Eric Cornell

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell","20230204045256","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1675486376"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},6900:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";let n;if(r.d(t,{H:()=>i}),r(2374).il){const e=document.createElement("div");e.innerHTML="\x3c!--[if lte IE 6]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 7]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 8]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 9]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e",n=e.getElementsByTagName("div").length}var i;i=4===n?6:3===n?7:2===n?8:1===n?9:0},6562:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>h,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>d,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>B,lF:()=>V,Yu:()=>A,Dg:()=>p,CX:()=>l,GE:()=>y,sU:()=>M});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>O,match:()=>_,version:()=>S});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)(`"${e}" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ${t}. It will have no effect.`),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error(`Info for ${e} was never set`);return u[e]}function l(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const f={allow_bfcache:!1,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},g={};function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!g[e])throw new Error(`Configuration for ${e} was never set`);return g[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");g[e]=new s(t,f),(0,i.Qy)(e,g[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error(`LoaderConfig for ${e} was never set`);return b[e]}function y(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const A=(0,i.mF)().o;var x=r(6900),E=r(2053),O=null,S=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var D=navigator.userAgent,j=D.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);j&&-1===D.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===D.indexOf("Chromium")&&(O="Safari",S=j[1])}function _(e,t){if(!O)return!1;if(e!==O)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!S)return!1;for(var r=S.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var k=r(5526),T=r(2374);const P="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function C(){if(!T.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(P))&&(e=(0,k.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(P,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var I=T._A?.XMLHttpRequest,N=I&&I.prototype;const R={};function B(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!R[e])throw new Error(`Runtime for ${e} was never set`);return R[e]}function M(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");var r;R[e]=new s(t,(r=e,{customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,features:{},isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:6===x.H?2e3:3e4,offset:(0,E.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+T._A?.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==v(r,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?C():null,xhrWrappable:I&&N&&N.addEventListener&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),userAgent:n})),(0,i.Qy)(e,R[e],"runtime")}function V(e){return function(e){try{const t=d(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},8226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n="1223.PROD"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(6562),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function l(){return new d}function f(){(u.backlog.api||u.backlog.feature)&&(u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={})}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},g={},h=!1;try{h=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:w,emit:m,get:A,listeners:y,context:v,buffer:x,abort:f,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:h?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=y(e),d=s.length,l=0;l<d;l++)s[l].apply(a,r);var f=O()[c[e]];return f&&f.push([p,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=y(e).concat(t)}function w(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function y(e){return n[e]||[]}function A(t){return g[t]=g[t]||e(p,t)}function x(e,t){var r=O();p.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function E(e){return!!O()[c[e]]}function O(){return p.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374),i=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){i=!0}});n._A?.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),n._A?.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(e){}function a(e){return i?{passive:!0,capture:!!e}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>o});var n=r(2374);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",s="",c=0;c<a.length;c++)s+="x"===(o=a[c])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return s}function o(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>c,os:()=>u,yf:()=>s,zO:()=>a});var n=r(7145),i=(new Date).getTime(),o=i;function a(){return n.G&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-o}function s(){return i}function c(e){o=e}function u(){return o}},7145:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G:()=>n});const n=void 0!==r(2374)._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart},6625:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>c,v:()=>u});var n=r(8283),i=r(9071),o=r(2053),a=r(7145),s=r(2374);let c=!0;function u(e){var t=function(){if(i.I&&i.I<9)return;if(a.G)return c=!1,s._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,o.nb)(t))}},8283:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(2053),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],s=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==s&&e.store("measures",t,{value:s-a})}},9548:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>i});var n=r(2374);const i={isFileProtocol:function(){let e=Boolean("file:"===(0,n.lW)()?.location?.protocol);e&&(i.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);return e},supportabilityMetricSent:!1}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){console&&console.warn&&"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn(`New Relic: ${e}`),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,lW:()=>a,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error("New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like `self` and `window`.")})();function a(){return o}},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},9226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$c:()=>u,Ng:()=>d,RR:()=>c});var n=r(6562),i=r(9557),o=r(9548),a=r(8610),s={regex:/^file:\/\/(.*)/,replacement:"file://OBFUSCATED"};class c extends i.w{constructor(e){super(e)}shouldObfuscate(){return u(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier).length>0}obfuscateString(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return e;for(var t=u(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier),r=e,n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n].regex,o=t[n].replacement||"*";r=r.replace(i,o)}return r}}function u(e){var t=[],r=(0,n.Mt)(e,"obfuscate")||[];return t=t.concat(r),o.T.isFileProtocol()&&t.push(s),t}function d(e){for(var t=!1,r=!1,n=0;n<e.length;n++){"regex"in e[n]?"string"!=typeof e[n].regex&&e[n].regex.constructor!==RegExp&&((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "regex" value with an invalid type (must be a string or RegExp)'),r=!0):((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule was detected missing a "regex" value.'),r=!0);var i=e[n].replacement;i&&"string"!=typeof i&&((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "replacement" value with an invalid type (must be a string)'),t=!0)}return!t&&!r}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",r);function r(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.metrics},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>w});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n),o=r(2325),a=r(6562),s=r(9252),c=r(7022),u=r(3752),d=r(2053),l=r(4329),f=r(2650),g=r(2374);function h(e,t,n){n||(0,l.R)(e,"api"),function(e){function t(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&e.api[t](...n)}))}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError"].forEach((r=>{e[r]=function(){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new Array(e),i=0;i<e;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return t(r,...n)}}))}(t);var h=u.ee.get(e),p=h.get("tracer"),v="api-",m="api-ixn-";function b(){}(0,c.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=y(v,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=y(v,"addPageAction",!0,o.D.pageAction),t.setCurrentRouteName=y(v,"routeName",!0,o.D.spa),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,a.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/http://custom.transaction")+t,y(v,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,a.C5)(e);return(0,a.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),y(v,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new b).get()};var w=b.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},n=this,i="function"==typeof t;return(0,s.p)("api-ixn-tracer",[(0,d.zO)(),e,r],n,o.D.spa,h),function(){if(p.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,d.zO)(),n,i],r),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,d.zO)()],r)}}}};function y(e,t,r,n){return function(){return(0,s.p)("record-supportability",["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,h),(0,s.p)(e+t,[(0,d.zO)()].concat(i()(arguments)),r?null:this,n,h),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(692).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,l.L)(e,"api")}))}(0,c.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){w[t]=y(m,t,void 0,o.D.spa)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)("record-supportability",["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,h),(0,s.p)("err",[e,(0,d.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,o.D.jserrors,h)},g.v6?A():(0,f.b)((()=>A()),!0)}var p=r(6797);const v={stn:o.D.sessionTrace,err:o.D.jserrors,ins:o.D.pageAction,spa:o.D.spa};function m(e,t){var r=u.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,c.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(0,s.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,v[e],r);t&&!b[e]&&((0,s.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,v[e],r),b[e]=!0)})),(0,l.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}const b={};function w(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:i,info:o,loader_config:s,runtime:c={loaderType:r},exposed:u=!0}=t;const d=(0,p.gG)();let l={};return o||(i=d.init,o=d.info,s=d.loader_config,l=d),g.v6&&(o.jsAttributes={...o.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0}),(0,a.CX)(e,o),(0,a.Dg)(e,i||{}),(0,a.GE)(e,s||{}),(0,a.sU)(e,c),h(e,l,n),(0,p.Qy)(e,d,"api"),(0,p.Qy)(e,u,"exposed"),g.v6||((0,p.EZ)("activatedFeatures",b),(0,p.EZ)("setToken",(t=>m(t,e)))),l}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}},4992:(e,t,r)=>{var n={"./ajax/aggregate":[960,779,960],"./jserrors/aggregate":[6112,779,112],"./metrics/aggregate":[4325,779,325],"./page_action/aggregate":[6817,779,817],"./page_view_event/aggregate":[4823,779,823],"./page_view_timing/aggregate":[8785,779,785],"./session_trace/aggregate":[1307,779,307],"./spa/aggregate":[9378,779,378]};function i(e){if(!r.o(n,e))return Promise.resolve().then((()=>{var t=new Error("Cannot find module '"+e+"'");throw t.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",t}));var t=n[e],i=t[0];return Promise.all(t.slice(1).map(r.e)).then((()=>r(i)))}i.keys=()=>Object.keys(n),i.id=4992,e.exports=i}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>e+"."+i.h().slice(0,8)+"-1223.js",i.h=()=>"215647de1097144af948",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var f=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={55:0,308:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(6562);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,`${e}.enabled`)}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9557),u=i(7022);class d extends c.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,u.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=l(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,u.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=l(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=f(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=l(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=g(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function l(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=f(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function f(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function g(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,u.D)(e,h)}function h(e,t){return t}var p=i(6797),v=i(5526),m=i(8610);var b=i(9252),w=i(2053),y=i(8283),A=i(6625),x=i(4329),E=i(1509),O=i(2650),S=i(2374);class D extends E.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.completed=new Promise(((e,t)=>{this.resolve=e,this.reject=t})),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,n&&(0,x.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){try{if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{Aggregate:e}=await i(4992)(`./${this.featureName}/aggregate`);new e(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator),this.resolve()}catch(e){(0,m.Z)(`Failed to import aggregator class for ${this.featureName}`,e)}};S.v6?e():(0,O.b)((()=>e()),!0)}catch(e){this.reject(e)}}}var j,_,k,T=i(2484);class P extends D{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,T.t,r),S.il&&((0,A.v)(e),(0,y.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,w.yf)()),(0,O.K)((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())),(0,O.b)((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded()),!0),this.importAggregator())}measureWindowLoaded(){var t=(0,w.zO)();(0,y.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",t+(0,w.os)()),(0,b.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,y.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,w.zO)()+(0,w.os)())}}j=P,_="featureName",k=T.t,_ in j?Object.defineProperty(j,_,{value:k,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):j[_]=k;var C=i(6998),I=i(8544),N=i(6382);class R extends D{constructor(t,r){var n;let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(t,r,N.t,i),n=this,S.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,C.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return n.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return n.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return n.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,I.iz)(e,(function(){return n.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),(0,C.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,w.zO)(),(0,b.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}),!0),(0,I.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,b.p)("winPagehide",[(0,w.zO)()],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}perfObserver(t,r){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{"first-paint"===t.name?(0,b.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&(0,b.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(t,r){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var i=n[n.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<i.startTime)return;var o=[i],a=this.addConnectionAttributes({});a&&o.push(a),(0,b.p)("lcp",o,void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}clsObserver(t){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{t.hadRecentInput||(0,b.p)("cls",[t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(r){if(r instanceof t.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var n=Math.round(r.timeStamp),i={type:r.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(i),n<=(0,w.zO)()?i.fid=(0,w.zO)()-n:n>(0,w.os)()&&n<=Date.now()?(n-=(0,w.os)(),i.fid=(0,w.zO)()-n):n=(0,w.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,b.p)("timing",["fi",n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}}!function(e,t,r){t in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(R,"featureName",N.t);var B=i(4045),M="React",V="Angular",q="AngularJS",L="Backbone",z="Ember",W="Vue",$="Meteor",F="Zepto",G="Jquery";function Z(){if(!S.il)return[];var e=[];try{(function(){try{if(window.React||window.ReactDOM||window.ReactRedux)return!0;if(document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]"))return!0;for(var e=document.querySelectorAll("body > div"),t=0;t<e.length;t++)if(Object.keys(e[t]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer")>=0)return!0;return!1}catch(e){return!1}})()&&e.push(M),function(){try{return!!window.angular||(!!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]")||!!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]'))}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(q),function(){try{return!!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng")&&window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens")&&window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone"))||!!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(V),window.Backbone&&e.push(L),window.Ember&&e.push(z),window.Vue&&e.push(W),window.Meteor&&e.push($),window.Zepto&&e.push(F),window.jQuery&&e.push(G)}catch(e){}return e}var U=i(9548),H=i(9226),X=i(8226);const Q=Boolean(S._A?.Worker),K=Boolean(S._A?.SharedWorker),J=Boolean(S._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker);let Y,ee,te;var re=i(6034);class ne extends D{constructor(e,t){var r;let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,re.t,i),r=this,this.PfFeatStatusEnum=n,this.singleChecks(),this.eachSessionChecks(),(0,B.X)("record-supportability",(function(){return r.recordSupportability(...arguments)}),this.featureName,this.ee),(0,B.X)("record-custom",(function(){return r.recordCustom(...arguments)}),this.featureName,this.ee),this.importAggregator()}recordSupportability(e,t){var r=["sm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,b.p)("storeMetric",r,null,this.featureName,this.ee),r}recordCustom(e,t){var r=["cm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,b.p)("storeEventMetrics",r,null,this.featureName,this.ee),r}singleChecks(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Version/${X.q}/Detected`);const{loaderType:e}=(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);e&&this.recordSupportability(`Generic/LoaderType/${e}/Detected`),S.il&&(0,O.K)((()=>{Z().forEach((e=>{this.recordSupportability("Framework/"+e+"/Detected")}))})),U.T.isFileProtocol()&&(this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"),U.T.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);const r=(0,H.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);r.length>0&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"),r.length>0&&!(0,H.Ng)(r)&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid"),S.il&&this.reportPolyfillsNeeded(),function(e){if(!Y){if(Q){Y=Worker;try{S._A.Worker=r(Y,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(K){ee=SharedWorker;try{S._A.SharedWorker=r(ee,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(J){te=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{S._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=te,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){S.v6||e(`Workers/${t}/Unavailable`)}function i(t,r){e("module"===r?`Workers/${t}/Module`:`Workers/${t}/Classic`)}function o(t,r){e(`Workers/${r}/SM/Unsupported`),(0,m.Z)(`NR Agent: Unable to capture ${r} workers.`,t)}}(this.recordSupportability.bind(this))}reportPolyfillsNeeded(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/Promise/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.PROMISE}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ArrayIncludes/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.ARRAY_INCLUDES}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectAssign/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ASSIGN}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectEntries/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ENTRIES}`)}eachSessionChecks(){S.il&&(0,I.bP)("pageshow",(e=>{e.persisted&&this.recordCustom("Custom/BFCache/PageRestored")}))}}!function(e,t,r){t in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ne,"featureName",re.t);new class{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,v.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new d({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=t.features||[],this.desiredFeatures.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){try{const e=n(this.agentIdentifier);this.desiredFeatures.forEach((t=>{if(e[t.featureName]){const r=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName);r.every((t=>e[t]))||(0,m.Z)(`${t.featureName} is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (${JSON.stringify(r)}). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...`),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,p.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,"features")}catch(e){return(0,m.Z)("Failed to initialize instrument classes",e),!1}}}({features:[P,R,ne],loaderType:"lite"})})(),window.NRBA=o})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {cookie_flags: 'SameSite=None;Secure'});gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Eric Cornell","node_id":"1108696","content_type":"Basic page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/node/1108696"/> <meta name="description" content="2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Bose-Einstein Condensates Read More"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Eric Cornell"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Bose-Einstein Condensates Read More"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2016-09-28T19:12-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2016-09-28T19:12-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2022-12-19T12:52-05:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Eric Cornell | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Eric Cornell"/> <meta property="og:description" content="2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Bose-Einstein Condensates Read More"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2017/04/06/eric-cornell.png"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="194"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="220"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-09-28T19:12-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-12-19T12:52-05:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Bose-Einstein Condensates Read More"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Eric Cornell"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell"/> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="220"/> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="194"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2017/04/06/eric-cornell.png"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2022-12-19T12:52:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Eric Cornell | NIST", "description": "\u003Cp\u003E2001 Nobel Prize in Physics\u003Cbr\u003E\n\tBose-Einstein Condensates\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022button\u0022 href=\u0022https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell\u0022\u003ERead More\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2017/04/06/eric-cornell.png", "width": "194", "height": "220" }, "datePublished": "2016-09-28T19:12-04:00", "dateModified": "2022-12-19T12:52-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="page"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Eric Cornell | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230204045256cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6hZQHyso1BdM3wkKYS6pASIT8XgzD_EDj_wnZVp8nEs.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230204045256cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230204045256cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230204045256cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230204045256cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_e5DuZ68Yk6jKDRZI89Dctp-TrIyhXrRYettD_yNTSPA.css"/> <script src="/web/20230204045256js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-1108696"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top-full"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--1188616 nist-section-header--menu nist-section-header--interior"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h2><a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel">NIST and The Nobel</a></h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div>  <div class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--section-nav" data-elastic-exclude=""> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-f489957cb190bcd6528657907ecd7a25f9036d5c494c8c84538a560b4d98ae56"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-nid"><span class="field-content"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Dave Wineland</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-1" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/person-behind-nobel-prize-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person Behind the Nobel Prize: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/context-discovery-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/nobel-moments-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moments: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/prizes-legacy-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/outside-work-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Outside of Work: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/what-excites-and-inspires-david-wineland-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites and inspires David Wineland in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Dan Shechtman</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-2"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-2" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/person-behind-nobel-prize-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person behind the Nobel Prize: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/context-discovery-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/nobel-moment-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/prizes-legacy-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/what-excites-and-inspires-dan-shechtman-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites and inspires Dan Shechtman in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Jan Hall</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/person-behind-nobel-prize-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person Behind the Nobel Prize: Jan Hall</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/context-discovery-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Jan Hall</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/nobel-moment-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Jan Hall</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/prizes-legacy-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Jan Hall</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Eric Cornell</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-4"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-4" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/person-behind-nobel-prize-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person behind the Nobel Prize: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/context-discovery-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/nobel-moment-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/prizes-legacy-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/what-excites-eric-cornell-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites Eric Cornell in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Bill Phillips</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-5"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-nist-and-the-nobel-5" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/person-behind-nobel-prize-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person behind the Nobel Prize: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/context-discovery-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/nobel-moment-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/prizes-legacy-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/what-excites-bill-phillips-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites Bill Phillips in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/other-nist-connections-nobel-prize" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Other NIST Connections to the Nobel Prize</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="nist-block nist-block--main-menu"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" data-drupal-link-system-path="">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/careers" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Our Organization</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-5"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-5" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="">History</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="main-7"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST and the Nobel</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="main-7-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Bill Phillips</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-7-3-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7-3-1" class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/context-discovery-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/nobel-moment-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/person-behind-nobel-prize-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person behind the Nobel Prize: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/prizes-legacy-bill-phillips" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Bill Phillips</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/bill-phillips/what-excites-bill-phillips-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites Bill Phillips in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Dan Shechtman</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-7-3-2"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7-3-2" class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/context-discovery-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/nobel-moment-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/person-behind-nobel-prize-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person behind the Nobel Prize: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/prizes-legacy-dan-shechtman" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Dan Shechtman</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dan-shechtman/what-excites-and-inspires-dan-shechtman-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites and inspires Dan Shechtman in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Dave Wineland</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-7-3-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7-3-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/context-discovery-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/outside-work-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Outside of Work: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/nobel-moments-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moments: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/person-behind-nobel-prize-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person Behind the Nobel Prize: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/prizes-legacy-dave-wineland" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Dave Wineland</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/dave-wineland/what-excites-and-inspires-david-wineland-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites and inspires David Wineland in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Eric Cornell</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="main-7-3-4"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7-3-4" class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/context-discovery-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/nobel-moment-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/person-behind-nobel-prize-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person behind the Nobel Prize: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/prizes-legacy-eric-cornell" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Eric Cornell</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell/what-excites-eric-cornell-science-today" data-drupal-link-system-path="">What excites Eric Cornell in science today?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Jan Hall</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-7-3-5"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="main-7-3-5" class="usa-sidenav__sublist"> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/context-discovery-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Context of a Discovery: Jan Hall</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/nobel-moment-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Nobel Moment: Jan Hall</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/person-behind-nobel-prize-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Person Behind the Nobel Prize: Jan Hall</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/jan-hall/prizes-legacy-jan-hall" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Prize’s Legacy: Jan Hall</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/other-nist-connections-nobel-prize" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Other NIST Connections to the Nobel Prize</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/education" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Eric Cornell</h1> </div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude class="nist-block nist-social__wrapper"> <h2 class="nist-social__title">Share</h2> <div class="social-media-sharing"> <div class="nist-social__wrapper--share"> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" title="Facebook" class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-gray"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> </div> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell&source=https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" title="Linkedin" class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-gray"> <span>Linkedin</span> </a> </div> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell&status=https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" title="Twitter" class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-gray"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> </div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/mailto:/?subject=NIST.gov&body=Check out this site https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" title="Email" class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-gray"> <span>Email</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">2001 Nobel Prize in Physics</h2> <figure class="align-right nist-image"><img alt="Eric Cornell portrait illustration" height="397" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2017/04/06/eric-cornell_0.png" typeof="foaf:Image" width="350"><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> <div class="nist-image__credit"> <span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span> Alex Fine/NIST </div> </figcaption></figure><p>NIST Fellow Eric A. Cornell received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for creating a never-before-seen state of matter: the Bose-Einstein condensate. </p> <p>Cornell and University of Colorado physicist Carl Wieman did the groundbreaking experiment at JILA, a joint institute of NIST and the University of Colorado Boulder. In June 1995, after five years of focused effort, Cornell and Wieman’s group created the world’s first Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), a new form of matter in which ultracold atoms coalesce into a single “superatom” with uniform properties. In papers that were published in 1924 and 1925, Albert Einstein predicted that BEC could exist, building on the work of Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. It would be another 70 years until experimental physicists actually created the BEC in the lab.</p> <p>Cornell shared the prize with Wieman and with Massachusetts Institute of Technology physicist Wolfgang Ketterle, who also performed seminal work in BECs starting later in 1995.</p> <p>These pages consider Eric Cornell’s 2001 Nobel Prize in more depth by exploring the following questions:</p> <ul><li>Who is Eric Cornell, and how did he get involved with the science that led to the Nobel Prize? </li> <li>Why were scientists in hot pursuit of ultracold matter?</li> <li>How did the discovery unfold? Was there a “eureka” moment?</li> <li>What has been the legacy of the Nobel Prize-winning effort? </li> </ul><div class="nist-callout"> <p>“Eric is one of these people who is extraordinarily deep. Quiet but a deep thinker. You can engage with him and learn a lot from him.”</p> <p class="text-align-right">– Carl Williams, former deputy director, NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-italic font-sans-2xs"> Created September 28, 2016, Updated December 19, 2022 </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230204045256im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/nist-and-nobel/eric-cornell" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1108696","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230204045256js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_DNL6VrEuHPrL959oUExCzGY3A7BXQIMYib7aZLaICi4.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045256js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230204045256js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_XoevpgMqpfZ_vQSIDKbsBW_ECleGCiKLbn2hnxI0QMg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":51,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Eric Cornell | NIST