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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_invasion_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_invasion_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First invasion preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_invasion_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_invasion_(1274)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_invasion_(1274)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First invasion (1274)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_invasion_(1274)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First invasion (1274) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_invasion_(1274)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Tsushima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Tsushima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Invasion of Tsushima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Tsushima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Iki_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Iki_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Invasion of Iki Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Iki_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_in_Hakata_Bay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_in_Hakata_Bay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Landing in Hakata Bay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_in_Hakata_Bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance_of_the_invaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance_of_the_invaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Disappearance of the invaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance_of_the_invaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_invasion_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second invasion preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_invasion_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion_(1281)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_invasion_(1281)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Second invasion (1281)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_invasion_(1281)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second invasion (1281) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_invasion_(1281)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_Tsushima_and_Iki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_Tsushima_and_Iki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Attacks on Tsushima and Iki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_Tsushima_and_Iki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landings_in_Nagato_and_Hakata_Bay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landings_in_Nagato_and_Hakata_Bay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Landings in Nagato and Hakata Bay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landings_in_Nagato_and_Hakata_Bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_counterattacks_and_Mongol_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_counterattacks_and_Mongol_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Japanese counterattacks and Mongol withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_counterattacks_and_Mongol_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalemate_at_Hakata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate_at_Hakata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Stalemate at Hakata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalemate_at_Hakata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typhoon_kamikaze_and_the_end_of_the_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typhoon_kamikaze_and_the_end_of_the_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Typhoon kamikaze and the end of the invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typhoon_kamikaze_and_the_end_of_the_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_of_the_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_of_the_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Size of the invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_of_the_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Military significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombs_and_cannons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombs_and_cannons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bombs and cannons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombs_and_cannons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_sword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_sword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Japanese sword</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_sword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasions of Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الغزو المغولي لليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو المغولي لليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monqollar%C4%B1n_Yaponiya_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9Fl%C9%99ri" title="Monqolların Yaponiya yürüşləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monqolların Yaponiya yürüşləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="موغوللارین ژاپونا یوروشلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موغوللارین ژاپونا یوروشلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Мангольскія ўварванні ў Японію – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангольскія ўварванні ў Японію" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_mongoles_del_Jap%C3%B3" title="Invasions mongoles del Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasions mongoles del Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsk%C3%A9_invaze_do_Japonska" title="Mongolské invaze do Japonska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mongolské invaze do Japonska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolske_invasioner_i_Japan" title="Mongolske invasioner i Japan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mongolske invasioner i Japan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoleninvasionen_in_Japan" title="Mongoleninvasionen in Japan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mongoleninvasionen in Japan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μογγολικές εισβολές στην Ιαπωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μογγολικές εισβολές στην Ιαπωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasiones_mongolas_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Invasiones mongolas de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasiones mongolas de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolaj_invadoj_al_Japanio" title="Mongolaj invadoj al Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mongolaj invadoj al Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniaren_mongoliar_inbasioa" title="Japoniaren mongoliar inbasioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniaren mongoliar inbasioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%87_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="حمله مغول به ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله مغول به ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_mongoles_du_Japon" title="Invasions mongoles du Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasions mongoles du Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95" title="원나라의 일본 원정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원나라의 일본 원정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolska_invazija_na_Japan" title="Mongolska invazija na Japan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mongolska invazija na Japan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Jepang_oleh_Mongol" title="Invasi Jepang oleh Mongol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Jepang oleh Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Мангойлаг балцытæ Японмæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мангойлаг балцытæ Японмæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasioni_mongole_del_Giappone" title="Invasioni mongole del Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasioni mongole del Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="הפלישות המונגוליות ליפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלישות המונגוליות ליפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C5%B3_invazijos_%C4%AF_Japonij%C4%85" title="Mongolų invazijos į Japoniją – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mongolų invazijos į Japoniją" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_hadj%C3%A1ratok_Jap%C3%A1n_ellen" title="Mongol hadjáratok Japán ellen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mongol hadjáratok Japán ellen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Mongol_terhadap_Jepun" title="Serangan Mongol terhadap Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Mongol terhadap Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Монголчуудын Япон руу хийсэн довтолгоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монголчуудын Япон руу хийсэн довтолгоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoolse_invasies_van_Japan" title="Mongoolse invasies van Japan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mongoolse invasies van Japan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AF%87" title="元寇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元寇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolinvasjonene_av_Japan" title="Mongolinvasjonene av Japan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mongolinvasjonene av Japan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolskie_inwazje_na_Japoni%C4%99" title="Mongolskie inwazje na Japonię – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mongolskie inwazje na Japonię" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_Mongol_no_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Invasão Mongol no Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão Mongol no Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaziile_mongole_%C3%AEn_Japonia" title="Invaziile mongole în Japonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invaziile mongole în Japonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Монгольские вторжения в Японию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монгольские вторжения в Японию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimi_mongol_i_Japonis%C3%AB" title="Pushtimi mongol i Japonisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimi mongol i Japonisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mongol invasions of Japan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%BA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86" title="لەشکرکێشی مەغۆلەکان بۆ سەر ژاپۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەشکرکێشی مەغۆلەکان بۆ سەر ژاپۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монголска инвазија на Јапан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монголска инвазија на Јапан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolien_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ykset_Japaniin" title="Mongolien hyökkäykset Japaniin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mongolien hyökkäykset Japaniin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Japan" title="Mongolernas invasion av Japan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongolernas invasion av Japan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மங்கோலியர்களின் ஜப்பானியப் படையெடுப்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்கோலியர்களின் ஜப்பானியப் படையெடுப்புகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="การรุกรานญี่ปุ่นของมองโกล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรุกรานญี่ปุ่นของมองโกล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Follar%C4%B1n_Japonya_seferleri" title="Moğolların Japonya seferleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğolların Japonya seferleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Монгольські вторгнення до Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монгольські вторгнення до Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95_x%C3%A2m_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Mông Cổ xâm lược Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mông Cổ xâm lược Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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searchaux" style="display:none">Late 13th-century failed invasion of Kyushu</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mongol invasions of Japan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests#East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol invasion of East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274,_1281.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274%2C_1281.jpg/220px-Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274%2C_1281.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274%2C_1281.jpg/330px-Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274%2C_1281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274%2C_1281.jpg/440px-Mongol_invasions_of_Japan_1274%2C_1281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="830" /></a></span><br />Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1274, 1281</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kyūshū">Northern Kyūshū</a>, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Japanese</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasa_Rindo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg/23px-Sasa_Rindo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg/35px-Sasa_Rindo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg/46px-Sasa_Rindo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="668" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:So_clan_mon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/So_clan_mon.svg/23px-So_clan_mon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/So_clan_mon.svg/35px-So_clan_mon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/So_clan_mon.svg/46px-So_clan_mon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8D_clan" title="Sō clan">Sō clan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/23px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/35px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/46px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dni_clan" title="Shōni clan">Shōni clan</a></li> <li>Sashi clan</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ageha-cho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg/23px-Ageha-cho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg/35px-Ageha-cho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg/46px-Ageha-cho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kikuchi_mon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kikuchi_mon2.jpg/23px-Kikuchi_mon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kikuchi_mon2.jpg/35px-Kikuchi_mon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kikuchi_mon2.jpg/46px-Kikuchi_mon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_clan" title="Kikuchi clan">Kikuchi clan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_clan" title="Ōtomo clan">Ōtomo clan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maru_juji.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/35px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/46px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_clan" title="Shimazu clan">Shimazu clan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Matsura_clan" title="Matsura clan">Matsura clan</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_(Bong-gi).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_%28Bong-gi%29.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_%28Bong-gi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_%28Bong-gi%29.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_%28Bong-gi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_%28Bong-gi%29.svg/46px-Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_%28Bong-gi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo</a></li> <li>Talysh Tribes (Mongol)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/20px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/30px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/40px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Uda" title="Emperor Go-Uda">Emperor Go-Uda</a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasa_Rindo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg/23px-Sasa_Rindo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg/35px-Sasa_Rindo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg/46px-Sasa_Rindo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Koreyasu" title="Prince Koreyasu">Prince Koreyasu</a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Uroko.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="668" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimune" title="Hōjō Tokimune">Hōjō Tokimune</a></b></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/23px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/35px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/46px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Shōni Sukeyoshi</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_daki_Gyouyou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> Ōtomo Yoriyasu</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/23px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/35px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/46px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Shōni Tsuneyasu</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/23px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/35px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg/46px-Mon_Clan_Sh%C3%B4ni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Shōni Kageyasu</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg/23px-Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg/35px-Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg/46px-Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Takefusa" title="Kikuchi Takefusa">Kikuchi Takefusa</a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg/23px-Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg/35px-Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg/46px-Japanese_crest_narabi_Takanoha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Takezaki_Suenaga" title="Takezaki Suenaga">Takezaki Suenaga</a></li><li>Shiroishi Michiyasu</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_Hita_Suhama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> Fukuda Kaneshige</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg/23px-Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg/35px-Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg/46px-Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> Togō Korechika</li><li>Hida Nagamoto</li><li>Mitsui Yasunaga</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:So_clan_mon2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/So_clan_mon2.svg/23px-So_clan_mon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/So_clan_mon2.svg/35px-So_clan_mon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/So_clan_mon2.svg/46px-So_clan_mon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8D_Sukekuni" title="Sō Sukekuni">Sō Sukekuni</a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ageha-cho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg/23px-Ageha-cho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg/35px-Ageha-cho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg/46px-Ageha-cho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> Taira no Kagetaka</li><li>Sashi Fusashi</li><li>Sashi Nao</li><li>Sashi Tōdō</li><li>Sashi Isamu</li><li>Ishiji Kane</li><li>Ishiji Jirō</li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg/35px-Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg/46px-Japanese_Crest_Matsura_mitu_Hosi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> Yamashiro Kai</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Yuan dynasty:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a></b></li><li>Holdon</li><li>Liu Fuheng/Liu Fuxiang/Yu-Puk Hyong</li><li>Atagai</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Dagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Dagu">Hong Dagu</a></li><li>Ala Temür</li><li>Fan Wenhu</li><li>Li T'ing</li></ul></div> <hr /> <b>Goryeo dynasty:</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">King Wonjong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_Chungnyeol" class="mw-redirect" title="King Chungnyeol">King Chungnyeol</a></li><li>Kim Bang-gyeong</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>1274</b>: 4,000–6,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>1281</b>: 40,000 (?)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcements" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforcements">Reinforcements</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rokuhara_Tandai" title="Rokuhara Tandai">Rokuhara Tandai</a>: 60,000 (not yet arrived)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>1274</b>: 28,000–30,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 900 ships</li><li><b>1281</b>: 140,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 3,500 ships</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>1274/1281</b>: ?</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>1274</b>: 13,500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201049–50_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201049–50-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>1281</b>: 120,000+<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland and Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Invasions_of_Japan" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_Invasions_of_Japan" title="Template:Campaignbox Mongol Invasions of Japan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mongol_Invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mongol Invasions of Japan (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_Invasions_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol Invasions of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Invasions_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Mongol Invasions of Japan</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei" title="Battle of Bun'ei">First Invasion (1274)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei#Battle_of_Tsushima_Island" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Tsushima (1274)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei#Battle_of_Iki_Island" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Iki Island (1274)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei#Battle_of_Hirato_Island,_Taka_Island_and_Nokono_Island" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Hirato, Taka, Nokono Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei#Battle_of_Akasaka" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Akasaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei#Battle_of_Torikai-Gata" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Torikai-Gata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koan">Second Invasion (1281)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koan#Battle_of_Tsushima_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koan">Battle of Tsushima Island (1281)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koan#Battle_of_Shika_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koan">Battle of Shika Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koan#Battle_of_Iki_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koan">Battle of Iki Island (1281)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koan#Battle_of_Mikuriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koan">Battle of Mikuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koan#Battle_of_Taka_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koan">Battle of Taka Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Major military efforts were taken by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> after the submission of the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassaldom</a>. Ultimately a failure, the invasion attempts are of <a href="/wiki/Macro-historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-historical">macro-historical</a> importance because they set a limit on Mongol expansion and rank as nation-defining events in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">history of Japan</a>. The invasions are referred to in many works of fiction and are the earliest events for which the word <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">kamikaze</a></i> (神風 "divine wind") is widely used, originating in reference to the two <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a> faced by the Yuan fleets. </p><p>The invasions were one of the earliest cases of <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder#Use_by_the_Mongols" title="History of gunpowder">gunpowder warfare</a> outside of China. One of the most notable technological innovations during the war was the use of explosive, hand-thrown bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_military_tactics_and_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol military tactics and organization">Mongol military tactics and organization</a></div> <p>After a series of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Mongol invasions of Korea</a> between 1231 and 1281, Goryeo signed a treaty in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>. Kublai was declared <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1260 (although that was not widely recognized by the Mongols in the west) and established his capital at <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> (within modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) in 1264.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Japan was then ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken">Shikken</a> (shogunate regents) of the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a>, who had intermarried with and wrested control from <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoriie" title="Minamoto no Yoriie">Minamoto no Yoriie</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a>, after his death in 1203. The inner circle of the Hōjō clan had become so pre-eminent that they no longer consulted the council of the shogunate (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hyōjō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">評定</span></span>)</span>), the Imperial Court of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, or their <a href="/wiki/Gokenin" title="Gokenin">gokenin</a> vassals, and they made their decisions at private meetings in their residences (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yoriai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寄合</span></span>)</span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Mongols also <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">made attempts to subjugate</a> the native peoples of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh peoples</a>, from 1264 to 1308.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is doubtful if Mongol activities in Sakhalin were part of the effort to invade Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contact">Contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg/290px-LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg/435px-LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg/580px-LetterFromKhubilaiToJapan1266.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Letter from Kublai Khan of the "Great Mongol State" (大蒙古國) to the "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">King of Japan</a>" (日本國王), written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in East Asia at the time, dated 8th Month, 1266. Now stored in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1266 to 1273, a diplomatic mission composed of Mongols and Koreans sent envoys to Japan six times to demand submission to the Mongols, but the Japanese ignored their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-jk051022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jk051022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1265, a Goryeo citizen told Kublai that the Mongols should bring Japan to <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassalage</a>. Kublai agreed and appointed Heuk Chŭk and Eun Hong as envoys to Japan. They were ordered to go to Goryeo and take with them a Goryeo envoy as well. They delivered a message to the <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">Wonjong of Goryeo</a> and two of his officials, Son Kun-bi and Kim Ch'an, were appointed to join them on their journey. On their departure, they were met by a storm and the king sent the Mongol envoys back to the Yuan court. Kublai was unsatisfied with the outcome and sent Heuk Chŭk back ordering Wonjong to forward the Mongol envoy to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999344–345_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999344–345-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yi Changyong, a Goryeo minister, attempted to dissuade the Mongols from their plans on Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenthorn196368–69_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenthorn196368–69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai sent a general, U-ya Son-dal, to demand that Yi Changyong and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chun" title="Kim Chun">Kim Chun</a>, the two most influential officials of Goryeo, be brought to the Yuan court. Kim killed U-ya Son-dal. This frightened Wonjong, who did not want to offend the Mongols, but he dared not lay a hand on Kim. Having gone unpunished, Kim and his family started showing disrespect towards the king. Wonjong and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Im_Y%C5%8Fn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Im Yŏn (page does not exist)">Im Yŏn</a>, an official who hated Kim, summoned him to court and killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999345–346_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999345–346-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon reaching the Japanese capital, the Mongol and Goryeo envoys were treated with disrespect and were not allowed to enter the gates. They lodged at a place called T'ă-jă-bu outside the west gate of the city. They remained there for five months with poor entertainment before being dismissed without receiving an answer. Kublai could not believe that his envoys had been treated with such disrespect and suspected that this was a ruse by Wonjong, so he sent Heuk Chŭk back to Japan, this time accompanied by the Goryeo envoy, Sim Sa-jŭn. The envoys had not returned by 1268 but ultimately left after their letter was rejected by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999346_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999346-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201012–13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201012–13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Emperor of the Great Mongols, being commissioned by Heaven, hereby respectfully presents a letter to the King of Japan. From time immemorial rulers of small states, the borders of which closely adjoin, have always endeavoured to maintain friendly relations with each other and have manifested mutual respect and trust. On our part, we, from the time of our forefathers, have received the Mandate of Heaven and have ruled the universe. Innumerable people in far-off lands have learned to fear our power and have longed for our virtuous rule. When we first ascended the throne, the innocent and helpless people of Korea had suffered for long from military struggles. We therefore ordered a cessation of hostilities, restored their land, and returned the captive Koreans, young and old.<br />In gratitude both ruler and people of Korea now present themselves at our court. Although the legal relation between ourselves and the Koreans is that of sovereign and subjects, yet in feeling we are as father and children. We assume that Your Highness and your subjects have known this. Korea is our eastern tributary state. Japan is located near to Korea and since her founding has time and again established relations with the Middle Kingdom. However, since our accession you have not yet sent an envoy to our court; nor have you indicated a desire to establish friendly relations with us. We are afraid this is because Your Kingdom has not yet been well informed of this. Therefore we now send a special envoy bearing our state papers to inform you of our desire. We hope that henceforth you will enter into friendly relations with us, and that both our people and yours will enjoy peace and harmony. Moreover, the sages consider the entire universe one family. Therefore, if we should not establish friendly relations with each other, how could it be in accordance with the doctrine of one family? Who would care to appeal to arms?<br />I hereby leave the matter to Your Highness's careful consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In early 1269, another mission of 70 Koreans and Mongols arrived on <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima</a> demanding an answer from Japan to the khan's letter. The imperial court wished to respond but the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> overruled them. A letter rejecting the Mongol demands was drafted but never delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1270, a final mission was dispatched by Kublai to Japan. The mission was led by Zhao Liangbi and consisted of 24 scribes. They were almost immediately attacked upon arrival in Japan in 1271. They were refused a visit to the "king of Japan". After delivering their letter and receiving no reply, they went home. Zhao waited for a response until 1273 before returning to China. Zhao advised Kublai against attacking Japan because even though the country lacked wealth, the people were warlike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012253_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012253-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan took seriously the letter brought by the second diplomatic mission to Japan in 1268 as an omen of invasion; <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto shrines">Shinto shrines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Buddhist temples</a> were instructed to pray for the repulsion of foreign troops and the central government suspended most of its normal duties to concentrate on fortifying its existing defenses in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jk051022_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jk051022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_invasion_preparations">First invasion preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First invasion preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima,_ema_at_Sasuura.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima%2C_ema_at_Sasuura.png/250px-Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima%2C_ema_at_Sasuura.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima%2C_ema_at_Sasuura.png/375px-Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima%2C_ema_at_Sasuura.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima%2C_ema_at_Sasuura.png/500px-Mongol_invasion_of_Tsushima%2C_ema_at_Sasuura.png 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Two Samurai with a dead Mongol at their feet. The one on the right is possibly Sō Sukekuni, the defending commander at Tsushima. Votive image (<a href="/wiki/Ema_(Shinto)" title="Ema (Shinto)"><i>ema</i></a>) at the Komodahama Shrine at Sasuura on Tsushima.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1274, the Yuan instructed Holdon and Hong Dagu to mobilize 15,000 men for the invasion of Japan. The Korean general Kim Panggyong led a force of 30,500 to build ships in the fashion of the Southern Chinese. A man from <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> named Qi Gongzhi who helped Kublai design ships was ordered to Korea where he spent a few months before being sent to <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a> for the invasion of southern China. Three types of ships were constructed: 300 large thousand <i>dan</i> ships, 300 <i>batulu</i> fast boats, and 300 tenders. Hong Dagu was put in charge of the construction of large transports while Chaqu supervised the construction of the <i>batulu</i> fast boats. Goryeo was responsible for providing the labor, material, and cost of the construction, which they protested. The construction was finished on 5 July 1274.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012253–254_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012253–254-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasion fleet was scheduled to depart in the seventh lunar month of 1274 but was delayed for three months due to the death of Wonjong on 23 July and Holdon and Liu Fuheng's tardiness. They did not arrive until September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012254–255_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012254–255-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kublai planned for the fleet to first attack <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iki_Island" title="Iki Island">Iki Island</a> before making landfall in <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata Bay</a>. The Japanese plan of defense was simply to contest them at every point with <i><a href="/wiki/Gokenin" title="Gokenin">gokenin</a></i>. Both Yuan and Japanese sources exaggerate the opposing side's numbers, with the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> putting the Japanese at 102,000, and the Japanese claiming they were outnumbered at least ten to one. In reality, there are no reliable records of the size of Japanese forces, but estimates put their total numbers at around 4,000 to 6,000. The Yuan invasion force was composed of 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchen</a> soldiers, 6,000 to 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> troops, and 7,000 Korean sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A story widely known in Japan is that back in Kamakura, Tokimune was overcome with fear when the invasion finally came and wanting to overcome his cowardice, he asked <a href="/wiki/Mugaku_Sogen" title="Mugaku Sogen">Mugaku Sogen</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a>, also known as Bukkō, for advice. Bukkō replied that he had to sit in meditation to find the source of his cowardice in himself. Tokimune went to Bukkō and said, "Finally there is the greatest happening of my life." Bukkō asked, "How do you plan to face it?" Tokimune screamed, "<i><a href="/wiki/Katsu_(Zen)" title="Katsu (Zen)">Katsu</a>!</i>" as if he wanted to scare all the enemies in front of him. Bukkō responded with satisfaction, "It is true that the son of a lion roars as a lion!"<sup id="cite_ref-Clements2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, Tokimune was instrumental in spreading <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a> in Japan among the samurai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_invasion_(1274)"><span id="First_invasion_.281274.29"></span>First invasion (1274)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First invasion (1274)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Bun'ei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg/440px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg/660px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg/880px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9419" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_(m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai)_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_%28m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai%29_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg/220px-Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_%28m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai%29_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_%28m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai%29_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg/330px-Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_%28m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai%29_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_%28m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai%29_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg/440px-Kikuchi_Yoosai_-_Mongol_Invasion_%28m%C5%8Dko_sh%C5%ABrai%29_-_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>The Mongol fleet destroyed in a typhoon, ink and water on paper, by <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Y%C5%8Dsai" title="Kikuchi Yōsai">Kikuchi Yōsai</a>, 1847</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Tsushima">Invasion of Tsushima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasion of Tsushima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yuan invasion forces set off from Hoppo (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">合浦</span>, now <a href="/wiki/Masan" title="Masan">Masan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" title="South Gyeongsang Province">South Gyeongsang Province</a>, Korea) on 2 November 1274 (Dōngyuè 5 in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later they began landing on <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima Island</a>. The principal landing was made at Komoda beach near Sasuura, on the northwestern tip of the southern island of <a href="/wiki/Shimono-shima" title="Shimono-shima">Shimono</a>. Additional landings occurred in the strait between the two islands of Tsushima, as well as at two points on the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Kamino-shima" title="Kamino-shima">Kamino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201033_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201033-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following description of events is based on contemporary Japanese sources, notably the <i>Sō Shi Kafu</i>, a history of the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8D_clan" title="Sō clan">Sō clan</a> of Tsushima. </p><p>At Sasuura, the invasion fleet was spotted offshore, allowing the deputy governor (<a href="/wiki/Jit%C5%8D" title="Jitō"><i>jitodai</i></a>) <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8D_Sukekuni" title="Sō Sukekuni">Sō Sukekuni</a> to organize a hasty defense. On that day, the shrine to <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a> caught fire, which would have been an <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omen</a> of bad luck, but Sukekuni interpreted it as an omen of warning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201033_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201033-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With 80 mounted samurai and their retinue, Sukekuni confronted an invasion force of what the <i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8D_clan" title="Sō clan">Sō Shi Kafu</a></i> describes as 8,000 warriors embarked on 900 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols landed at 02:00 in the morning on 4 November and ignored the Japanese negotiation attempts, shooting with their archers and forcing them to retreat. The fight was engaged by 04:00.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small garrison force was quickly defeated, but according to the <i>Sō Shi Kafu</i>, one samurai, Sukesada, cut down 25 enemy soldiers in individual combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201092_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201092-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invaders defeated a final Japanese cavalry charge around nightfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201092_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201092-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their victory at Komoda, the Yuan forces burnt down most of the buildings around Sasuura and slaughtered most of the inhabitants. They took the next few days to secure control of Tsushima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201034-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Iki_Island">Invasion of Iki Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Invasion of Iki Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yuan fleet departed Tsushima on 13 November and attacked <a href="/wiki/Iki_Island" title="Iki Island">Iki Island</a>. Like Sukekuni, Taira no Kagetaka, the governor of Iki, gave a spirited defence with 100 samurai and the local armed populace before falling back to his castle by nightfall. The next morning, Yuan forces had surrounded the castle. Knowing that defeat was inevitable, Kagetaka sent his daughter with a trusted samurai, Sōzaburō, on a secret passage to the shore where a ship was waiting to take them to the mainland. Mongol archers spotted them and fired on the ship; Kagetaka's daughter was killed, but Sōzaburō managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata Bay</a> and report Iki's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201093_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201093-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kagetaka made a final failed sortie with 36 men, 30 of whom died in battle, before committing <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> with his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201037_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201037-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Japanese, the Mongols held down the surviving women and stabbed them through their palms with knives, stripped them naked, and tied their corpses to the sides of their ships to demonstrate to other Japanese what their fate would be if they did not surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201093–94_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201093–94-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_in_Hakata_Bay">Landing in Hakata Bay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landing in Hakata Bay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> fleet crossed the sea and landed in <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata Bay</a> on 19 November, a short distance from <a href="/wiki/Dazaifu,_Fukuoka" title="Dazaifu, Fukuoka">Dazaifu</a>, the ancient administrative capital of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. The following day brought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Bun'ei</a> (文永の役), also known as the "First Battle of Hakata Bay". </p><p>Conlan argues that the <i>History of Yuan'</i>s account of the battle suggests that both the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> forces were of similar size. Conlan estimates that both armies numbered around 3,000 each (not including the Yuan sailors) during this battle,<sup id="cite_ref-Conlan,_p._264_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conlan,_p._264-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Japanese historians estimate 6,000 defenders on the Japanese side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201094_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201094-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese forces, being inexperienced with non-Japanese tactics, found the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> army perplexing. The Yuan forces disembarked and advanced in a dense body protected by a screen of shields. They wielded their polearms in a tightly packed fashion with no space between them. As they advanced they also threw paper and iron casing bombs on occasion, frightening the Japanese horses and making them uncontrollable in battle. When the grandson of a Japanese commander shot an arrow to announce the beginning of battle, the Mongols burst out laughing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201049_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201049-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The commanding general kept his position on high ground, and directed the various detachments as need be with signals from hand-drums. But whenever the (Mongol) soldiers took to flight, they sent iron bomb-shells (tetsuho) flying against us, which made our side dizzy and confused. Our soldiers were frightened out of their wits by the thundering explosions; their eyes were blinded, their ears deafened, so that they could hardly distinguish east from west. According to our manner of fighting, we must first call out by name someone from the enemy ranks, and then attack in single combat. But they (the Mongols) took no notice at all of such conventions; they rushed forward all together in a mass, grappling with any individuals they could catch and killing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986178_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986178-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Hachiman Gudōkun</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <i>History of Yuan</i> gives a similar but shorter account: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Occupying the heights, his generals gave command by beating drums and the troops advanced or retreated according to the beat of the drums. When the enemy had moved into the pre-arranged positions, the invaders attacked from all sides. They also used firearms and [thus] slaughtered the enemy forces in countless numbers. Thus the Japanese were put to rout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201041_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201041-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The battle lasted for only a day, and the fighting, though fierce, was uncoordinated and brief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201040_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201040-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One low-ranking samurai, <a href="/wiki/Takezaki_Suenaga" title="Takezaki Suenaga">Takezaki Suenaga</a>, received word from his commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dni_Kagesuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōni Kagesuke (page does not exist)">Shōni Kagesuke</a> that he was to wait until the Mongols advanced due to difficult terrain, but Takezaki attacked the Mongols anyway. On his way to the beach, he encountered <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Takefusa" title="Kikuchi Takefusa">Kikuchi Takefusa</a>, who had already encountered a Yuan detachment, driven them away and killed two. Kikuchi told him the "pirates" had already fled. Takezaki and his five companions charged the small Yuan detachment that Kikuchi had previously encountered, but their horses got stuck in the mud, and they were wounded by a barrage of arrows. Takezaki and three surviving retainers managed to retreat with the aid of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiroishi_Michiyasu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiroishi Michiyasu (page does not exist)">Shiroishi Michiyasu</a>, who charged the Yuan detachment and drove them away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201095_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201095-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201047–48_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201047–48-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By nightfall the Yuan invasion force had forced the Japanese off the beach with a third of the defending forces dead, driving them several kilometres inland, and burning <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201095–96_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201095–96-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese were preparing to make a last stand at <a href="/wiki/Mizuki_Castle" title="Mizuki Castle">Mizuki</a> (water castle), an earthwork moat fort dating back to 664.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201048_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201048-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Yuan attack never came. One of the three commanding Yuan generals, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Fuxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Fuxiang (page does not exist)">Liu Fuxiang</a> (Yu-Puk Hyong), was shot in the face by the retreating samurai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dni_Kagesuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōni Kagesuke (page does not exist)">Shōni Kagesuke</a> and seriously injured. Liu convened with the other generals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holdon (page does not exist)">Holdon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Ta-gu" title="Hong Ta-gu">Hong Dagu</a> back on his ship. Holdon wanted to keep advancing through the night before more Japanese reinforcements arrived, but Hong was worried that their troops were too exhausted and needed rest. There was also fear of being ambushed in the night. Liu agreed with Hong and recalled the Yuan forces back to their ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201096_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201096-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disappearance_of_the_invaders">Disappearance of the invaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disappearance of the invaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By morning, most of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> ships had disappeared. According to a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> courtier in his diary entry for 6 November 1274, a sudden reverse wind from the east blew back the Yuan fleet. A few ships were beached, and some 50 Yuan soldiers and sailors were captured and executed. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>, "a great storm arose and many warships were dashed on the rocks and destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado201097_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado201097-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not certain whether the storm occurred at <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata</a> or if the fleet had already set sail for <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and encountered it on their way back. Some accounts offer casualty reports that suggest 200 ships were lost. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, 13,500 did not return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201048–50_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201048–50-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_invasion_preparations">Second invasion preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second invasion preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg/200px-Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg/300px-Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg/400px-Genko_Borui_Nishijin_Fukuoka_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>A stone defense wall (<a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_B%C5%8Drui" title="Genkō Bōrui">Genkō Bōrui</a>) at Nishijin, near <a href="/wiki/Seinan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Seinan University">Seinan University</a>. Currently, only the top of a few stone walls are exposed to the ground, and most of them have been reclaimed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG/60px-The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG/90px-The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG/120px-The_stake_of_a_Japanese_army.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="5047" /></a><figcaption>A stake driven into the mouth of a river to prevent the Mongol army from landing. It was excavated in 1905 (Genkō Museum).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the invasion of 1274, the shogunate made efforts to defend against a second invasion, which they thought was sure to come. They better organized the samurai of Kyūshū and ordered the construction of forts and a large <a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_B%C5%8Drui" title="Genkō Bōrui">stone wall (石塁, Sekirui or 防塁, Bōrui)</a> and other defensive structures at many potential landing points, including Hakata Bay, where a two-meter (6.6 ft) high wall was constructed in 1276.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a large number of stakes were driven into the mouth of the river and the expected landing sites to prevent the Mongol army from landing. </p><p>Kublai Khan sent five Yuan emissaries in September 1275 to Kyūshū, who refused to leave without a reply. Tokimune responded by having them sent to Kamakura and then beheading them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graves of those five executed Yuan emissaries still exist at <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Jōryū-ji">Jōryū-ji</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fujisawa,_Kanagawa" title="Fujisawa, Kanagawa">Fujisawa, Kanagawa</a>, near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatsunokuchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatsunokuchi (page does not exist)">Tatsunokuchi</a> Execution Place in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five more Yuan emissaries were sent on 29 July 1279, in the same manner, and were again beheaded, this time in <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata</a>. </p><p>In the autumn of 1280, Kublai held a conference at his summer palaces to discuss plans for a second invasion of Japan. The major difference between the first and the second invasion was that the Yuan dynasty had finished conquering the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in 1279 and was able to launch a two-pronged attack. The invading force was drawn from several sources, including criminals with commuted death sentences and even those mourning the loss of their parents—a serious affair in China. More than 1,500 ships were requisitioned for the invasion: 600 from southern China and 900 from Korea. Reportedly 40,000 troops were amassed in Korea and 100,000 in southern China. Those numbers are likely an exaggeration, but the addition of southern Chinese resources probably meant the second invasion force was still several times larger than the first invasion. Nothing is known about the size of the Japanese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_invasion_(1281)"><span id="Second_invasion_.281281.29"></span>Second invasion (1281)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second invasion (1281)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dan" title="Battle of Kōan">Battle of Kōan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_Tsushima_and_Iki">Attacks on Tsushima and Iki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attacks on Tsushima and Iki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orders for the second invasion came in the first lunar month of 1281. Two fleets were prepared, a force of 900 ships in Korea and 3,500 ships in southern China with a combined force of 142,000 soldiers and sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-Conlan,_p._264_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conlan,_p._264-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongol general Arakhan was named supreme commander of the operation and was to travel with the Southern Route fleet, which was under the command of Fan Wenhu but was delayed by supply difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-Elements,_p._14_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elements,_p._14-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Route army set sail first from Korea on 22 May and attacked Tsushima on 9 June and Iki Island on 14 June. According to the <i>History of Yuan</i>, the Japanese commander Shōni Suketoki and Ryūzōji Suetoki led forces against the invasion force. The expeditionary forces discharged their firearms, and the Japanese were routed, with Suketoki killed in the process. More than 300 islanders were killed. The Yuan soldiers sought out the children and killed them as well. However, the <i>History of Yuan</i> merges events in June with the later battle in July, when Shōni Suketoki actually fell in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landings_in_Nagato_and_Hakata_Bay">Landings in Nagato and Hakata Bay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landings in Nagato and Hakata Bay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/350px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/525px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/700px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> boarding Yuan ships in 1281.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg/330px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg/495px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg/660px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba_bourui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4268" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>The defensive wall at <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Eastern Route army was supposed to wait for the Southern Route army at Iki, but their commanders, Hong Dagu and Kim Bang-gyeong, disobeyed orders and set out to invade <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Japan" title="Mainland Japan">Mainland Japan</a> by themselves. They departed on 23 June, a full week ahead of the expected arrival of the Southern Route army on 2 July. The Eastern Route army split their forces in half and simultaneously attacked Hakata Bay and <a href="/wiki/Nagato_Province" title="Nagato Province">Nagato Province</a>. Three hundred ships attacked Nagato on 25 June but were driven off and forced to return to Iki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the rest of the Eastern Route army attacked Hakata Bay, which was heavily fortified with a defensive wall. Some Mongol ships came ashore but were unable to make it past the defensive wall and were driven off by volleys of arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201059_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201059-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_counterattacks_and_Mongol_withdrawal">Japanese counterattacks and Mongol withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese counterattacks and Mongol withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unable to land, the Mongol invasion force occupied the islands of <a href="/wiki/Shika_Island" title="Shika Island">Shika</a> and Noko from which it had planned to launch raids against Hakata. Instead, the Japanese launched raids at night on board small ships. The <i>Hachiman Gudōkun</i> credit Kusano Jirō with boarding a Mongol ship, setting fire to it, and taking 21 heads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201062_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201062-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, Kawano Michiari led a daytime raid with just two boats. His uncle Michitoki was immediately killed by an arrow, and Michiari was wounded both in the shoulder and the left arm. However, upon boarding the enemy ship, he slew a large Mongol warrior for which he was made a hero and richly rewarded. Takezaki Suenaga was also among those who raided the Yuan fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010105_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010105-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takezaki also participated in driving the Mongols from Shika island, although in that instance, he was wounded and forced them to withdraw to Iki on 30 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010106_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010106-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese defence of Hakata Bay is known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dan" title="Battle of Kōan">Battle of Kōan</a>. On 16 July, fighting commenced between the Japanese and Mongols at Iki Island, resulting in Mongol withdrawal to <a href="/wiki/Hirado_Island" title="Hirado Island">Hirado Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalemate_at_Hakata">Stalemate at Hakata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stalemate at Hakata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Southern Route fleet convened with the Eastern Route fleet, the two fleets took some time rearranging themselves before they advanced on Taka island. After taking Taka island, the Yuan army advanced on Hakata. A two-week battle ensued throughout the countryside that entered a stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 August, the Japanese repeated their small raids on the invasion fleet that lasted throughout the night. The Mongols responded by fastening their ships together with chains and planks to provide defensive platforms. There are no accounts of the raids from the Japanese side in this incident unlike at the defence of Hakata Bay. According to the <i>History of Yuan</i>, the Japanese ships were small and were all beaten off:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201070_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201070-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Japanese war craft, being small in size, were no match [for these ships]. Those which came up to attack were all beaten off. The whole country therefore was trembling with fear. In the markets there was no rice for sale. The Japanese ruler went in person to visit the Hachiman Shrine to make supplication. He also had a royal rescript read at the shrine of the Sun Goddess, imploring that the country be saved in exchange for his own life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typhoon_kamikaze_and_the_end_of_the_invasion">Typhoon kamikaze and the end of the invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Typhoon kamikaze and the end of the invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army%282%29.JPG/220px-The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army%282%29.JPG/330px-The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army%282%29.JPG/440px-The_anchor_of_a_Mongolian_army%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Wooden anchor of Mongol invasion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG/220px-Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG/330px-Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG/440px-Mongolian_anchor_stone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Stone anchor of Mongol invasion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg/220px-KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg/330px-KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg/440px-KATSUSHIKA_Isai_NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_KAMIKAZE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by Katsushika Isai (1821–1880)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 August, a great typhoon, known in Japanese as <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">kamikaze</a></i>, struck the fleet at anchor from the west and devastated it. Sensing the oncoming typhoon, Korean and south Chinese mariners retreated and unsuccessfully docked in <a href="/wiki/Imari,_Saga" title="Imari, Saga">Imari</a> Bay, where they were destroyed by the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of soldiers were left drifting on pieces of wood or washed ashore. The Japanese defenders killed all those they found except for the southern Chinese, who they felt had been coerced into joining the attack on Japan. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now it happened one day that such a gale was blowing from the north that the troops declared that, if they did not get away, all their ships would be wrecked. So they all embarked and left the island and put out to sea. And let me tell you that when they had sailed about four miles, the gale began to freshen and there was such a crowd of ships that many of them were smashed by colliding with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to a Chinese survivor, after the typhoon Commander Fan Wenhu picked the best remaining ships and sailed away, leaving more than 100,000 troops to die. After being stranded for three days on Taka island, the Japanese attacked and captured tens of thousands. They were moved to Hakata where the Japanese killed all the Mongols, Koreans, and Northern Chinese. The Southern Chinese were spared but made slaves. According to a Korean source, of the 26,989 Koreans who set out with the Eastern Route fleet, 7,592 did not return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese and Mongol sources indicate a casualty rate of 60 to 90 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201075_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201075-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_of_the_invasion">Size of the invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Size of the invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many modern historians believe the figures for the invasion force to be exaggerated, as was common in <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical</a> chronicles. Thomas Conlan, from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, writes that they were likely exaggerated by an order of magnitude (140,000), implying that it was 14,000 soldiers and sailors instead, and expresses skepticism that a medieval-era kingdom could have managed an invasion on the scale of <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, across over ten times the distance, and questions if even 10,000 soldiers attacked Japan in 1281.<sup id="cite_ref-Conlan,_p._264_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conlan,_p._264-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morris_Rossabi" title="Morris Rossabi">Morris Rossabi</a> writes that Conlan is correct in his assertion that the invasion force was much smaller than traditionally believed but argues that the expenditures lavished on the mission confirm that the fighting force was sizable and much larger than 10,000 soldiers and 4,000 sailors. He puts forward the alternative figure of 70,000 soldiers and sailors, half of what is stated in the <i>Yuanshi</i> and later Japanese claims.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turnbull believes that more than 140,000 is an exaggeration but does not offer his own estimate for the size of the army. Rather, he states that given the contributions of the Southern Song, the second invasion should have been around three times larger than the first. As he earlier listed the common figure of 23,000 for the first invasion uncritically—unlike the estimate of more than 140,000 for the second which would imply an invasion force of around 70,000, on par with Rossabbi's estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201357_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201357-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg/220px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg/330px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg/440px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_e2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Shōni Kagesuke and his forces in Akasaka</figcaption></figure> <p>The defeated Mongol Empire lost most of its naval power, and its naval defense capability declined significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-wang00_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang00-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korea, which was in charge of shipbuilding for the invasion, also lost its ability to build ships and its ability to defend the sea since a large amount of lumber was cut down.<sup id="cite_ref-oota01_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oota01-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in Japan there was no newly acquired land because it was a defensive war, and so the Kamakura shogunate could not give rewards to <a href="/wiki/Gokenin" title="Gokenin">gokenin</a> who participated in the battle, and its authority declined.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, taking advantage of the situation, the number of Japanese joining the <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">wokou</a> began to increase, and attacks on the coasts of China and Korea intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-wang00_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang00-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the war, there was a growing recognition in China that the Japanese were brave and violent and that invasion of Japan was futile. During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, invasion into Japan was discussed three times but was never carried out considering the result of this war.<sup id="cite_ref-wang01_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang01-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oota02_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oota02-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Mongol invasions of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a></div> <p>The Zen Buddhism of Hōjō Tokimune and his Zen master Bukkō gained credibility beyond national boundaries, and the first mass followings of Zen teachings among samurai began to flourish. The failed invasions also mark the first use of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a></i> ("divine wind"). The fact that the typhoon that helped Japan defeat the Mongol navy in the first invasion occurred in late November, well after the normal Pacific typhoon season (May to October), perpetuated the Japanese belief that they would never be defeated or successfully invaded, which remained an important aspect of Japanese foreign policy until the very end of World War II. The failed invasions also demonstrated one of the Mongols' weaknesses: the inability to mount naval invasions successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_significance">Military significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombs_and_cannons">Bombs and cannons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bombs and cannons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/220px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/330px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/440px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4423" data-file-height="2783" /></a><figcaption>Stoneware bombs, known in Japanese as <i>tetsuhō</i> (iron bomb), or in Chinese as <i>zhentianlei</i> (literally, heaven-shaking thunder), excavated from Takashima shipwreck, October 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongol invasions are an early example of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> warfare outside of China. One of the most notable technological innovations during the war was the use of explosive bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombs are known in Chinese as "<a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">thunder crash bombs</a>" and were fired from catapults, inflicting damage on enemy soldiers. An illustration of a bomb is depicted in the Japanese Mongol Invasion scrolls, but Thomas Conlan has shown that the illustration of the projectiles was added to the scrolls in the 18th century and should not be considered to be an eyewitness representation of their use.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, archaeological discoveries since Conlan's statement have confirmed the existence of bombs in the Yuan invasion's arsenal. Multiple bomb shells were discovered in an underwater shipwreck off the shore of Japan by the Kyushu Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology. X-rays by Japanese scientists of the excavated shells show that they contained gunpowder and were also packed with scrap iron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasaki201569_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasaki201569-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuan forces may have also used cannons during the invasion. The <i>Nihon Kokujokushi</i>, written around 1300, mentions <i>huo tong</i> (fire tubes) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1274 and the second coastal assault led by Holdon in 1281. The <i>Hachiman Gudoukun</i> of 1360 mentions iron <i>pao</i> "which caused a flash of light and a loud noise when fired."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Taiheiki" title="Taiheiki">Taiheiki</a></i> mentions a weapon shaped like a bell that made a noise like thunder-clap and shot out thousands of iron balls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG/770px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG" decoding="async" width="770" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG/1155px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG/1540px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7490" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Takezaki_Suenaga" title="Takezaki Suenaga">Takezaki Suenaga</a> and escaping Mongolians</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_sword">Japanese sword</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japanese sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a></i> (longbow) and <i><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">naginata</a></i> were the main weapons of samurai in this period. Yumi is able to shoot while riding on horseback with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">Japanese sword</a> acting as a secondary weapon. As a result of the war, intellectuals of the Mongol Empire regarded Japanese swords as a threat. For example, Wang Yun, who served Kublai, and Zheng Si-xiao, a surviving retainer of the Song dynasty, mentioned in their book that "Japanese swords are long and extremely sharp." They argued that the combination of a violent samurai and a Japanese sword was a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongol invasions facilitated a change in the designs of Japanese swords. The swordsmiths of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword#Classification_by_school" title="Japanese sword">Sōshū school</a> represented by <a href="/wiki/Masamune" title="Masamune">Masamune</a> studied <i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">tachi</a></i> that were broken or bent in battle, developed new production methods, and created innovative <i>tachi</i>. They forged the blade using a combination of soft and hard steel to optimize the temperature and timing of the heating and cooling of the blade, resulting in a lighter but more robust blade. They made the curve of the blade more gentle, lengthened the tip linearly, widened the width from the cutting edge to the opposite side of the blade, and thinned the cross section to improve the penetration and cutting ability of the blade.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical Ko-Hōki (old Hōki) school tachi. Dōjigiri, by Yasutsuna. 12th century, Heian period, National Treasure, Tokyo National Museum. This sword is one of the Five Swords Under Heaven. (天下五剣 Tenka Goken)"><img alt="A typical Ko-Hōki (old Hōki) school tachi. Dōjigiri, by Yasutsuna. 12th century, Heian period, National Treasure, Tokyo National Museum. This sword is one of the Five Swords Under Heaven. (天下五剣 Tenka Goken)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg/200px-Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg/300px-Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg/400px-Tachi_Sword_-_Dojikiri_Yasutsuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical <i>Ko-<a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dki_Province" title="Hōki Province">Hōki</a></i> (old <i>Hōki</i>) school <i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">tachi</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djigiri" title="Dōjigiri">Dōjigiri</a></i>, by Yasutsuna. 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>. This sword is one of the <a href="/wiki/Tenka-Goken" title="Tenka-Goken">Five Swords Under Heaven</a>. (<i>天下五剣 Tenka Goken</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katana,_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_(Ishida_Masamune).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sōshū school katana. It was originally a tachi forged by Masamune in the 14th century, but later it was cut from the root and converted into a katana. As it was owned by Ishida Mitsunari, it was commonly called Ishida Masamune. Important Cultural Property, Tokyo National Museum."><img alt="A Sōshū school katana. It was originally a tachi forged by Masamune in the 14th century, but later it was cut from the root and converted into a katana. As it was owned by Ishida Mitsunari, it was commonly called Ishida Masamune. Important Cultural Property, Tokyo National Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Katana%2C_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_%28Ishida_Masamune%29.jpg/200px-Katana%2C_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_%28Ishida_Masamune%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Katana%2C_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_%28Ishida_Masamune%29.jpg/300px-Katana%2C_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_%28Ishida_Masamune%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Katana%2C_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_%28Ishida_Masamune%29.jpg/400px-Katana%2C_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Masamune_%28Ishida_Masamune%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword#Classification_by_school" title="Japanese sword">Sōshū school</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a></i>. It was originally a <i>tachi</i> forged by <a href="/wiki/Masamune" title="Masamune">Masamune</a> in the 14th century, but later it was cut from the root and converted into a <i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a></i>. As it was owned by <a href="/wiki/Ishida_Mitsunari" title="Ishida Mitsunari">Ishida Mitsunari</a>, it was commonly called <i>Ishida Masamune</i>. <a href="/wiki/Important_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Important Cultural Property (Japan)">Important Cultural Property</a>, Tokyo National Museum. </div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese attack ships"><img alt="Japanese attack ships" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/120px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/180px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/240px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese attack ships</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongol soldiers, second version"><img alt="Mongol soldiers, second version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg/120px-MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg/180px-MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg/240px-MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mongol soldiers, second version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongol ships, second version"><img alt="Mongol ships, second version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg/120px-MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg/180px-MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg/240px-MokoShuraiE-Kotoba_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1243" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mongol ships, second version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese armour ō-yoroi, National Treasure, Kasuga grand shrine"><img alt="Japanese armour ō-yoroi, National Treasure, Kasuga grand shrine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg/69px-Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg/104px-Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg/139px-Armour_red_threads_Kasuga_shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese armour <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">ō-yoroi</a></i>, National Treasure, <a href="/wiki/Kasuga-taisha" title="Kasuga-taisha">Kasuga grand shrine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongol brigandine armour"><img alt="Mongol brigandine armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg/49px-%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg/74px-%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg/99px-%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%AE%E9%8E%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mongol brigandine armour</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongol helmet"><img alt="Mongol helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_%283%29.JPG/120px-The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_%283%29.JPG/180px-The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_%283%29.JPG/240px-The_helmet_of_a_Mongolian_army_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mongol helmet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_B%C5%8Drui" title="Genkō Bōrui">Genkō Bōrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkin Gol</a> – failed Japanese attempt to invade Mongolia in 1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Mongol invasions of Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_Japan" title="Mongolians in Japan">Mongolians in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baekgang" title="Battle of Baekgang">Battle of Baekgang</a> – battle between <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Kingship" title="Yamato Kingship">Yamato Japan</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Japan–Mongolia relations">Japan–Mongolia relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original text in Chinese: 上天眷命大蒙古國皇帝奉書日本國王朕惟自古小國之君境土相接尚務講信修睦況我祖宗受天明命奄有區夏遐方異域畏威懷德者不可悉數朕即位之初以高麗無辜之民久瘁鋒鏑即令罷兵還其疆域反其旄倪高麗君臣感戴來朝義雖君臣歡若父子計王之君臣亦已知之高麗朕之東藩也日本密邇高麗開國以來亦時通中國至於朕躬而無一乘之使以通和好尚恐王國知之未審故特遣使持書布告朕志冀自今以往通問結好以相親睦且聖人以四海為家不相通好豈一家之理哉以至用兵夫孰所好王其圖之不宣至元三年八月日</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlan2001">Conlan 2001</a>, pp. 261–263 cites a variety of estimate from various Japanese historians as well as the author's own.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1994">Twitchett 1994</a>, pp. 437–442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201032_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201049–50-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201049–50_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, pp. 69–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2013" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo4amAg_ygIC&pg=PT41"><i>The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0045-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-0045-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Invasions+of+Japan+1274+and+1281&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0045-9&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQo4amAg_ygIC%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The conquest of Ainu lands: ecology and culture in Japanese expansion, 1590–1800</i> By Brett L. Walker, p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2010). "Kita kara no mōko shūrai wo meguru shōmondai" <bdi lang="ja">「北からの蒙古襲来」をめぐる諸問題</bdi> [Several questions around "the Mongol attack from the north"]. In Kikuchi, Toshihiko (ed.). <i>Hokutō Ajia no rekishi to bunka</i> <bdi lang="ja">北東アジアの歴史と文化</bdi> [<i>A history and cultures of Northeast Asia</i>] (in Japanese). Hokkaido University Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784832967342" title="Special:BookSources/9784832967342"><bdi>9784832967342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kita+kara+no+m%C5%8Dko+sh%C5%ABrai+wo+meguru+sh%C5%8Dmondai+%E3%80%8C%E5%8C%97%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%A5%B2%E6%9D%A5%E3%80%8D%E3%82%92%E3%82%81%E3%81%90%E3%82%8B%E8%AB%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&rft.btitle=Hokut%C5%8D+Ajia+no+rekishi+to+bunka+%E5%8C%97%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Hokkaido+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9784832967342&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Kazuyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jk051022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jk051022_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jk051022_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005220656/https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=2098"><bdi lang="ja">元寇</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=2098">the original</a> on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%85%83%E5%AF%87&rft.pub=Japan+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapanknowledge.com%2Fintroduction%2Fkeyword.html%3Fi%3D2098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825223358/https://www.archives.go.jp/about/activity/international/jp_mn50/english/ch01.html">"Joint project celebrating the 50th anniversary of Japan-Mongolia diplomatic relations. Relations between Japan and Mongolia in the 13th century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Japan" title="National Archives of Japan">National Archives of Japan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.go.jp/about/activity/international/jp_mn50/english/ch01.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+project+celebrating+the+50th+anniversary+of+Japan-Mongolia+diplomatic+relations.+Relations+between+Japan+and+Mongolia+in+the+13th+century&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.go.jp%2Fabout%2Factivity%2Finternational%2Fjp_mn50%2Fenglish%2Fch01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999344–345-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999344–345_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulbert1999">Hulbert 1999</a>, pp. 344–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenthorn196368–69-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenthorn196368–69_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenthorn1963">Henthorn 1963</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999345–346-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999345–346_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulbert1999">Hulbert 1999</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999346-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulbert1999346_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulbert1999">Hulbert 1999</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201012–13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201012–13_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201014_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201013-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201013_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012253-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012253_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012253–254-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012253–254_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012254–255-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012254–255_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, pp. 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clements2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Clements2013" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Clements (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBaeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93"><i>A Brief History of the Samurai</i></a>. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-0772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-0772-5"><bdi>978-1-4721-0772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Samurai&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4721-0772-5&rft.au=Jonathan+Clements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBaeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hankyung.com/life/article/202008097328g"><bdi lang="ko">여몽연합군의 일본 정벌, 실패한 까닭은 [윤명철의 한국, 한국인 재발견]</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily" title="The Korea Economic Daily">The Korea Economic Daily</a></i>. 2020-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Economic+Daily&rft.atitle=%EC%97%AC%EB%AA%BD%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%98+%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8+%EC%A0%95%EB%B2%8C%2C+%EC%8B%A4%ED%8C%A8%ED%95%9C+%EA%B9%8C%EB%8B%AD%EC%9D%80+%5B%EC%9C%A4%EB%AA%85%EC%B2%A0%EC%9D%98+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%2C+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8+%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%9C%EA%B2%AC%5D&rft.date=2020-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hankyung.com%2Flife%2Farticle%2F202008097328g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0058130"><bdi lang="ko">충렬왕 – Chungnyeong of Goryeo</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%B6%A9%EB%A0%AC%EC%99%95+%E2%80%93+Chungnyeong+of+Goryeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FItem%2FE0058130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kamakura-burabura.com&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%B8%E7%AB%8B%E5%AF%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamakura-burabura.com%2Fmeisyoenosimajyourituji.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elements,_p._14-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elements,_p._14_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winters, Harold <i>et al.</i> (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgUvVb0XXG8C&pg=PA14"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgUvVb0XXG8C&pg=PA14">Battling the Elements<i> </i></a>, p. 14, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201058_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201059-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201059_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201062-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201062_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010105-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010105_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgado2010">Delgado 2010</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010106-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010106_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgado2010">Delgado 2010</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201069_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2010107_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgado2010">Delgado 2010</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201070-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201070_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201071_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuelEmanuel2005" class="citation book cs1">Emanuel, Kerry; Emanuel, Professor Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Program in Atmospheres Oceans and Climate Kerry (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divinewindhistor00eman"><i>Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514941-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514941-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive. <q>mongol invasion of japan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Wind%3A+The+History+and+Science+of+Hurricanes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514941-8&rft.aulast=Emanuel&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Emanuel%2C+Professor+Department+of+Earth+Atmospheric+and+Planetary+Sciences+Program+in+Atmospheres+Oceans+and+Climate+Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivinewindhistor00eman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201075-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201075_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2010">Turnbull 2010</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossabi, Morris. <i>Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times.</i> 1988. p. xiii. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201357-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull201357_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2013">Turnbull 2013</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang00-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wang00_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang00_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Yong, <i>中国史のなかの日本像</i> Section 2 of Chapter 6. Nousangyoson bunka Kyōkai, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784540001710" title="Special:BookSources/9784540001710">9784540001710</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oota01-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oota01_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroki Ōta, 高麗の艦船用材木事情元の日本遠征に関連して. pp. 2–20. Geirinkai, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/NAID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (identifier)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40000975703/en/">40000975703</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Paul K. (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC&pg=PA146"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC&pg=PA146">100 decisive battles: from ancient times to the present<i> </i></a>, p. 146, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang01-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wang01_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Yong, 中国史のなかの日本像 Section 3 of Chapter 6. Nousangyoson bunka Kyōkai, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784540001710" title="Special:BookSources/9784540001710">9784540001710</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michihiro Ishihara 新訂旧唐書倭国日本伝・宋史日本伝・元史日本伝―中国正史日本伝〈2〉, pp. 213–216. Iwanani bunko, 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4003340219" title="Special:BookSources/978-4003340219">978-4003340219</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oota02-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oota02_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroki Ōta, 明朝による日本征討論の顛末-元帝国の遠征失敗から得た教訓 pp. 1–24,　政治経済史学478, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/NAID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (identifier)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40015220057/en/">40015220057</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china4_a.htm">"The Mongols in World History | Asia Topics in World History"</a>. <i>afe.easia.columbia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20070927181841/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china4_a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afe.easia.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+in+World+History+%7C+Asia+Topics+in+World+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fmongols%2Fchina%2Fchina4_a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conlan, Thomas. "Myth, Memory and the Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan". in Lillehoj, Elizabeth ed. <i>Archaism and Antiquarianism in Korean and Japanese Art</i> (Chicago: Center for the Art of East Asia, University of Chicago and Art Media Resources, 2013), pp. 54–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESasaki201569-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasaki201569_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSasaki2015">Sasaki 2015</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2003" class="citation journal cs1">Delgado, James (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html">"Relics of the Kamikaze"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>56</b> (1). Archaeological Institute of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229155139/http://archive.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Relics+of+the+Kamikaze&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0301%2Fetc%2Fkamikaze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurton2010">Purton 2010</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michihiro Ishihara 新訂旧唐書倭国日本伝・宋史日本伝・元史日本伝—中国正史日本伝 (2), p. 213. Iwanani bunko, 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4003340219" title="Special:BookSources/978-4003340219">978-4003340219</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasuhiro Kawagoe 汎海小録の弘安の役記事について軍事史学第11巻第1号, pp. 26–34. Kinseisha、1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/NAID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (identifier)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40000814544/en/">40000814544</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihcsacafe.ihcsa.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/masamune_j.pdf">"なぜ「正宗」は名刀なのか"</a> [Masamune Sword and Blade Workshop] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%E3%80%8C%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AF%E5%90%8D%E5%88%80%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fihcsacafe.ihcsa.or.jp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2Fmasamune_j.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/9768/">"五箇伝（五ヵ伝、五ヶ伝）"</a> [Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken world].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%94%E7%AE%87%E4%BC%9D%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%E3%83%B5%E4%BC%9D%E3%80%81%E4%BA%94%E3%83%B6%E4%BC%9D%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touken-world.jp%2Ftips%2F9768%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Mongol invasions of Japan"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mongol invasions of Japan</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlan2001" class="citation book cs1">Conlan, Thomas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.princeton.edu/about/publications/little-need-divine-intervention-takezaki-suenagas-scrolls-mongol-invasions-japan"><i>In Little Need of Divine Intervention</i></a>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Little+Need+of+Divine+Intervention&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Conlan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.princeton.edu%2Fabout%2Fpublications%2Flittle-need-divine-intervention-takezaki-suenagas-scrolls-mongol-invasions-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2010" class="citation book cs1">Delgado, James P. (2010). <i>Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan%27s+Lost+Fleet%3A+In+Search+of+a+Legendary+Armada&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2012" class="citation cs2">Lo, Jung-pang (2012), <i>China as a Sea Power 1127-1368</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+as+a+Sea+Power+1127-1368&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Jung-pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul K. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC"><i>100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514366-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/0195143663">0195143663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F0195143663&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514366-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnv73QlQs9ocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenthorn1963" class="citation book cs1">Henthorn, W. E. (1963). <i>Korea: The Mongol Invasions</i>. Leiden E. J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+Mongol+Invasions&rft.pub=Leiden+E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Henthorn&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert1999" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, HOMER B. (1999). <i>The History of Korea Vol. 1</i>. The Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea+Vol.+1&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=HOMER+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1986). <i>Science & Civilisation in China</i>. Vol. V:7: <i>The Gunpowder Epic</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurton2010" class="citation book cs1">Purton, Peter (2010). <i>A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-449-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Late+Medieval+Siege%2C+1200%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-449-6&rft.aulast=Purton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1880" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Edward J. (1880). <i>Japan: its History, Traditions, and Religions</i>. London: J. Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1309476">1309476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+its+History%2C+Traditions%2C+and+Religions.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1309476&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSansom1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bailey_Sansom" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bailey Sansom">Sansom, George</a> (1958). <i>A History of Japan to 1334</i>. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan+to+1334&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Sansom&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasaki2015" class="citation book cs1">Sasaki, Randall J. (2015). <i>The Origins of the Lost Fleet of the Mongol Empire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Lost+Fleet+of+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sasaki&rft.aufirst=Randall+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatō1983" class="citation book cs1">Satō, Kanzan (1983). <i>The Japanese Sword</i>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870115622" title="Special:BookSources/9780870115622"><bdi>9780870115622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Sword&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780870115622&rft.aulast=Sat%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Kanzan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Turnbull" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen R. Turnbull">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wURfQ0y7JP8C"><i>Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests, 1190–1400</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96862-1"><bdi>978-0-415-96862-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Mongol+Conquests%2C+1190%E2%80%931400&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96862-1&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwURfQ0y7JP8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Turnbull" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen R. Turnbull">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2010). <i>The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281</i>. Osprey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Invasions+of+Japan+1274+and+1281&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchett1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Twitchett, Denis (1994). <i>The Cambridge History of China</i>. Vol. 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243319" title="Special:BookSources/0521243319"><bdi>0521243319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521243319&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintersGallowayReynoldsRhyne2001" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Harold A.; Galloway, Gerald E.; Reynolds, William J.; Rhyne, David W. (2001). <i>Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801866487" title="Special:BookSources/9780801866487"><bdi>9780801866487</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492683854">492683854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battling+the+Elements%3A+Weather+and+Terrain+in+the+Conduct+of+War&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492683854&rft.isbn=9780801866487&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Harold+A.&rft.au=Galloway%2C+Gerald+E.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Rhyne%2C+David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.princeton.edu/mongol-invasions/?a=map">Mongol Invasion of Japan - 1274 and 1281</a> ‐ Princeton University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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Japan">Military campaigns involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kublai_Khan" title="Category:Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Mongol Empire">Naval battles involving the Mongol Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Japan" title="Category:Wars involving Japan">Wars involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Goryeo" title="Category:Wars involving Goryeo">Wars involving Goryeo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Category:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty">Wars involving the Yuan dynasty</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a 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