 Template:Small"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.463","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8227291,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6df8dbf59d-wt9xn","timestamp":"20250331055445","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of Caribbean membranophones","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6566142","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6566142","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-24T04:03:38Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T21:17:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Congas.JPG","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>