Leslie B. Kiernan | U.S. Department of Commerce

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href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/contact-us/site-feedback"> <span>Website feedback </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-/issues"> <span>ISSUES</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-/issues" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues"> <span>All issues </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/artificial-intelligence"> <span>Artificial Intelligence </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/cybersecurity"> <span>Cybersecurity </span> </a> </div> 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<span>Indo-Pacific Economic Framework </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/infrastructure"> <span>Infrastructure </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/intellectual-property"> <span>Intellectual property </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/investing-communities-and-workers"> <span>Investing in communities and workers </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/manufacturing"> <span>Manufacturing </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/minority-business-growth"> <span>Minority business growth </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/regulatory-reform"> <span>Regulatory reform </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/space-commerce"> <span>Space commerce </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/issues/trade-enforcement"> <span>Trade enforcement</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/issues/trade-enforcement" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/trade-enforcement/section-232-aluminum"> <span>Section 232: Aluminum </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/trade-enforcement/section-232-steel"> <span>Section 232: Steel </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/weather-and-satellites"> <span>Weather and satellites </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/issues/workforce-development"> <span>Workforce development</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/issues/workforce-development" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/workforce-development/workforce-development-investments"> <span>Workforce Development – Investments </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/workforce-development/workforce-development-employer-practices"> <span>Workforce Development - Employer Practices </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/workforce-development/workforce-development-data"> <span>Workforce Development - Data </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-/news"> <span>NEWS</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-/news" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news"> <span>All news </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases"> <span>Press releases </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog"> <span>Blog </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news/speeches"> <span>Speeches </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets"> <span>Fact sheets </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news/op-eds"> <span>Op-eds </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/media"> <span>Photos and videos </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/live"> <span>Livestreams </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/archives"> <span>Archives </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/news/media-contacts"> <span>Media contacts </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-/data-and-reports"> <span>DATA AND REPORTS</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-/data-and-reports" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports"> <span>Overview </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/data-and-reports/economic-indicators"> <span>Economic indicators</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/data-and-reports/economic-indicators" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/economic-indicators/dashboard"> <span>Dashboard </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/economic-indicators/release-schedule"> <span>Release schedule </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/population-statistics"> <span>Population statistics </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/environmental-data"> <span>Environmental data </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408163244/https://data.commerce.gov/"> <span>Data catalog </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/reports"> <span>Reports </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408163244/https://performance.commerce.gov/"> <span>Performance data </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/data-and-reports/developer-resources"> <span>Developer resources</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/data-and-reports/developer-resources" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/developer-resources/data-tutorials"> <span>Data tutorials </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/developer-resources/bureau-apis"> <span>Bureau APIs </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/developer-resources/commercegov-api"> <span>Commerce.gov API </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/rss"> <span>RSS feeds </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/data-and-reports/data"> <span>Data </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-/work-with-us"> <span>WORK WITH US</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-/work-with-us" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-with-us"> <span>Overview </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/work-with-us/services-for-businesses"> <span>Services for businesses</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/work-with-us/services-for-businesses" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/entrepreneurs"> <span>Entrepreneurs </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-us/services-businesses/resources-rural-communities"> <span>Resources for Rural Communities </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-us/services-businesses/resources-women-entrepreneurs"> <span>Resources for Women Entrepreneurs </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-us/services-businesses/resources-military-community"> <span>Resources for the Military Community </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/work-us/job-quality-toolkit"> <span>Job Quality Toolkit</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/work-us/job-quality-toolkit" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-us/job-quality-toolkit/drivers-job-quality"> <span>Drivers of Job Quality </span> </a> </li> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-us/job-quality-toolkit/job-quality-case-studies"> <span>Job Quality Case Studies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-with-us/grants-and-contract-opportunities"> <span>Grants and contract opportunities </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-with-us/careers"> <span>Careers </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-with-us/internships"> <span>Internships </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/work-with-us/resources-for-employees"> <span>Resources for employees </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col level-1"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link commerce-menu-sub-levels aria-expanded=" false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-/havana-act"> <span>HAVANA Act</span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-/havana-act" class="usa-nav__submenu-list" hidden=""> <div class="usa-col level-2"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/havana-act-authorized-payment-frequently-asked-questions"> <span>HAVANA Act - Authorized Payment Frequently Asked Questions </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="usa-nav__mobile usa-accordion" aria-multiselectable="true"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices"> <span>Bureaus and offices </span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/contact-us"> <span>Contact us </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-nav__secondary"> <div class="region region-secondary-menu"> <div class="usa-nav__secondary"> <ul class="usa-nav__secondary-links"> <li> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices"> Bureaus and offices </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/contact-us"> Contact us </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="secondary-menu-search block block-fixed-block-content block-fixed-block-contentdoc-search-block-fixed-block" id="block-fixed-block-content-doc-search-block-fixed-block"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="usasearch-search-block-form usa-form-large block block-usasearch block-usasearch-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="usasearch-search-block-form" id="commerce_search_block"> <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408163244/https://search.commerce.gov/search" class="usasearch-search-block-form-desktop usa-form-large" data-drupal-selector="usasearch-search-block-form-2" id="usasearch-search-block-form--2" method="GET"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-item-query js-form-item-query form-no-label"><label class="visually-hidden" for="desktop_query">Search</label><br/> <input aria-autocomplete="list" aria-haspopup="" autocomplete="off" class="usagov-search-autocomplete form-search" data-drupal-selector="edit-query" id="desktop_query" maxlength="128" name="query" placeholder="Search" size="60" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="search" value=""/></div> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-affiliate" name="affiliate" type="hidden" value="www.commerce.gov"/> <div class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions--2"> <input class="usa-button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" id="edit-submit--2" type="submit" value="Search"/></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-nav-desktop"> <div class="region region-primary-menu"> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-1"> <span>ABOUT </span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu" hidden=""> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about"> <span>Our mission</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership/gina-m-raimondo"> <span>Meet the Secretary</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership"> <span>Leadership</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices"> <span>Bureaus and offices</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/strategic-plan"> <span>Strategic Plan</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/equity"> <span>Equity</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/budget-and-performance"> <span>Budget and performance</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/combined-federal-campaign"> <span>Combined Federal Campaign</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/covid-19-information-hub"> <span>COVID-19 Information Hub</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/history"> <span>History</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/policies"> <span>Policies</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/about/contact-us"> <span>Contact us</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-2"> <span>ISSUES </span> </button> <ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu" hidden=""> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues"> <span>All issues</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/artificial-intelligence"> <span>Artificial Intelligence</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/cybersecurity"> <span>Cybersecurity</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/export-and-investment-promotion"> <span>Export and investment promotion</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/first-responder-network"> <span>First responder network</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/fisheries-and-aquaculture"> <span>Fisheries and aquaculture</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/ict-supply-chain"> <span>ICT Supply Chain</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/issues/ipef"> <span>Indo-Pacific Economic Framework</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a 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type="submit" href="/voting/modal/4092/true" class="usa-button-secondary use-ajax" data-dialog-type="modal"><i alt="Thumbs up icon to indicate helpful" class="fas fa-thumbs-up"></i>  Helpful        </button><button type="submit" href="/voting/modal/4092/false" class="usa-button-secondary use-ajax" data-dialog-type="modal"><i alt="Thumbs down icon to indicate not helpful" class="fas fa-thumbs-down"></i>  Not helpful</button> </div> <div class="block block-core block-page-title-block"> <h1 class="uswds-page-title page-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Leslie B. Kiernan</span> </h1> </div> <div id="block-commerce-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article data-history-node-id="4092" role="article" about="/about/leadership/leslie-b-kiernan"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-job-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">General Counsel</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bureaus-offices field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/web/20240408163244/https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices/os/general-counsel" hreflang="en">Office of the General Counsel</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-photo field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240408163244im_/https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/styles/float_image_250x375max/public/2022-05/Leslie%20Kiernan%20Portrait.jpg?itok=PVBxsLCK" width="250" height="313" alt="Leslie B. Kiernan " typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-float-image-250x375max"/> </div> </article> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-bio field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Leslie B. Kiernan<strong> </strong>was sworn in on June 15, 2021, as the General Counsel at the Department of Commerce after being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. She serves as the Chief Legal Officer of the Department and the principal legal advisor to the Secretary of Commerce and the Department’s senior leadership. As General Counsel, she oversees the work of all of the attorneys across the Department’s 12 bureaus and its operating units. Ms. Kiernan also serves as the Department’s chief ethics official.</p> <p>Before joining the Department of Commerce, Ms. Kiernan served from February to June 2021 as Special Counsel in the Office of the White House Counsel. During the Obama-Biden Administration, Ms. Kiernan served in the White House as Deputy Counsel to the President from 2011 to 2014, where she advised on a wide range of compliance, risk management, policy, and oversight issues. She also served as counsel to the White House Council on Women and Girls, and to the office of the First Lady. From September through December 2014, she served in the U.S. Department of State as a senior advisor to the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, where she represented the U.S. in the 69<sup>th</sup> Session of the General Assembly and advised on a variety of legal and policy matters.</p> <p>In addition to her government service, Ms. Kiernan has over 20 years of experience as a litigation partner at national law firms in Washington, D.C., where her practice focused on representing private entities, public agencies, and individuals in enforcement proceedings, criminal and congressional investigations, and compliance matters. She served as the Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors of Children’s National Hospital and Chair of its Enterprise Risk, Compliance, and Legal Affairs Committee, and on the boards of the Children’s Law Center and the D.C. Public Defender Service. Ms. Kiernan is a graduate of Brown University and Georgetown University Law Center, where she served as Senior Articles Editor of the <em>Georgetown Law Journal.</em></p> <p>Ms. Kiernan currently serves as a government member of the Council of the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS), having been appointed by President Biden on September 30, 2021.</p></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="block block-social-media block-social-sharing-block"> <h2>Share this page</h2> <div class="social-media-sharing"> <ul class=""> <li> <a target="_blank" class="facebook-share share" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408163244/http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership/leslie-b-kiernan&title=Leslie B. 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