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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agau-tale" title="Agau-tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Agau-tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="አገውኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አገውኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="لغات كوشية وسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات كوشية وسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_kouchitek_ar_c%27hreiz" title="Yezhoù kouchitek ar c'hreiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù kouchitek ar c'hreiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuix%C3%ADtic_central" title="Cuixític central – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cuixític central" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralkuschitische_Sprachen" title="Zentralkuschitische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zentralkuschitische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_agaw" title="Lenguas agaw – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas agaw" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_agew" title="Langues agew – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues agew" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%B6%80%EC%BF%A0%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="중부쿠시어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중부쿠시어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ագաու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ագաու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralnoku%C5%A1itski_jezici" title="Centralnokušitski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Centralnokušitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95" title="שפות אגאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות אגאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Агавски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Агавски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_agaw" title="Lengas agaw – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas agaw" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaw" title="Agaw – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Agaw" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_agaus" title="Línguas agaus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas agaus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Агавские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агавские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Agaw languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralnoku%C5%A1itski_jezici" title="Centralnokušitski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Centralnokušitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Агавські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агавські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56569#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&diff=prev&oldid=1253378335" title="Agaw languages" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&oldid=1253378554" title="Agaw languages">Latest revision as of 17:37, 25 October 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit" title="Agaw languages">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-10-25T17:37:25Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit&undoafter=1253378335&undo=1253378554" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Arctic_Circle_System" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Arctic Circle System" data-mw-revid="1253378554"><bdi>Arctic Circle System</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Arctic_Circle_System" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Arctic Circle System">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Arctic_Circle_System" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Arctic Circle System">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>10,956</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Added redlink</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Awngi language|Awngi]] (South Agaw) spoken southwest of [[Lake Tana]], much the largest, with over 350,000 speakers</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Awngi language|Awngi]] (South Agaw) spoken southwest of [[Lake Tana]], much the largest, with over 350,000 speakers</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>:(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kunfal</del>, spoken west of Lake Tana, is poorly recorded but most likely a dialect of Awngi)<ref>Joswig/Mohammed (2011)</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>:(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Kunfäl dialect|Kunfäl]]</ins>, spoken west of Lake Tana, is poorly recorded but most likely a dialect of Awngi)<ref>Joswig/Mohammed (2011)</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Northern Agaw:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Northern Agaw:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>:*Bilen–Xamtanga:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>:*Bilen–Xamtanga:</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 17:37, 25 October 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Afro-Asiatic languages spoken by Agew people in Ethiopia and Eritrea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #faecc8;">Agaw</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Central Cushitic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Agaw</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Agaw_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Agaw reconstructions">Proto-Agaw</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Qimant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamtanga_language" title="Xamtanga language">Xamtanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2193">cent2193</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Agaw</b> or <b>Central Cushitic languages</b> are <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a> spoken by several groups in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and, in one case, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. They form the main <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> influence on <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a> are classified as follows (after Appleyard): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi</a> (South Agaw) spoken southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>, much the largest, with over 350,000 speakers</li></ul> <dl><dd>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunf%C3%A4l_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunfäl dialect (page does not exist)">Kunfäl</a>, spoken west of Lake Tana, is poorly recorded but most likely a dialect of Awngi)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Northern Agaw:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Bilen–Xamtanga:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a> (North) spoken (70,000 speakers) in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> around the town of <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> around the town of <a href="/wiki/Kassala" title="Kassala">Kassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamtanga_language" title="Xamtanga language">Xamtanga</a> (Central Agaw; also called Khamir, Khamta) 143,000 speakers in the North <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Qimant</a> (Western Agaw) nearly extinct, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Qemant" class="mw-redirect" title="Qemant">Qemant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Semien_Gondar_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien Gondar Zone">Semien Gondar Zone</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>(dialects <a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a> – nearly extinct, spoken by <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> formerly living in Qwara, now in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a> – extinct, formerly spoken by some <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>, transitional between Qimant and Xamtanga)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>There is a literature in Agaw but it is widely dispersed: from medieval texts containing passages in the <a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Qimant language</a>, now mostly in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> museums, to the modern <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen language</a> with its own newspaper, based in <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. Historical material is also available in the <a href="/wiki/Xamtanga_language" title="Xamtanga language">Xamtanga language</a>, and there is a deep tradition of folklore in the <a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Cushitic languages are characterised by the presence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowels</a>, while they lack ejectives, implosives, pharyngeals, consonant gemination, vowel length, and the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Agaw">Agaw people</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Agaw_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Agaw reconstructions">List of Proto-Agaw reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Appleyard, David L. (2006) <i>A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages</i> (Kuschitische Sprachstudien – Cushitic Language Studies Band 24). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</li> <li>Hetzron, Robert (1976) The Agaw Languages. <i>Afroasiatic Linguistics</i> 3,3. p. 31–37</li> <li>Joswig, Andreas and Hussein Mohammed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/47/48/71/47487126751402247272257693921708804224/silesr2011_047.pdf">A Sociolinguistic Survey Report; Revisiting the Southern Agaw Language areas of Ethiopia</a>. SIL International. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2011-047.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaw_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hetzron (1976, p. 5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joswig/Mohammed (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zelealem, [Mollaligne] Leyew. 2020. Central Cushitic. In: Rainer Vossen and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of African Languages</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cushitic_languages" title="Template:Cushitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cushitic_languages" title="Template talk:Cushitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cushitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cushitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cushitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Qimant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamtanga_language" title="Xamtanga language">Xamtanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Highland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Highland East Cushitic languages">Highland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burji_language" title="Burji language">Burji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sidamoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hadiyyaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido_language" title="Libido language">Libido</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kambaataic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaba-K%CA%BCabeena_language" title="Alaba-Kʼabeena language">Alaba-Kʼabeena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_language" title="Kambaata language">Kambaata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gedeo–Sidama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_language" title="Gedeo language">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_language" title="Sidama language">Sidama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Omo–Tana languages">Omo–Tana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Arboroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_language" title="Arbore language">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Somali_languages" title="Macro-Somali languages">Somaloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiso_language" title="Baiso language">Baiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girirra_language" title="Girirra language">Girirra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rendille%E2%80%93Boni_languages" title="Rendille–Boni languages">Rendille–Boni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_language" title="Aweer language">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_language" title="Rendille language">Rendille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabarre_language" title="Dabarre language">Dabarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garre_language" title="Garre language">Garre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunni_language" title="Tunni language">Tunni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Somali" title="Ashraf Somali">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhiban#Af-Caloowe" title="Madhiban">Caloowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harla_people#Language" title="Harla people">Harlaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiiddu_language" title="Jiiddu language">Jiiddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maay_Maay" title="Maay Maay">Maay Maay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Waqooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibir#Language" title="Yibir">Yibir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oromoid_languages" title="Oromoid languages">Oromoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West%E2%80%93Central_Oromo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West–Central Oromo language (page does not exist)">West–Central Oromo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central–East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oromo_language" title="Southern Oromo language">Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_language" title="Orma language">Orma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oromo_language" title="Eastern Oromo language">Eastern Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata_language" title="Waata language">Waata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konso_language" title="Konso language">Konso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bussa–Dirasha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_language" title="Bussa language">Bussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirasha_language" title="Dirasha language">Dirasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dullay_languages" title="Dullay languages">Dullay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale_language" title="Ale language">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobase_language" title="Dobase language">Dobase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_language" title="Tsamai language">Tsamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boon_language" title="Boon language">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_language" title="Yaaku language">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medjay#Language" title="Medjay">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes#Language" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taita_Cushitic_languages" title="Taita Cushitic languages">Taita Cushitic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rift</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>East</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asa_language" title="Asa language">Asa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kw%CA%BCadza_language" title="Kwʼadza language">Kwʼadza</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burunge_language" title="Burunge language">Burunge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagwa_language" title="Alagwa language">Alagwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqwoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorowa_language" title="Gorowa language">Gorowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a></li></ul> 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