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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The geological structure of the region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_geological_structure_of_the_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malmesbury_group_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malmesbury_group_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Malmesbury group deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malmesbury_group_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance_of_the_exposed_Malmesbury_group_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_of_the_exposed_Malmesbury_group_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Appearance of the exposed Malmesbury group rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_of_the_exposed_Malmesbury_group_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_areas_where_Malmesbury_group_rocks_are_exposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_areas_where_Malmesbury_group_rocks_are_exposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Coastal areas where Malmesbury group rocks are exposed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_areas_where_Malmesbury_group_rocks_are_exposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_granite_intrusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_granite_intrusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cape granite intrusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_granite_intrusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance_of_the_exposed_Peninsula_Granites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_of_the_exposed_Peninsula_Granites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Appearance of the exposed Peninsula Granites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_of_the_exposed_Peninsula_Granites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Peninsula_Granite_rocks_are_exposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Peninsula_Granite_rocks_are_exposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Coastal and offshore areas where Peninsula Granite rocks are exposed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Peninsula_Granite_rocks_are_exposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_Mountain_Group_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_Mountain_Group_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Table Mountain Group deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_Mountain_Group_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_orogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_orogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cape orogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_orogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance_of_the_exposed_Table_Mountain_sandstones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_of_the_exposed_Table_Mountain_sandstones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Appearance of the exposed Table Mountain sandstones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_of_the_exposed_Table_Mountain_sandstones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hottentots_Holland_Mountains_and_Helderberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hottentots_Holland_Mountains_and_Helderberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Hottentots Holland Mountains and Helderberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hottentots_Holland_Mountains_and_Helderberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Table_Mountain_Group_rocks_are_exposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Table_Mountain_Group_rocks_are_exposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Coastal and offshore areas where Table Mountain Group rocks are exposed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Table_Mountain_Group_rocks_are_exposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_to_Recent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_to_Recent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tertiary to Recent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_to_Recent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bottom_sediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottom_sediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Bottom sediments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottom_sediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_terraces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_terraces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Marine terraces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_terraces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrusive_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrusive_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Intrusive rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrusive_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agglomerate_and_basaltic_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agglomerate_and_basaltic_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Agglomerate and basaltic rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agglomerate_and_basaltic_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolerite_dykes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolerite_dykes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Dolerite dykes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolerite_dykes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recent climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="/wiki/File:Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/400px-Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="502" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/600px-Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/800px-Geological_map_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="3505" /></a><figcaption>Geological map of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/400px-Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/600px-Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/800px-Geological_section_ofthe_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Geological section of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/300px-Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/450px-Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png/600px-Geological_Legend_for_map_of_the_Geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay.png 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> lies at the south-western corner of the continent of Africa. It is bounded to the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north and east by various other municipalities in the Western Cape province of South Africa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> is a rocky and mountainous <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> that juts out into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> at the south-western extremity of the continent. At its tip is Cape Point and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. The peninsula forms the west side of False Bay and the Cape Flats. On the east side are the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland mountains. The three main rock formations are the late-<a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> Malmesbury group (sedimentary and metamorphic rock), the Cape Granite suite, comprising the huge Peninsula, Kuilsriver-Helderberg, and Stellenbosch batholiths, that were intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago, and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Table_Mountain_group" title="Cape Fold Belt">Table Mountain group</a> sandstones that were deposited on the eroded surface of the granite and Malmesbury series basement about 450 million years ago. The sand, silt and mud deposits were lithified by pressure and then folded during the Cape Orogeny to form the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a>, which extends along the western and southern coasts. The present landscape is due to prolonged erosion having carved out deep valleys, removing parts of the once continuous Table Mountain Group sandstone cover from the Cape Flats and False Bay, and leaving high residual mountain ridges.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At times the sea covered the Cape Flats and Noordhoek valley and the Cape Peninsula was then a group of islands. During glacial periods the sea level dropped to expose the bottom of False Bay to weathering and erosion, with the last major regression leaving the entire bottom of False Bay exposed. During this period an extensive system of dunes was formed on the sandy floor of False Bay. At this time the drainage outlets lay between Rocky Bank Cape Point to the west, and between Rocky Bank and Hangklip Ridge to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_and_Magoba_2009_part_1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_and_Magoba_2009_part_1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch2">: Ch2 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_geological_structure_of_the_region">The geological structure of the region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The geological structure of the region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malmesbury_group_deposition">Malmesbury group deposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Malmesbury group deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png/450px-Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png/675px-Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png/900px-Deposition_of_Malmesbury_series_A5.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Possible tectonic setting during deposition of the Malmesbury group. (after Compton 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>The late-<a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> age <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmesbury Group">Malmesbury Group</a> is the oldest rock formation in the area, consisting of alternating layers of dark grey fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">greywacke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, seen along the rocky <a href="/wiki/Sea_Point" title="Sea Point">Sea Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloubergstrand" title="Bloubergstrand">Bloubergstrand</a> shorelines, and from the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_Western_Cape" title="Strand, Western Cape">Strand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gordon%27s_Bay" title="Gordon's Bay">Gordon's Bay</a>. These sediments were originally deposited on an ancient <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">continental slope</a> by submarine <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">slumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbidity_current" title="Turbidity current">turbidity currents</a>. The sequence was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosed" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphosed">metamorphosed</a> by heat and pressure and <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folded</a> tightly in a NW direction during the Saldanian <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> so that the rock layers are now almost vertical. These rocks were, in most places, scoured by wave action during past periods of higher sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_of_the_exposed_Malmesbury_group_rocks">Appearance of the exposed Malmesbury group rocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appearance of the exposed Malmesbury group rocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the exposed shoreline Malmesbury rocks are steeply dipped, and weathered to form sharp edged ridges where more resistant layers stand out among the softer strata. The rocks are generally dark in colour where fresh rock has been exposed by erosion, and may be finely laminated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastal_areas_where_Malmesbury_group_rocks_are_exposed">Coastal areas where Malmesbury group rocks are exposed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coastal areas where Malmesbury group rocks are exposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robben Island</li> <li>Green Point to Sea Point</li> <li>Gordon's Bay</li> <li>Blousteen (between Koeelbay and Rooi-els)<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grotto Bay</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_granite_intrusion">Cape granite intrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cape granite intrusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif/450px-Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif" decoding="async" width="450" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif/675px-Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif/900px-Saldanian_orogeny_A5.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Granitic magma intruded into the Malmesbury rocks as the ancient Adamastor ocean closed up and the South American and Antarctic continents collided with Africa. The collision resulted in uplift and deformation of the Malmesbury sediments. Later erosion exposed the granite at the surface. (after Compton 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cape <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> suite is three huge <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a> that were intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago as molten rock and crystallised deep in the earth, but have since then been exposed by prolonged erosion. The Peninsula batholith underlies the Cape Peninsula and the west side of False Bay, The Kuilsrivier-Helderberg batholith is to the northeast and the Stellenbosch batholith a bit further to the north. The characteristic spheroidal shapes of granite boulders are a result of preferential weathering along intersecting fractures and are well displayed around <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simonstown</a>. Close up, the granite is a coarse-grained rock consisting of large (2–5 cm) white or pink <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> crystals, glassy brown <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and flakes of black <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, and containing inclusions of dark Malmesbury <a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">hornfels</a> near the contact zone.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climate of this region was warmer and wetter in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. This led to severe chemical weathering of the granite to <a href="/wiki/Saprolite" title="Saprolite">saprolite</a> rich in <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> clays, decomposed from the large visible crystals of potassium feldspar that are so conspicuous in the granite.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span class="anchor" id="Sea_Point_contact_zone"></span>contact zone where the Malmesbury Group was intruded by molten granite can be seen at Sea Point and was made famous by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> during his voyage of scientific discovery on <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Beagle" class="mw-redirect" title="H.M.S. Beagle">H.M.S. Beagle</a> in 1844. Here, slivers of dark coloured Malmesbury rocks, altered by intense heat are intermingled and folded with the pale coloured intrusive granite to form a complex mixed rock. Large feldspar crystals occur in both the granite and dark hornfels layers </p><p>Though initially intruded at great depth, prolonged erosion eventually exposed the granite at the surface and it and what remains of the similarly eroded Malmesbury group now form a basement upon which younger sedimentary rocks of the Table Mountain Group were deposited.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other large granite <a href="/wiki/Plutons" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutons">plutons</a> of similar age are found in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, but none of the others extend to the coastline in this area. The Stellenbosch pluton extends under the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland mountains. Cape Blue Rock, a dense <a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a>, was formed from the Malmesbury series rock by the Stellenbosch pluton, and was quarried as a building aggregate near <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lowry%27s_Pass" title="Sir Lowry's Pass">Sir Lowry's Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Blue Rock Quarry has been closed and is now flooded and used for water sports including diving and water skiing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_of_the_exposed_Peninsula_Granites">Appearance of the exposed Peninsula Granites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appearance of the exposed Peninsula Granites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all the exposed granite has been extensively weathered and is in the form of rounded corestones. The colour is generally pale to medium grey, and the surface is typically fairly rough, with clearly visible crystals, and no layered structure. As an intrusive rock, dip and strike do not apply, but the massive rock is cracked on jointing planes, which tend to be characteristic of the location, and weathering has accentuated these joints. The general direction and spacing of joints in some areas is fairly consistent over quite large areas, and the underwater landscape is often a continuation of the general trends above the surface, which can be useful for underwater navigational purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Peninsula_Granite_rocks_are_exposed">Coastal and offshore areas where Peninsula Granite rocks are exposed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coastal and offshore areas where Peninsula Granite rocks are exposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sea Point to Chapman's Peak</li> <li>Simon's Town harbour to Partridge Point</li> <li>Roman Rock and adjacent reefs</li> <li>Cape Point</li> <li>Bellows Rock (off Cape Point)</li> <li>Seal Island (False Bay)</li> <li>Whittle Rock (offshore reef in False Bay)<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_Mountain_Group_deposition">Table Mountain Group deposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Table Mountain Group deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Table_Mountain_Group" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt § Table Mountain Group</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png/450px-Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png/675px-Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png/900px-Deposition_of_Cape_Supergroup_A5.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Deposition of the Cape Supergroup on the flat eroded surface of granite-intruded Malmesbury rocks. Alternating deposition of sandstone and shale reflects changes in relative sea level along an overall subsiding, passive continental margin. (after Compton 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Table_Mountain_Group" title="Cape Fold Belt">Table Mountain group</a> sandstones were deposited on the eroded surface of granite and Malmesbury series basement, in the stream channels and tidal flats of a coastal plain and delta environment that extended across the region about 450 million years ago. The sand, silt and mud deposits were lithified by pressure and then folded during the Cape Orogeny to form the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a>, which extends along the western and southern coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basal <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Table_Mountain_Group" title="Cape Fold Belt"><b>Graafwater Formation</b></a> (300-450m thick) consists of interlayered pale brown sandstone, laminated pink <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> and dark maroon coloured <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>. Closer examination shows deposition cycles from current-bedded channel sandstones to increasing proportions of fine-grained maroon shales at the top, deposited in flood plains and lagoons.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Table_Mountain_Group" title="Cape Fold Belt"><b>Peninsula Formation</b></a> (800-1500m thick) consisting of hard, light grey medium to coarse grained pebbly quartz sandstone, dominates the steep mountain cliffs. Current bedding and pebble layers suggest that it was originally deposited as migrating sand bars in broad river channels.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Table_Mountain_Group" title="Cape Fold Belt"><b>Pakhuis Formation</b></a> <a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">tillite</a> (a lithified glacial outwash gravel) occurs on the highest point of Table Mountain, at <a href="/wiki/Maclear%27s_Beacon" title="Maclear's Beacon">Maclear's Beacon</a> and on parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hottentots-Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hottentots-Holland">Hottentots-Holland</a> range. It contains clusters of angular boulders and pebbles and was deposited at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> continent, of which Africa was a part, was situated close to the south pole.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graafwater, Peninsula and Pakhuis formations are from the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cederberg" title="Cederberg">Cederberg</a>, Goudini and Skurweberg Formations from the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period, and Rietvlei Formation from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period complete the Table Mountain group, and are found in the Hottentots Holland mountains to the East of False Bay. These strata are all well above the present sea level in the Cape Town area.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cederberg_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cederberg Formation (page does not exist)">Cederberg Formation</a> includes dark grey siltstone and silty sandstones, and is darker than the overlying <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goudini_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goudini Formation (page does not exist)">Goudini Formation</a> which is light brown to light grey quartzitic sandstone, with <a href="/wiki/Interbedding" title="Interbedding">interbedded</a> reddish brown siltstone and shale. The Goudini formation is more feldspathic and finer grained than the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skurweberg_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skurweberg Formation (page does not exist)">Skurweberg Formation</a>, which is characterised by fairly thick bedded medium to coarse grained, light grey, slightly feldspathic quartzose sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rietvlei_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rietvlei Formation (page does not exist)">Rietvlei Formation</a> consists of alternating <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(geology)" title="Horizon (geology)">horizons</a> of light grey quartzose and feldspathic sandstone, siltstone and shale.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_orogeny">Cape orogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cape orogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Orogeny_A5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cape_Orogeny_A5.png/450px-Cape_Orogeny_A5.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cape_Orogeny_A5.png/675px-Cape_Orogeny_A5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cape_Orogeny_A5.png/900px-Cape_Orogeny_A5.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The Cape Fold belt formed during a major mountain-building episode as the continents collided to form Pangaea. Volcanic ash deposits in the Karoo basin indicate the presence of active subduction zones to the west and south as the South American and Antarctic plates crumple the Cape Supergroup and its underlying strata into the Cape Fold Belt Mountains. (after Compton 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of the Cape Fold Belt is the result of a collision of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> that ended over 200 million years ago The accumulated strata of the Cape Supergroup and the older granites and Malmesbury group were raised and deformed by the pressure of the South American, Antarctic and African continental plates slowly moving together. The resulting fold mountains have been eroded to their present state over the ensuing period, and what exists today are the remnants of a much larger and higher mountain chain. Faults cut across and displace the rock layers. These more easily eroded zones are marked by ravines; cross-cutting faults separate multiple peaks of the Twelve Apostles. Some fault zones of crushed rock (breccia) are re-cemented by dark brown coloured iron and manganese oxide minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erosion_A5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Erosion_A5.svg/450px-Erosion_A5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Erosion_A5.svg/675px-Erosion_A5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Erosion_A5.svg/900px-Erosion_A5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Possible evolution of the Cape Town landscape: The nearly horizontal Table Mountain sandstones represent the trough and the steeply dipping sandstones of the same formations of the Hottentots Holland Mountains to the east the limb of a large fold that has since eroded away to expose the underlying shale. Thus the modern landscape may represent an inverted version of an earlier landscape (dashed lines) characterised by a large mountain where the Cape Flats are now. (after Compton 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>The present landscape is due to prolonged erosion having carved out deep valleys, removing parts of the once continuous Table Mountain Group sandstone cover from the Cape Flats and leaving high residual mountain ridges in an example of <a href="/wiki/Inverted_relief" title="Inverted relief">inverted relief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_of_the_exposed_Table_Mountain_sandstones">Appearance of the exposed Table Mountain sandstones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appearance of the exposed Table Mountain sandstones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strike and dip vary considerably: on the Cape Peninsula dip is generally near to horizontal, so there are ledges rather than ridges, but on the east side of False Bay the dip is steep, often more than 45°, and where the strike is parallel to the shoreline (near Gordon's Bay and Rooi-els), this results in underwater ridges and gulleys also parallel to the shoreline, and usually interrupted by transverse gullies which are extensions of gullies extending above the water. In other places the ridges are at a greater angle to the shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The offshore reef at Steenbras Deep is relatively flat topped, the strike is roughly north–south and dip is quite steep. </p><p>The extensive shoal at Rocky Bank is relatively flat topped, with steps, and here the dip is fairly flat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hottentots_Holland_Mountains_and_Helderberg">Hottentots Holland Mountains and Helderberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hottentots Holland Mountains and Helderberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hottentots_Holland_Mountains" title="Hottentots Holland Mountains">Hottentots Holland Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helderberg#Mountain" title="Helderberg">Helderberg § Mountain</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastal_and_offshore_areas_where_Table_Mountain_Group_rocks_are_exposed">Coastal and offshore areas where Table Mountain Group rocks are exposed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coastal and offshore areas where Table Mountain Group rocks are exposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Noordhoek to Cape Point</li> <li>Smitswinkel Bay to Cape Point</li> <li>Simon's Town to Muizenberg</li> <li>Gordon's Bay to Koeelbay</li> <li>Rooi-els to Cape Hangklip</li> <li>Rocky Bank (offshore reef in mouth of False Bay)<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The origin of the hard sedimentary rocks of the ridges at Steenbras Deep, East Shoal and York shoal have not been identified. The pre-erosion section proposed by Compton suggests that these outcrops are likely to be from the basal Malmesbury group.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_to_Recent_events">Tertiary to Recent events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tertiary to Recent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost 50% of the Cape Peninsula and Cape Flats area is covered by weakly cemented marine sands. Sea-levels fluctuated between −120 and +200m from present mean sea level during the Pliocene and subsequent Pleistocene ice-age between 2 million and 15000 years ago as a result of fluctuating global temperature and variable amounts of water accumulated in polar ice caps.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif/450px-Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif" decoding="async" width="450" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif/675px-Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif/900px-Quaternary_Coastlines_A5.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>The Cape Peninsula shoreline in the case of (left) a 25m higher sea level that occurred around 5 and 1.5 million years ago, and (right) a 125m lower sea level at the time of maximum ice build-up during cold periods – the most recent being 20 000 years ago (after John S. Compton 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>At times the sea covered the Cape Flats and Noordhoek valley and the Cape Peninsula was then a group of islands. Beach sands with shell fragments and estuarine muds were deposited and later overlain by calcrete-cemented dune sands as the sea retreated. "Dune rock" that was deposited during a Pleistocene interglacial period about 120,000 years ago is now being eroded in the sea-cliffs near Swartklip.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During glacial periods the sea level dropped to expose the bottom of False Bay to weathering and erosion. The last major regression, about 20,000 years ago, lowered the sea level to the present 130m isobath, which is south of Cape Point and Cape Hangklip, leaving the entire bottom of False Bay exposed. During this period an extensive system of dunes was formed on the sandy floor of False Bay. The southward extensions of the now-buried Tertiary drainage must run east of Seal island, York Shoal and East Shoal in the north-central part of False Bay, and then down its central bathymetric deep axis towards the outlet between the submerged features of Rocky Bank and Hangklip Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bottom_sediments">Bottom sediments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bottom sediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bottom off the west coast of the cape Peninsula between and beyond the rocky reef areas is largely fairly fine white quartzitic sand with some areas of coarser shelly sand. </p><p>The bottom sediments of False Bay are more varied. On the west side of the bay there is a general tendency towards fine to medium quartzitic sand and coarser calcareous material, mostly mollusc shell fragments, with patches of a maerl of branching coralline algae fragments. There are also areas of very fine sand, almost mud, in the more sheltered Simon's Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-Terhorst_1988_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terhorst_1988-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The east side of False Bay also has extensive areas of fine quartzitic sand bottom, and there are also occasional deposits of a very fine low density silty material which is easily disturbed and returned to suspension. This silt generally deposits over the sand and depressions in the reef during relatively long periods of calm seas. There are small areas of shelly gravel and mud near Gordon's Bay between the rocky shoreline reef and the sand bottom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_terraces">Marine terraces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marine terraces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gravel beds underlying <a href="/wiki/Marine_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine terrace">raised-beach terraces</a> occur intermittently along most of the coastline. Boulder beds are found almost continuously from Kommetjie southwards to Cape Point. They rest on a terrace, 7 to 10 m above sea level, which cuts into Table Mountain Sandstone. There are indications of an older raised pebble beach at 17 to 20 m here as well.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the False Bay coast evidence of higher stands of the sea is presented by wave cut platforms, benches, boulder-beach ridges, sea cliffs, caves and undercut ledges Wave cut caves, indicating former sea level stands between +4 and +8 m are found between Cape Point and Muizenberg at Rooikrans, Batsata cove, Blaasbalkgrot and Hell's Gate, among others. Even more spectacular wave-cut caves occur on the Eastern side of False Bay from Gordon's Bay to Pringle Bay, e.g. at Die Kamer, Sandgat, Heuningkloof, Koeëlbaai, Blousteen, Rooiels and Drostersgat.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wave cut platforms at 18 to 20 m and at 30 m are well developed below Clarence Drive from Steenbras River Mouth to Koeëlbaai. On them rest rounded sandstone boulders, gravel and sand, up to a metre thick, often cemented by manganese and iron. In places scree partially overlies these deposits. In the same vicinity raised boulder beaches, similar to those on the peninsula, occur at 3 to 5 m above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrusive_rocks">Intrusive rocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intrusive rocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agglomerate_and_basaltic_rocks">Agglomerate and basaltic rocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Agglomerate and basaltic rocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the False Bay coast just below the old lighthouse at Cape Point, a basic <a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">agglomerate</a> plug intrudes course grained porphyritic granite. This outcrop is unconformably overlain by sediments of the Table Mountain group. It consists of a heterogeneous mass of dark green to grey basic rock with red-brown specks that enclose randomly oriented <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clasts</a> of variable size up to 300 mm. The clasts consist of rounded and angular quartzose sandstone, siltstone, hornfels, <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> granite, basic rocks and fine-grained reddish granite. Basic dykes of similar <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> to the matrix of the plug, cut both agglomerate and adjacent granite<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dolerite_dykes">Dolerite dykes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dolerite dykes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">dolerite</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a> in the region, some of which are visible at the coast. These dykes are intrusive to the Cape Granite Suite and pre-Cape sedimentary rocks, and in some places also the Graafwater and Peninsula formations. They vary in width from a fraction of a metre to as much as 22 m at Logies Bay, Llandudno.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the dolerites are fine to medium grained, dark grey rocks with <a href="/wiki/Augite" title="Augite">augite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> as major constituents. Quartz enriched variations of dolerite are found at <a href="/wiki/Miller%27s_Point,_Western_Cape" title="Miller's Point, Western Cape">Miller's Point</a>, Llandudno and Chapman's Peak.<sup id="cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_climate">Recent climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recent climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last 2 million years of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> geological period, cool <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a> (hypothermals) about 100,000 years long, have been the norm. Canada and northern Eurasia were covered by <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">continental ice sheets</a> kilometres thick, and the global effect was a lowering of sea level by some 130m because the sea was the source of the frozen water of these huge ice sheets. This means that <a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_Bay" title="Table Bay">Table Bay</a> were dry and covered by dunes for 90% of the last 2 million years. Warm <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods (hyperthermals), have lasted only about 10 000 years and we are part way through the latest one which started about 6000 years ago. The coastline of False Bay, therefore, was usually across the mouth of the present False Bay. Robben Island was a hill on a coastal plain with the coast west of the island for most of the past 2 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea Point contact zone"><img alt="Sea Point contact zone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG/120px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG/180px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG/240px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06247.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea Point contact zone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea Point contact zone Tygerberg sedimentary rock contact metamorhosed with small granitic inclusions"><img alt="Sea Point contact zone Tygerberg sedimentary rock contact metamorhosed with small granitic inclusions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG/120px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG/180px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG/240px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_Tygerberg_sedimentary_rock_contact_metamorhosed_with_slight_mixing_DSC06249.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea Point contact zone Tygerberg sedimentary rock contact metamorhosed with small granitic inclusions </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks"><img alt="Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG/120px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG/180px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG/240px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06242.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea point contact zone mixed rocks"><img alt="Sea point contact zone mixed rocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG/120px-Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG/180px-Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG/240px-Sea_point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06243.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea point contact zone mixed rocks </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks"><img alt="Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg/120px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg/180px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg/240px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks"><img alt="Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG/120px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG/180px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG/240px-Sea_Point_contact_zone_mixed_rocks_DSC06248.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea Point contact zone mixed rocks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Perd,_off_Duiker_Point,_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peninsula Granite corestone rock known as Die Perd, off Duiker Point, near Hout Bay"><img alt="Peninsula Granite corestone rock known as Die Perd, off Duiker Point, near Hout Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Die_Perd%2C_off_Duiker_Point%2C_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG/120px-Die_Perd%2C_off_Duiker_Point%2C_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Die_Perd%2C_off_Duiker_Point%2C_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG/180px-Die_Perd%2C_off_Duiker_Point%2C_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Die_Perd%2C_off_Duiker_Point%2C_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG/240px-Die_Perd%2C_off_Duiker_Point%2C_Cape_Peninsula_PB206532.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peninsula Granite corestone rock known as Die Perd, off Duiker Point, near Hout Bay </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_animals_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="List of seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay (disambiguation)">List of seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Compton_2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compton_2004_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCompton2004" class="citation book cs1">Compton, John S. (2004). <i>The Rocks & Mountains of Cape Town</i>. Cape Town: Double Story. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919930-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919930-70-1"><bdi>978-1-919930-70-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocks+%26+Mountains+of+Cape+Town.&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Double+Story&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-919930-70-1&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeology+of+Cape+Town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_and_Magoba_2009_part_1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_and_Magoba_2009_part_1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayBrownDollarDay2009" class="citation report cs1">Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%201.pdf">Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Project No: K5/1691</i> (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rivers+and+Wetlands+of+Cape+Town+%28Part+1%29&rft.pages=1-178&rft.pub=Water+Research+Commission&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Brown%2C+Cate&rft.au=Dollar%2C+Evan&rft.au=Day%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Beuster%2C+Hans&rft.au=Haskins%2C+Candice&rft.au=Boucher%2C+Charlie&rft.au=Turpie%2C+Jane&rft.au=Wood%2C+Julia&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Martin&rft.au=Lamberth%2C+Steve&rft.au=van+Niekerk%2C+Lara&rft.au=Impson%2C+Dean&rft.au=Magoba%2C+Rembu&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Chantel&rft.au=Davey%2C+Denis&rft.au=Noffke%2C+Mandy&rft.au=Hay%2C+Rowena&rft.au=Hartnady%2C+Chris&rft.au=Ewart-Smith%2C+Justine&rft.au=Burger%2C+Marius&rft.au=Fairburn%2C+Emily&rft.au=Ractliffe%2C+Geordie&rft.au=Day%2C+Liz&rft.au=Luger%2C+Mike&rft.au=Lannas%2C+Katy&rft.au=Ndiitwani-Nyamande%2C+Tovhowani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrc.org.za%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fmdocs%2FTT-376-08_Part%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeology+of+Cape+Town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheet_3318-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheet_3318_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheronGresseSiegfriedRogers1992" class="citation book cs1">Theron, J.N.; Gresse, P.G.; Siegfried, H.P.; Rogers, J. (1992). <i>Explanation sheet 3318 – The Geology of the Cape Town Area</i>. Pretoria: Geological Survey, Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Government Printer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-621-14284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-621-14284-6"><bdi>978-0-621-14284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explanation+sheet+3318+%E2%80%93+The+Geology+of+the+Cape+Town+Area&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Geological+Survey%2C+Department+of+Mineral+and+Energy+Affairs%2C+Government+Printer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-621-14284-6&rft.aulast=Theron&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rft.au=Gresse%2C+P.G.&rft.au=Siegfried%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeology+of+Cape+Town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terhorst_1988-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Terhorst_1988_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerhorst1988" class="citation report cs1">Terhorst, A. (July 1988). The seafloor environment off Simon's Town in False Bay, revealed by side-scan sonar, bottom sampling, diver observations and underwater photography. <i>Bulletin No.22</i> (Report). Department of Geology, University of Cape Town.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+seafloor+environment+off+Simon%27s+Town+in+False+Bay%2C+revealed+by+side-scan+sonar%2C+bottom+sampling%2C+diver+observations+and+underwater+photography.&rft.pub=Department+of+Geology%2C+University+of+Cape+Town&rft.date=1988-07&rft.aulast=Terhorst&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeology+of+Cape+Town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719105740/http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/geolsci/cape.htm">Geology of the Cape Peninsula: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Natural_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Natural environment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg" title="Helderberg">Helderberg</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantry_Bay_(Cape_Peninsula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantry Bay (Cape Peninsula) (page does not exist)">Bantry Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camps_Bay" title="Camps Bay">Camps Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon%27s_Bay" title="Gordon's Bay">Gordon's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granger_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granger Bay (page does not exist)">Granger Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hout_Bay" title="Hout Bay">Hout Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon's Bay">Simon's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smitswinkel_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Smitswinkel Bay">Smitswinkel Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Bay" title="Table Bay">Table Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Cape_Town" title="Beaches of Cape Town">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloubergstrand" title="Bloubergstrand">Bloubergstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulders_Beach" title="Boulders Beach">Boulders Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camps_Bay" title="Camps Bay">Camps Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Cape_Town" title="Clifton, Cape Town">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Beach" title="Glen Beach">Glen Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkbosstrand" title="Melkbosstrand">Melkbosstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muizenberg" title="Muizenberg">Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Cape_Town" title="Sandy Bay, Cape Town">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_Western_Cape" title="Strand, Western Cape">Strand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaauwberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaauwberg">Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skapenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skapenberg (page does not exist)">Skapenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Cape_Town)" title="Signal Hill (Cape Town)">Signal Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygerberg" title="Tygerberg">Tygerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapman%27s_Peak" title="Chapman's Peak">Chapman's Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantiaberg" title="Constantiaberg">Constantiaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Peak_(Cape_Town)" title="Devil's Peak (Cape Town)">Devil's Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helderberg (mountain)">Helderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottentots_Holland_Mountains" title="Hottentots Holland Mountains">Hottentots Holland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Head_(Cape_Town)" title="Lion's Head (Cape Town)">Lion's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_(mountains)" title="Twelve Apostles (mountains)">Twelve Apostles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duiker_Island" title="Duiker Island">Duiker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_Island,_South_Africa" title="Seal Island, South Africa">Seal Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Point" title="Cape Point">Cape Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller%27s_Point,_Western_Cape" title="Miller's Point, Western Cape">Miller's Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivers_and_wetlands_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivers and wetlands of Cape Town (page does not exist)">Rivers and wetlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokramspruit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bokramspruit (page does not exist)">Bokramspruit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffels_River_(Cape_Peninsula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffels River (Cape Peninsula) (page does not exist)">Buffels River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eerste_River" title="Eerste River">Eerste River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuils_River" title="Kuils River">Kuils River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diep_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diep River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Diep River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Else_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Else River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Else River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hout_Bay_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hout Bay River (page does not exist)">Hout Bay River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krom_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krom River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Krom River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourens_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourens River">Lourens River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modder_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modder River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Modder River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Western_Cape)" title="Salt River (Western Cape)">Salt River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Cape_Town)" title="Black River (Cape Town)">Black River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsieskraal_River" title="Elsieskraal River">Elsieskraal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liesbeek_River" title="Liesbeek River">Liesbeek River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sand_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sand River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Sand River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schusters_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schusters River (page does not exist)">Schusters River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvermine_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvermine River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Silvermine River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Lowry%E2%80%99s_Pass_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Lowry’s Pass River (page does not exist)">Sir Lowry’s Pass River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sout_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sout River (Western Cape) (page does not exist)">Sout River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenbras_River" title="Steenbras River">Steenbras River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandvlei" class="mw-redirect" title="Zandvlei">Zandvlei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeekoevlei" title="Zeekoevlei">Zeekoevlei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Climate" title="Cape Town">Climate</a> and weather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_water_crisis" title="Cape Town water crisis">Cape Town water crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Doctor" title="Cape Doctor">Cape Doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_wind" title="Berg wind">Berg wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World heritage sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park">Table Mountain National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Cape_Town" title="Biodiversity of Cape Town">Biodiversity<br />of Cape Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_in_Cape_Town" title="List of nature reserves in Cape Town">Nature reserves in Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Helderberg Marine Protected Area">Helderberg Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Robben Island Marine Protected Area">Robben Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park">Table Mountain National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetation<br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Sand_Fynbos" title="Atlantis Sand Fynbos">Atlantis Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boland_Granite_Fynbos" title="Boland Granite Fynbos">Boland Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_Dune_Strandveld" title="Cape Flats Dune Strandveld">Cape Flats Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_Sand_Fynbos" title="Cape Flats Sand Fynbos">Cape Flats Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lowland_Freshwater_Wetland" title="Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland">Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Winelands_Shale_Fynbos" title="Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos">Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangklip_Sand_Fynbos" title="Hangklip Sand Fynbos">Hangklip Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogelberg_Sandstone_Fynbos" title="Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos">Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourensford_Alluvium_Fynbos" title="Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos">Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Granite_Fynbos" title="Peninsula Granite Fynbos">Peninsula Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Sandstone_Fynbos" title="Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos">Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Afrotemperate_Forest" title="Southern Afrotemperate Forest">Southern Afrotemperate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shale_Renosterveld" title="Peninsula Shale Renosterveld">Peninsula Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartland_Alluvium_Fynbos" title="Swartland Alluvium Fynbos">Swartland Alluvium Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartland_Shale_Renosterveld" title="Swartland Shale Renosterveld">Swartland Shale Renosterveld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and<br />gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arderne_Gardens" title="Arderne Gardens">Arderne Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company%27s_Garden" title="Company's Garden">Company's Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choo_choo_park" title="Choo choo park">Choo choo park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Waal_Park" title="De Waal Park">De Waal Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Point_Common" title="Green Point Common">Green Point Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Helderberg Nature Reserve">Helderberg Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keurboom_Park" title="Keurboom Park">Keurboom Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirstenbosch_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden">Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_Common" title="Rondebosch Common">Rondebosch Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_Park" title="Rondebosch Park">Rondebosch Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Arboretum" title="Tokai Arboretum">Tokai Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Park" title="Tokai Park">Tokai Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynberg_Park" title="Wynberg Park">Wynberg Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaauwberg_Conservation_Area" title="Blaauwberg Conservation Area">Blaauwberg Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracken_Nature_Reserve" title="Bracken Nature Reserve">Bracken Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia,_Table_Mountain" title="Cecilia, Table Mountain">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Hel_Nature_Area" title="De Hel Nature Area">De Hel Nature Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Dent_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Dick Dent Bird Sanctuary">Dick Dent Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Oog_Conservation_Area" title="Die Oog Conservation Area">Die Oog Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diep_River_Fynbos_Corridor" title="Diep River Fynbos Corridor">Diep River Fynbos Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbanville_Nature_Reserve" title="Durbanville Nature Reserve">Durbanville Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stephens_Wetland_Park" title="Edith Stephens Wetland Park">Edith Stephens Wetland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencairn_Wetland" title="Glencairn Wetland">Glencairn Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Flats_Nature_Reserve" title="Harmony Flats Nature Reserve">Harmony Flats Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Helderberg Nature Reserve">Helderberg Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Racecourse_Conservation_Area" title="Kenilworth Racecourse Conservation Area">Kenilworth Racecourse Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Koeberg Nature Reserve">Koeberg Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogelberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Kogelberg Nature Reserve">Kogelberg Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourens_River_Protected_Natural_Environment" title="Lourens River Protected Natural Environment">Lourens River Protected Natural Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silvermine_River_Wetlands" title="Lower Silvermine River Wetlands">Lower Silvermine River Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macassar_Dunes_Conservation_Area" title="Macassar Dunes Conservation Area">Macassar Dunes Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamre_Nature_Garden" title="Mamre Nature Garden">Mamre Nature Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowridge_Common" title="Meadowridge Common">Meadowridge Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnerton_Racecourse_Nature_Reserve" title="Milnerton Racecourse Nature Reserve">Milnerton Racecourse Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raapenberg_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Raapenberg Bird Sanctuary">Raapenberg Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rietvlei_Wetland_Reserve" title="Rietvlei Wetland Reserve">Rietvlei Wetland Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_Common" title="Rondebosch Common">Rondebosch Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondevlei_Nature_Reserve" title="Rondevlei Nature Reserve">Rondevlei Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silwerboomkloof_Natural_Heritage_Site" title="Silwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site">Silwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygerberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Tygerberg Nature Reserve">Tygerberg Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitkamp_Wetlands" title="Uitkamp Wetlands">Uitkamp Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzands_Aquifer_Conservation_Area" title="Witzands Aquifer Conservation Area">Witzands Aquifer Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgat_Nature_Reserve" title="Wolfgat Nature Reserve">Wolfgat Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoarvlei_Wetlands" title="Zoarvlei Wetlands">Zoarvlei Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandvlei_Estuary_Nature_Reserve" title="Zandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve">Zandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeekoevlei_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve">Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Communities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Atlantic_Seaboard" title="Cape Town">Atlantic Seaboard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakoven" title="Bakoven">Bakoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantry_Bay,_Cape_Town" title="Bantry Bay, Cape Town">Bantry Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camps_Bay" title="Camps Bay">Camps Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Cape_Town" title="Clifton, Cape Town">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnaye,_Cape_Town" title="Fresnaye, Cape Town">Fresnaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Point,_Cape_Town" title="Green Point, Cape Town">Green Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandudno,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandudno, Cape Town">Llandudno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouille_Point" title="Mouille Point">Mouille Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Point" title="Sea Point">Sea Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Anchor_Bay" title="Three Anchor Bay">Three Anchor Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blaauwberg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis,_South_Africa" title="Atlantis, South Africa">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloubergstrand" title="Bloubergstrand">Bloubergstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Cape_Town" title="Brooklyn, Cape Town">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_City,_Cape_Town" title="Century City, Cape Town">Century City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunoon,_Cape_Town" title="Dunoon, Cape Town">Dunoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duynefontein" title="Duynefontein">Duynefontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo_Park" title="Joe Slovo Park">Joe Slovo Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killarney_Gardens" title="Killarney Gardens">Killarney Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamre,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamre, Western Cape">Mamre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkbosstrand" title="Melkbosstrand">Melkbosstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnerton" title="Milnerton">Milnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Gardens,_Cape_Town" title="Montague Gardens, Cape Town">Montague Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paarden_Eiland" title="Paarden Eiland">Paarden Eiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parklands,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Parklands, Cape Town">Parklands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_View" title="Table View">Table View</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Beach,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Beach, Cape Town (page does not exist)">West Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysterplaat" title="Ysterplaat">Ysterplaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a><br />(Klipfontein district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athlone,_Cape_Town" title="Athlone, Cape Town">Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgravia,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgravia, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Belgravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Lavis" title="Bishop Lavis">Bishop Lavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Cape_Town" title="Crawford, Cape Town">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossroads, Cape Town">Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugulethu" title="Gugulethu">Gugulethu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Park,_Cape_Town" title="Hanover Park, Cape Town">Hanover Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heideveld" title="Heideveld">Heideveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalksteenfontein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalksteenfontein (page does not exist)">Kalksteenfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwyn,_Cape_Town" title="Kenwyn, Cape Town">Kenwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne,_Cape_Town" title="Lansdowne, Cape Town">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Hill,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender Hill, Cape Town">Lavender Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manenberg" title="Manenberg">Manenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanga, Cape Town">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottery,_Cape_Town" title="Ottery, Cape Town">Ottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippi, Cape Town">Philippi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Browns Farm">Browns Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi_Horticultural" title="Philippi Horticultural">Philippi Horticultural</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippi_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippi East (page does not exist)">Philippi East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samora_Machel,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samora Machel, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Samora Machel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_East" title="Rondebosch East">Rondebosch East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rylands,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rylands, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandfontein,_Cape_Town" title="Strandfontein, Cape Town">Strandfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valhalla_Park,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valhalla Park, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Valhalla Park</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Khayelitsha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khayelitsha" title="Khayelitsha">Khayelitsha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongweni,_Khayelitsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bongweni, Khayelitsha (page does not exist)">Bongweni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harare/Holimisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harare/Holimisa (page does not exist)">Harare/Holimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikwezi_Park,_Khayelitsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikwezi Park, Khayelitsha (page does not exist)">Ikwezi Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park,_Khayelitsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandela Park, Khayelitsha">Mandela Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Griffiths_Mxenge,_Khayelitsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griffiths Mxenge, Khayelitsha (page does not exist)">Griffiths Mxenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Section" title="QQ Section">QQ Section</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Town,_Khayelitsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Town, Khayelitsha (page does not exist)">Silver Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Merge,_Khayelitsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoria Merge, Khayelitsha (page does not exist)">Victoria Merge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mitchells_Plain" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitchells_Plain" title="Mitchells Plain">Mitchells Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocklands,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Rocklands, Mitchells Plain">Rocklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westridge,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Westridge, Mitchells Plain">Westridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portlands,_Mitchells_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Portlands, Mitchells Plain">Portlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafelsig,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Tafelsig, Mitchells Plain">Tafelsig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastridge,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Eastridge, Mitchells Plain">Eastridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Valley,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Beacon Valley, Mitchells Plain">Beacon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentegeur,_Mitchells_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentegeur, Mitchells Plain">Lentegeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlands,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Woodlands, Mitchells Plain">Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weltevreden,_Mitchells_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weltevreden, Mitchells Plain (page does not exist)">Weltevreden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valley,_Mitchells_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valley, Mitchells Plain (page does not exist)">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Colorado, Mitchells Plain">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Mandalay, Mitchells Plain">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montclair,_Mitchells_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montclair, Mitchells Plain (page does not exist)">Montclair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watergate_Developments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watergate Developments (page does not exist)">Watergate Developments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Park (page does not exist)">Heinz Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgans_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morgans Village (page does not exist)">Morgans Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondevlei,_Mitchells_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rondevlei, Mitchells Plain (page does not exist)">Rondevlei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate,_Mitchells_Plain" title="Westgate, Mitchells Plain">Westgate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montrose_Park,_Mitchells_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montrose Park, Mitchells Plain (page does not exist)">Montrose Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost_City,_Mitchells_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost City, Mitchells Plain (page does not exist)">Lost City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_Bowl" title="City Bowl">City Bowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo-Kaap" title="Bo-Kaap">Bo-Kaap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Waterkant" title="De Waterkant">De Waterkant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Peak_Estate" title="Devil's Peak Estate">Devil's Peak Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshore,_Cape_Town" title="Foreshore, Cape Town">Foreshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens,_Cape_Town" title="Gardens, Cape Town">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgovale,_Cape_Town" title="Higgovale, Cape Town">Higgovale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Vrede,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Vrede, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Lower Vrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranjezicht" title="Oranjezicht">Oranjezicht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schotsche_Kloof,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Schotsche Kloof, Cape Town">Schotsche Kloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamboerskloof" title="Tamboerskloof">Tamboerskloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Estate" title="University Estate">University Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vredehoek" title="Vredehoek">Vredehoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmer_Estate" title="Walmer Estate">Walmer Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Cape_Town" title="Woodstock, Cape Town">Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonnebloem" title="Zonnebloem">Zonnebloem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helderberg" title="Helderberg">Helderberg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eerste_River,_Western_Cape" title="Eerste River, Western Cape">Eerste River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faure,_South_Africa" title="Faure, South Africa">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firgrove,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Firgrove, Cape Town">Firgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon%27s_Bay" title="Gordon's Bay">Gordon's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macassar,_Western_Cape" title="Macassar, Western Cape">Macassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lowry%27s_Pass_Village" title="Sir Lowry's Pass Village">Sir Lowry's Pass Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_West" title="Somerset West">Somerset West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parel_Vallei" title="Parel Vallei">Parel Vallei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_Western_Cape" title="Strand, Western Cape">Strand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lwandle" title="Lwandle">Lwandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomzamo" title="Nomzamo">Nomzamo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Suburbs,_Cape_Town" title="Northern Suburbs, Cape Town">Northern Suburbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_Park,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia Park, Cape Town">Acacia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhar" title="Belhar">Belhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellville,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellville, Western Cape">Bellville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Bellville" title="Boston, Bellville">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eversdal,_Bellville" title="Eversdal, Bellville">Eversdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenridge,_Bellville" title="Kenridge, Bellville">Kenridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellenberg,_Bellville" title="Stellenberg, Bellville">Stellenberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Downs" title="Blue Downs">Blue Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonteheuwel" title="Bonteheuwel">Bonteheuwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothasig" title="Bothasig">Bothasig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackenfell" title="Brackenfell">Brackenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Walk" title="Canal Walk">Canal Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delft,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Delft, Cape Town">Delft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbanville" title="Durbanville">Durbanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgemead" title="Edgemead">Edgemead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie%27s_River" title="Elsie's River">Elsie's River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping,_Cape_Town" title="Epping, Cape Town">Epping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisantekraal" title="Fisantekraal">Fisantekraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwood,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodwood, Cape Town">Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joostenbergvlakte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joostenbergvlakte (page does not exist)">Joostenbergvlakte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Cape_Town" title="Kensington, Cape Town">Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraaifontein" title="Kraaifontein">Kraaifontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuils_River" title="Kuils River">Kuils River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langa,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Langa, Cape Town">Langa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo,_Cape_Town" title="Joe Slovo, Cape Town">Joe Slovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loevenstein,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loevenstein, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Loevenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_Cape_Town" title="Maitland, Cape Town">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfuleni" title="Mfuleni">Mfuleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Vista,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Vista, Cape Town">Monte Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndabeni" title="Ndabeni">Ndabeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Western_Cape" title="Norwood, Western Cape">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama, Cape Town">Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parow,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Parow, Cape Town">Parow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Western Cape">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plattekloof,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plattekloof, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Plattekloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinelands,_Cape_Town" title="Pinelands, Cape Town">Pinelands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravensmead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravensmead (page does not exist)">Ravensmead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richwood,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Richwood, Cape Town">Richwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottsdene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scottsdene (page does not exist)">Scottsdene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonnestraal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonnestraal (page does not exist)">Sonnestraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton,_Cape_Town" title="Thornton, Cape Town">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygerberg" title="Tygerberg">Tygerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyger_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyger Valley (page does not exist)">Tyger Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallacedene" title="Wallacedene">Wallacedene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Suburbs,_Cape_Town" title="Southern Suburbs, Cape Town">Southern Suburbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergvliet" title="Bergvliet">Bergvliet</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreupelbosch,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreupelbosch, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Kreupelbosch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopscourt,_Cape_Town" title="Bishopscourt, Cape Town">Bishopscourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont,_Cape_Town" title="Claremont, Cape Town">Claremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harfield_Village" title="Harfield Village">Harfield Village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia,_Cape_Town" title="Constantia, Cape Town">Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diep_River,_Cape_Town" title="Diep River, Cape Town">Diep River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassy_Park" title="Grassy Park">Grassy Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelican_Park,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelican Park, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Pelican Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathfield,_Cape_Town" title="Heathfield, Cape Town">Heathfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth,_Cape_Town" title="Kenilworth, Cape Town">Kenilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirstenhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirstenhof (page does not exist)">Kirstenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakeside,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakeside, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Lakeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_River" title="Lotus River">Lotus River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_da_Gama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marina da Gama (page does not exist)">Marina da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowridge" title="Meadowridge">Meadowridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowbray,_Cape_Town" title="Mowbray, Cape Town">Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muizenberg" title="Muizenberg">Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands,_Cape_Town" title="Newlands, Cape Town">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory,_Cape_Town" title="Observatory, Cape Town">Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumstead,_Cape_Town" title="Plumstead, Cape Town">Plumstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat,_Cape_Town" title="Retreat, Cape Town">Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch" title="Rondebosch">Rondebosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebank,_Cape_Town" title="Rosebank, Cape Town">Rosebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River,_Cape_Town" title="Salt River, Cape Town">Salt River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southfield,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southfield, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Southfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenberg,_Cape_Town" title="Steenberg, Cape Town">Steenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai,_Cape_Town" title="Tokai, Cape Town">Tokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetton,_Cape_Town" title="Wetton, Cape Town">Wetton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynberg,_Cape_Town" title="Wynberg, Cape Town">Wynberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Peninsula,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="South Peninsula, Cape Town">South Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capri_Village" title="Capri Village">Capri Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovelly,_Cape_Town" title="Clovelly, Cape Town">Clovelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Gama_Park" title="Da Gama Park">Da Gama Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Hoek" title="Fish Hoek">Fish Hoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencairn,_Cape_Town" title="Glencairn, Cape Town">Glencairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangberg" title="Hangberg">Hangberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hout_Bay" title="Hout Bay">Hout Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imizamo_Yethu" title="Imizamo Yethu">Imizamo Yethu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalk_Bay" title="Kalk Bay">Kalk Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommetjie" title="Kommetjie">Kommetjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiphumelele" title="Masiphumelele">Masiphumelele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordhoek,_Cape_Town" title="Noordhoek, Cape Town">Noordhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_View,_Cape_Town" title="Ocean View, Cape Town">Ocean View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Western_Cape" title="Scarborough, Western Cape">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James,_Cape_Town" title="St James, Cape Town">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnydale,_Cape_Town" title="Sunnydale, Cape Town">Sunnydale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Valley,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Valley, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Sun Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrygrond,_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrygrond, Cape Town (page does not exist)">Vrygrond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Alfred_Waterfront" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Alfred Waterfront">Victoria & Alfred Waterfront</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Built_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Built environment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maclear%27s_Beacon" title="Maclear's Beacon">Maclear's Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshore_Freeway_Bridge" title="Foreshore Freeway Bridge">Foreshore Freeway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Parade_(Cape_Town)" title="Grand Parade (Cape Town)">Grand Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenmarket_Square" title="Greenmarket Square">Greenmarket Square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adderley_Street" title="Adderley Street">Adderley Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Street_(Cape_Town)" title="Long Street (Cape Town)">Long Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Street" title="Strand Street">Strand Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapman%27s_Peak_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman's Peak Drive">Chapman's Peak Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Bend" title="Hospital Bend">Hospital Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kloof_Nek_Road" title="Kloof Nek Road">Kloof Nek Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Routes_in_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Routes in Cape Town">Metropolitan Routes in Cape Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M3_(Cape_Town)" title="M3 (Cape Town)">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_(Cape_Town)" title="M4 (Cape Town)">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5_(Cape_Town)" title="M5 (Cape Town)">M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_(Cape_Town)" title="M6 (Cape Town)">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_(Cape_Town)" title="M7 (Cape Town)">M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_(Cape_Town)" title="M8 (Cape Town)">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M9_(Cape_Town)" title="M9 (Cape Town)">M9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M10_(Cape_Town)" title="M10 (Cape Town)">M10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_(Cape_Town)" title="M11 (Cape Town)">M11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M12_(Cape_Town)" title="M12 (Cape Town)">M12</a></li></ul></li> <li>National roads <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N1_(South_Africa)" title="N1 (South Africa)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N2_(South_Africa)" title="N2 (South Africa)">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N7_(South_Africa)" title="N7 (South Africa)">N7</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional roads <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R27_(South_Africa)" title="R27 (South Africa)">R27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R44_(South_Africa)" title="R44 (South Africa)">R44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R101_(South_Africa)" title="R101 (South Africa)">R101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R102_(South_Africa)" title="R102 (South Africa)">R102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R300_(South_Africa)" title="R300 (South Africa)">R300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R302_(South_Africa)" title="R302 (South Africa)">R302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R310_(South_Africa)" title="R310 (South Africa)">R310</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lowry%27s_Pass" title="Sir Lowry's Pass">Sir Lowry's Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_Kaapse_Weg" title="Ou Kaapse Weg">Ou Kaapse Weg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Expressway_(Cape_Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Expressway (Cape Town)">Peninsula Expressway (Cape Town)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skyscrapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cape_Town" title="List of tallest buildings in Cape Town">List of tallest buildings in Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Thibault_Square" title="1 Thibault Square">1 Thibault Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterbury_House" title="Atterbury House">Atterbury House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Civic_Centre" title="Cape Town Civic Centre">Cape Town Civic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metlife_Centre" title="Metlife Centre">Metlife Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Building" title="Mutual Building">Mutual Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naspers_Centre" title="Naspers Centre">Naspers Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portside_Tower" title="Portside Tower">Portside Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_House" title="Triangle House">Triangle House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament,_Cape_Town" title="Houses of Parliament, Cape Town">Houses of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genadendal_Residence" title="Genadendal Residence">Genadendal Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highstead_(Cape_Town)" title="Highstead (Cape Town)">Highstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuynhuys" title="Tuynhuys">Tuynhuys</a></li></ul></li> <li>Defence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Ysterplaat" title="Air Force Base Ysterplaat">Air Force Base Ysterplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Simon%27s_Town" title="Naval Base Simon's Town">Naval Base Simon's Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_Wingfield" title="SAS Wingfield">SAS Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Naval_College" title="South African Naval College">South African Naval College</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwenhof" title="Leeuwenhof">Leeuwenhof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Government" title="Cape Town">Government of Cape Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cape_Town" title="Mayor of Cape Town">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_Cape_Town" title="Deputy Mayor of Cape Town">Deputy Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Hall" title="Cape Town City Hall">Cape Town City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Civic_Centre" title="Cape Town Civic Centre">Cape Town Civic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Partnership" title="Cape Town Partnership">Cape Town Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Town" title="Coat of arms of Cape Town">Coat of arms of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cape_Town" title="Flag of Cape Town">Flag of Cape Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town_elections" title="City of Cape Town elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Cape_Town_mayoral_election" title="2018 Cape Town mayoral election">2018 Cape Town mayoral election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Commission" title="Erasmus Commission">Erasmus Commission</a></li> <li>Wards</li> <li>Law and enforcement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Division_of_the_High_Court_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa">Western Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Police_(South_Africa)" title="Municipal Police (South Africa)">Municipal Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollsmoor_Prison" title="Pollsmoor Prison">Pollsmoor Prison</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Town" title="History of Cape Town">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Invasion of the Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_Gun" title="Noon Gun">Noon Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_crisis" title="Convict crisis">Convict crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cape_Town" title="Timeline of Cape Town">Timeline of Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_the_Cape_Peninsula" title="Fortifications of the Cape Peninsula">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Battery" title="Amsterdam Battery">Amsterdam Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">Castle of Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavonnes_Battery" title="Chavonnes Battery">Chavonnes Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Goede_Hoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort de Goede Hoop">Fort de Goede Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt_Duijnhoop" title="Redoubt Duijnhoop">Redoubt Duijnhoop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_Memorial,_Cape_Town" title="Artillery Memorial, Cape Town">Artillery Memorial, Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lantern_Monument" title="Japanese Lantern Monument">Japanese Lantern Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Memorial" title="Rhodes Memorial">Rhodes Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Cape_Town" title="The Cenotaph, Cape Town">The Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Tree" title="Treaty Tree">Treaty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Riebeeck%27s_Hedge" title="Van Riebeeck's Hedge">Van Riebeeck's Hedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of heritage sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_near_Cape_Town" title="List of heritage sites near Cape Town">Near Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_the_Bo-Kaap_of_Cape_Town" title="List of heritage sites in the Bo-Kaap of Cape Town">Bo-Kaap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Cape_Town_CBD_and_the_Waterfront" title="List of heritage sites in Cape Town CBD and the Waterfront">CBD and the Waterfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simonstown" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heritage sites in Simonstown">Simon's Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_of_the_Helderberg_area" title="List of heritage sites of the Helderberg area">Helderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Bellville" title="List of heritage sites in Bellville">Bellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Table_Mountain" title="List of heritage sites in Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Wynberg,_Cape_Town" title="List of heritage sites in Wynberg, Cape Town">Wynberg district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Theatre_(Cape_Town)" title="African Theatre (Cape Town)">African Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre_(Cape_Town)" title="Alhambra Theatre (Cape Town)">Alhambra Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakwater_Lodge" title="Breakwater Lodge">Breakwater Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Square_(Cape_Town)" title="Church Square (Cape Town)">Church Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coornhoop" title="Coornhoop">Coornhoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graaff_Electric_Lighting_Works" title="Graaff Electric Lighting Works">Graaff Electric Lighting Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Demographics" title="Cape Town">Demographics</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine#Constantia" title="South African wine">Cape Town wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wine)" title="Constantia (wine)">Constantia (wine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatsby_(sandwich)" title="Gatsby (sandwich)">Gatsby (sandwich)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Ballet" title="Cape Town City Ballet">Cape Town City Ballet</a></li> <li>Musical ensembles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Opera" title="Cape Town Opera">Cape Town Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Philharmonia_Choir" title="Cape Town Philharmonia Choir">Cape Town Philharmonia Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra">Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Theatres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artscape_Theatre_Centre" title="Artscape Theatre Centre">Artscape Theatre Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baxter_Theatre_Centre" title="Baxter Theatre Centre">Baxter Theatre Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_Theatre" title="Labia Theatre">Labia Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Theatre_(Cape_Town)" title="Little Theatre (Cape Town)">Little Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Theatre" title="Magnet Theatre">Magnet Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynardville_Open-Air_Theatre" title="Maynardville Open-Air Theatre">Maynardville Open-Air Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Theatre_(Cape_Town)" title="Space Theatre (Cape Town)">Space Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Armchair_Theatre" title="The Independent Armchair Theatre">The Independent Armchair Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_on_the_Bay" title="Theatre on the Bay">Theatre on the Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br />festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Book_Fair" title="Cape Town Book Fair">Cape Town Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town International Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapse_Klopse" title="Kaapse Klopse">Kaapse Klopse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />art galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force_Museum" title="South African Air Force Museum">Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_House" title="Bertram House">Bertram House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavonnes_Battery" title="Chavonnes Battery">Chavonnes Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Science_Centre" title="Cape Town Science Centre">Cape Town Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Six_Museum" title="District Six Museum">District Six Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Mau_Mau" title="Gallery Mau Mau">Gallery Mau Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur" title="Groote Schuur">Groote Schuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Cape_Town_Museum" title="Heart of Cape Town Museum">Heart of Cape Town Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hout_Bay_Museum" title="Hout Bay Museum">Hout Bay Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Holocaust_Centre" title="Cape Town Holocaust Centre">Holocaust Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koopmans-de_Wet_House" title="Koopmans-de Wet House">Koopmans-de Wet House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Security_Prison,_Robben_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island">Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Medical_Museum" title="Cape Medical Museum">Medical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostert%27s_Mill" title="Mostert's Mill">Mostert's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town_Museum" title="Simon's Town Museum">Simon's Town Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Naval_Museum" title="South African Naval Museum">Naval Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sendinggestig_Museum" title="South African Sendinggestig Museum">South African Sendinggestig Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterworks_Museum_(Cape_Town)" title="Waterworks Museum (Cape Town)">Waterworks Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitz_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Africa" title="Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa">Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Iziko_Museums" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iziko_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Iziko Museums">Iziko Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_House" title="Bertram House">Bertram House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo-Kaap#Bo-Kaap_Museum" title="Bo-Kaap">Bo-Kaap Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot_Constantia" title="Groot Constantia">Groot Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koopmans-de_Wet_House" title="Koopmans-de Wet House">Koopmans-de Wet House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Centre" title="Maritime Centre">Maritime Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis_Collection_at_the_Old_Town_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaelis Collection at the Old Town House">Michaelis Collection at the Old Town House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_en_Vreugd" title="Rust en Vreugd">Rust en Vreugd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Lodge,_Cape_Town" title="Slave Lodge, Cape Town">Slave Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_History_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social History Centre (page does not exist)">Social History Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_Somerset" title="SAS Somerset">SAS Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum" title="Iziko South African Museum">South African Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iziko_South_African_National_Gallery" title="Iziko South African National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">William Fehr Collection at the Castle of Good Hope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Statues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Nelson_Mandela,_Cape_Town_City_Hall" title="Statue of Nelson Mandela, Cape Town City Hall">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Cecil_Rhodes,_Company%27s_Garden" title="Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Company's Garden">Cecil Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Square" title="Nobel Square">Nobel Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Grey" title="Statue of George Grey">George Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jan_Hendrik_Hofmeyr" title="Statue of Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr">Jan Hendrik Hofmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Statue of Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Maria_van_Riebeeck" title="Statue of Maria van Riebeeck">Maria van Riebeeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Statues of Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Cape_Town" title="Anglican Diocese of Cape Town">Anglican Diocese of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cape_Town" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town</a></li> <li>Religious buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auwal_Mosque" title="Auwal Mosque">Auwal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_Shul" title="Gardens Shul">Gardens Shul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St_George" title="Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St George">Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groote_Kerk,_Cape_Town" title="Groote Kerk, Cape Town">Groote Kerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Strand_Street" title="Lutheran Church in Strand Street">Lutheran Church in Strand Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Islam_Mosque" title="Nurul Islam Mosque">Nurul Islam Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Tree_Mosque" title="Palm Tree Mosque">Palm Tree Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Mosque" title="Queen Victoria Mosque">Queen Victoria Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Cape_Town" title="St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town">St. George's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Church,_Cape_Town" title="St. James Church, Cape Town">St. James Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Cape_Town" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Cape Town">St. Mary's Cathedral</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular<br />architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cape_Town" title="List of tallest buildings in Cape Town">Tallest buildings in Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station" title="Athlone Power Station">Athlone Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterbury_House" title="Atterbury House">Atterbury House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_House" title="Bertram House">Bertram House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshofpoort" title="Boshofpoort">Boshofpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Hall" title="Cape Town City Hall">Cape Town City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Civic_Centre" title="Cape Town Civic Centre">Cape Town Civic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">Castle of Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Book" title="Centre for the Book">Centre for the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coornhoop" title="Coornhoop">Coornhoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disa_Park" title="Disa Park">Disa Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Building_(Cape_Town)" title="Egyptian Building (Cape Town)">Egyptian Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genadendal_Residence" title="Genadendal Residence">Genadendal Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorndon_House" title="Hawthorndon House">Hawthorndon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament,_Cape_Town" title="Houses of Parliament, Cape Town">Houses of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenot_Memorial_Building" title="Huguenot Memorial Building">Huguenot Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwenhof" title="Leeuwenhof">Leeuwenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Rhodes_Building" title="Mandela Rhodes Building">Mandela Rhodes Building</a></li> <li>Metlife Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Building" title="Mutual Building">Mutual Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naspers_Centre" title="Naspers Centre">Naspers Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portside_Tower" title="Portside Tower">Portside Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Memorial" title="Rhodes Memorial">Rhodes Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope">Royal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_House" title="Triangle House">Triangle House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Newspapers <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cape_Times" title="Cape Times">Cape Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cape_Messenger" title="The Cape Messenger">The Cape Messenger</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Radio and television <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Radio_(South_Africa)" title="Bush Radio (South Africa)">Bush Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CapeTalk" title="CapeTalk">CapeTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_TV" title="Cape Town TV">Cape Town TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Music_Radio" title="Fine Music Radio">Fine Music Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Hope_FM" title="Good Hope FM">Good Hope FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfm_94.5" title="Kfm 94.5">Kfm 94.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCT_Radio" title="UCT Radio">UCT Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Cape" title="Voice of the Cape">Voice of the Cape</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Economy" title="Cape Town">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Western_Cape#Entrepreneurship_and_innovation" title="Economy of the Western Cape">Entrepreneurship and innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Cape_Initiative" title="Silicon Cape Initiative">Silicon Cape Initiative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies based<br />in Cape Town</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naspers" title="Naspers">Naspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelstart" title="Travelstart">Travelstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MWEB" title="MWEB">MWEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanlam" title="Sanlam">Sanlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworths_Holdings_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolworths Holdings Limited">Woolworths Holdings Limited</a></li> <li>Of historical interest: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garlicks" title="Garlicks">Garlicks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels and resorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmond_Mount_Nelson_Hotel" title="Belmond Mount Nelson Hotel">Belmond Mount Nelson Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protea_Hotels_by_Marriott" title="Protea Hotels by Marriott">Protea Hotels by Marriott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping areas,<br />malls and markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Walk" title="Canal Walk">Canal Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Square_(shopping_centre)" title="Cavendish Square (shopping centre)">Cavendish Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Acre_(Cape_Town)" title="Golden Acre (Cape Town)">Golden Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenmarket_Square" title="Greenmarket Square">Greenmarket Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N1_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N1 City (page does not exist)">N1 City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tygerberg_Mall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tygerberg Mall (page does not exist)">Tygerberg Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Mall_(South_Africa)" title="Somerset Mall (South Africa)">Somerset Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Alfred_Waterfront" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Alfred Waterfront">Victoria & Alfred Waterfront</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibition centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Convention_Centre" title="Cape Town International Convention Centre">Cape Town International Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Hope_Centre" title="Good Hope Centre">Good Hope Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants and cafés</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Caprice" title="Café Caprice">Café Caprice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_Tavern" title="Perseverance Tavern">Perseverance Tavern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Tourism" title="Cape Town">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Cape_Town" title="Beaches of Cape Town">Beaches of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Aerial_Cableway" title="Table Mountain Aerial Cableway">Table Mountain Aerial Cableway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot_Constantia" title="Groot Constantia">Groot Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_Wharf" title="Mariner's Wharf">Mariner's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_in_Cape_Town" title="List of nature reserves in Cape Town">Nature reserves in Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratanga_Junction" title="Ratanga Junction">Ratanga Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Oceans_Aquarium" title="Two Oceans Aquarium">Two Oceans Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Alfred_Waterfront" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Alfred Waterfront">Victoria & Alfred Waterfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Birds_Wildlife_Sanctuary_and_Monkey_Park" title="World of Birds Wildlife Sanctuary and Monkey Park">World of Birds Wildlife Sanctuary and Monkey Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Transport" title="Cape Town">Transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Air_transport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Air" title="Cape Town">Air transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Cape_Town_area" title="List of airports in the Cape Town area">Airports in Cape Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Ysterplaat" title="Air Force Base Ysterplaat">Air Force Base Ysterplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport" title="Cape Town International Airport">Cape Town International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Winelands_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Winelands Airfield">Cape Winelands Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingfield_Aerodrome" title="Wingfield Aerodrome">Wingfield Aerodrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Sea" title="Cape Town">Maritime transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cape_Town" title="Port of Cape Town">Port of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safmarine" title="Safmarine">Safmarine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Road" title="Cape Town">Road transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Buses" title="Cape Town">Buses in Cape Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Arrow_Bus_Services" title="Golden Arrow Bus Services">Golden Arrow Bus Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyCiTi" title="MyCiTi">MyCiTi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyCiTi_bus_stations" title="MyCiTi bus stations">MyCiTi bus stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Routes_in_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Routes in Cape Town">Roads in Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Cape_Town" title="Trolleybuses in Cape Town">Trolleybuses in Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Rail" title="Cape Town">Rail transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Train_(South_Africa)" title="Blue Train (South Africa)">Blue Train</a></li> <li>Commuter rail lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Western_Cape" title="Metrorail Western Cape">Metrorail Western Cape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_Line" title="Cape Flats Line">Cape Flats Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Line_(Cape_Town)" title="Central Line (Cape Town)">Central Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Line_(Cape_Town)" title="Northern Line (Cape Town)">Northern Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Line_(Cape_Town)" title="Southern Line (Cape Town)">Southern Line</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Railway stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellville_railway_station" title="Bellville railway station">Bellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_railway_station" title="Cape Town railway station">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_railway_station_(Cape_Town)" title="Claremont railway station (Cape Town)">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_railway_station_(Cape_Town)" title="Crawford railway station (Cape Town)">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowbray_railway_station" title="Mowbray railway station">Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_railway_station" title="Mutual railway station">Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_railway_station" title="Newlands railway station">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_railway_station" title="Observatory railway station">Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinelands_railway_station" title="Pinelands railway station">Pinelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_railway_station" title="Retreat railway station">Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_railway_station" title="Rondebosch railway station">Rondebosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebank_railway_station" title="Rosebank railway station">Rosebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River_railway_station" title="Salt River railway station">Salt River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town_railway_station" title="Simon's Town railway station">Simon's Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenberg_railway_station" title="Steenberg railway station">Steenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_railway_station_(Cape_Town)" title="Woodstock railway station (Cape Town)">Woodstock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Cape_Town" title="Trams in Cape Town">Trams in Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Sports" title="Cape Town">Sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soccer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Spurs_F.C." title="Cape Town Spurs F.C.">Cape Town Spurs F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_City_F.C._(2016)" title="Cape Town City F.C. (2016)">Cape Town City F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rugby</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikey_Tigers" title="Ikey Tigers">Ikey Tigers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cricket</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cobras" title="Cape Cobras">Cape Cobras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Tigers" title="Cape Town Tigers">Cape Town Tigers</a> (basketball)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_events_in_Cape_Town" title="List of sports events in Cape Town">Sports events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Cycle_Tour" title="Cape Town Cycle Tour">Cape Town Cycle Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Open" title="Cape Town Open">Cape Town Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ladies_Open" title="Cape Town Ladies Open">Cape Town Ladies Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Marathon" title="Cape Town Marathon">Cape Town Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Sevens" title="South Africa Sevens">South Africa Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Oceans_Marathon" title="Two Oceans Marathon">Two Oceans Marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athlone_Stadium" title="Athlone Stadium">Athlone Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellville_Stadium" title="Bellville Stadium">Bellville Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellville_Velodrome" title="Bellville Velodrome">Bellville Velodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stadium" title="Cape Town Stadium">Cape Town Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erica_Park" title="Erica Park">Erica Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Hope_Centre" title="Good Hope Centre">Good Hope Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Point_Stadium" title="Green Point Stadium">Green Point Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartleyvale_Stadium" title="Hartleyvale Stadium">Hartleyvale Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killarney_Motor_Racing_Complex" title="Killarney Motor Racing Complex">Killarney Motor Racing Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnerton_Racecourse" title="Milnerton Racecourse">Milnerton Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Cricket_Ground" title="Newlands Cricket Ground">Newlands Cricket Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Stadium" title="Newlands Stadium">Newlands Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNK_Rugby_Stadium" title="NNK Rugby Stadium">NNK Rugby Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parow_Park" title="Parow Park">Parow Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi_Stadium" title="Philippi Stadium">Philippi Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cape_Golf_Club" title="Royal Cape Golf Club">Royal Cape Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Western_Cape_Stadium" title="University of the Western Cape Stadium">University of the Western Cape Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynberg_Military_Base_Stadium" title="Wynberg Military Base Stadium">Wynberg Military Base Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town#Education" title="Cape Town">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblionef" title="Biblionef">Biblionef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Library_Cape_Town" title="Central Library Cape Town">Central Library Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Book" title="Centre for the Book">Centre for the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Hoek_Library" title="Fish Hoek Library">Fish Hoek Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gitlin_Library" title="Jacob Gitlin Library">Jacob Gitlin Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowridge_Library" title="Meadowridge Library">Meadowridge Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_South_Africa" title="National Library of South Africa">National Library of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_Library" title="Rondebosch Library">Rondebosch Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAAO_Library" title="SAAO Library">SAAO Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandfontein_Library" title="Strandfontein Library">Strandfontein Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town_Libraries" title="University of Cape Town Libraries">University of Cape Town Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula_University_of_Technology" title="Cape Peninsula University of Technology">Cape Peninsula University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Western_Cape" title="University of the Western Cape">University of the Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qualitas_Career_Academy" title="Qualitas Career Academy">Qualitas Career Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_College" title="South African College">South African College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_of_Cape_Town" title="Yeshiva of Cape Town">Yeshiva of Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Cape_Town" title="American International School of Cape Town">American International School of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannons_Creek_Independent_School" title="Cannons Creek Independent School">Cannons Creek Independent School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_French_School" title="Cape Town French School">Cape Town French School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christel_House_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christel House South Africa">Christel House South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_Islamic_High_School" title="Darul Islam Islamic High School">Darul Islam Islamic High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_College" title="Diocesan College">Diocesan College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_International_School_Cape_Town" title="German International School Cape Town">German International School Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Girls%27_School" title="Herschel Girls' School">Herschel Girls' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Herzlia_Schools" title="United Herzlia Schools">Herzlia Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Academy" title="Mountain View Academy">Mountain View Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parklands_College" title="Parklands College">Parklands College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cyprian%27s_School,_Cape_Town" title="St. Cyprian's School, Cape Town">St. Cyprian's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Grammar_School_(Cape_Town)" title="St. George's Grammar School (Cape Town)">St. George's Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oak_Waldorf_School" title="Michael Oak Waldorf School">Michael Oak Waldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakhurst_Primary_School" title="Oakhurst Primary School">Oakhurst Primary School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sinton_Secondary_School" title="Alexander Sinton Secondary School">Alexander Sinton Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgravia_High_School" title="Belgravia High School">Belgravia High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhar_Secondary_School" title="Belhar Secondary School">Belhar Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Bellville" title="Hoërskool Bellville">Bellville High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergvliet_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergvliet Primary School">Bergvliet Primary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergvliet_High_School" title="Bergvliet High School">Bergvliet High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosmansdam_High_School" title="Bosmansdam High School">Bosmansdam High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackenfell_High_School" title="Brackenfell High School">Brackenfell High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Academy_of_Mathematics,_Science_and_Technology" title="Cape Academy of Mathematics, Science and Technology">Cape Academy of Mathematics, Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_High_School" title="Cape Town High School">Cape Town High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani_Secondary_School" title="Chris Hani Secondary School">Chris Hani Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_High_School_(Cape_Town)" title="Claremont High School (Cape Town)">Claremont High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSAT" title="COSAT">COSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.F._Malan_High_School" title="D.F. Malan High School">D.F. Malan High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbanville_High_School" title="Durbanville High School">Durbanville High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_D%C3%B6nges_High_School" title="Eben Dönges High School">Eben Dönges High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eersterivier_Secondary_School" title="Eersterivier Secondary School">Eersterivier Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbairn_College" title="Fairbairn College">Fairbairn College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_High_School,_Durbanville" title="Fairmont High School, Durbanville">Fairmont High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_Commercial_High_School" title="Gardens Commercial High School">Gardens Commercial High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_Primary_School_(South_Africa)" title="Grove Primary School (South Africa)">Grove Primary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cressy_High_School" title="Harold Cressy High School">Harold Cressy High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottentots_Holland_High_School" title="Hottentots Holland High School">Hottentots Holland High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Hill_High_School" title="Lavender Hill High School">Lavender Hill High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_High_School" title="Livingstone High School">Livingstone High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiphumelele_High_School" title="Masiphumelele High School">Masiphumelele High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnerton_High_School" title="Milnerton High School">Milnerton High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondale_High_School" title="Mondale High School">Mondale High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parel_Vallei_High_School" title="Parel Vallei High School">Parel Vallei High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinelands_High_School" title="Pinelands High School">Pinelands High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_High_School_(Cape_Town)" title="Range High School (Cape Town)">Range High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_Boys%27_High_School" title="Rondebosch Boys' High School">Rondebosch Boys' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondebosch_Boys%27_Preparatory_School" title="Rondebosch Boys' Preparatory School">Rondebosch Boys' Preparatory School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustenburg_School_for_Girls" title="Rustenburg School for Girls">Rustenburg School for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Point_High_School" title="Sea Point High School">Sea Point High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinenjongo_High_School" title="Sinenjongo High School">Sinenjongo High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_Road_High_School" title="Spine Road High School">Spine Road High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_College_Schools" title="South African College Schools">South African College Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellenberg_High_School" title="Stellenberg High School">Stellenberg High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Strand" title="Hoërskool Strand">Strand High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_View_High_School" title="Table View High School">Table View High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Settlers_High_School" title="The Settlers High School">The Settlers High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_High_School_(Cape_Town)" title="Trafalgar High School (Cape Town)">Trafalgar High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygerberg_High_School" title="Tygerberg High School">Tygerberg High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerford_High_School" title="Westerford High School">Westerford High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_High_School_(Cape_Town)" title="Windsor High School (Cape Town)">Windsor High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynberg_Boys%27_High_School" title="Wynberg Boys' High School">Wynberg Boys' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynberg_Girls%27_High_School" title="Wynberg Girls' High School">Wynberg Girls' High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GlenBridge_Special_School" title="GlenBridge Special School">GlenBridge Special School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafelberg_School" title="Tafelberg School">Tafelberg School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellerslie_Girls%27_High_School" title="Ellerslie Girls' High School">Ellerslie Girls' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tot_Nut_van_het_Algemeen" title="Tot Nut van het Algemeen">Tot Nut van het Algemeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art & music schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lambrechts_Music_Centre" title="Hugo Lambrechts Music Centre">Hugo Lambrechts Music Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_College_of_Music" title="South African College of Music">South African College of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clarke_Art_Centre" title="Peter Clarke Art Centre">Peter Clarke Art Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not yet allocated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Magic" title="College of Magic">College of Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montebello_Design_Centre" title="Montebello Design Centre">Montebello Design Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Services</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Hospital_(Cape_Town)" title="Alexandra Hospital (Cape Town)">Alexandra Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bremer_Hospital" title="Karl Bremer Hospital">Karl Bremer Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_War_Memorial_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital">Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Hospital_(Cape_Town)" title="Somerset Hospital (Cape Town)">Somerset Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygerberg_Hospital" title="Tygerberg Hospital">Tygerberg Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkenberg_Hospital" title="Valkenberg Hospital">Valkenberg Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lighthouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Point Lighthouse">Cape Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Point_Lighthouse,_Cape_Town" title="Green Point Lighthouse, Cape Town">Green Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnerton_Lighthouse" title="Milnerton Lighthouse">Milnerton Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Roman Rock Lighthouse">Roman Rock Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slangkop_Lighthouse" title="Slangkop Lighthouse">Slangkop Lighthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Water_Supply_System" title="Western Cape Water Supply System">Western Cape<br />Water Supply System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dams and resrvoirs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Dam">Alexandra Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_River_Dam" title="Berg River Dam">Berg River Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Villiers_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="De Villiers Dam">De Villiers Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hely-Hutchinson_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hely-Hutchinson Dam">Hely-Hutchinson Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinplaats_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleinplaats Dam (page does not exist)">Kleinplaats Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land-en-Zeezicht_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land-en-Zeezicht Reservoir (page does not exist)">Land-en-Zeezicht Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Gay_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Gay Dam (page does not exist)">Lewis Gay Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molteno_Dam" title="Molteno Dam">Molteno Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvermine_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvermine Dam (page does not exist)">Silvermine Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenbras_Dam" title="Steenbras Dam">Steenbras Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theewaterskloof_Dam" title="Theewaterskloof Dam">Theewaterskloof Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Dam_(Cape_Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Dam (Cape Town)">Victoria Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%ABlvlei_Dam" title="Voëlvlei Dam">Voëlvlei Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemmershoek_Dam" title="Wemmershoek Dam">Wemmershoek Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Dam" title="Woodhead Dam">Woodhead Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical power generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station" title="Athlone Power Station">Athlone Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graaff_Electric_Lighting_Works" title="Graaff Electric Lighting Works">Graaff Electric Lighting Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Koeberg Nuclear Power Station">Koeberg Nuclear Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiet_Pumped_Storage_Scheme" title="Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme">Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Town_Fire_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Town Fire Department (page does not exist)">Cape Town Fire Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metro_Emergency_Medical_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metro Emergency Medical Services (page does not exist)">Metro Emergency Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Club_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Club of South Africa">Mountain Club of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Rescue_Institute" title="National Sea Rescue Institute">National Sea Rescue Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cape_Town" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> • <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cape_Town" title="Outline of Cape Town">Outline</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Geology of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Geology of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Geology of South Africa">Geology of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geological_formations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geological formations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_South_Africa" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa">List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaeoarchaean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fig_Tree_Formation" title="Fig Tree Formation">Fig Tree Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatii_Formation" title="Komatii Formation">Komatii Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodies_Group" title="Moodies Group">Moodies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onverwacht_Group" title="Onverwacht Group">Onverwacht Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Supergroup" title="Transvaal Supergroup">Transvaal Supergroup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paleozoic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Carboniferous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwyka_Group" title="Dwyka Group">Dwyka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganigobis_Formation" title="Ganigobis Formation">Ganigobis Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Devonian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokkeveld_Group" title="Bokkeveld Group">Bokkeveld Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Sandstone" title="Table Mountain Sandstone">Table Mountain Sandstone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Permian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamskraal_Formation" title="Abrahamskraal Formation">Abrahamskraal Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Formation" title="Balfour Formation">Balfour Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwyka_Group" title="Dwyka Group">Dwyka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganigobis_Formation" title="Ganigobis Formation">Ganigobis Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teekloof_Formation" title="Teekloof Formation">Teekloof Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehill_Formation" title="Whitehill Formation">Whitehill Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ordovician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soom_Shale" title="Soom Shale">Soom Shale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesozoic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cretaceous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uitenhage_Group" title="Uitenhage Group">Uitenhage Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffelskloof_Formation" title="Buffelskloof Formation">Buffelskloof Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enon_Formation" title="Enon Formation">Enon Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_Formation" title="Kirkwood Formation">Kirkwood Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundays_River_Formation" title="Sundays River Formation">Sundays River Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Deposits" title="Kalahari Deposits">Kalahari Deposits</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Jurassic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg_Group" title="Drakensberg Group">Drakensberg Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enon_Formation" title="Enon Formation">Enon Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitenhage_Group" title="Uitenhage Group">Uitenhage Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup" title="Karoo Supergroup">Karoo Supergroup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Group" title="Beaufort Group">Beaufort Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamskraal_Formation" title="Abrahamskraal Formation">Abrahamskraal Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Formation" title="Balfour Formation">Balfour Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katberg_Formation" title="Katberg Formation">Katberg Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton_Formation" title="Middleton Formation">Middleton Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teekloof_Formation" title="Teekloof Formation">Teekloof Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwyka_Group" title="Dwyka Group">Dwyka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecca_Group" title="Ecca Group">Ecca Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitehill_Formation" title="Whitehill Formation">Whitehill Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormberg_Group" title="Stormberg Group">Stormberg Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Sandstone" title="Bushveld Sandstone">Bushveld Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarens_Formation" title="Clarens Formation">Clarens Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Formation" title="Elliot Formation">Elliot Formation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Triassic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Formation" title="Elliot Formation">Elliot Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katberg_Formation" title="Katberg Formation">Katberg Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molteno_Formation" title="Molteno Formation">Molteno Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandien_Formation" title="Normandien Formation">Normandien Formation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cenozoic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoa_Group" title="Algoa Group">Algoa Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tectonics_and_orogeny" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">‎Tectonics and orogeny</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoa_Basin" title="Algoa Basin">Algoa Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellisras_Basin" title="Ellisras Basin">Ellisras Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanide_orogeny" title="Gondwanide orogeny">Gondwanide orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapvaal_Craton" title="Kaapvaal Craton">Kaapvaal Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalahari Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhonjwa_Mountains" title="Makhonjwa Mountains">Makhonjwa Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_evolution_of_the_Barberton_greenstone_belt" title="Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt">Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis_Orogen" title="Terra Australis Orogen">Terra Australis Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Basin" title="Transvaal Basin">Transvaal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witteberg" title="Witteberg">Witteberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand Basin">Witwatersrand Basin</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_South_Africa" title="List of volcanoes in South Africa">List of volcanoes in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilanesberg" title="Pilanesberg">Pilanesberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilanesberg_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilanesberg Game Reserve">Pilanesberg Game Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li> <li>Diatremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Hole" title="Big Hole">Big Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsch_diamond_mine" title="Finsch diamond mine">Finsch diamond mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagersfontein_Mine" title="Jagersfontein Mine">Jagersfontein Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koffiefontein_mine" title="Koffiefontein mine">Koffiefontein mine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barberton_Greenstone_Belt" title="Barberton Greenstone Belt">Barberton Greenstone Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo-Ferrar" title="Karoo-Ferrar">Karoo-Ferrar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1620_Robben_Island_earthquake" title="1620 Robben Island earthquake">1620 Robben Island earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Tulbagh_earthquake" title="1969 Tulbagh earthquake">1969 Tulbagh earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Mozambique_earthquake" title="2006 Mozambique earthquake">2006 Mozambique earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Orkney_earthquake" title="2014 Orkney earthquake">2014 Orkney earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalkkop_crater" title="Kalkkop crater">Kalkkop crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morokweng_impact_structure" title="Morokweng impact structure">Morokweng impact structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswaing_crater" title="Tswaing crater">Tswaing crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort impact structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellsbank_meteorite" title="Bellsbank meteorite">Bellsbank meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mineral_deposits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">‎Mineral deposits</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merensky_Reef" title="Merensky Reef">Merensky Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banket_(mining_term)" title="Banket (mining term)">Banket (mining term)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">Coal in South Africa</a></li> <li>Iron ore in Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_in_Africa" title="Platinum in Africa">Platinum in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_in_Africa" title="Titanium in Africa">Titanium in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_Africa" title="Uranium in Africa">Uranium in Africa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Council_South_Africa" title="Minerals Council South Africa">Minerals Council South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)">Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Energy" title="Department of Mineral Resources and Energy">Department of Mineral Resources and Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Paleontology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paleontology‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_South_Africa" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa">List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archean_life_in_the_Barberton_Greenstone_Belt" title="Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt">Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Farm_lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Waterloo Farm lagerstätte">Waterloo Farm lagerstätte</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ordovician</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notiodella" title="Notiodella">Notiodella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychopterella" title="Onychopterella">Onychopterella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissum" title="Promissum">Promissum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomaspis" title="Soomaspis">Soomaspis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanaspis" title="Africanaspis">Africanaspis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctilamna" title="Antarctilamna">Antarctilamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainella" title="Bainella">Bainella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltacephalaspis" title="Deltacephalaspis">Deltacephalaspis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplacanthus" title="Diplacanthus">Diplacanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanascorpio" title="Gondwanascorpio">Gondwanascorpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscomyzon" title="Priscomyzon">Priscomyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenichthys" title="Serenichthys">Serenichthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutusius" title="Tutusius">Tutusius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umzantsia" title="Umzantsia">Umzantsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carboniferous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadoxylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadoxylon">Dadoxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Permian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdalodon" title="Abdalodon">Abdalodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecognathus" title="Alopecognathus">Alopecognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus">Anomocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbasaurus" title="Bulbasaurus">Bulbasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charassognathus" title="Charassognathus">Charassognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapartinella" class="mw-redirect" title="Crapartinella">Crapartinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosaurus" title="Cynosaurus">Cynosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoides" title="Dicynodontoides">Dicynodontoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinogorgon" title="Dinogorgon">Dinogorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwykaselachus" title="Dwykaselachus">Dwykaselachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothiodon" title="Endothiodon">Endothiodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunotosaurus" title="Eunotosaurus">Eunotosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galechirus" title="Galechirus">Galechirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanosuchus" title="Glanosuchus">Glanosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmeyria" title="Hofmeyria">Hofmeyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidognathus" title="Ictidognathus">Ictidognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidosuchoides" title="Ictidosuchoides">Ictidosuchoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycosuchus" title="Lycosuchus">Lycosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus">Mesosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moschops" title="Moschops">Moschops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontocyclops" title="Odontocyclops">Odontocyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchus" title="Procynosuchus">Procynosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylacosaurus" title="Scylacosaurus">Scylacosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scymnosaurus" title="Scymnosaurus">Scymnosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorhinella" title="Simorhinella">Simorhinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereosternum" title="Stereosternum">Stereosternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriognathus" title="Theriognathus">Theriognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thliptosaurus" title="Thliptosaurus">Thliptosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochosaurus" title="Trochosaurus">Trochosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngina" title="Youngina">Youngina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaufort Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelurosaurus" title="Aelurosaurus">Aelurosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus">Anomocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blattoidealestes" title="Blattoidealestes">Blattoidealestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachyprosopus" title="Brachyprosopus">Brachyprosopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomistega" title="Broomistega">Broomistega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choerosaurus" title="Choerosaurus">Choerosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clelandina" title="Clelandina">Clelandina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colobodectes" title="Colobodectes">Colobodectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocynodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocynodon">Cryptocynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynariognathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynariognathus">Cynariognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosaurus" title="Cynosaurus">Cynosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon" title="Eodicynodon">Eodicynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohyosaurus" title="Eohyosaurus">Eohyosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emyduranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emyduranus">Emyduranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchambersia" title="Euchambersia">Euchambersia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodontosaurus" title="Homodontosaurus">Homodontosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icticephalus" title="Icticephalus">Icticephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidochampsa" title="Ictidochampsa">Ictidochampsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidodon" title="Ictidodon">Ictidodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidodraco" title="Ictidodraco">Ictidodraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidostoma" title="Ictidostoma">Ictidostoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanostegus" title="Lanthanostegus">Lanthanostegus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontosaurus" title="Leontosaurus">Leontosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycideops" title="Lycideops">Lycideops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscelesaurus" title="Macroscelesaurus">Macroscelesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moschorhinus" title="Moschorhinus">Moschorhinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliguana" title="Paliguana">Paliguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelictosuchus" title="Pelictosuchus">Pelictosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycynodon" title="Polycynodon">Polycynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerodon" title="Pristerodon">Pristerodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristerognathoides">Pristerognathoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathus" title="Pristerognathus">Pristerognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procolophon" title="Procolophon">Procolophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoschorhynchus" title="Promoschorhynchus">Promoschorhynchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalopocephalus" title="Scalopocephalus">Scalopocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silpholestes" title="Silpholestes">Silpholestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamboeria" title="Tamboeria">Tamboeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranocentrodon" title="Uranocentrodon">Uranocentrodon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Assemblages" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assemblages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone">Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone">Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon_Assemblage_Zone" title="Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone">Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone">Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone">Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropidostoma_Assemblage_Zone" title="Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone">Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Triassic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batrachosuchus" title="Batrachosuchus">Batrachosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikanasaurus" title="Blikanasaurus">Blikanasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolotridon" title="Bolotridon">Bolotridon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus" title="Cynognathus">Cynognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diademodon" title="Diademodon">Diademodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliotherium" title="Elliotherium">Elliotherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericiolacerta" title="Ericiolacerta">Ericiolacerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchus" title="Erythrosuchus">Erythrosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucnemesaurus" title="Eucnemesaurus">Eucnemesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskelosaurus" title="Euskelosaurus">Euskelosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galesaurus" title="Galesaurus">Galesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howesia" title="Howesia">Howesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidosuchoides" title="Ictidosuchoides">Ictidosuchoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeria" title="Kannemeyeria">Kannemeyeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydekkerina" title="Lydekkerina">Lydekkerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanorosaurus" title="Melanorosaurus">Melanorosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosuchus" title="Mesosuchus">Mesosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgomphodon" title="Microgomphodon">Microgomphodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropholis_(amphibian)" title="Micropholis (amphibian)">Micropholis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosaurus" title="Myosaurus">Myosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noteosuchus" title="Noteosuchus">Noteosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivierosuchus" title="Olivierosuchus">Olivierosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosaurus" title="Orosaurus">Orosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasaurus" title="Pentasaurus">Pentasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateosauravus" title="Plateosauravus">Plateosauravus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platycraniellus" title="Platycraniellus">Platycraniellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procolophon" title="Procolophon">Procolophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progalesaurus" title="Progalesaurus">Progalesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolacerta" title="Prolacerta">Prolacerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proterosuchus" title="Proterosuchus">Proterosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychoceratodus" title="Ptychoceratodus">Ptychoceratodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regisaurus" title="Regisaurus">Regisaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaloposaurus" title="Scaloposaurus">Scaloposaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scymnosaurus" title="Scymnosaurus">Scymnosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shansiodon" title="Shansiodon">Shansiodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracynodon" title="Tetracynodon">Tetracynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trirachodon" title="Trirachodon">Trirachodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufudocyclops" title="Ufudocyclops">Ufudocyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorillodontops" title="Zorillodontops">Zorillodontops</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Assemblages" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assemblages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Cynognathus Assemblage Zone">Cynognathus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone">Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurassic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardonyx" title="Aardonyx">Aardonyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrictosaurus" title="Abrictosaurus">Abrictosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcusaurus" title="Arcusaurus">Arcusaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis_rhodesiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysis rhodesiensis">Coelophysis rhodesiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocursor" title="Eocursor">Eocursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrosaurus" title="Fabrosaurus">Fabrosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranosaurus" title="Geranosaurus">Geranosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantoscelus" title="Gigantoscelus">Gigantoscelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryponyx" title="Gryponyx">Gryponyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyposaurus" title="Gyposaurus">Gyposaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodontosaurus" title="Heterodontosaurus">Heterodontosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledumahadi" title="Ledumahadi">Ledumahadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesothosaurus" title="Lesothosaurus">Lesothosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litargosuchus" title="Litargosuchus">Litargosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycorhinus" title="Lycorhinus">Lycorhinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massospondylus" title="Massospondylus">Massospondylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwevu" title="Ngwevu">Ngwevu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegomastax" title="Pegomastax">Pegomastax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychoceratodus" title="Ptychoceratodus">Ptychoceratodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefapanosaurus" title="Sefapanosaurus">Sefapanosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenosuchus" title="Sphenosuchus">Sphenosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritheledon" title="Tritheledon">Tritheledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cretaceous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthohoplites" title="Acanthohoplites">Acanthohoplites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baculites" title="Baculites">Baculites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangnasaurus" title="Kangnasaurus">Kangnasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscaphites" title="Macroscaphites">Macroscaphites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon">Paranthodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychoceratodus" title="Ptychoceratodus">Ptychoceratodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paleogene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nummulite" title="Nummulite">Nummulite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neogene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanacetus" title="Africanacetus">Africanacetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nummulite" title="Nummulite">Nummulite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pleistocene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boskop_Man" title="Boskop Man">Boskop Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthera_shawi" title="Panthera shawi">Panthera shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulpes_skinneri" title="Vulpes skinneri">Vulpes skinneri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planolites" title="Planolites">Planolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylacorhinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylacorhinus">Scylacorhinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Fossil_Park" title="West Coast Fossil Park">West Coast Fossil Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Farm_lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Waterloo Farm lagerstätte">Waterloo Farm lagerstätte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research_and_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and administration‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Geoscience" title="Council for Geoscience">Council for Geoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Studies_Institute" title="Evolutionary Studies Institute">Evolutionary Studies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Commission_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope">Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_South_Africa" title="Geological Society of South Africa">Geological Society of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Merensky" title="Hans Merensky">Hans Merensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paleontologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Geddes_Bain" title="Andrew Geddes Bain">Andrew Geddes Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieuwe_Dirk_Boonstra" title="Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra">Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kimberlin_Brain" title="Charles Kimberlin Brain">Charles Kimberlin Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brown_(palaeontologist)" title="Alfred Brown (palaeontologist)">Alfred Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anusuya_Chinsamy-Turan" title="Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan">Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Basil_S._Cooke" title="H. Basil S. Cooke">H. Basil S. Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crompton" title="Alfred W. Crompton">Alfred W. Crompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rossouw_Kannemeyer" title="Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer">Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Keyser" title="Andre Keyser">Andre Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kitching" title="James Kitching">James Kitching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot_Robinson" title="John Talbot Robinson">John Talbot Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Stow" title="George William Stow">George William Stow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meine_van_Zinderen-Bakker" title="Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker">Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geology of Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(geology)" title="Pothole (geology)">Pothole (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_structure" title="Steep structure">Steep structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazian" title="Swazian">Swazian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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