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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_North_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_North_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Great North Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_North_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliff_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cliff communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_from_the_homeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_from_the_homeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Migration from the homeland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_from_the_homeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anasazi_as_a_cultural_label" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anasazi_as_a_cultural_label"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Anasazi as a cultural label</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anasazi_as_a_cultural_label-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancestral Puebloans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="شعوب بويبلو القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعوب بويبلو القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Старажытныя пуэбла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытныя пуэбла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Анасази – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анасази" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasaziov%C3%A9" title="Anasaziové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anasaziové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprindelige_Puebloere" title="Oprindelige Puebloere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oprindelige Puebloere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaas%C3%A1z%C3%AD" title="Anaasází – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Anaasází" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Ανασάζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανασάζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prapuebla_kulturo" title="Prapuebla kulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prapuebla kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88" title="مردمان باستانی پوئبلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان باستانی پوئبلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazis" title="Anasazis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anasazis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Անասազի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անասազի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99" title="אנסאזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנסאזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasaziai" title="Anasaziai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anasaziai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="അനാസാസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനാസാസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblocultuur" title="Pueblocultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pueblocultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%97%E3%82%A8%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="古代プエブロ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代プエブロ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazikulturen" title="Anasazikulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anasazikulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Anasazi" title="Kultura Anasazi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Анасази – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анасази" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancestral Puebloans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasaziovia" title="Anasaziovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anasaziovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Puebli" title="Stari Puebli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stari Puebli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Анасази – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анасази" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anasazi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo-kulttuuri" title="Pueblo-kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pueblo-kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazikulturen" title="Anasazikulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anasazikulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasaziler" title="Anasaziler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anasaziler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Анасазі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анасазі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E8%90%A8%E5%90%89%E4%BA%BA" title="阿那萨吉人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿那萨吉人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q478805#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Native American culture in Four Corners region of the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anasazi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anasazi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anasazi (disambiguation)">Anasazi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliff_Palace,_Mesa_Verde_Park,_Colorado,_US_(36).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cliff_Palace%2C_Mesa_Verde_Park%2C_Colorado%2C_US_%2836%29.jpg/220px-Cliff_Palace%2C_Mesa_Verde_Park%2C_Colorado%2C_US_%2836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cliff_Palace%2C_Mesa_Verde_Park%2C_Colorado%2C_US_%2836%29.jpg/330px-Cliff_Palace%2C_Mesa_Verde_Park%2C_Colorado%2C_US_%2836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cliff_Palace%2C_Mesa_Verde_Park%2C_Colorado%2C_US_%2836%29.jpg/440px-Cliff_Palace%2C_Mesa_Verde_Park%2C_Colorado%2C_US_%2836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Palace" title="Cliff Palace">Cliff Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_County,_Colorado" title="Montezuma County, Colorado">Montezuma County, Colorado</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg/220px-Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg/330px-Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg/440px-Canyon_de_Chelly1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>White House Ruin Trail at the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apache_County,_Arizona" title="Apache County, Arizona">Apache County, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg/220px-Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg/330px-Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg/440px-Hovenweep_in_snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4348" data-file-height="2899" /></a><figcaption>Horseshoe Tower in the snow at the <a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep National Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ancestral Puebloans</b>, also known as the <b>Anasazi</b> and by the earlier term the <b>Basketmaker-Pueblo</b> culture, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region of the United States, comprising southeastern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are believed to have developed, at least in part, from the <a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a>, which developed from the <a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a>. The people and their archaeological culture are often referred to as <i>Anasazi</i>, a term introduced by Alfred V. Kidder from the Navajo word <i>anaasází</i> meaning 'enemy ancestors' (<i>anaa–</i> 'enemy', <i>-sází</i> 'their ancestors') although Kidder thought it meant 'old people'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Puebloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan">Puebloans</a> object to the use of this term, with some viewing it as derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNCO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ancestral Puebloans lived in a range of structures that included small family <a href="/wiki/Pit_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit house">pit houses</a>, larger structures to house <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>, grand <a href="/wiki/Pueblos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblos">pueblos</a>, and cliff-sited dwellings for defense. They had a complex network linking hundreds of communities and population centers across the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>. They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kiva</a>, a congregational space that was used mostly for ceremonies, was an integral part of the community structure. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> continue to debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current agreement, based on terminology defined by the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_Classification" title="Pecos Classification">Pecos Classification</a>, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BCE, during the archaeologically designated <a href="/wiki/Early_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Early Basketmaker II Era">Early Basketmaker II Era</a>. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers identified Ancestral Puebloans as the forerunners of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo peoples</a> although specific site to modern group connections are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNCO_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos: <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Pueblo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means "village" and "people" in Spanish, was a term originating with the Spanish explorers who used it to refer to the people's particular style of dwelling. The Navajo people, who now reside in parts of former Pueblo territory, referred to the ancient people as <i><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Anaasází</i></span></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> meaning "ancestors of our enemies", referring to their competition with the Pueblo peoples. The Navajo now use the term in the sense of referring to "ancient people" or "ancient ones",<sup id="cite_ref-UXL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UXL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others ascribe the meaning of <i>Anasazi</i> to "those who are different from our people"; (lit. <i>Ana</i> = "different from us" + <i>asaza</i> = "the old ones").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi people</a> use the term <i><span title="Hopi-language text"><i lang="hop">Hisatsinom</i></span></i>, meaning "ancient people", to describe the Ancestral Puebloans.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohokam,_Ancestral_Pueblo,_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/280px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/420px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/560px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Map of Ancestral Pueblo and neighboring cultures: <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancestral Puebloans were one of four major prehistoric archaeological traditions recognized in the American Southwest, also known as <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a>. The others are the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a>. In relation to neighboring cultures, the Ancestral Puebloans occupied the northeast quadrant of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ancestral Puebloan homeland centers on the Colorado Plateau, but extends from central New Mexico on the east to southern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> on the west. </p><p>Areas of southern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado form a loose northern boundary, while the southern edge is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado Rivers</a> in Arizona and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Puerco_(Rio_Grande)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Puerco (Rio Grande)">Rio Puerco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in New Mexico. Structures and other evidence of Ancestral Puebloan culture have been found extending east onto the American <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, in areas near the <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_River_(Arkansas_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimarron River (Arkansas River)">Cimarron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos Rivers</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Galisteo_Basin" title="Galisteo Basin">Galisteo Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Ancestral Puebloan sites in the Four Corners area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png/280px-Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png/420px-Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png/560px-Ancestral_Puebloan_sites.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Major Ancestral Puebloan sites in the Four Corners area</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a> and resources within this large region vary greatly. The <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> regions have high elevations ranging from 4,500 to 8,500 feet (1,400 to 2,600 m). Extensive horizontal <a href="/wiki/Mesa" title="Mesa">mesas</a> are capped by sedimentary formations and support woodlands of <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">junipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pines">ponderosa pines</a>, each favoring different elevations. Wind and water <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> have created steep-walled canyons, and sculpted windows and bridges out of the <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> landscape. In areas where resistant strata (sedimentary rock layers), such as sandstone or <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, overlie more easily eroded strata such as <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, rock overhangs formed. The Ancestral Puebloans favored building under such overhangs for shelters and defensive building sites. </p><p>All areas of the Ancestral Puebloan homeland suffered from periods of drought and erosion from wind and water. Summer rains could be unreliable and produced destructive thunderstorms. While the amount of winter snowfall varied greatly, the Ancestral Puebloans depended on the snow for most of their water. Snow melt allowed the germination of seeds, both wild and cultivated, in the spring. </p><p>Where sandstone layers overlay shale, snow melt could accumulate and create seeps and springs, which the Ancestral Puebloans used as water sources. Snow also fed the smaller, more predictable tributaries, such as the Chinle, Animas, <a href="/wiki/Jemez_River" title="Jemez River">Jemez</a>, and Taos Rivers. The larger rivers were less directly important to the ancient culture, as smaller streams were more easily diverted or controlled for irrigation. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_characteristics">Cultural characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG/220px-Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG/330px-Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG/440px-Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a>, the largest of the Chacoan Great Houses, stands at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon's</a> northern rim.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancestral Puebloan culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings its people built along cliff walls, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo II Era">Pueblo II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo III Era">Pueblo III</a> eras, from about 900 to 1350 CE in total. The best-preserved examples of the stone dwellings are now protected within United States' <a href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">national parks</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument" title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Aztec Ruins National Monument">Aztec Ruins National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep National Monument</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly National Monument</a>. </p><p>These villages, called <i><a href="/wiki/Pueblos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblos">pueblos</a></i> by Spanish colonists, were accessible only by rope or through rock climbing. These astonishing building achievements had modest beginnings. The first Ancestral Puebloan homes and villages were based on the pit-house, a common feature in the <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a> periods. </p><p>Ancestral Puebloans are also known for their pottery. Local plainware pottery used for cooking or storage was unpainted gray, either smooth or textured. Pottery used for more formal purposes was often more richly adorned. In the northern portion of the Ancestral Pueblo lands, from about 500 to 1300 CE, the pottery styles commonly had black-painted designs on white or light gray backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-adams_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adams-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decoration is characterized by fine hatching, and contrasting colors are produced by the use of mineral-based paint on a chalky background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell98_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell98-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of the Anasazi territory, in Mogollon settlements, pottery was more often hand-coiled, scraped, and polished, with red to brown coloring.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain tall cylinders were likely ceremonial vessels, while narrow-necked jars, called <a href="/wiki/Olla" title="Olla">ollas</a>, were often used for liquids. Pottery from the southern regions of Ancestral Pueblo lands has bold, black-line decoration and the use of carbon-based colorants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell98_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell98-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern New Mexico, the local black-on-white pottery tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_white_wares" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande white wares">Rio Grande white wares</a>, continued well after 1300 CE. </p><p>Changes in pottery composition, structure, and decoration are signals of social change in the archaeological record. This is particularly true as the peoples of the American Southwest began to leave their historic homes and migrate south. According to archaeologists Patricia Crown and Steadman Upham, the appearance of the bright colors on <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Red_Ware" title="Roosevelt Red Ware">Salado Polychromes</a> in the 14th century may reflect religious or political alliances on a regional level. Late 14th- and 15th-century pottery from central Arizona, widely traded in the region, has colors and designs which may derive from earlier ware by both Ancestral Pueblo and <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell142–43_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell142–43-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ancestral Puebloans also excelled at <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a>, which included carved <a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a> and painted <a href="/wiki/Pictographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictographs">pictographs</a>. Ancestral Pueblo peoples painted <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Canyon_Style" title="Barrier Canyon Style">Barrier Canyon Style</a> pictographs in locations where the images were protected from the sun yet visible to the public. Designs include human-like forms. The so-called "Holy Ghost panel" in the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Canyon_(Utah)" title="Horseshoe Canyon (Utah)">Horseshoe Canyon</a> is considered to be one of the earliest uses of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">graphical perspective</a> where the largest figure appears to take on a three-dimensional representation. </p><p>Recent archaeological evidence has established that in at least one great house, Pueblo Bonito, the elite family whose burials associate them with the site practiced matrilineal succession. Room 33 in Pueblo Bonito, the richest burial ever excavated in the Southwest, served as a crypt for one powerful lineage, traced through the female line, for approximately 330 years. While other Ancestral Pueblo burials have not yet been subjected to the same archaeogenomic testing, the survival of matrilineal descent among contemporary Pueblo peoples suggests that this may have been a widespread practice among Ancestral Puebloans.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_architecture" title="Pueblo architecture">Pueblo architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples">List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples</a></div> <p>Ancestral Pueblo people in the North American Southwest crafted a unique architecture with planned community spaces. Population centers such as <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> (outside <a href="/wiki/Crownpoint,_New_Mexico" title="Crownpoint, New Mexico">Crownpoint, New Mexico</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado" title="Cortez, Colorado">Cortez, Colorado</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a>) have brought renown to the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. They consisted of apartment complexes and structures made of stone, adobe mud, and other local material, or were carved into canyon walls. Developed within these cultures, the people also adopted design details from other cultures as far away as contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. </p><p>These buildings were usually multistoried and multipurposed, and surrounded by open plazas and <a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewsheds</a>. Hundreds to thousands of people lived in these communities. These complexes hosted cultural and civic events and infrastructure that supported a vast outlying region hundreds of miles away linked by transportation roadways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Remains of multistory dwelling built into a volcanic tuff wall, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg/260px-Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg/390px-Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg/520px-Bandelier_multi-story_dwelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption>Multistory dwellings at Bandelier: Rock wall foundations and beam holes and "cavates" carved into volcanic <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> remain from upper floors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Built well before 1492 CE, these towns and villages were located in defensive positions, for example on high, steep mesas such as at Mesa Verde or present-day <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a>, called the "Sky City", in New Mexico. Before 900 CE and progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were major cultural centers. In Chaco Canyon, Chacoan developers quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling 15 major complexes. These ranked as the largest buildings in North America until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Strutin_1994_6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strutin_1994_6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_2005_35_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_2005_35-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">archaeoastronomy</a> at Chaco has been proposed, with the Sun Dagger petroglyph at Fajada Butte a popular example. Many Chacoan buildings may have been aligned to capture the solar and lunar cycles,<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_1998_177-182_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_1998_177-182-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requiring generations of astronomical observations and centuries of skillfully coordinated construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Sofaer_1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sofaer_1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chacoans abandoned the canyon, probably due to climate change beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_2005_198_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_2005_198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Houses">Great Houses</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancestral Puebloan</a> periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/150px-USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/225px-USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/300px-USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic%E2%80%93Early_Basketmaker_Era" title="Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era">Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era</a><br />7000–1500 BCE</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Early Basketmaker II Era">Early Basketmaker II Era</a> <br />1500 BCE–50 CE</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Late_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Late Basketmaker II Era">Late Basketmaker II Era</a> <br />50–500</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era" title="Basketmaker III Era">Basketmaker III Era</a><br />500–750</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_I_Period" title="Pueblo I Period">Pueblo I Period</a><br />750–900</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II Period</a><br />900–1150</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III Period</a><br />1150–1350</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV Period</a><br />1350–1600</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_V_Period" title="Pueblo V Period">Pueblo V Period</a><br />1600–present</td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mancos_pitcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mancos_pitcher.jpg/170px-Mancos_pitcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mancos_pitcher.jpg/255px-Mancos_pitcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mancos_pitcher.jpg/340px-Mancos_pitcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption><i>Mancos Pitcher with Black on White Geometric Designs</i>, Ancestral Pueblo, 900–1300 AD, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Immense complexes known as "great houses" embodied worship at Chaco. Archaeologists have found musical instruments, jewelry, ceramics, and ceremonial items, indicating people in the Great Houses were elite, wealthier families. They hosted indoor burials, where gifts were interred with the dead, often including bowls of food and turquoise beads.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over centuries, architectural forms evolved but the complexes kept some core traits, such as their size. They averaged more than 200 rooms each, and some had 700 rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Sofaer_1997_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sofaer_1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rooms were very large, with higher ceilings than Ancestral Pueblo buildings of earlier periods. They were well-planned: vast sections were built in a single stage. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CasaRinconada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A partly overcast sky and subdued sunlight over a roughly six-foot-tall wall of dusky tan sandstone bricks which vary somewhat in size. The wall runs diagonally from the immediate foreground at left towards the right, running perhaps several dozen feet to the near middle distance. A few feet to the right, in the middle foreground, a low ring of similar blocks delimits a circular pit sunk into the ground. The remains of several other ruinous low walls, perhaps one to three high at most, are arrayed in parallel; they align left to right from the high diagonal wall. Perhaps a mile distant to the center and right, a canyon wall slopes gradually level to meet the valley floor on which the walls sit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CasaRinconada.jpg/220px-CasaRinconada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CasaRinconada.jpg/330px-CasaRinconada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CasaRinconada.jpg/440px-CasaRinconada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casa_Rinconada" title="Casa Rinconada">Casa Rinconada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a>, New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rectangular entrance through a thick wall dressed with sandstone blocks in the foreground. The entrance reveals a view of another similar wall, itself bearing a doorway showing yet another wall with another door. Four such nested sets of doorways are seen, with a fifth wall visible through the final fourth doorway." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg/170px-Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg/255px-Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg/340px-Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_doorways_NPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Doorways, Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Most houses faced south. Plazas were almost always surrounded by buildings of sealed-off rooms or high walls. There were often four or five stories, with single-story rooms facing the plaza; room blocks were terraced to allow the tallest sections to compose the pueblo's rear edifice. Rooms were often organized into suites, with front rooms larger than rear, interior, and storage rooms or areas. </p><p>Ceremonial structures known as kivas were built in proportion to the number of rooms in a pueblo. A small kiva was built for roughly every 29 rooms. Nine complexes each had a Great Kiva, up to 63 feet (19 m) in diameter. T-shaped doorways and stone <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a> marked all Chacoan kivas. </p><p>Although simple and compound walls were often used, great houses usually had <a href="/wiki/Core-and-veneer" title="Core-and-veneer">core-and-veneer</a> walls: <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> filled the gap between parallel load-bearing walls of dressed, flat <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> blocks bound in <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_2005_119-121_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_2005_119-121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walls were covered in a veneer of small sandstone pieces, which were pressed into a layer of binding <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_2005_119-121_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_2005_119-121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These surfacing stones were often arranged in distinctive patterns. </p><p>The Chacoan structures together required the wood of 200,000 conifer trees, mostly hauled – on foot – from mountain ranges up to 70 miles (110 km) away.<sup id="cite_ref-Sofaer_1999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sofaer_1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kantner_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantner-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceremonial_infrastructure">Ceremonial infrastructure</h2></div> <p>One of the most notable aspects of Ancestral Puebloan infrastructure is the Chaco Road at Chaco Canyon, a system of roads radiating from many great house sites such as Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, and Una Vida. They led toward small outlier sites and natural features in the canyon and outside. </p><p>Through satellite images and ground investigations, archaeologists have found eight main roads that together run for more than 180 miles (300 km), and are more than 30 feet (10 m) wide. These were built by excavating into a smooth, leveled surface in the bedrock or removing vegetation and soil. Large ramps and stairways in the cliff rock connect the roads above the canyon to sites at the bottom. </p><p>The largest roads, built at the same time as many of the great houses (1000 to 1125 CE), are: the Great North Road, the South Road, the <a href="/wiki/Coyote_Canyon_Road" title="Coyote Canyon Road">Coyote Canyon Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chacra_Face_Road" title="Chacra Face Road">Chacra Face Road</a>, Ahshislepah Road, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Springs_Road" title="Mexican Springs Road">Mexican Springs Road</a>, the West Road, and the shorter Pintado-Chaco Road. Simple structures like berms and walls are sometimes aligned along the roads. Some tracts of the roads lead to natural features such as springs, lakes, mountain tops, and pinnacles.<sup id="cite_ref-road_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_North_Road">Great North Road</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Ancestral_Puebloans)" title="Great North Road (Ancestral Puebloans)">Great North Road (Ancestral Puebloans)</a></div> <p>The longest and best-known of these roads is the Great North Road, which originates from different routes close to Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl. These roads converge at <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Alto" title="Pueblo Alto">Pueblo Alto</a> and from there lead north beyond the canyon limits. Along roadways were only small, isolated structures. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Archaeological interpretations of the Chaco road system are divided between an economic purpose and a symbolic, ideological or religious role. </p><p>The system was discovered in the late 19th century and excavated in the 1970s. By the late 20th century, aerial and satellite photographs helped in the study. Archaeologists suggested that the road's main purpose was to transport local and exotic goods to and from the canyon. The economic purpose of the Chaco road system is shown by the presence of luxury items at Pueblo Bonito and elsewhere in the canyon. Items such as <a href="/wiki/Macaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaws">macaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> and seashells, which are not part of this environment, and imported vessels distinguished by design, prove that the Chaco traded with distant regions. The widespread use of timber in Chacoan constructions required a large system of easy transportation, as timber was not locally available. Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> isotopes shows that much of the timber came from distant mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistoric-Roads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prehistoric-Roads.jpg/260px-Prehistoric-Roads.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prehistoric-Roads.jpg/390px-Prehistoric-Roads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prehistoric-Roads.jpg/520px-Prehistoric-Roads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Precontact roads and great houses in the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan Basin</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cliff_communities">Cliff communities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg/220px-Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg/330px-Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg/440px-Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Spruce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Plan of entire Spruce Tree House from above, cut from <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">laser scan</a> data collected by a <a href="/wiki/CyArk" title="CyArk">CyArk</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> partnership</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg/220px-Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg/330px-Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg/440px-Cyark_Mesa_Verde_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Laser scan section of the four-story Square Tower House, data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg/220px-Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg/330px-Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg/440px-Cyark_elevation_fire_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Section view of Kiva A in <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa Verde">Mesa Verde</a>'s Fire Temple, cut from laser scan data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership. Since Fire Temple was at least partially built to conform to the dimensions of its cliff alcove, it is neither round in form nor truly subterranean like other structures defined as <a href="/wiki/Kivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivas">kivas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the southwest Ancestral Puebloan region, the inhabitants built complexes in shallow <a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">caves</a> and under rock overhangs in canyon walls. Unlike earlier structures and villages atop mesas, this was a regional 13th-century trend of gathering the growing populations into close, defensible quarters. There were buildings for housing, defense, and storage. These were built mostly of blocks of hard sandstone, held together and plastered with <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> mortar. Constructions had many similarities, but unique forms due to the unique rock topography. </p><p>The best-known site is at Mesa Verde, with a large number of well-preserved cliff dwellings. This area included common Pueblo architectural forms, such as kivas, towers, and pit-houses, but the space restrictions of these alcoves resulted in far denser populations. Mug House, a typical cliff dwelling of the period, was home to around 100 people who shared 94 small rooms and eight kivas, built right up against each other and sharing many walls. Builders maximized space use and no area was off-limits.<sup id="cite_ref-kantner_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantner-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all the people in the region lived in cliff dwellings; many colonized the canyon rims and slopes in multifamily structures that grew to unprecedented size as populations swelled.<sup id="cite_ref-kantner_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantner-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decorative motifs for these sandstone/mortar structures, both cliff dwellings and not, included T-shaped windows and doors. This has been taken by some archaeologists, such as Stephen Lekson (1999), as evidence of the continuation of the Chaco Canyon elite system, which had seemingly collapsed a century earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers instead explain these motifs as part a wider Pueblo style or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>During the period from 700 to 1130 CE (<a href="/wiki/Pueblo_I_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo I Era">Pueblo I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo II Era">II Eras</a>), the population grew fast due to consistent and regular rainfall which supported agriculture. Studies of skeletal remains show increased fertility rather than decreased mortality. However, this tenfold population increase over a few generations was probably also due to migrations of people from surrounding areas. Innovations such as pottery, food storage, and agriculture enabled this rapid growth. Over several decades, the Ancestral Puebloan culture spread across the landscape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ancestral Puebloan culture has been divided into three main areas or branches, based on geographical location: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> (northwest New Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayenta">Kayenta</a> (northeast Arizona), and</li> <li>Northern San Juan (<a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa Verde">Mesa Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep National Monument</a>) (southwest Colorado and southeastern Utah)</li></ul> <p>Modern Pueblo oral traditions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> hold that the Ancestral Puebloans originated from <span title="Hopi-language text"><i lang="hop"><a href="/wiki/Sipapu" title="Sipapu">sipapu</a></i></span>, where they emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>. For unknown ages, they were led by chiefs and guided by spirits as they completed vast migrations throughout the continent of North America. They settled first in the Ancestral Puebloan areas for a few hundred years before moving to their present locations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_from_the_homeland">Migration from the homeland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg/220px-Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg/330px-Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg/440px-Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Chaco Culture bowl, 11th to 13th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Alto" title="Pueblo Alto">Pueblo Alto</a>, Chaco Canyon</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancestral Puebloans left their established homes in the 12th and 13th centuries. The main reason is unclear. Factors discussed include global or regional climate change, prolonged drought, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> such as cyclical periods of <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> erosion or deforestation, hostility from new arrivals, religious or cultural change, and influence from <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> cultures. Many of these possibilities are supported by archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005136−156_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005136−156-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current scholarly consensus is that Ancestral Puebloans responded to pressure from <a href="/wiki/Numic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numic">Numic</a>-speaking peoples moving onto the Colorado Plateau, as well as climate change that resulted in agricultural failures. The archaeological record indicates that for Ancestral Puebloans to adapt to climatic change by changing residences and locations was not unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Pueblo I Era sites may have housed up to 600 individuals in a few separate but closely spaced settlement clusters. However, they were generally occupied for 30 years or less. Archaeologist Timothy A. Kohler excavated large Pueblo I sites near <a href="/wiki/Dolores,_Colorado" title="Dolores, Colorado">Dolores, Colorado</a>, and discovered that they were established during periods of above-average rainfall. This allowed crops to be grown without requiring irrigation. At the same time, nearby areas that suffered significantly drier patterns were abandoned. </p><p>Ancestral Puebloans attained a cultural "Golden Age" between about 900 and 1150. During this time, generally classed as Pueblo II Era, the climate was relatively warm and rainfall mostly adequate. Communities grew larger and were inhabited for longer. Highly specific local traditions in architecture and pottery emerged, and trade over long distances appears to have been common. <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated turkey">Domesticated turkeys</a> appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After around 1130, North America had significant climatic change in the form of a 300-year period of aridity called the Great Drought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005152_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> civilization around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> in present-day Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> also collapsed during this period. Confirming evidence dated between 1150 and 1350 has been found in excavations of the western regions of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Valley">Mississippi Valley</a>, which show long-lasting patterns of warmer, wetter winters and cooler, drier summers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg/220px-Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg/330px-Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg/440px-Dark_Canyon_Ruin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Ancestral Puebloan ruins in <a href="/wiki/Dark_Canyon_Wilderness" title="Dark Canyon Wilderness">Dark Canyon Wilderness</a>, Utah</figcaption></figure> <p>In this later period, the Pueblo II became more self-contained, decreasing trade and interaction with more distant communities. Southwest farmers developed irrigation techniques appropriate to seasonal rainfall, including soil and water control features such as check dams and terraces. The population of the region continued to be mobile, abandoning settlements and fields under adverse conditions. There was also a drop in <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> due to a different cycle unrelated to rainfall. This forced the abandonment of settlements in the more arid or overfarmed locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005153_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005153-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests a profound change in religion in this period. Chacoan and other structures constructed originally along astronomical alignments, and thought to have served important ceremonial purposes to the culture, were systematically dismantled. Doorways were sealed with rock and mortar. Kiva walls show marks from great fires set within them, which probably required removal of the massive roof – a task which would require significant effort. Habitations were abandoned, and tribes divided and resettled far.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This evidence suggests that the religious structures were abandoned deliberately over time. Pueblo <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> holds that the ancestors had achieved great spiritual power and control over natural forces. They used their power in ways that caused nature to change and caused changes that were never meant to occur. Possibly, the dismantling of their religious structures was an effort to symbolically undo the changes they believed they caused due to their abuse of their spiritual power, and thus make amends with nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most modern Pueblo peoples (whether <a href="/wiki/Keresan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan">Keresans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanoan">Tanoans</a>) assert the Ancestral Puebloans did not "vanish", as is commonly portrayed. They say that the people migrated to areas in the southwest with more favorable rainfall and dependable streams. They merged into the various Pueblo peoples whose descendants still live in Arizona and New Mexico. This perspective was also presented by early 20th-century anthropologists, including <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_Cushing" title="Frank Hamilton Cushing">Frank Hamilton Cushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Walter_Fewkes" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Walter Fewkes">J. Walter Fewkes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many modern Pueblo tribes trace their lineage from specific settlements. For example, the <a href="/wiki/San_Ildefonso_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ildefonso Pueblo">San Ildefonso Pueblo</a> people believe that their ancestors lived in both the Mesa Verde and the Bandelier areas. Evidence also suggests that a profound change took place in the Ancestral Pueblo area and areas inhabited by their cultural neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a> agrees with this oral tradition in his book, <i>Lies Across America: What Our Historic Markers and Monuments Get Wrong</i> (1999). No academic consensus exists with the professional archeological and anthropological community on this issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg/220px-Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg/330px-Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg/440px-Pecos_Glazeware_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Pecos Glazeware bowl, <a href="/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park" title="Pecos National Historical Park">Pecos National Historical Park</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Environmental stress may have caused changes in social structure, leading to conflict and warfare. Near <a href="/wiki/Kayenta,_Arizona" title="Kayenta, Arizona">Kayenta, Arizona</a>, Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago has been studying a group of Ancestral Puebloan villages that relocated from the canyons to the high mesa tops during the late 13th century. Haas believes that the reason to move so far from water and arable land was a defense against enemies. He asserts that isolated communities relied on raiding for food and supplies, and that internal conflict and warfare became common in the 13th century. </p><p>This conflict may have been aggravated by the influx of less settled peoples, Numic-speakers such as the <a href="/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Utes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Paiute people</a>, who may have originated in what is today California, and the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan-speaking</a> Diné who migrated from the north during this time and subsequently became the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> tribes most notably. Others suggest that more developed villages, such as that at Chaco Canyon, exhausted their environments, resulting in widespread deforestation and eventually the fall of their civilization through warfare over depleted resources. </p><p>A 1997 excavation at <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Wash" title="Cowboy Wash">Cowboy Wash</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dolores,_Colorado" title="Dolores, Colorado">Dolores, Colorado</a> found remains of at least 24 human skeletons that showed evidence of violence and dismemberment, with strong indications of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SecretsoftheDead_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecretsoftheDead-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modest community appears to have been abandoned during the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeBlanc174_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeBlanc174-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other excavations within the Ancestral Puebloan cultural area have produced varying numbers of unburied, and in some cases dismembered, bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2010 paper, Potter and Chuipka argued that evidence at <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Ridge" title="Sacred Ridge">Sacred Ridge</a> site, near <a href="/wiki/Durango,_Colorado" title="Durango, Colorado">Durango, Colorado</a>, is best interpreted as warfare related to competition and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This evidence of warfare, conflict, and cannibalism is hotly debated by some scholars and interest groups.<sup id="cite_ref-SecretsoftheDead_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecretsoftheDead-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suggested alternatives include: a community suffering the pressure of starvation or extreme social stress, dismemberment and cannibalism as religious ritual or in response to religious conflict, the influx of outsiders seeking to drive out a settled agricultural community via calculated atrocity, or an invasion of a settled region by nomadic raiders who practiced cannibalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anasazi_as_a_cultural_label">Anasazi as a cultural label</h2></div> <p>The term "Anasazi" was established in archaeological terminology through the Pecos Classification system in 1927. It had been adopted from the Navajo. Archaeologist Linda Cordell discussed the word's etymology and use: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The name "Anasazi" has come to mean "ancient people," although the word itself is <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, meaning "enemy ancestors." [The Navajo word is <i>anaasází</i> (< <i>anaa-</i> "enemy", <i>sází</i> "ancestor").] It is unfortunate that a non-Pueblo word has come to stand for a tradition that is certainly ancestral Pueblo. The term was first applied to ruins of the Mesa Verde by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wetherill" title="Richard Wetherill">Richard Wetherill</a>, a rancher and trader who, in 1888–1889, was the first Anglo-American to explore the sites in that area. Wetherill knew and worked with Navajos and understood what the word meant. The name was further sanctioned in archaeology when it was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a>, the acknowledged dean of Southwestern Archaeology. Kidder felt that it was less cumbersome than a more technical term he might have used. Subsequently some archaeologists who would try to change the term have worried that because the Pueblos speak different languages, there are different words for "ancestor," and using one might be offensive to people speaking other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell18–19_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell18–19-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many contemporary Pueblo peoples object to the use of the term Anasazi; controversy exists among them on a native alternative. Some modern descendants of this culture often choose to use the term "Ancestral Pueblo" peoples. Contemporary Hopi use the word <span title="Hopi-language text"><i lang="hop">Hisatsinom</i></span> in preference to Anasazi.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have objected to Cordell's definition of the name "Anasazi", saying that its true connotation means in the Navajo language "those that do things differently."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Roberts, in his book <i>In Search of the Old Ones: Exploring the Anasazi World of the Southwest</i>, explains his reason for using the term "Anasazi" over a term like "Puebloan", noting that the latter term "derives from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">language</a> of an oppressor who treated the indigenes of the Southwest far more brutally than the Navajo ever did." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_distinctions">Cultural distinctions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPC_000119_(27512883666).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg/170px-HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg/255px-HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg/340px-HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Boy in doorway, Balcony House, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological cultural units such as Ancestral Puebloan, Hohokam, Patayan, or Mogollon are used by archaeologists to define material culture similarities and differences that may identify prehistoric sociocultural units, equivalent to modern societies or peoples. The names and divisions are classification devices based on theoretical perspectives, analytical methods, and data available at the time of analysis and publication. They are subject to change, not only on the basis of new information and discoveries, but also as attitudes and perspectives change within the scientific community. It should not be assumed that an archaeological division or culture unit corresponds to a particular language group or to a socio-political entity such as a tribe. </p><p>Current terms and conventions have significant limitations: </p> <ul><li>Archaeological research focuses on items left behind during people's activities: fragments of pottery vessels, garbage, human remains, stone tools or evidence left from the construction of dwellings. However, many other aspects of the culture of prehistoric peoples are not tangible. Their beliefs and behavior are difficult to decipher from physical materials, and their languages remain unknown as they had no known <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>.</li> <li>Cultural divisions are tools of the modern scientist, and so should not be considered similar to divisions or relationships that the ancient residents may have recognized. Modern cultures in this region, many of whom claim some of these ancient people as ancestors, express a striking range of diversity in lifestyles, social organization, language, and religious beliefs. This suggests the ancient people were also more diverse than their material remains may suggest.</li> <li>The modern term "style" has a bearing on how material items such as pottery or architecture can be interpreted. Within a people, different means to accomplish the same goal can be adopted by subsets of the larger group. For example, in modern Western cultures, there are alternative styles of clothing that characterize older and younger generations. Some cultural differences may be based on linear traditions, on teaching from one generation or "school" to another. Other varieties in style may have distinguished between arbitrary groups within a culture, perhaps defining <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a>, gender, <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> affiliation, religious belief or cultural alliances. Variations may also simply reflect the different resources available in a given time or area.</li></ul> <p>Defining cultural groups, such as the Ancestral Puebloans, tends to create an image of territories separated by clear-cut boundaries, like border boundaries separating modern states. These did not exist. Prehistoric people traded, worshipped, collaborated, and fought most often with other nearby groups. Cultural differences should therefore be understood as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cline" class="extiw" title="wikt:cline">clinal</a>: "increasing gradually as the distance separating groups also increases".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlog72_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlog72-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Departures from the expected pattern may occur because of unidentified social or political situations or because of geographic barriers. In the Southwest, mountain ranges, rivers, and most obviously, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, can be significant barriers for human communities, likely reducing the frequency of contact with other groups. Current opinion holds that the closer cultural similarity between the Mogollon and Ancestral Puebloans, and their greater differences from the Hohokam and Patayan, is due to both the geography and the variety of climate zones in the Southwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_prehistoric_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest">Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasazi_flute" title="Anasazi flute">Anasazi flute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed" title="Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed">Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9tah" title="Dinétah">Dinétah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallina" title="Gallina">Gallina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mesa" title="Indian Mesa">Indian Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokopelli" title="Kokopelli">Kokopelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqanghoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Poqanghoya">Poqanghoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Southwestern_cultural_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions">Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Anasazi" title="Virgin Anasazi">Virgin Anasazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni people</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22804/Ancestral-Pueblo-culture">"Ancestral Pueblo culture"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancestral+Pueblo+culture&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F22804%2FAncestral-Pueblo-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodbury, Richard B. (1979). "Prehistory: Introduction". In A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 9, pp. 23). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plog, Fred. (1979). "Prehistory: Western Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 9, pp. 108–130). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordell, Linda S. (1979). "Prehistory: Eastern Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 9, pp. 131–151). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plog, Fred. (1979). "Prehistory: Western Anasazi". In A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 9, pp. 108). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidder, Alfred V. (1936). Speculations on New World prehistory. In R.H. Lowie (Ed.), <i>Essays in anthroplogy presented to Alfred L. Kroeber</i> (p. 152). Berkeley: University of California Press. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellMcBrinn2012" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012). <i>Archaeology of the Southwest</i> (3 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Southwest&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=McBrinn%2C+Maxine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCO-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCO_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCO_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewit2010" class="citation web cs1">Hewit (2010-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709073248/http://hewit.unco.edu/dohist/puebloan/begin.htm">"Puebloan Culture"</a>. <i>University of Northern Colorado</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hewit.unco.edu/DOHIST/puebloan/begin.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Northern+Colorado&rft.atitle=Puebloan+Culture&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.au=Hewit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhewit.unco.edu%2FDOHIST%2Fpuebloan%2Fbegin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/pueblo">rae.es</a>; <i>pueblo</i> in the <i>Real Academia Española</i> dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UXL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UXL_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Anasazi". <i>U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes.</i> U*X*L. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061347/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3048800031.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3048800031.html">the original</a> on 2013-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3048800031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Wally Brown (September 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xlrj1GNi6FA"><i>Wally Talks a little about the Anasazi people from the perspective of Navajo people</i></a>. Navajo Traditional Teachings. 2:05 minutes in – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wally+Talks+a+little+about+the+Anasazi+people+from+the+perspective+of+Navajo+people&rft.pub=Navajo+Traditional+Teachings&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DXlrj1GNi6FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/People/anasazi.htm">The Anasazi or "Ancient Pueblo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150828055734/http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/People/anasazi.htm">Archived</a> August 28, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from CP-LUHNA, Northern Arizona University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafson1997" class="citation book cs1">Gustafson, Sarah (1997). <i>Pecos National Historical Park</i>. Tucson, AZ, US: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1877856703" title="Special:BookSources/1877856703"><bdi>1877856703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pecos+National+Historical+Park&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ%2C+US&rft.pub=Southwest+Parks+and+Monuments+Association&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1877856703&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lightfoot, Dale R. (October 1993). "The landscape context of Anasazi pebble-mulched fields in the Galisteo Basin, Northern New Mexico". <i>Geoarchaeology</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 349–370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Gearc...8..349L">1993Gearc...8..349L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgea.3340080502">10.1002/gea.3340080502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoarchaeology&rft.atitle=The+landscape+context+of+Anasazi+pebble-mulched+fields+in+the+Galisteo+Basin%2C+Northern+New+Mexico&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=349-370&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgea.3340080502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Gearc...8..349L&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Dale+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adams-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adams_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsStewartBaldwin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Karen R.; Stewart, Joe D.; Baldwin, Stuart J. (2002). "Pottery Paint and Other Uses of Rocky Mountain Beeweed (<i>Cleome serrulata</i> Pursh) in the Southwestern United States: Ethnographic Data, Archæological Record, and Elemental Composition". <i>Kiva</i>. <b>67</b> (4). Leeds, UK: Maney Publishing: 339–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00231940.2002.11758462">10.1080/00231940.2002.11758462</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30246404">30246404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132078645">132078645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiva&rft.atitle=Pottery+Paint+and+Other+Uses+of+Rocky+Mountain+Beeweed+%28Cleome+serrulata+Pursh%29+in+the+Southwestern+United+States%3A+Ethnographic+Data%2C+Arch%C3%A6ological+Record%2C+and+Elemental+Composition&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-362&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132078645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30246404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00231940.2002.11758462&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Karen+R.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Joe+D.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Stuart+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell98-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell98_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell98_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordell">Cordell</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordell1994" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Linda (1994). <i>Ancient Pueblo Peoples</i>. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89599-038-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89599-038-5"><bdi>0-89599-038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Pueblo+Peoples&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=St.+Remy+Press+and+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89599-038-5&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell142–43-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell142–43_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordell">Cordell</a>, pp. 142–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryReichWhiteleyLeBlanc2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, George H.; Reich, David; Whiteley, Peter M.; LeBlanc, Steven A.; Kistler, Logan; Stewardson, Kristin; Swapan Mallick; Rohland, Nadin; Skoglund, Pontus (2017-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321759">"Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>8</b>: 14115. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...814115K">2017NatCo...814115K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms14115">10.1038/ncomms14115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321759">5321759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28221340">28221340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Archaeogenomic+evidence+reveals+prehistoric+matrilineal+dynasty&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=14115&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5321759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...814115K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28221340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms14115&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft.au=Whiteley%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+Steven+A.&rft.au=Kistler%2C+Logan&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Swapan+Mallick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Skoglund%2C+Pontus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5321759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strutin_1994_6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strutin_1994_6_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrutin1994">Strutin 1994</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan_2005_35-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_2005_35_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFagan2005">Fagan 2005</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan_1998_177-182-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_1998_177-182_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFagan1998">Fagan 1998</a>, pp. 177–182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sofaer_1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sofaer_1997_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sofaer_1997_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofaer1997">Sofaer 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan_2005_198-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_2005_198_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFagan2005">Fagan 2005</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2000" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, David E. (2000). <i>Anasazi America</i>. University of New Mexico Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2178-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2178-X"><bdi>0-8263-2178-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anasazi+America&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8263-2178-X&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan_2005_119-121-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_2005_119-121_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_2005_119-121_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFagan2005">Fagan 2005</a>, pp. 119–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sofaer_1999-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sofaer_1999_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofaer1999">Sofaer 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kantner-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantner_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantner_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantner_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kantner, John (2004). "Ancient Puebloan Southwest", pp. 161–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-road-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-road_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/chcu/historyculture/chacoan-roads.htm">"Chacoan Roads."</a> National Park Service. Retrieved 4 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishBetancourtDeanQuade2001" class="citation journal cs1">English, Nathan B.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Dean, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay (9 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59738">"Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>98</b> (21): 11891–11896. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9811891E">2001PNAS...9811891E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.211305498">10.1073/pnas.211305498</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59738">59738</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11572943">11572943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Strontium+isotopes+reveal+distant+sources+of+architectural+timber+in+Chaco+Canyon%2C+New+Mexico&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=11891-11896&rft.date=2001-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC59738%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11572943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.211305498&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...9811891E&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Nathan+B.&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+Julio+L.&rft.au=Dean%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Quade%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC59738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lekson, Stephen (1999). <i>The Chaco Meridian: centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest.</i> Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, David A., Jr., 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~dap/meridian/meridian.html">"The Chaco Meridian: A skeptical analysis"</a>, paper presented to the 65th annual meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Philadelphia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005136−156-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005136−156_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiamond2005">Diamond 2005</a>, pp. 136−156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first to surmise this was John W. Powell, <i>Canyons of the Colorado</i>, 1895, Flood & Vincent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpellerKempWyattMonroe2010" class="citation journal cs1">Speller, Camilla F.; Kemp, Brian M.; Wyatt, Scott D.; Monroe, Cara; Lipe, William D.; Arndt, Ursula M.; Yang, Dongya Y. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840336">"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (7): 2807–2812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.2807S">2010PNAS..107.2807S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0909724107">10.1073/pnas.0909724107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840336">2840336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20133614">20133614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+reveals+complexity+of+indigenous+North+American+turkey+domestication&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2807-2812&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2840336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20133614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0909724107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.2807S&rft.aulast=Speller&rft.aufirst=Camilla+F.&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Brian+M.&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Scott+D.&rft.au=Monroe%2C+Cara&rft.au=Lipe%2C+William+D.&rft.au=Arndt%2C+Ursula+M.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Dongya+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2840336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005152-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005152_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiamond2005">Diamond 2005</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2017" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Larry (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/mountains-of-evidence">"Mountains of Evidence"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Mountains+of+Evidence&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fmountains-of-evidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005153-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2005153_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiamond2005">Diamond 2005</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecretsoftheDead-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SecretsoftheDead_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SecretsoftheDead_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Christy Turner, <a href="/wiki/Steven_LeBlanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven LeBlanc">Steven LeBlanc</a> (17 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BLKttn_cS8"><i>Secrets of the Dead: Cannibalism in the Canyon</i></a> (Motion Picture). PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/7BLKttn_cS8">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Dead%3A+Cannibalism+in+the+Canyon&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2000-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7BLKttn_cS8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeBlanc174-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeBlanc174_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeBlanc">LeBlanc</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tim_White_(anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim White (anthropologist)">Tim White</a>, <i>Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346</i>, Princeton, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09467-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09467-5">0-691-09467-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterChuipka2010" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, James M.; Chuipka, Jason P. (December 2010). "Perimortem mutilation of human remains in an early village in the American Southwest: A case for ethnic violence". <i>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 507–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2010.08.001">10.1016/j.jaa.2010.08.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Perimortem+mutilation+of+human+remains+in+an+early+village+in+the+American+Southwest%3A+A+case+for+ethnic+violence&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=507-523&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2010.08.001&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Chuipka%2C+Jason+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Witze2001" class="citation web cs1">Alexandra Witze (1 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011025235351/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0601_wireanasazi.html">"Researchers Divided Over Whether Anasazi Were Cannibals"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0601_wireanasazi.html">the original</a> on October 25, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+Divided+Over+Whether+Anasazi+Were+Cannibals&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.au=Alexandra+Witze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2F06%2F0601_wireanasazi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Preston, Douglas (November 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prestonchild.com/books/thunderhead/Cannibals-of-the-Canyon-by-Douglas-Preston;art46,62">"Cannibals of the Canyon"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Cannibals+of+the+Canyon&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestonchild.com%2Fbooks%2Fthunderhead%2FCannibals-of-the-Canyon-by-Douglas-Preston%3Bart46%2C62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell18–19-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell18–19_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordell">Cordell</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/SocialStudies/NativeAmericans/Pueblo.htm">Pueblo culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125114014/http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/SocialStudies/NativeAmericans/Pueblo.htm">Archived</a> January 25, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, scroll down</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Wally Brown (July 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIKLnZoOtR4&t=302s"><i>There are No Anasazi Descendants</i></a>. Navajo Traditional Teachings. 6:00–6:27 minutes in – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+are+No+Anasazi+Descendants&rft.pub=Navajo+Traditional+Teachings&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJIKLnZoOtR4%26t%3D302s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlog72-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlog72_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlog">Plog</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Childs, Craig <i>House of Rain: Tracking a Vanished Civilization Across the American Southwest</i>. Little, Brown and Company, February 22, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-60817-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-60817-3">0-316-60817-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordell" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Linda S. (1994). <i>Ancient Pueblo Peoples</i>. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89599-038-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89599-038-5"><bdi>0-89599-038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Pueblo+Peoples&rft.pub=St.+Remy+Press+and+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89599-038-5&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2005" class="citation cs2">Diamond, Jared (2005), <i>Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed</i>, London: Viking Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1700-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1700-1"><bdi>978-0-1431-1700-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse%3A+How+societies+choose+to+fail+or+succeed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1431-1700-1&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fagan, Brian M. "Ancient North America: Tha Archaeology of a Continent (part five)." <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>, Inc., New York City, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05075-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05075-9">0-500-05075-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan" title="Brian M. Fagan">Fagan, B.</a> (2005), <i>Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517043-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517043-1"><bdi>0-19-517043-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaco+Canyon%3A+Archaeologists+Explore+the+Lives+of+an+Ancient+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-517043-1&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan" title="Brian M. Fagan">Fagan, B.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromblacklandtof00faga"><i>From Black Land to Fifth Sun: The Science of Sacred Sites</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-95991-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-95991-7"><bdi>0-201-95991-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Black+Land+to+Fifth+Sun%3A+The+Science+of+Sacred+Sites&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-201-95991-7&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromblacklandtof00faga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jennings, Jesse D. <i>Glen Canyon: An Archaeological Summary</i>. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1966, republished 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-584-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-584-8">0-87480-584-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc" class="citation book cs1">LeBlanc, Steven A. (1999). <i>Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest</i>. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-581-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-581-3"><bdi>0-87480-581-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Warfare+in+the+American+Southwest&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87480-581-3&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlog" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Plog" title="Stephen Plog">Plog, Stephen</a> (1997). <i>Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest</i>. London, England: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X"><bdi>0-500-27939-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Peoples+of+the+American+Southwest&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-500-27939-X&rft.aulast=Plog&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roberts, David D. <i>In Search of the Old Ones: Exploring the Anasazi World of the Southwest</i>. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81078-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81078-6">0-684-81078-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofaer1997" class="citation cs2">Sofaer, Anna (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723181501/http://www.solsticeproject.org/primarch.htm"><i>The Primary Architecture of the Chacoan Culture: A Cosmological Expression</i></a>, University of New Mexico Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solsticeproject.org/primarch.htm">the original</a> on July 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primary+Architecture+of+the+Chacoan+Culture%3A+A+Cosmological+Expression&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sofaer&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solsticeproject.org%2Fprimarch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofaer1999" class="citation cs2">Sofaer, Anna (1999), <i>The Mystery of Chaco Canyon</i>, South Carolina Educational Television</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Chaco+Canyon&rft.pub=South+Carolina+Educational+Television&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sofaer&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Great Drought. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243212/Great-Drought">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243212/Great-Drought</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrutin1994" class="citation cs2">Strutin, Michele (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chacoculturalleg0000stru"><i>Chaco: A Cultural Legacy</i></a>, George H.H. Huey, photography, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877856-45-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-877856-45-2"><bdi>1-877856-45-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaco%3A+A+Cultural+Legacy&rft.pub=Southwest+Parks+and+Monuments+Association&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-877856-45-2&rft.aulast=Strutin&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchacoculturalleg0000stru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouseMekoMacDonaldStahle2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Connie_Woodhouse" title="Connie Woodhouse">Woodhouse, Connie A.</a>; Meko, David M.; MacDonald, Glen M.; Stahle, Dave W.; Cook, Edward R. (14 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003080">"A 1,200-year perspective of 21st century drought in southwestern North America"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (50): 21283–21288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0911197107">10.1073/pnas.0911197107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003080">3003080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21149683">21149683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+1%2C200-year+perspective+of+21st+century+drought+in+southwestern+North+America&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=21283-21288&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3003080%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21149683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0911197107&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Connie+A.&rft.au=Meko%2C+David+M.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Glen+M.&rft.au=Stahle%2C+Dave+W.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3003080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncestral+Puebloans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_ana.html">The People of the Mountains, Mesas and Grasslands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006020354/http://www.valhallaphotos.com/Photos/Cliff-Palace.html">Cliff Palace of the Anasazi Photo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111200636/http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html">1054 Supernova Petrograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jqjacobs.net/southwest/chaco_meridian.html">The Chaco Meridian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/lifelists/lifelist-mesa-verde.html">Life Lists at SmithsonianMag.com: Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples native to Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʼodham">Oʼodham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Southern Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures in Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Arizona" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona">dwellings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salado_culture" title="Salado culture">Salado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Arizona" title="List of Indian reservations in Arizona">List of Indian reservations in Arizona</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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