CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.researchgate.net",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e6f4f61fb4a1908',cH: 'iorwRgOQKwelzg7_3KACHRP4pcMeMkh78VyfIXuhN70-1732345518-1.2.1.1-Jjd3cbU2.EMfuoqY_g5AtzcXzXziDlDRtLViiaHCTl9ubjOcVpM.hudXmHWjnQ0Y',cUPMDTk: "\/publication\/342736799_E-commerce_trends_during_COVID-19_Pandemic?__cf_chl_tk=BFjKrMgq0N2baZwhfcJdEPRLMRN8EED8xvFO_0lQ1dU-1732345518-1.0.1.1-8rATOdEKQ00IO0gc6NNNc5oZ5CRPvzTtSbz_yqIaxtQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732345518',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/publication\/342736799_E-commerce_trends_during_COVID-19_Pandemic?__cf_chl_f_tk=BFjKrMgq0N2baZwhfcJdEPRLMRN8EED8xvFO_0lQ1dU-1732345518-1.0.1.1-8rATOdEKQ00IO0gc6NNNc5oZ5CRPvzTtSbz_yqIaxtQ",md: "uaB018KbAsaTAHGY7kQgn16Yowr4H2ENQCERrlQr7Kg-1732345518-1.2.1.1-zwrBCToaTAqz937uJXc6nT1KNRuzoaBxGbLrRi3CMbUeoPi8_vGQZbkT2eeJyjA8WbFAmxGar3YMQFrVcL7tsdeSohupzcZ_jHLVymGXS_Xo9By34QHHkFekp.e_ku7OyOvd_PhwBru4FmeaHP2OEfj6Ykn1ER3EqPD1F5.nFz2FEzUvrfwpI1M055cltAhvlF5IcEdEyvJecvlHjL2Dt3U0EE9JY3zbsViuf4EM1sj5wmYNdZJiXiqHNdFZlP_seSIR0OhRT2D8qfPXm4l8w75VLzGlvG_g3mN6wz485Gv7mHPXcBKtDXRYErUvb1IjTGbE8pl_2OqqobBTEDDRnSeAtdZZoErz2KQXdZdHA.EvCTjLbuSPeJpYh8BfUzJPoY3c0CQw4rjyW2KM9YycBnxIQyriMObYV08rq7WPuMiSdGPpDg26Ykxw_fVu812zt.BUWxKhrR9XexOOW1naMbnnT8_NYLbvrr.y1cIfTzoOkFrILBXv3Y_.qbTTEBITQorCN9_NecqdVv38mxkpECCcI5AqbBuG_db9W1o65TzkjlSL.Q8vHCtO_WpxDcHnN7ZrIfJSWV4Xl35pfLE.ZdTDQuLuQAQweJzxfzOt6s2eURXlVIcHwK8_QkTTGfn.RIHGo07giCCb8446EbKNLLkm0ml4BS6gBvc3DYlrODUhhR_xiXnGF2wg6z8wG5WAceyuwuOuHWRMI8Ughsa0m2uX8mfV.zNv5d9OpYI_MEjhVVYPzrq.qGWtnYa2Sq9QMvEwskbtP2EpgyTdNGU0cAtGYBS4fwWFapi3DBCNDoD_nFKOv.Y8LMMFeMVfhxbN0BEBTYSuGqhGQtuBH2EwnEdFJ4j.T1gTdO9lnhxMU6.gpEWskE_ImsJOKeQBk7IvA4MdrwBjiLHWEf0gPgCwsw0zweXGEIEDpb5CdPZzdlACpxrwkekOIxPqAHNieGTCrYotaUKizsPlbvn_RSyrQiznKrx6LktzhSEXqZnoSCr_GqCajxYFf8SP1NnHO7vpoHXGPj_yq_U0JGOIqRB88WbbffwX31GUNG9VAoEepg0RsNmn7tpGFCB6SiFICJT8NTIHmygt4qSBtjQkMaxrDwFnNgX.zxRaP.6gw.0Mt8VD_n8TjZpmhdDIKQbNa25TJ7fHy5nMKDx_IoJS6AP8kl8OmaobbjfKbtu6eNKqMvDw0BKL2vfNWc.UXwtJJCnb8mZtBqJTW7bLG6AMH12jucd1P.9yms39IiQpk5e35zqYYZBXTnzGYSkb10Bq5mgwene86DMsVZ5kZrmGJ25Qod6Zun5ZuWb7dLvKKORn86zWBFny1Baw1XDQaUmjL2EmydYPf5UCYy_BIxvuF4TsEb.syW42Z6.wvo4EXfNGbgpm02PEaHds7.7ZBkMcu_WiMTeXeFp5lxb2NKG3luSzP2f.ANqXfeSvXt5cz6p9d1I123P2AsLrGUJltCdUHJQia4h0e2wLdw.YnmGjcMAgA3vC_Rf8Cbgvagu3_SenHUR7dNh6v2J5OgT.pjSqFaTKPEcidIGJCT427W02gdVdvEZ98CLlh2rboZwrGOGcY35BM_2yueMSN3_ABundcW7KjhvYAxWnPRj3wYC7KwB9DjwbJpY.NaO8OC04mQ_JIJMy6KElNMJJtcKZ6FEAeBeEh6l.0TDgOiLX6EQ0ad2wMvgc1HKQcqkCHWOd_9I4eZSFS3MoJaSSsbKfBzkgk.7Hat4XTiBLnKk04ObctVy355IlmPJcLg.l38RyefSG.p9DYGoDeLDNCkha3zcJpN5WTsknM_DFfPRWtMpKfetki9hoTw.WzDVHFUfXNVz3SJLYCrJi.5TojAC1HFU8g.P_jkLHyHc5pGVdBDZdeQ4KLndP6SIcXQ7Mw0c4Xvh8w8rIPdP1tKKV5C5aStiOXu_fDwNvfPRXbUmxCcjfWi3R90r.pGEGRLONxY_m_1VaERydPIFq9WOy0vOjB5VeIWhUHFpLZBN1lifPl9Sh9E9pG.fFbRZo9U96LO.z2YTnAsKzZgYgdL1LiSJEZ4ewmzdvQEmht40tFdncBE8C_crshmVf.yla7qkUwQuMiN6Nf2JwwjZ3mPptK9WICPon9vdHFt47klmzVw_.oGX2FqptPgDTGOeP5_x2zMw5hS3D6lR9tLspT7YZRKSQ0lqz6YrU5UwWMDk1P6dHK8KNYhjKDyHVmHpjcrVpCYe64MgmZJ1d44R11kptxcyUMS_x_R79eTpvAPHcJpqupY9484CdW49lyd_U5mgjeoVVJkIC28ukkiY42DFZo9OcE8AX.pCOiSZ_avQbpkgkmXSjQAqE5Qzn3VkYwPVyvQqGeplN0IshLNIx94Fpq5w3JJEzkW_2fIbqysFMFIuBkputSvLr0.ueUaGeZSeolX3trnuLXYKqpEryHLvo9naf9zyVSQJiCh3fnLdGKMWRXFlGMMIfRjUc_Z8YCclGtLdXBAqLJ.HP.WVZRLEaIm3SKjiz.mpM22SAkdGxWicLEx7LXaADwLGT4Gt7rQtCKt7fWkpw1Egs_VPnt69HrEFO1_Qleqe2hWFMMfVkBEYLfK68cW30WfPgQ0C04xXBbd_PaRUJkrPmV16bG8.ENu23AUSOsdaKQcrKVzaCyUHmCP0hWim7G_b4w2aQLqSABuza1ZIAITu6hIu7qo_5yBNwlnYrR1k5f8n9N_dA0uxudnQ21ehpgIpwyMz2yuL1zziwqwIll4HF.nSJgOSSQ6lEIfY4KbcC1MFvqNXKlFfRNafFvjaY.thj0gtifiX0lhohDCRPAt3q3OYmMd1aOdVygd6G7TFFp4CG84sObW0UwEh.6oTiHmUXQYehqwNe7hOwNnWr6AVSWOhU2vL_EPXn3ZzMUxMqILJOoKh.ZOZwfMy5a2vY6yzvjCviPTN73XsFHbLxGQtfKNxi8HQE7847wXyunS3mjCIN82hSVpvD_tt7Q8XtktSeAS1U1S_Hcy.6s3EBnFYp.Ae.LXFVkhHltZW1CijZOj4nRBm065eL762ud9WusINfasKeFiHno8O3GGyTQT8aT.cwTosYCCILmVxvy9fLygKFeNlShsIEE7TlnCE0TMYUbEqDZGrSd4.bssRM0qIDdoJ6NCvTIMLJe4djOXWs",mdrd: "lutkW_BO_76Nn4NFxy2QN.RgDfaNOUhH0OX8tK57.WM-1732345518-1.2.1.1-79U1iPJ.FXPrFPvCCH8IIu27QMh28WASyUYBE94RhjnQb5WTzompF4LOqs9DBHZAOZKeY8P1jeJH1OtlFC.EeJJZ6VGUDcDUiao66.plk.E_PQ.Eqg.GynX9KR3bwyotxIxXKObWoxbFo6pOHgdsedmrM3Pqw2klfVIuZdRBHeiaDVSs.1iqL9WbabFaPXWHgp3fYCV5Y.KiviwKnDBEGzdQew7BzQ5e9vyBiUQPJsN5OKFR2Li84oFjjuH2mzXyuyx1ucBwRMn8foT9Mv7BFYVhPzQGnxZ6hcJtlk7a5iaDrYeaSY60GaNDYHn6kCIRKoqx4CWxNDButXPgWC5k_kGwYIMhp11s6hKAGcGEqH6mkb1wd1rr.PvS53FB_JBaS2q6CeUmbDCT3jaa3liLKcLHk8rFsOAlngwUsrQ6f1uTFBjcHN8KrKsPaeA7XLJjmXIyisrEW6FYRjT2yZ9y7FHQn1b5lfBGlzWqO8dxfM9CjmsSrtlhC7zZK2qthJQbaZzYT_h5RjcSHIq5MUE8qXwwa.g2Imhje5gcpIAufFbZhm_wYQEDe0M0TRddLmAF6Zo57uYS7tHw9_A4Wj2JcAobc_WPeWBfjAmLeDmIy1hnOnmWFqrj12x5Y5Pe1ekOrmxWAm7q3JZlq7pw0ev85FSoJpREKMe43mWBH2KX65D6xRC.EbIH9Gvp0r_RVyTvrIqUD09Bleg2ykRvgqNZqhsSDBxbSeU0olGBAZA9oHI38uPnuL1TUq18suk7lQkpPaE.4k7Fyzs0wQm_vytAS.kKPaQF3lbQT1E55QiAJO5s.jLlPo2umCGJauTHk3f28w4DBw4YWoSsR4vbFVNQ0UuitBYcoGYic6VOZlbsQayzP8F4AeMorTcMAxDR6zpamlDEgZublnLVFvM3teA4T3W49u3tIRIYzBj.kLcBrmNhqCgMHpeJVAH6_IcLooSEWW7T9M4yWO7WT9eGn5v7KMAAYGT2zspsdEOvMtS5KIymHZwdT4lgafF6lYF7MLpImq_6MBCcWvOpdvYxvessywcgdc8rUZYK_ePPPl8PlHxRU5eiAQHopn5nNZz2FUP8Ck_Z.ncU2N.GcPCJ4suyIind8xc6SUZlLivlP6Fg8PAXwbINfAkwbCwLY3NLN9ahNz8MVcqHAIhxvoOu6bjLZbJ2xjjugo4.QofE4ZaCMF_4jqTU.mXTDU.Sy2ILO94v.K49ftG92emXnfzLMyogP3ryR1Z_2OjtrLFjIqQWK.oJEZKxVLaoDUxjDMJ2RPh95zTp.r7acSCOrRzLGmFAy.XVzRYvS.hVB7a_rx..yBsVlpwtY_7sj_z0dQWEZb4AZPI4eRb7Yr8ObnUSG3MArC6yqquk1oT9PZaRxIMJ0CqS9wx412dpcjaBn6ZiEvl0bPGEYeeHWTE_l8iOWPlqb7GbxLN9iVlrU6tEr7ZmuxMOJqsQu4uWeJ5HmCRI33AAChSSEvvnefs9Kf79jmScq4_iXM5aC9hvVRFluDR1SbGI_Gdj.4mhUyvK1IDkrwH9T5QudoyEbaQcYlQsZmVV6.tXqwbnmLvThhjp.rL.GP4MXytYEhifkhM42fLA_rY4cwY3ClEZYlhL7EvYBvWOoXAXsxRm9hfZlhVjJNL9fIC_6rCXn6zmiOY7NveBDYfPrYHqCjTuNnjsU5jLKVUuxKX4k0zdG06mJkoxpf8KUC0nT9Ztk6LMWhqy0GIbB_N2PudlF4P.Eza._Vp5AcSobDq_GBeGR9zhftVfXlhUhGvx_prhrofuN_9A0UFKID9CS9WooxCH2avHtZX53nmU74f566kILTNB0oCAgijGCvrLPgK1ZwOod84S0P6mp6XbXRCE0a1v9kdXg3n68WLv.eaj5LOhcnirsGE6nRSQQOgOFRBdjh8vYlIhq2XO_t_qXz.Tvg..AiEAdO7_x043f8zQAOrDhIM6QZo14E2yZIEHl6zH9ZverONBhakY8xxg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e6f4f61fb4a1908';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/publication\/342736799_E-commerce_trends_during_COVID-19_Pandemic?__cf_chl_rt_tk=BFjKrMgq0N2baZwhfcJdEPRLMRN8EED8xvFO_0lQ1dU-1732345518-1.0.1.1-8rATOdEKQ00IO0gc6NNNc5oZ5CRPvzTtSbz_yqIaxtQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>