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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-war opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_plan_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_plan_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British plan of operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_plan_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Makwanpur_Gadhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Makwanpur_Gadhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Makwanpur_Gadhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Jitgadh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Jitgadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle of Jitgadh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Jitgadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Hariharpur_Gadhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Hariharpur_Gadhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Battle of Hariharpur Gadhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Hariharpur_Gadhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Nalapani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Nalapani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Battle of Nalapani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Nalapani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Jaithak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Jaithak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Battle of Jaithak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Jaithak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trying_times_for_Nepalese_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trying_times_for_Nepalese_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Trying times for Nepalese troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trying_times_for_Nepalese_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Malaon_and_Jaithak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Battle_of_Malaon_and_Jaithak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Malaon_and_Jaithak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Sugauli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Treaty_of_Sugauli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The Treaty of Sugauli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Sugauli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cost of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorkha_recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorkha_recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Gorkha recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorkha_recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_protagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_protagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fate of protagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_protagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhimsen_Thapa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhimsen_Thapa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Bhimsen Thapa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhimsen_Thapa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Ochterlony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Ochterlony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>David Ochterlony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Ochterlony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglo-Nepalese War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الإنجليزية النيبالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الإنجليزية النيبالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गोरखा युद्ध – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गोरखा युद्ध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ইংরেজ-নেপাল যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংরেজ-নেপাল যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-kok_Nepal_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Eng-kok Nepal Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-kok Nepal Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_(1814%E2%80%9316)" title="एंग्लो-नेपाल जुद्ध (1814–16) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एंग्लो-नेपाल जुद्ध (1814–16)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англо-непалска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англо-непалска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Anglonepalesa" title="Guerra Anglonepalesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Anglonepalesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-gurkhsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Anglo-gurkhská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglo-gurkhská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha-Krieg" title="Gurkha-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gurkha-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti-Nepali_s%C3%B5da" title="Briti-Nepali sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti-Nepali sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_anglo-n%C3%A9palaise" title="Guerre anglo-népalaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre anglo-népalaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD-%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="영국-네팔 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국-네팔 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गोरखा युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोरखा युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Britania_Raya%E2%80%93Nepal" title="Perang Britania Raya–Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Britania Raya–Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-nepalese" title="Guerra anglo-nepalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra anglo-nepalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಗೂರ್ಖಾ ಸಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೂರ್ಖಾ ಸಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" 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hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna Brytyjczyków z Gurkhami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Anglo-nepalesa" title="Guerra Anglo-nepalesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Anglo-nepalesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англо-непальская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-непальская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1814–1816 war between Nepal and Britain</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Special:EditPage/Anglo-Nepalese War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anglo-Nepalese+War%22">"Anglo-Nepalese War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anglo-Nepalese+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anglo-Nepalese+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anglo-Nepalese+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anglo-Nepalese+War%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anglo-Nepalese+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Anglo-Nepalese War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_(Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_%28Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India%29.png/300px-Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_%28Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_%28Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India%29.png/450px-Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_%28Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_%28Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India%29.png/600px-Death_of_Rollo_Gillespie_%28Cassell%27s_illustrated_history_of_India%29.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="463" /></a></span><br />The death of <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Gillespie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollo Gillespie">Rollo Gillespie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>British victory. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai, and ceded its conquests west of the Kali River and extending to the Sutlej River.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Earl of Moira</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rollo_Gillespie" title="Robert Rollo Gillespie">Rollo Gillespie</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Bennet Marley</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> John Sullivan Wood</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Girvan_Yuddha_Bikram_Shah" title="Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah">Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a> (Bada)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ranabir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ranabir Singh Thapa">Ranabir Singh Thapa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bakhtawar_Singh_Thapa" title="Bakhtawar Singh Thapa">Bakhtawar Singh Thapa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ranajor_Singh_Thapa" title="Ranajor Singh Thapa">Ranajor Singh Thapa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dalbhanjan_Pande" title="Dalbhanjan Pande">Dalbhanjan Pande</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201250_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201250-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b>First campaign</b>: <ul><li>22,000 men with sixty cannons<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Second campaign</b>:</li> <li>17,000<sup id="cite_ref-Naravane,_p.189_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naravane,_p.189-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>100,000 Indian troops during both campaigns. </p> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> a little more than 11,000<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.218_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.218-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown but very heavy.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nepal" title="Category:History of Nepal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of <span class="fn org label">Nepal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Nepal"><img alt="Map of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/200px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/300px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/400px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal#Etymology" title="Nepal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nepalese_history" title="Timeline of Nepalese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Kingdom</a>, c. 1st millennium BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Nepal in Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasas in Mahabharata</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan tribal states</a> c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Videhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Videhas">Videha kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_dynasty" title="Gopala dynasty">Gopala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisapala_dynasty" title="Mahisapala dynasty">Mahisapala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_dynasty" title="Soma dynasty">Soma dynasty</a>, c. 205 – c. 305</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi Kingdom</a>, c. 400 – c. 750 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakuri_dynasty" title="Thakuri dynasty">Thakuri dynasty</a>, c. 600 – c. 1200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri kings</a>, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas_Malla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas Malla Kingdom">Khas Malla Kingdom</a>, c. 954 CE – 14th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnat_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnat dynasty">Karnat dynasty</a>, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_(Kathmandu_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Kathmandu Valley)">Malla Dynasty</a>, c. 1201 – 1482</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand kings</a> c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lo">Kingdom of Lo</a> c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallala_dynasty" title="Kallala dynasty">Kallala dynasty</a> c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Golden Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Three Kingdoms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kantipur" title="Kingdom of Kantipur">Kingdom of Kantipur</a>, c. 1484 – 1826</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Patan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Patan">Kingdom of Patan</a>, c. 1482 – 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhaktapur" title="Kingdom of Bhaktapur">Kingdom of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1482 – 1769</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Twenty-four kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Argha" title="Kingdom of Argha">Kingdom of Argha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bajhang" title="Kingdom of Bajhang">Kingdom of Bajhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhirkot" title="Kingdom of Bhirkot">Kingdom of Bhirkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butwal" title="Kingdom of Butwal">Kingdom of Butwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhor" title="Kingdom of Dhor">Kingdom of Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhurkot" title="Kingdom of Dhurkot">Kingdom of Dhurkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galkot" title="Kingdom of Galkot">Kingdom of Galkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ghiring" title="Kingdom of Ghiring">Kingdom of Ghiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garahun" title="Kingdom of Garahun">Kingdom of Garahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gorkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gorkha">Kingdom of Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gulmi" title="Kingdom of Gulmi">Kingdom of Gulmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Isma" title="Kingdom of Isma">Kingdom of Isma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaski" title="Kingdom of Kaski">Kingdom of Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khanchi" title="Kingdom of Khanchi">Kingdom of Khanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lamjung" title="Kingdom of Lamjung">Kingdom of Lamjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Musikot" title="Kingdom of Musikot">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nuwakot" title="Kingdom of Nuwakot">Kingdom of Nuwakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Paiyun" title="Kingdom of Paiyun">Kingdom of Paiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Palpa" title="Kingdom of Palpa">Kingdom of Palpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Parbat" title="Kingdom of Parbat">Kingdom of Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pyuthan" title="Kingdom of Pyuthan">Kingdom of Pyuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rishing" title="Kingdom of Rishing">Kingdom of Rishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Satahun" title="Kingdom of Satahun">Kingdom of Satahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanahun" title="Kingdom of Tanahun">Kingdom of Tanahun</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Twenty-two kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jumla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Jumla">Kingdom of Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Doti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Doti (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Doti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jajarkot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jajarkot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jajarkot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bajura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Bajura (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Bajura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Musikot_(Baise)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Musikot (Baise) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gajur (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gajur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Biskot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Biskot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Biskot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Malneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Malneta (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Malneta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Thalahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Thalahara (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Thalahara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dailekh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dailekh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dailekh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dullu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dullu (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dullu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Duryal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Duryal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Duryal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dang (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sallyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Sallyana (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Sallyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Chilli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Chilli (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Chilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Phalawagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Phalawagh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Phalawagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jehari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jehari (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jehari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Darnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Darnar (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Darnar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Atbis_Gotam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Atbis Gotam (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Atbis Gotam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Majal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Majal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Majal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gurnakot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gurnakot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gurnakot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Rukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Rukum (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Rukum</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuwakot" title="Battle of Nuwakot">Battle of Nuwakot</a>, c. 1744</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1762)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1762)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1762</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</a>, c. 1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sindhuli" title="Battle of Sindhuli">Battle of Sindhuli</a>, c.1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kathmandu" title="Battle of Kathmandu">Battle of Kathmandu</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalitpur" title="Battle of Lalitpur">Battle of Lalitpur</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhaktapur" title="Battle of Bhaktapur">Battle of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1769</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal</a>, c. 1768</li> <li>Sino-Nepalese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">First Campaign Against Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Second Campaign Against Gurkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nepal-Tibet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Nepal-Tibet War">Third Nepal-Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khurbura" title="Battle of Khurbura">Battle of Khurbura</a>, c. 1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1806 Bhandarkhal massacre">1806 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha–Sikh War">Gurkha–Sikh War</a>, c. 1809</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> c. 1814 – 1816 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaithak" title="Battle of Jaithak">Battle of Jaithak</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1816)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1816)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a>, c. 1816</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>, c.1846 – 1951 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1846 Bhandarkhal massacre">1846 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alau" title="Battle of Alau">Battle of Alau</a>, c. 1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar_Jute_Mill_Strike" title="Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike">Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatu_Sanskritam" title="Jayatu Sanskritam">Jayatu Sanskritam</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Accord" title="Delhi Accord">Delhi Accord</a>, c. 1951</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a>, c. 1960 – 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village National Campaign</a>, c. 1967 – 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, c. 1996 – 2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>, c. 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhalubang" title="Battle of Bhalubang">Battle of Bhalubang</a>, c. 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Beni_attack" title="2004 Beni attack">2004 Beni attack</a>, c. 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Khara" title="Second Battle of Khara">Second Battle of Khara</a>, c. 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Accord" title="Comprehensive Peace Accord">Comprehensive Peace Accord</a>, c. 2006</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a>, c. 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_humanitarian_crisis_(2015-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)">Nepal humanitarian crisis</a>, c. 2015 – 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches" title="2015 Mount Everest avalanches">2015 Mount Everest avalanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a>, c. 2015</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Anglo-Nepalese War</b> (1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the <b>Gorkha War</b>, was fought between the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhali_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhali army">Gorkhali army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>) and the forces of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC). Both sides had ambitious expansion plans for the mountainous north of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The war ended with a British victory and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a> in 1816, which ceded some of the Nepalese-controlled territory to the EIC. The British war effort was led by the EIC against the Kingdom of Gorkha. Most of the Kingdom of Gorkha's war effort was led by the two Thapa families: the <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Family of Amar Singh Thapa">family of Amar Singh Thapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-eighteenth century, the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> actively traded with Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewed as an opulence hub, Nepal supplied the Company with commodities such as rice, butter, oil seeds, timber, dyes, and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1767, British concerns around this partnership grew when <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">the Gorkhas</a> ascended their power and leadership in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1768, the Gorkhas conquered <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> and became Nepal’s ruling force, paving the way for a declining relationship between British India and Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, the Company established a British Residency in Kathmandu to seek a stronger hold over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As 1814 approached, however, the British found themselves concerned by the possibility of an alliance between Nepal and Sikhs in northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Company believed that if Nepal was expelled from its Western lands, the “Terai” region, it would no longer pose a danger.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1814, this is what the British set out to do, alongside a goal of establishing a second Residency in Kathmandu to keep a close watch on the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1814, British forces in Nepal temporarily left to escape malaria season.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nepali forces aimed to reassert power, Company officials were killed in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1814, Warren Hastings – Governor General of Bengal – officially declared war on Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16,000 troops were then sent to invade Nepal in September 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Sagauli (1816) then marked the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War.<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah era</a> of Nepal began with the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> invading <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> Valley, which consisted of the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Nepal)">Malla</a> confederacy. Until then, only the Kathmandu Valley had been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The confederacy requested help from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, and an ill-equipped and ill-prepared expedition, numbering 2,500, was led by Captain Kinlock in 1767. The expedition was a disaster, and the Gorkhali army easily overpowered those who had not succumbed to malaria or desperation. The ineffectual British force provided the Gorkhali with firearms and filled the Gorkhas with confidence, which possibly caused them to underestimate their opponents in future wars. </p><p>Victory and the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> by Prithvi Narayan Shah, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</a>, resulted in the shift of the capital of his kingdom from Gorkha to Kathmandu, and the empire that he and his descendants built then came to be known as Nepal. Also, the invasion of the wealthy Kathmandu Valley provided the Gorkha army with economic support for furthering their martial ambitions throughout the region. </p><p>To the north, however, aggressive raids into <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> over a long-standing dispute over trade and control of the mountain passes triggered Chinese intervention. In 1792, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> sent an army that expelled the Nepalese from Tibet to within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of their capital, Kathmandu. Acting Regent Bahadur Shah (Prithvi Naryan's younger son) appealed to the British <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of India for help. Anxious to avoid a confrontation with the Chinese, the Governor-General did not send troops but sent Captain Kirkpatrick as mediator. However, before he arrived the war with China had finished. </p><p>The Tibet affair had postponed a planned attack on the <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a>, but by 1803, the Raja of Garhwal, Pradyuman Shah, had also been defeated. He was killed in the struggle in January 1804, and all his land was annexed. Further west, general <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a> overran lands as far as Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, the strongest fort in the hill region, and laid siege to it. However, Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, the ruler of the Sikh state in Punjab, intervened and had driven the Nepalese army east of the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> River by 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/220px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/330px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/440px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Map of India in 1805</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. There are citations but the content is not faithful to the sources<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the years leading up to the war, the British had been expanding their sphere of influence. While the Nepalese had been expanding their empire – into <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal</a> to the west, and into <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> to the south – the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> had consolidated its position in India from its main bases of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>. This British expansion had already been resisted in India, culminating in three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha wars</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> where <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> had their own aspirations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_Conflict">Territorial Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territorial Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Territorial conflict represents a significant cause of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, Nepal’s views on borders and borderlands clashed with the Company’s visions of space and territoriality. Borderlands represent “zones of contact for the management, separation, and negotiation of difference,” and leading up to 1814, conflicts over borderlands played a pivotal role in spurring conflict between Nepal and British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its history, the Himalayas served as a site of political malleability and entangled agrarian entitlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Nepal’s boundaries remained porous. As opposed to fixed territorial lines, Nepal possessed “an unbounded space” that facilitated heterogeneous movements of trade and people.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal’s borders experienced frequent shifts in administration determined by the environment, tribute and taxation claims, and landholding patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, control over Anglo-Gorkha borderlands – Nepal’s frontiers with British India – oscillated frequently among different agents. In the eighteenth century, these borderlands became an area of deep concern for the British. The British viewed borders as fixed and immutable, leading the Company to interpret Nepal’s fluid boundaries as encroachments on British territory.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivated by territorial concern, the Company embarked on surveys and mapmaking projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These activities involved carving political and administrative boundaries in Nepal to render the territory “more legible for colonial rule.”<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These maps were then produced by the Revenue Surveys in the nineteenth century, serving as a strategy for the Company to divide land into non-overlapping, fixed spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clashing ideas around borderlands and spatiality, therefore, played an instrumental role leading up to the height of territorial disputes in 1814 – the onset of the Anglo-Nepalese War.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contents from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sagauli</a> illustrate that clashes over territorial views aided in causing the war.<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 2 states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war, and acknowledges the right of the Honourable Company to the sovereignty of those lands.”<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces’ focus on land and territoriality throughout the various articles of this Treaty exemplifies that territorial concern helped spur the war. Article 3 further states, “The Raja of Nepal hereby cedes to the Honourable the East India Company in perpetuity all the under-mentioned territories,” followed by the listing of five very detailed territorial spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When describing one of these ceded lands, for example, the Treaty states, “hills eastward of the River Mitchee including the fort and lands of Nagree and the Pass of Nagarcote leading from Morung into the hills.”<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These high levels of specificity, once again, showcase the Company’s highly fixed perceptions of borders and borderlands. As a result of the Anglo-Nepalese War and the subsequent treaty, Nepal lost approximately one-third of its land.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputes over territoriality, therefore, constituted a driving cause for war, following from the Company's deep concerns about Nepal’s fluid borders in the preceding years and decades. </p><p>The acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a>'s lands by the British East India Company brought the region of <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh">Gorakhpur</a> into the close proximity of the raja(king) of Palpa – the last remaining independent town within the Nepalese heartlands. Palpa and <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a> were originally two separate principalities; they were afterwards united under one independent Rajput prince, who, having conquered Butwal, added it to his hereditary possessions of Palpa. The lands of Butwal, though conquered and annexed, were yet held in fief, or paid an annual sum, first to Awadh, and afterwards, by transfer, to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.40_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield,_p.40-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the regency of Rani Rajendra Laxmi, towards the close of the 18th century, the hill country of Palpa was conquered and annexed to Nepal. The rajah retreated to Butwal, but was subsequently induced, under false promises of redress, to visit Kathmandu, where he was put to death, and his territories in Butwal seized and occupied by the Nepalese.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.40_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield,_p.40-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>, the Nepalese prime minister from 1806 to 1837, installed his own father as governor of Palpa, leading to serious border disputes between the two powers. The occupation of Terai of Butwal from 1804 till 1812 by the Nepalese, which was under British protection, was the immediate reason which led to the Anglo-Nepalese war in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.40_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield,_p.40-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.172_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_Ch._2,_''Causes_of_Nipal_War'',_p.54-80._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_Ch._2,_''Causes_of_Nipal_War'',_p.54-80.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1813, the ambitious the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Earl of Moira</a>, assumed the office of the Governor-General, and his first act was to re-examine the border dispute between Nepal and British East India Company. These disputes arose because there was no fixed boundary separating the Nepalese and the British. A struggle with the former was unpromising as the British were ignorant of the country or its resources and, despite their technological superiority, it was a received persuasion that the nature of the mountainous tract, which they would have to penetrate, would be as baffling to them as it had been to all the efforts of many successive Mahomedan sovereigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A border commission imposed on Nepal by the Governor-General failed to solve the problem. The Nepalese Commissioners had remarked to the British the futility of debating about a few square miles of territory since there never could be real peace between the two States, until the British should yield to the Nepalese all the British provinces north of the Ganges, making that river the boundary between the two, "as heaven had evidently designed it to be."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nepalese Historian <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Acharya" title="Baburam Acharya">Baburam Acharya</a> contends that the British were striving to annex the hill regions of Nepal and were the ones responsible for creating border disputes. At the border demarcation, the British representative Major Bradshaw disrespected the Nepalese representatives – Rajguru <a href="/wiki/Ranganath_Poudyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganath Poudyal">Ranganath Poudyal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalabhanjan_Pande" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalabhanjan Pande">Dalabhanjan Pande</a>, with a view of invoking a war against the Nepalese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the British found that the Nepalese were preparing for war; that they had for some time been laying up large stores of saltpetre; purchasing and fabricating arms, and organizing and disciplining their troops under some European deserters in this service, after the model of the companies of East India's sepoy battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conviction that the Nepalese raids into the flatlands of the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a>, a much prized strip of fertile ground separating the Nepalese hill country from India, increased tensions<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the British felt their power in the region and their tenuous lines of communication between <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and the northwest were under threat. Since there was no clear border, confrontation between the two powers was "necessary and unavoidable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain formally declared war on Nepal on 1 November 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.187-212_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.187-212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Interests">Economic Interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic Interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic interests also represent vital causes of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, the British sought to utilize the trans-Himalayan trade routes through Kathmandu and eastern Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These routes would create access to untapped markets for British manufactured goods in Tibet and China.<sup id="cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late eighteenth century, therefore, the Company turned its attention toward trade between Tibet and British possessions in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a>, trade missions were carried out to further these trade interests with the goal of establishing commercial relations with Nepal, Bhutan, and, ultimately, Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibet represented a source of Chinese silks, wool, dyestuffs, and other attractive commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gorkha’s conquest of Kathmandu Valley and Nepal’s push into the Terai regions during the latter half of the eighteenth century, however, was viewed by the British as a threat to the Company’s trading plans.<sup id="cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British economic interests, therefore, played a major role in causing the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Treaty of Sagauli illustrates these economic interests, as seen by Britain ceding Nepali lands that covered these attractive trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British had made constant efforts to persuade the Nepalese government to allow them trade access to fabled Tibet through Nepal. Despite a series of delegations headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Kirkpatrick_(orientalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kirkpatrick (orientalist)">William Kirkpatrick</a> (1792), Maulvi Abdul Qader (1795), and later William O. Knox (1801), the Nepalese Durbar refused to budge an inch. The resistance to open up the country to the Europeans could be summed up in a Nepalese precept, "With the merchants come the musket and with the Bible comes the bayonet."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lord Hastings was not averse to exploiting any commercial opportunities that access to the Himalayan region might offer. He knew that these would gratify his employers and silence his critics, because the East India Company was at this time in the throes of a cash-flow crisis. It needed substantial funds in Britain, in order to pay overheads, pensions, and dividends; but there were problems in remitting the necessary assets from India. Traditionally the company had bought Indian produce and sold it in London; but this no longer made economic sense. The staple Indian export was cotton goods, and demand for these was declining as home-produced textiles captured the British market. So the company was having to transfer its assets in another, more complicated and expensive way. It was having to ship its Indian textiles to Canton; sell them on the Chinese market; buy tea with the proceeds; then ship the tea for sale in Britain (all tea at this time came from China. It was not grown in India until the 1840s).<sup id="cite_ref-Pemble,_p.366_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemble,_p.366-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So when Hastings told the directors of the Company about an alternative means of remittance, a rare and precious raw material that could easily and profitably be shipped from India directly to London, they were at once interested. The raw material in question was a <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">superior-quality wool</a>: the exquisitely soft and durable animal down that had been used since time immemorial to make the famous wraps, or shawls, of Kashmir. This down was found only on the shawl-wool goat, and the shawl-wool goat was found only in certain areas of western Tibet. It refused to breed anywhere else. This explains why, under the terms of the treaty of 1816, Nepal was required to surrender its far western provinces. Hastings hoped that this territory, partly annexed by the company and partly restored to its previous rulers, would give British merchants direct access to the wool-growing areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Pemble,_p.366_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemble,_p.366-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly David Ochterlony, then an agent at Ludhiana, on 24 August 1814 noted of Dehra Dun as a "potentially thriving entrepot for Trans-Himalayan trade." He contemplated annexing Garhwal not so much with the view to revenue, but for security of commercial communications with the country where the shawl wool is produced. The British soon got to know that Kumaon provided a better facility for trade with Tibet. Therefore, the annexation of these two areas became part of their strategic objectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_Concerns">Security Concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Security Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the immediate cause of disputes between Nepal and the British occurred over territoriality, it is unlikely that the Company would have embarked on such an expensive and arduous war without a desire to “eliminate one of the few remaining threats to British dominance in northern India.”<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Company’s security concerns also aided in causing the war. In the early nineteenth century before the Anglo-Nepalese War, Nepal’s land stood directly north of Bengal, the heart of British administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This posed a threat to the British. The Company feared that anti-British prejudices among the Nepalese might result in either an attack on Bengal that would strain British communication with North India, or may result in Indian states uniting into an anti-British alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorkhas’ impressive conquests of the Kathmandu Valley further supplied the British with an exaggerated view of Nepal’s strength, contributing to the British viewing Nepal as a security threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorkhas’ strong resistance against British pressure since the 1760s contributed to British security concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Sagauli showcases British security concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 6 of the treaty states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claim to or connection with the countries lying to the west of the River Kali and engages never to have any concern with those countries or the inhabitants there of.”<sup id="cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This illustrates that the British used territorial limitations as a way of curtailing their security concerns – whether it be their concern over Nepal’s relationships with Sikhs, or concerns around Nepal’s possibility of alliance with north India or Bengal. </p><p>While trade was indeed a major objective of the company, out of it grew a concept of "political safety," which essentially meant a strategy of dissuasion and larger areas of occupation. The evidence does not support the claim that Hastings invaded Nepal only for commercial reasons. It was a strategic decision. He was wary of the Hindu revival and solidarity among the Marathas, the Sikhs, and the Gurkhas amid the decaying Mughal empire. He was hatching pre-emptive schemes of conquest against the Marathas in central India, and he needed to cripple Nepal first, in order to avoid having to fight on two fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pemble,_p.366_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemble,_p.366-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That it was a flawed strategy is explained by <a href="/wiki/Peter_James_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter James Marshall">P.J. Marshal</a>: "Political safety meant military preparedness. The military expenditure for 1761–62 to 1770–71 was 44 percent of the total spending of 22 million pounds. War and diplomacy rather than trade and improvement; most of the soldiers-would-be politicians and Governor Generals rarely understood. The political safety of Bengal was their first priority and they interpreted safety as requiring the subjugation of Mysore, the Marathas, the Pindaris, the Nepalese and the Burmese." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_preparation">War preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg/170px-Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg/255px-Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg/340px-Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Bhimsen Thapa, prime minister of Nepal from 1806 to 1837.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_opinions">Pre-war opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-war opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Kathmandu Durbar solicited Nepalese chiefs' opinions about a possible war with the British, Amar Singh Thapa was not alone in his opposition, declaring that – "They will not rest satisfied without establishing their own power and authority, and will unite with the hill <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a>, whom we have dispossessed. We have hitherto but hunted deer; if we engage in this war, we must prepare to fight tigers."<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.460_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.460-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was against the measures adopted in Butwal and Sheeoraj, which he declared to have originated in the selfish views of persons, who scrupled not to involve the nation in war to gratify their personal avarice.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.460_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.460-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.79-80_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.79-80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This contrasts sharply with the prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa – " ... our hills and fastness are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable."<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.458_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.458-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter,_p.100_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter,_p.100-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stance by Bhimsen Thapa is not surprising, as insinuated by Amar Singh, considering Bhimsen Thapa had made the usurpations in Butwal and Sheoraj, and whose family derived most of the advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.79-80_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.79-80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prinsep estimates that the revenue of the usurped lands could not have been less than a lakh of rupees a year to the Nepalese, in the manner they collected it: the retention of this income was therefore an object of no small importance to the ambitious views of Bhimsen Thapa and the preservation of the influence he had contrived to establish for his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.79-80_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.79-80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nepalese prime minister realized the Nepalese had several advantages over the British including knowledge of the region and recent experience fighting in the mountainous terrain. However, the British had numerical superiority and far more modern weapons. </p><p>In the meantime, the Governor-General also naively believed that "the difficulties of mountain warfare were greater on the defensive side than on that of a well conducted offensive operation."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers like <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Gillespie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollo Gillespie">Rollo Gillespie</a> saw the Nepalese as a challenge to British supremacy — "Opinion is everything in such a country as India: and whenever the natives shall begin to lose their reverence for the English arms, our superiority in other respects will quickly sink into contempt." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Edward_Rawdon,_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Francis_Edward_Rawdon%2C_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg/170px-Francis_Edward_Rawdon%2C_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Francis_Edward_Rawdon%2C_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg/255px-Francis_Edward_Rawdon%2C_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Francis_Edward_Rawdon%2C_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg/340px-Francis_Edward_Rawdon%2C_Marquess_of_Hastings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Governor-General looked towards the Nawab of Awadh to finance the impending warfare with Nepal: two <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (20 million) rupees were solicited. Of this matter he writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9-10._33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-10.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Saadut Ali<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unexpectedly died. I found, however, that what had been provisionally agitated with him was perfectly understood by his successor,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that the latter came forward with a spontaneous offer of a crore of rupees, which I declined as a peishcush or tribute on his accession to the sovereignty of Oude, but accepted as a loan for the Honourable Company. Eight lacs were afterwards added to this sum, in order that the interest of the whole, at six per cent, might equal the allowances to different branches of the Nawab Vizier's family, for which guarantee of the British Government had been pledged, and the payment of which, without vexatious retardments, was secured, by the appropriation of the interest to the specific purpose. The sum thus obtained was thrown into the general treasury, whence I looked to draw such portions of it as the demands of the approaching service might require. My surprise is not to be expressed, when I was shortly after informed from Calcutta, that it had been deemed expedient to employ fifty four lacs of the sum obtained by me in discharging an eight per cent loan, that the remainder was indispensable for current purposes, and it was hoped I should be able to procure from the Nawab Vizier a further aid for the objects of the war. This took place early in autumn, and operations against Nepaul could not commence till the middle of November, on which account the Council did not apprehend my being subjected to any sudden inconvenience through its disposal of the first sum. Luckily I was upon such frank terms with the Nawab Vizier, as that I could explain to him fairly my circumstances. He agreed to furnish another crore; so that the Honourable Company was accommodated with above two millions and a half sterling on my simple receipt.</p></blockquote> <p>In the aftermath of the war, he writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9-10._33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-10.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The richest portion of the territory conquered by us bordered on the dominions the Nawab Vizier. I arranged the transfer of that tract to him in extinction of the second crore which I had borrowed. Of that crore the charges of the war absorbed fifty two lacs: forty eight lacs (£600,000) were consequently left in the treasury, a clear gain to the Honourable Company, in addition to the benefit of precluding future annoyance from an insolent neighbour.</p></blockquote> <p>This was in contrast with the Nepalese who had spent huge amount of resources on the first and second wars against the Tibetans, which had led to the gradual exhaustion of their treasury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrain">Terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the British, who were used to fighting in the plains, but were unacquainted with the terrain of the hills, the formidability of the topology is expressed by one anonymous British soldier as such:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...The territory subject to Nepal consists of a mountainous tract of country, lying between Tibet and the valley of the Ganges, in breadth not exceeding one hundred miles, but in length stretching nearly along the whole extent of the north-west frontier of the British dominions. Below the hills they held possession of a portion of the plain of irregular width, distinguished by the name of the Nepal Turrye,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the period at which the acquisition was made is not ascertained. </p><p>The general military character of the country is that of extreme difficulty. Immediately at the front of the hills the plain is covered with the Great Saul Forest,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for an average width of ten or twelve miles; the masses of the mountains are immense, their sides steep, and covered with impenetrable jungle. The trenches in these ridges are generally water-courses, and rather chasms or gulfs than any thing that deserves the name of a valley. The roads are very insecure, and invariably pathways over mountains, or the beds of rivers, the usual means of transport throughout the country being by hill porters. Notwithstanding this general description, spaces comparatively open and hollow, and elevated tracts of tolerably level land, are to be met with, but so completely detached as to contribute but little to facilitate intercourse. </p><p> One of the largest and most fertile of these constitutes the valley of Nepal Proper.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the westward of Nepal, there is a difficult tract, till the country again opens in the valley of Gorkah, the original possession of the present dynasty. – Westward of this the country is again difficult, till it somewhat improves in the district of Kemaoon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further to the westward lies the valley of the Dhoon,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the territory of Sue-na-Ghur;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further still, the more recent conquests, stretching to the village, in which Umar Sing,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a chief of uncommon talents, commanded, and indeed, exercised an authority almost independent.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_campaign">First campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_plan_of_operation">British plan of operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British plan of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_and_Private,_40th_Foot,_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg/170px-Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg/255px-Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg/340px-Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Officer and Private, 40th Regiment of Foot, 1815</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurkha_soldier_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gurkha_soldier_1815.jpg/170px-Gurkha_soldier_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gurkha_soldier_1815.jpg/255px-Gurkha_soldier_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Gurkha_soldier_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhali warrior</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial British campaign was an attack on two fronts across a frontier of more than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi), from the Sutlej to the Koshi. In the eastern front, Major-General Bennet Marley and Major-General John Sullivan Wood led their respective columns across the <a href="/wiki/Tarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarai">Tarai</a> towards the heart of the valley of Kathmandu. Major-General <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Gillespie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollo Gillespie">Rollo Gillespie</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a> commanded columns in the western front. These columns were faced with the Nepalese army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the beginning of October 1814, the British troops began to move towards different depots; and the army was soon after formed into four divisions, one at Benares, one at Meeruth, one at Dinapur, and one at Ludhiana. </p><p><i>The first division</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Dinapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinapur">Dinapur</a>, being the largest, was commanded by Major-General Marley, and was intended to seize the pass at <a href="/wiki/Makwanpur_District" title="Makwanpur District">Makwanpur</a>, between Gunduk and Bagmati, the key to Nepal, and to push forward to <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>: thus at once carrying the war into the heart of the enemy's country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser,_p.13.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force consisted of 8,000 men, including his Majesty's 24th foot of 907 strong; there was a train attached to it of four 18-pounders, eight 6- and 3-pounders, and fourteen mortars and howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.215-219.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.85._45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.85.-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The second division</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>, under command of Major-General Wood, having subsequently removed to <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, was meant to enter the hills by the Bhootnuill pass, and, turning to the eastward, to penetrate the hilly districts, towards Kathmandu, and cooperate with the first division, while its success would have divided the enemy's country and force into two parts, cutting off all the troops in <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_District" title="Garhwal District">Garhwal</a> from communication with the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser,_p.13.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its force consisted of his Majesty's 17th foot, 950 strong, and about 3000 infantry, totaling 4,494 men; it had a train of seven 6- and 3-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.215-219.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.84._46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.84.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The third division</i>, was formed at <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, under Major-General Gillespie; and it was purposed to march directly to the <a href="/wiki/Dehra_Dun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehra Dun">Dehra Dun</a>; and having reduced the forts in that valley, to move, as might be deemed expedient, to the eastward, to recover <a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar</a> from the troops of Amar Singh Thapa; or to the westward, to gain the post of <a href="/wiki/Nahan" title="Nahan">Nahan</a>, the chief town of <a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a>, where Ranjore Singh Thapa held the government for his father, Amar Singh; and so sweep on towards the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, in order to cut off that chief from the rest, and thus to reduce him to terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser,_p.13.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division originally consisted of his Majesty's 53d, which with artillery and a few dismounted dragoons, made up about one thousand Europeans, and two thousand five hundred native infantry, totaling 3,513 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.215-219.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.84._46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.84.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The fourth, or north-western division</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, was to operate in the hilly country lying near the Sutlej: it assembled under Brigadier-General Ochterlony, and was destined to advance against the strong and extensive cluster of posts held by Amar Singh and the troops under his immediate orders at and surrounding arki, a considerable town of <a href="/wiki/Kahlur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahlur">Kahlur</a>, and to cooperate with the forces under Major-General Gillespie, moving downwards among the hills, when these positions should be forced, surrounding Amar Singh, and driving him upon that army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser,_p.13.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force consisted exclusively of native infantry and artillery, and amounted to 5,993 men; it had a train of two 18-pounder, ten 6-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p.215-219.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.83._47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.83.-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lastly, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi River</a> eastward, Major Latter was furnished with two thousand men, including his district battalion, for the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Purnia_division" title="Purnia division">Poornea</a> frontier. This officer was desired to open a communication with the Raja of Sikkim, and to give him every assistance and encouragement to expel the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkhas</a> from the eastern hills, short of an actual advance of troops for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.85._45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.85.-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Barré Latter was sent to the border with <a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Poornea</a> and after a successful mission to confine the Gorkhas to their own territory concluded the Anglo-Sikkimese <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Titalia" title="Treaty of Titalia">Treaty of Titalia</a> confirming the Raja's dominions, although the latter lost territory from his border to the <a href="/wiki/Tamur_River" title="Tamur River">Tamur River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commander-in-Chief of the British forces was Lord Moira. All four divisions composed mostly of Indian Sepoys. Ochterlony's army was the only division without a single British battalion. In conclusion, the Gorkhali Army defeated the British on three fronts consisting the middle and the east whereas lost the remaining two fronts in the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Makwanpur_Gadhi">Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1816)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1816)">Battle of Makwanpur (1816)</a></div> <p>Major General Marley was tasked to occupy Hetauda and capture the fortresses of Hariharpur and Makawanpur before proceeding to Kathmandu. His frontage of advance lay between Rapati river and Bagmati river. After additional reinforcements, he had 12,000 troops for his offensive against the Makawanpur and Hariharpur axis. A big attack base was established but Major General Marley showed reluctance to take risks against the Nepalese. Some skirmishes had already started taking place. Similarly, Major General George Wood, sometimes known as the Tiger of the British Indian Army, proved exceedingly cautious against the hard charging Nepalese. </p><p>Colonel<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ranabir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ranabir Singh Thapa">Ranabir Singh Thapa</a>, brother of Bhimsen Thapa, was to be the Sector Commander of Makawanpur-Hariharpur axis. He was given a very large fortress and about 4,000 troops with old rifles and a few pieces of cannons. But the British could not move forward from the border. Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa had been trying to lure the enemies to his selected killing area. But Major General Wood would not venture forward from Bara Gadhi and he eventually fell back to Betiya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jitgadh">Battle of Jitgadh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Jitgadh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jit_Gadhi" title="Battle of Jit Gadhi">Battle of Jit Gadhi</a></div> <p>With the help of an ousted Palpali king, Major General Wood planned to march on Siuraj, <a href="/wiki/Jit_Gadhi" title="Jit Gadhi">Jit Gadhi</a> and Nuwakot with a view to bypass the Butwal defenses, flushing out minor opposition on the axis, and assault Palpa from a less guarded flank. Nepalese Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a> had deployed his 1200 troops in many defensive positions including Jit Gadhi, Nuwakot Gadhi and Kathe Gadhi. The troops under Colonel Ujir were very disciplined and he himself was a dedicated and able commander. He was famous for exploiting advantage in men, material, natural resources and well versed in mountain tactics. The British advance took place on 6 January 1814, to Jit Gadh. While they were advancing to this fortress, crossing the Tinau River, the Nepalese troops opened fire from the fortress. Another of the attackers' columns was advancing to capture Tansen Bazar. Here too, Nepalese spoiling attacks forced the General to fall back to Gorakhpur. About 70 Nepalese lost their lives in Nuwakot pakhe Gadhi. Meanwhile, more than 300 of the enemy perished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Hariharpur_Gadhi">Battle of Hariharpur Gadhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Hariharpur Gadhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No special military action had taken place in Hariharpur Gadhi fortress in the first campaign. Major General Bannet Marley and Major General George Wood had not been able to advance for an offensive against Makawanpur and Hariharpur Gadhi fortresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of Nalapani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a> was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>, which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a>, while Major-General <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Gillespie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollo Gillespie">Rollo Gillespie</a>, who had previously fought at the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Battle of Java</a>, was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men and despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison, which also consisted of brave women who reportedly shielded the bullets and cannonballs with their bodies, successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month. Fraser recorded the situation in the following terms:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The determined resolution of the small party which held this small post for more than a month, against so comparatively large a force, must surely wring admiration from every voice, especially when the horrors of the latter portion of this time are considered; the dismal spectacle of their slaughtered comrades, the sufferings of their women and children thus immured with themselves, and the hopelessness of relief, which destroyed any other motive for their obstinate defence they made, than that resulting from a high sense of duty, supported by unsubdued courage. This, and a generous spirit of courtesy towards their enemy, certainly marked the character of the garrison of Kalunga, during the period of its siege.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Whatever the nature of the Gurkhas may have been found in other quarters, there was here no cruelty to wounded or to prisoners; no poisoned arrows were used; no wells or waters were poisoned; no rancorous spirit of revenge seemed to animate them: they fought us in fair conflict, like men; and, in intervals of actual combat, showed us a liberal courtesy worthy of a more enlightened people.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>So far from insulting the bodies of the dead and wounded, they permitted them to lie untouched, till carried away; and none were stripped, as is too universally the case.</p></blockquote> <p>After two costly and unsuccessful attempts to seize the fort by direct attack, the British changed their approach and sought to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's external water supply. Having suffered three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra, refusing to surrender, led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. The battle set the tone for the rest of the Anglo-Nepalese War, and a number of later engagements, including one at Jaithak, unfolded in a similar way. </p><p>The experience at Nalapani so discomforted the British that Lord Hastings so far varied his plan of operations as to forego the detachment of a part of this division to occupy Gurhwal.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.94._51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.94.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accordingly instructed Colonel Mawbey to leave a few men in a strong position for the occupation of the Doon and to carry his undivided army against Amar Singh's son, Colonel Ranajor Singh Thapa, who was with about 2300 elite of the Gurkha army, at Nahan.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.94._51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.94.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further intended to reinforce the division considerably; and the command was handed over to Major-General Martindell.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.94._51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.94.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime Colonel Mawbey had led back the division through the Keree pass, leaving Colonel Carpenter posted at Kalsee, at the north western extremity of the Doon.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.95._52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.95.-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This station commanded the passes of the Jumna on the main line of communication between the western and eastern portions of the Gurkha territory, and thus was well chosen for procuring intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.95._52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep,_p.95.-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jaithak">Battle of Jaithak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle of Jaithak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaithak" title="Battle of Jaithak">Battle of Jaithak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG/220px-Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG/330px-Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG/440px-Battle_of_Jaithak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Stockaded position of the <a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">Nepalese</a> at Jaithak</figcaption></figure> <p>Major General Martindale now joined the force and took over command. He occupied the town of Nahan on 27 December, and started his attack on the fort of Jaithak. The fort had a garrison of 2000 men under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ranajor_Singh_Thapa" title="Ranajor Singh Thapa">Ranajor Singh Thapa</a>, the son of the <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a>. The first assault ended in disaster, with the Nepalese successfully warding off the British offensive. The second managed to cut off the water supply to the fort, but could not capture it mainly because of the exhausted state of the troops and shortage of ammunition. Martindale lost heart and ordered a withdrawal. Jaithak was eventually captured much later in the war, when Ochterlony had taken over the command.<sup id="cite_ref-Naravane,_p.190._53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naravane,_p.190.-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single day of battle at Jaithak cost the British over three hundred men dead and wounded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and cooled Martindell's ardour for battle. For over a month and a half, he refused to take any further initiative against the Nepalese army. Thus by mid-February, of the four British commanders the Nepalese army had faced till that time, Gillespie was dead, Marley had deserted, Wood was harassed into inactivity, and Martindell was practically incapacitated by over-cautiousness. It set the scene for Octorloney to soon show his mettle and change the course of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trying_times_for_Nepalese_troops">Trying times for Nepalese troops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trying times for Nepalese troops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out West, the Nepalese were hopelessly overextended. Kumaun, a key link in Nepalese army communications with the Far West, was defended by a small force, numbering about seven hundred and fifty men, with an equal number of Kumaoni irregulars, altogether about fifteen hundred men to defend a whole province. In addition, Doti which was to the East of Kumaun, had been practically stripped of troops. <a href="/wiki/Bam_Shah" title="Bam Shah">Bam Shah</a>, as governor of Kumaun, had final responsibility for the defence of the province. </p><p>The British force, numbering initially over forty five hundred men, was easily able to outmanoeuvre the Nepalese army defenders and force them to abandon one post after another. Despite a significant victory over Captain Hearsey's force, which had been sent on a flanking movement though Eastern Kumaun, and the capture of the captain himself, the Nepalese army were unable to stem the tide of the British advance. Hasti Dal Shah arrived in Almora with a small body of reinforcement troops. A further reinforcement of four companies was sent from Kathmandu to aid the beleaguered defences of Kumaun, but the difficulties of communication through the hills prevented them from arriving in time to be of any help. </p><p>Meanwhile, Hastings sent Colonel Nicolls, Quartermaster-General for the British troops in India, to take charge of the Almora campaign and assigned two thousand regular troops to this front in addition to the very large number of irregulars already assigned to the area – all of this against fewer than one thousand Nepalese army soldiers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hasti_Dal_Shah" title="Hasti Dal Shah">Hasti Dal Shah</a> and some five hundred Nepalese Army men had set out from Almora to secure Almora's Northern line of communications with Kathmandu. This party was intercepted. Hasti Dal Shah, the ablest Nepalese commander in this sector, was killed in the first moments of the battle. The Nepalese suffered terrible losses. When word of this disaster reached the defenders at Almora, they were stunned. The British closed in on Almora and the Nepalese was unable to prevent the British advance. On 25 April 1815, 2,000 British regulars under Col. Nicholls and a force of irregular troops under Col. Gardiner assaulted and captured the heights of the town of Almorah. Subsequently, the British managed to establish gun positions within seventy yards of the gate of the fort at Almora and the British artillery demolished the walls of the fort at point blank range. Bam Shah surrendered Almora on 27 April 1815. The result of this British victory was the capitulation of the province of Kumaon and all of its fortresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Battle_of_Malaon_and_Jaithak">Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second battle of Malaon and Jaithak cut the Nepalese lines of communication between Central Nepal and the Far West. It also sealed the fate of Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon and Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak. At Malaon, Major-General Ochterlony had moved with extreme care summoning reinforcements and heavy guns from Delhi until his total attack force consisted of over ten thousand men well-equipped with heavy cannon. </p><p>Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's position in the Malaon Hills depended on Bilaspur in the lowlands for his food supplies, and the nature of the hills forced him to spread his forces very thinly in an attempt to defend every vantage point. Ochterlony cut off the supply of food from Bilaspur and then turned his attention to the intricate network of defensive posts that were designed to withstand any frontal assault. Although rear fortifications supported these posts, none could withstand a long cannonade by heavy guns. Because Ochterlony had sufficient troops to attack and overwhelm several positions simultaneously, the thinly spread Nepalese defences could be dangerously divided. </p><p>Ochterlony chose his target, a point on the ridge, and then proceeded to move slowly, consolidating each position that he took, and allowing the pioneers time to build roads so that the heavy guns could be moved forward to support each attack. After a series of carefully planned and executed moves, he succeeded in establishing a position on the crest of Deothal, not even over a thousand yards from Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's main fort at Malaon. The old warrior <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Thapa" title="Bhakti Thapa">Bhakti Thapa</a> valiantly led assault after assault on this position, but he died during battle and the position did not fall. Immensely impressed by Bhakti's sustained courage against impossible odds, the British made the well appreciated and honourable gesture of returning his body with full military honours. The British superiority in numbers made it inevitable that they would be able to establish themselves and their heavy guns on a vantage point within range of Ranajor Singh's fortifications, sooner or later. </p><p>Both Kazi Amar Singh Thapa and Ranajor Singh Thapa were thus hemmed in and looking down the barrels of the British guns when Bam Shah's letter arrived, announcing the fall of Almora. Although the old commander was still reluctant to surrender, Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at last saw the hopelessness of the situation and, compelled by circumstances and the British guns, surrendered with honour for both himself and Ranajor Singh. The Nepalese positions in the Far West lost control to the British on 15 May 1815. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_campaign">Second campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting,_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting%2C_1815.jpg/220px-Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting%2C_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting%2C_1815.jpg/330px-Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting%2C_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting%2C_1815.jpg/440px-Eight_Gurkha_men_depicted_in_a_British_Indian_painting%2C_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Gorkhali soldiers in 1815 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outstretched Nepalese army was defeated on the Western front i.e. <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_District" title="Garhwal District">Garhwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon</a> area. Ochterlony had finally outfoxed Bada Kaji <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a>. He was the only successful British Commander in the first Nepal-Company campaign. Not surprisingly <a href="/wiki/Lord_Moira" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Moira">Lord Moira</a> appointed him as the Main Operational Commander in the second offensive on the Bharatpur-Makawanpur-Hariharpur front with 17,000 strong invasion force, but again, most of them were Indian sepoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Naravane,_p.191_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naravane,_p.191-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British had given a 15-day ultimatum to Nepal to ratify a treaty on 28 November. But the points of the treaty were very difficult for the Nepalese to ratify quickly. The delay provided the excuse for the British to commence the second military campaign against the kingdom. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa, another brother of <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>, had been appointed as Sector Commander for defensive battles for the area from <a href="/wiki/Bijayapur" title="Bijayapur">Bijayapur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sindhuli_Gadhi" title="Sindhuli Gadhi">Sindhuli Gadhi</a> in the first campaign. In this second campaign, Bada Kaji Amarsingh Thapa<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>was detailed as Sector Commander for <a href="/wiki/Sindhuli_Gadhi" title="Sindhuli Gadhi">Sindhuli Gadhi</a> and the eastern front. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa was manning his headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Makwanpur_Gadhi" title="Makwanpur Gadhi">Makwanpur Gadhi</a>. Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a>, was the overall commander against Nepal with a massive 17,000 British troops to assault the fronts including Upardang Gadhi, Sinchyang Gadhi, Kandrang Gadhi, Makawanpur Gadhi and <a href="/wiki/Hariharpur_Gadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariharpur Gadhi">Hariharpur Gadhi</a>. </p><p>During the campaign in February 1816, Ochterlony decided to take a very infrequently used pass through the mountains. The failure there would have been a disaster for British. But the successful passage would allow British to directly emerge and attack the Nepalese's rear. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah followed the river Bagmati to reach <a href="/wiki/Hariharpur_Gadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariharpur Gadhi">Hariharpur Gadhi</a>. Some of the heads of villagers were bribed for sensitive information about the defensive positions in the area of Hariharpur Gadhi. The information seriously compromised the Nepalese defences. Secret routes would have given the enemy advantage even if they were able to get only a battalion through. But the British were able to advance with more than a brigade's strength. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah launched their attack from two different directions on 29 February. The Nepalese troops were eventually driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi after a big battle. Kaji Ranjore Singh Thapa withdrew to Sindhuli Gadhi to link up with Bada Kaji <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a>. The British troops did not approach Sindhuli Gadhi and fell back to <a href="/wiki/Makawanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Makawanpur">Makawanpur</a> by the end of March 1816. </p><p>The situation became very critical for Nepal and the British which eventually led to a treaty. Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a> settled down to receive the treaty, signed by Kathmandu Durbar through Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya, Pandit Gajaraj Mishra and finally though Bhaktawar Singh Thapa. Two days later the ratified treaty was handed over to the British in <a href="/wiki/Makawanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Makawanpur">Makawanpur</a>. The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>, which has been considered as an unequal treaty which led to Nepal losing its one-third territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Treaty_of_Sugauli">The Treaty of Sugauli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Treaty of Sugauli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugauli_treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sugauli_treaty.jpg/220px-Sugauli_treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sugauli_treaty.jpg/330px-Sugauli_treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sugauli_treaty.jpg/440px-Sugauli_treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Bhimsen Thapa's troops, right, at Segauli, 1816, with India Pattern Brown Bess muskets and chupi bayonets.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png/220px-Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png/330px-Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png/440px-Sugauli_Treaty_cessions.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Treaty of Sugauli</a> 4 March 1816. It suited Ochterlony to bring the campaign to a speedy conclusion because of the approach of the dreaded aul-fever season but also because a number of his European troops were suffering from <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Sugauli Treaty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Treaty of Sugauli</a> was ratified on 4 March 1816. As per the treaty, Nepal lost all Sikkim (including <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a>), the territories of <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal</a> and Western Terai. The <a href="/wiki/Mechi_River" title="Mechi River">Mechi River</a> became the new eastern border and the <a href="/wiki/Mahakali_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakali river">Mahakali river</a> the western boundary of the kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> would pay 200,000 rupees annually to compensate for the loss of income from the Terai region. The British set up <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fear of having a British Resident in Kathmandu ultimately proved to be unfounded, as the rulers of Nepal managed to isolate the Resident to such an extent as to be in virtual house arrest. </p><p>The Terai lands, however, proved difficult for the British to govern and some of them were returned to the kingdom later in 1816 and the annual payments accordingly abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.304-305._57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield,_p.304-305.-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However even after the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War, the border issue between the two states was not yet settled. The boundary between Nepal and Oudh was not finally adjusted until 1830; and that between Nepal and the British territories remained as a matter of discussion between the two Governments for several years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.306._58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield,_p.306.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British never had the intention to destroy either the existence or the independence of a state which was usefully interposed between them and the dependencies of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816428_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816428-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Hastings had given up his plan to dismember Nepal from fear of antagonising China – whose vassal Nepal in theory was. In 1815, while British forces were campaigning in far western Nepal, a high-ranking Manchu official advanced with a large military force from China to Lhasa; and the following year, after the Anglo-Nepalese treaty had been signed, the Chinese army moved south again, right up to Nepal's frontier. The Nepalese panicked, because memories were still vivid of the Chinese invasion of 1792, and there was a flurry of urgent diplomatic activity. Hastings sent mollifying assurances to the imperial authorities, and ordered the British Resident, newly arrived in Kathmandu, to pack his bags and be ready to leave at once if the Chinese invaded again.<sup id="cite_ref-Pemble,_pp.367._60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemble,_pp.367.-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_war">Cost of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cost of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the boast of Lord Moira to the British parliament on having increased the state coffers, the Gurkha War had in reality cost more than the combined cost of the campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pindaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindaris">Pindaris</a> for which Lord Moira's administration is better known: Sicca Rs. 5,156,961 as against Sicca Rs. 3,753,789.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb,_p.41._61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb,_p.41.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the kind of fact which greatly influenced the policy of the Company government in subsequent years. Thus, while the Company Government, in theory, thoroughly approved of the development of trade, especially in shawl wool, between Western Tibet and its territories, it was unprepared to take any decisive step to bring this about. It preferred to leave the Chinese in Tibet to their own devices, and hoped to avoid the risk, however slight, of another expensive hill war.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb,_p.41._61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb,_p.41.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, despite the British merchants' direct access to the wool growing areas after the war, the hopes of shawl wool trade were never realised. The British merchants found that they were too late. The shawl wool market was strictly closed and closely guarded. It was monopolised by traders from Kashmir and Ladakh, and the only outsider with whom they dealt was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the powerful Sikh ruler of Lahore. Ranjit was very zealous of his privilege, and he was the last person the British could afford to offend at this time of crisis and uncertainty. So the East India Company never did get its shawl wool. When it finally acquired the Punjab and Kashmir, after the Sikh Wars of the 1840s, it had long since given up trade, and Kashmir was so little valued that it was quickly discarded – sold for a knock-down price to the Raja of Jammu.<sup id="cite_ref-Pemble,_pp.366-367._62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemble,_pp.366-367.-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorkha_recruitment">Gorkha recruitment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gorkha recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_regiments_(India)" title="Gorkha regiments (India)">Gorkha regiments (India)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilngurkhas1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ilngurkhas1858.jpg/220px-Ilngurkhas1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ilngurkhas1858.jpg/330px-Ilngurkhas1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ilngurkhas1858.jpg/440px-Ilngurkhas1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Gurkahs of 66th Regiment in their national costume</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kukri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kukri.jpg/220px-Kukri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kukri.jpg/330px-Kukri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Kukri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="77" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khukuri">Khukuri</a> is the traditional weapon and tool of the <a href="/wiki/Gurkhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>David Ochterlony and the political agent <a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_(British_administrator)" title="William Fraser (British administrator)">William Fraser</a> were quick to recognize the potential of Nepalese soldiers in British service. During the war the British were keen to use defectors from the Nepalese army and employ them as irregular forces. His confidence in their loyalty was such that in April 1815 he proposed forming them into a battalion under Lieutenant Ross called the Nasiri regiment. This regiment, which later became the <a href="/wiki/1GR" class="mw-redirect" title="1GR">1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles</a>, saw action at the Malaun fort under the leadership of Lieutenant Lawtie, who reported to Ochterlony that he "had the greatest reason to be satisfied with their exertions". </p><p>As well as Ochterlony's Gorkhali battalions, William Fraser and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Young_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Young (soldier)">Lieutenant Frederick Young</a> raised the Sirmoor battalion, later to become the <a href="/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles</a>; an additional battalion, the Kumaon battalion was also raised eventually becoming the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Queen_Alexandra%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles">3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles</a>. None of these men fought in the second campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_protagonists">Fate of protagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fate of protagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhimsen_Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bhimsen Thapa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></div> <p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>, with the support of the queen regent <a href="/wiki/Queen_Tripurasundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Tripurasundari">Tripura Sundari</a>, remained in power despite the defeat of Nepal. Other ruling families, particularly the Pandes, decried what they saw as Bhimsen Thapa's submissive attitude towards the British. The prime minister however had been able to retain power by maintaining a large, modernized army and politically dominating the court during the minority of King <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra of Nepal">Rajendra Bikram Shah</a>, (reigned 1816–1847). Additionally, he was able to freeze out the Pandes from power by appointing members of his own family into positions of authority. </p><p>When queen Tripura Sundari died in 1832, <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a> began to lose influence. In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Brian Hodgson</a> became British resident, openly favouring Bhimsen Thapa's opponents, and in 1837 the king announced his intention to rule independently, depriving the prime minister and his nephew of their military powers. After the eldest son of the queen died, Bhimsen Thapa was falsely accused of attempting to poison the prince. Although acquitted, the Thapas were in turmoil. When the head of the Pande family, Rana Jang Pande, became prime minister, he had Bhimsen Thapa re-imprisoned; Bhimsen Thapa committed suicide in August 1839. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: David Ochterlony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a></div> <p>For his part, <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a> received thanks from both <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> and became the first officer in the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Lord Moira</a> also reinstated him as Resident at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and he lived in the style appropriate to a very senior figure of the company. However, after Lord Moira left India – succeeded by <a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">Lord Amherst</a> as Governor-General in 1823 – Ochterlony fell out of favor. </p><p>In 1825 the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatpur, India">Bharatpur</a> died and the six-year-old heir to the throne, whom Ochterlony supported, was usurped by his cousin Durjan Sal. When Durjan Sal failed to submit to Ochterlony's demands to vacate the throne, the British general prepared to march on Bharatpur. He did not receive the backing of the new Governor-General however, and after Amherst countermanded his orders, Ochterlony resigned, as Amherst had anticipated. This episode badly affected the ailing general who died shortly after on 14 July 1825. A 165-foot-high memorial was later erected in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> in his memory; however, Sir David Ochterlony's greatest legacy is the continuing recruitment of <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhas</a> into the British and Indian armies. </p><p>Soon after Ochterlony's resignation Amherst was himself obliged to do what Ochterlony had prepared to do, and laid siege to Bharatpur.<sup id="cite_ref-Naravane,_p.191_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naravane,_p.191-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha–Sikh War">Gurkha–Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese-Tibetan War">Nepalese-Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumauni_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumauni people">Kumauni people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sagauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha War">Gurkha War</a> with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhimsen's nephew <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825115_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825115-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded over the Butwal-Jitgadhi Axis, and his brothers (<a href="/wiki/Ranbir_Singh_Thapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranbir Singh Thapa">Ranbir Singh Thapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakhtawar_Singh_Thapa" title="Bakhtawar Singh Thapa">Bakhtawar Singh Thapa</a>) commanded over the Makwanpur-Hariharpur Axis and Bijayapur-Sindhuligadhi Axis, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bada Kaji <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a>, who was considered a member of the larger Thapa caucus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201226_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led the battle as overall commander against the columns of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Gillespie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollo Gillespie">Rollo Gillespie</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Ranjore_Thapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranjore Thapa">Ranjore Thapa</a> commanded the Nahan and Jaithak forts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranjor's nephew <a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded the <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Doon region</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep182593_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep182593-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha War">Gurkha War</a> with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilder-aus-nepal.de/Pages/Philatelie/ANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html">"Britisch-Nepalischer Krieg 1814-1816"</a>. <i>www.bilder-aus-nepal.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410162908/http://www.bilder-aus-nepal.de/Pages/Philatelie/ANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bilder-aus-nepal.de&rft.atitle=Britisch-Nepalischer+Krieg+1814-1816&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilder-aus-nepal.de%2FPages%2FPhilatelie%2FANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201250-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201250_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&dq=gorkha+war&pg=PA492"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J, Volume 1; Volume 6, pp. 493</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29367-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29367-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427224313/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&dq=gorkha+war&pg=PA492">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire%3A+A-J%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+6%2C+pp.+493&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29367-2&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-X-XYB_ZkIC%26dq%3Dgorkha%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, Harold E. (25 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&dq=Gorkha+War&pg=PA156"><i>The Victorians at war, pp.155</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-925-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-925-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-925-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411132130/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&dq=Gorkha+War&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorians+at+war%2C+pp.155&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004-10-25&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-925-6&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvE_Pa_ZlfsC%26dq%3DGorkha%2BWar%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naravane,_p.189-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naravane,_p.189_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2006">Naravane (2006)</a>, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_p.218-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.218_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1852">Smith 1852</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825115-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825115_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228014557/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two">"History of the Nepalese Army"</a>. <i>nepalarmy.mil.np</i>. Nepal Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np:80/history.php?page=two">the original</a> on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nepalarmy.mil.np&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Nepalese+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalarmy.mil.np%3A80%2Fhistory.php%3Fpage%3Dtwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201226-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201226_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816427_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1816">Anon 1816</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya19713_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcharya1971">Acharya 1971</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep182593-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep182593_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caplan, Lionel. “‘Bravest of the Brave’: Representations of ‘The Gurkha’ in British Military Writings.” Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 3 (1991): 571–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/312617">http://www.jstor.org/stable/312617</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122040140/https://www.jstor.org/stable/312617">Archived</a> 22 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose,_Leo_E_1971-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_Leo_E_1971_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, Leo E. Nepal: Strategy for Survival. 1st ed. University of California Press, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivenepal.org-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivenepal.org_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradshaw, Parish and Gajaraj, Mishra, “Treaty of Sugauli,” 1816. Historic Treaties and Documents, Archive Nepal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection">https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123010132/https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection">Archived</a> 23 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael,_Bernardo_A._2014_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael, Bernardo A. “Writing a World History of the Anglo-Gorkha Borderlands in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Journal of World History 25, no. 4 (2014): 535–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464">http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123131049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464">Archived</a> 23 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816425_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1816">Anon 1816</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldfield,_p.40-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.40_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.40_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.40_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldfield1880">Oldfield 1880</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_p.172-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.172_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1852">Smith 1852</a>, Warlike Preliminaries, Ch. 8, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_Ch._2,_''Causes_of_Nipal_War'',_p.54-80.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_Ch._2,_''Causes_of_Nipal_War'',_p.54-80._22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, Causes of Nipal War, p. 54-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings1824">Hastings 1824</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816426_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1816">Anon 1816</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_p.187-212-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.187-212_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>Britain's Declaration of War</i>, p.187-212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English,_Richard_1985-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English,_Richard_1985_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">English, Richard. “Himalayan State Formation and the Impact of British Rule in the Nineteenth Century.” Mountain Research and Development 5, no. 1 (1985): 61–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215171408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223">Archived</a> 15 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pemble,_p.366-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pemble,_p.366_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pemble,_p.366_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pemble,_p.366_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPemble,_Forgetting_and_remembering_Britain's_Gurha_War2009">Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009</a>, p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2022" class="citation web cs1">Cowan, Sam (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recordnepal.com/the-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor">"The battle for the ear of the emperor - The Record"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130042418/https://www.recordnepal.com/the-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=The+battle+for+the+ear+of+the+emperor+-+The+Record&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordnepal.com%2Fthe-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.460-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.460_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.460_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.79-80-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.79-80_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.79-80_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.79-80_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, pp. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.458-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.458_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 458: The entire letter by Bhimsen Thapa is as follows: "Through the influence of your good fortune, and that of your ancestors, no one has yet been able to cope with the state of Nipal. The Chinese once made war upon us, but were reduced to seek peace. How then will the English be able to penetrate into the hills? Under your auspices, we shall by our own exertions be able to oppose to them a force of fifty-two lakhs of men, with which we will expel them. The small fort of Bhurtpoor was the work of man, yet the English being worsted before it, desisted from the attempt to conquer it; our hills and fastnesses are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable. I therefore recommend the prosecution of hostilities. We can make peace afterwards on such terms as may suit our convenience."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter,_p.100-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter,_p.100_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter1896">Hunter 1896</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings,_p.9-10.-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9-10._33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_p.9-10._33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings1824">Hastings 1824</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II" title="Saadat Ali Khan II">Saadat Ali Khan II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ghazi-ud-Din_Haider" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi-ud-Din Haider">Ghazi-ud-Din Haider</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a></i>, also known as <i>sal</i> or <i>shala</i> tree, is a species of tree belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nepal Proper" refers to the Kathmandu Valley. Before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by Prithvi Narayan Shah, only this valley was originally referred to as Nepal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumaon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dehradun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar, Uttarakhand</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amar Singh Thapa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser,_p.13.-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser,_p.13._43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser1820">Fraser 1820</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_p.215-219.-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p.215-219._44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1852">Smith 1852</a>, Plan of Operation, p. 215-219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.85.-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.85._45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.85._45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.84.-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.84._46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.84._46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.83.-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.83._47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget1907" class="citation book cs1">Paget, William Henry (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi"><i>Frontier and overseas expeditions from India</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi/page/40">40</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+and+overseas+expeditions+from+India&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontieroverseas04indi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Nepalese army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of General was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as Commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of Colonels there were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one battalion. The title of Major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and Captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a corps. Luftun, or Lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the Captain; and then followed the subaltern ranks of Soobadar, Jemadar, and Havildar, without any Ensigns. (<a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, pp. 86–87)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackell1820">Shackell 1820</a>, p. 590</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.94.-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.94._51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.94._51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.94._51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep,_p.95.-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.95._52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep,_p.95._52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naravane,_p.190.-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naravane,_p.190._53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2006">Naravane 2006</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naravane,_p.191-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naravane,_p.191_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naravane,_p.191_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2006">Naravane (2006)</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India-Board (8 November 1816) in Kathmandu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldfield,_p.304-305.-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.304-305._57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldfield1880">Oldfield 1880</a>, pp. 304–305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldfield,_p.306.-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield,_p.306._58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldfield1880">Oldfield 1880</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1816428-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1816428_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1816">Anon 1816</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pemble,_pp.367.-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pemble,_pp.367._60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPemble,_Forgetting_and_remembering_Britain's_Gurha_War2009">Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009</a>, p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb,_p.41.-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb,_p.41._61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb,_p.41._61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb1986">Lamb 1986</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pemble,_pp.366-367.-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pemble,_pp.366-367._62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPemble,_Forgetting_and_remembering_Britain's_Gurha_War2009">Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009</a>, pp. 366–367</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>India-Board. (16 August 1815). <i>Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 25 January 1815</i>. The London Gazette. Issue: 17052. Published: 19 Aug 1815. pp. 1–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17052/pages/1685">[1]</a></li> <li>India-Board. (8 November 1816). <i>Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 30 March 1816</i>. The London Gazette. Issue: 17190. Published: 11 Nov 1816. pp. 1–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17190/pages/2137">[2]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1816" class="citation cs2">Anon (May 1816), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dtAAQAAIAAJ">"An account of the war in Nipal; Contained in a Letter from an Officer on the Staff of the Bengal Army"</a>, <i>Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany</i>, <b>1</b>: 425–429</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Miscellany&rft.atitle=An+account+of+the+war+in+Nipal%3B+Contained+in+a+Letter+from+an+Officer+on+the+Staff+of+the+Bengal+Army&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=425-429&rft.date=1816-05&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dtAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1820" class="citation cs2">Fraser, James Baillie (1820), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journaloftourthr00fras"><i>Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himālā mountains, and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges</i></a>, London: Rodwell and Martin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+tour+through+part+of+the+snowy+range+of+the+Him%C4%81l%C4%81+mountains%2C+and+to+the+sources+of+the+rivers+Jumna+and+Ganges&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rodwell+and+Martin&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+Baillie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournaloftourthr00fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1822" class="citation cs2">Anon (1822), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militarysketche00unkngoog"><i>Military sketches of the Goorka war in India: in the years 1814, 1815, 1816</i></a>, London: Woodbridge, Printed by J. Loder for R. Hunter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+sketches+of+the+Goorka+war+in+India%3A+in+the+years+1814%2C+1815%2C+1816&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Woodbridge%2C+Printed+by+J.+Loder+for+R.+Hunter&rft.date=1822&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitarysketche00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>East India Company. (1824). Papers respecting the Nepaul War. <i>Papers regarding the administration of the Marquis of Hastings in India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kElDAAAAcAAJ">[3]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1824" class="citation cs2">Hastings, Marquis of (1824), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkZDAAAAcAAJ"><i>Summary of the operations in India: with their results: from 30 April 1814 to 31 Jan. 1823</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+operations+in+India%3A+with+their+results%3A+from+30+April+1814+to+31+Jan.+1823&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Marquis+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjkZDAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsep1825" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thoby_Prinsep" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thoby Prinsep">Prinsep, Henry Thoby</a> (1825), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1jAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the political and military transactions in India during the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1</i></a>, London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+political+and+military+transactions+in+India+during+the+administration+of+the+Marquess+of+Hastings%2C+1813%E2%80%931823%2C+Vol+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kingsbury%2C+Parbury+%26+Allen&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=Henry+Thoby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTq1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackell1820" class="citation cs2">Shackell, W. (1820), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a20EAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Monthly Magazine. Volume: XLIX Part: I for 1820</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monthly+Magazine.+Volume%3A+XLIX+Part%3A+I+for+1820&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Shackell&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da20EAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya1971" class="citation cs2">Acharya, Baburam (1 January 1971) [1950], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf">"King Girvan's letter to Kaji Ranjor Thapa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Regmi Research Series</i>, <b>3</b> (1): 3–5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=King+Girvan%27s+letter+to+Kaji+Ranjor+Thapa&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1971-01-01&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Baburam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fregmi%2Fpdf%2FRegmi_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1852" class="citation cs2">Smith, Thomas (1852), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey09ochtgoog"><i>Narrative of a five-year's residence at Nepaul. Vol 1</i></a>, London: Colburn and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+five-year%27s+residence+at+Nepaul.+Vol+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Colburn+and+Co.&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeafivey09ochtgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield1880" class="citation cs2">Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromnipa01oldf"><i>Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1</i></a>, London: W.H. Allen and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+from+Nipal%2C+Vol+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen+and+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ambrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsketchesfromnipa01oldf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1896" class="citation cs2">Hunter, William Wilson (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029875915"><i>Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson</i></a>, London: John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Brian+Houghton+Hodgson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029875915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1986" class="citation cs2">Lamb, Alastair (1986) [1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pfl0DwAAQBAJ"><i>British India and Tibet 1766–1910</i></a> (Revised ed.), Routledge, pp. 26–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710208723" title="Special:BookSources/0710208723"><bdi>0710208723</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+India+and+Tibet+1766%E2%80%931910&rft.pages=26-43&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0710208723&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfl0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2000" class="citation cs2">Gould, Tony (2000), <i>Imperial Warriors – Britain and the Gorkhas</i>, Granta Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-365-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-365-1"><bdi>1-86207-365-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Warriors+%E2%80%93+Britain+and+the+Gorkhas&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86207-365-1&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaravane2006" class="citation cs2">Naravane, M. S. (2006), <i>Battles of the honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj</i>, APH Publishing, pp. 189–191, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0034-3"><bdi>978-81-313-0034-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+honourable+East+India+Company%3A+Making+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=189-191&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0034-3&rft.aulast=Naravane&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPemble,_Forgetting_and_remembering_Britain's_Gurha_War2009" class="citation cs2">Pemble, John (2009), "Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurkha War", <i>Asian Affairs</i>, <b>40</b> (3): 361–376, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068370903195154">10.1080/03068370903195154</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159606340">159606340</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Forgetting+and+remembering+Britain%27s+Gurkha+War&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-376&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068370903195154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159606340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pemble&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pemble, John. (2009). <i>Britain's Gorkha War: The Invasion of Nepal, 1814–16</i>. Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-520-3">978-1-84832-520-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, K. L. (2012). <i>Thapa politics in Nepal : with special reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839</i>. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+politics+in+Nepal+%3A+with+special+reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806-1839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepalese_Army_Headquarters2010" class="citation cs2">Nepalese Army Headquarters (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126094718/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable"><i>The Nepalese Army</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-2-2472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-2-2472-7"><bdi>978-9937-2-2472-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable">the original</a> on 26 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nepalese+Army&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9937-2-2472-7&rft.au=Nepalese+Army+Headquarters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalarmy.mil.np%2Fsipahi_display.php%3Ftype%3Dcoffeetable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marshall, Julie G. (2005). <i>Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33647-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33647-3">0-415-33647-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nepal/">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607215048/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two">History of the Nepalese Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018202001/http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/treaties_agreements/nep_india_open_border.htm">Indian-Nepalese border; The Tarai region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030902202914/http://www.Nepalesecongress.org.np/contents/nepal/treaties/2.php">The Sugauli Treaty</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a> (1969–mid-1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Palliser">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">ISIS war</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIS">Military intervention against ISIS</a> (2014–present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttarakhand" title="Template talk:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capitals</a>: legislative: <b><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></b> (winter); <b><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a></b> (summer); judicial: <b><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand" title="Government of Uttarakhand">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_state_symbols" title="List of Uttarakhand state symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Day" title="Uttarakhand Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttarakhand" title="Emblem of Uttarakhand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of governors of Uttarakhand">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Council_of_Ministers" title="Uttarakhand Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Uttarakhand ministries">Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gazette" title="Uttarakhand Gazette">Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Disaster_Response_Force_(Uttarakhand)" title="State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)">Disaster Response Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" title="Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary" title="Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary">Provincial Armed Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Forest_Department" title="Uttarakhand Forest Department">Forest Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Police Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="Uttarakhand High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bar Council of Uttarakhand">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lok_Adalat" title="Uttarakhand Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lokayukta" title="Uttarakhand Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa Janapada kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom#Rulers_of_Garhwal" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Panwar dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Raika Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_Tiraha_firing_case" title="Rampur Tiraha firing case">Rampur Tiraha firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography<br />and<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Himalayas" title="Garhwal Himalayas">Garhwal Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand">Mountain peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugyals" title="Bugyals">Bugyals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Kumaon_hills" title="Lakes of Kumaon hills">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of people from Uttarakhand">Ethnic<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_people" title="Jaunsari people">Jaunsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Buksas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">Tibeto-Burmans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukas" title="Shaukas">Shaukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Rajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_people" title="Jad people">Jads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banrawats" title="Banrawats">Banrawats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes<br />and<br /> Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttarakhand" title="Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand">Administrative<br /> divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of tehsils of Uttarakhand">Tehsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand">Urban Local Bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand">Municipal Corporations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parganas_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of parganas of Uttarakhand">Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_development_blocks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand">Community Development Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_movement" title="Uttarakhand movement">Statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uttarakhand_political_crisis" title="2016 Uttarakhand political crisis">2016 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Elections in Uttarakhand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Local elections in Uttarakhand">Local elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of former constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Former constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand">Parliamentary constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Rajya Sabha members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lok_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Lok Sabha members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand" title="Tourism in Uttarakhand">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Dehradun" title="List of tourist attractions in Dehradun">Tourist attractions in Dehradun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chardham<br />circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Badri" title="Sapta Badri">Sapta Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National<br />parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Uttarakhand" title="Cricket Association of Uttarakhand">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand cricket team">Men's cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand women's cricket team">Women's cricket team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_State_Football_Association" title="Uttarakhand State Football Association">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_football_team" title="Uttarakhand football team">Men's football team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Dehradun" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun">Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Sports_Stadium" title="Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sports_College" title="Maharana Pratap Sports College">Sports College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand" title="Outline of Uttarakhand">Other<br />topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of airports in Uttarakhand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Highway" title="Char Dham Highway">Char Dham Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Railway" title="Char Dham Railway">Char Dham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Metro" title="Uttarakhand Metro">Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttarakhand">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_cuisine" title="Kumaoni cuisine">Kumaoni cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">School Education Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Institutes of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Ratna" title="Uttarakhand Ratna">Uttarakhand Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gaurav_Samman" title="Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman">Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageshwar_district" title="Bageshwar district">Bageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham 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