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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Majority leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Minority leader</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minority_leader-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Minority leader subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Minority_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Origin of the post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minority_party_nominees_for_Speaker,_1865–1897" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_party_nominees_for_Speaker,_1865–1897"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_party_nominees_for_Speaker,_1865–1897-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Institutional functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Party functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_whips_and_assistant_party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_whips_and_assistant_party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Party whips and assistant party leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_whips_and_assistant_party_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Party whips and assistant party leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Party_whips_and_assistant_party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Whips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistant_party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistant_party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Assistant party leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistant_party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_party_leaders_and_whips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_party_leaders_and_whips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of party leaders and whips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_party_leaders_and_whips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parteif%C3%BChrer_des_Repr%C3%A4sentantenhauses_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Parteiführer des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parteiführer des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91" title="Ηγέτες των κομμάτων της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων των ΗΠΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηγέτες των κομμάτων της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων των ΗΠΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefs_de_parti_%C3%A0_la_Chambre_des_repr%C3%A9sentants_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Chefs de parti à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chefs de parti à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketua_parti_Dewan_Perwakilan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Ketua parti Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketua parti Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سەرکردە پارتەکانی ئەنجومەنی نوێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرکردە پارتەکانی ئەنجومەنی نوێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemmist%C3%B6johtaja_(Yhdysvaltain_kongressi)" title="Enemmistöjohtaja (Yhdysvaltain kongressi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enemmistöjohtaja (Yhdysvaltain kongressi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_l%C3%A3nh_t%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3ng_trong_H%E1%BA%A1_vi%E1%BB%87n_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Các lãnh tụ đảng trong Hạ viện Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các lãnh tụ đảng trong Hạ viện Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96" title="美国众议院政党领袖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国众议院政党领袖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6508632#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Current House leaders below speaker</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg/128px-Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg/192px-Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg/256px-Steve_Scalise_116th_Congress_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="3218" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Majority Leader<br /><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R-LA)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Tom_Emmer_Congressional_Photo_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="2051" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Majority Whip<br /><a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a> (R-MN)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_%28cropped%29.jpg/131px-Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_%28cropped%29.jpg/197px-Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_%28cropped%29.jpg/262px-Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait-1638x2048_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Minority Leader<br /><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D-NY)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Clark,_official_portrait,_118th_Congress_(tight_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Katherine_Clark%2C_official_portrait%2C_118th_Congress_%28tight_crop%29.jpg/133px-Katherine_Clark%2C_official_portrait%2C_118th_Congress_%28tight_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Katherine_Clark%2C_official_portrait%2C_118th_Congress_%28tight_crop%29.jpg/200px-Katherine_Clark%2C_official_portrait%2C_118th_Congress_%28tight_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Katherine_Clark%2C_official_portrait%2C_118th_Congress_%28tight_crop%29.jpg/266px-Katherine_Clark%2C_official_portrait%2C_118th_Congress_%28tight_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Minority Whip<br /><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a> (D-MA)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Party leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Party leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></b>, also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Floor_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor leader">floor leaders</a></b>, are congresspeople who coordinate legislative initiatives and serve as the chief spokespersons for their parties on the House floor. These leaders are elected every two years in secret balloting of their <a href="/wiki/Party_caucuses_and_conferences_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress">party caucuses or conferences</a>: the <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Democratic Caucus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Republican Conference</a>. Depending on which party is in power, one party leader serves as <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">majority leader</a> and the other as <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">minority leader</a>. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a>, the House Majority Leader is the second highest-ranking member of their party's House caucus, behind the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Majority Leader is responsible for setting the annual legislative agenda, scheduling legislation for consideration, and coordinating committee activity.<sup id="cite_ref-HouseHierarchy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HouseHierarchy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minority Leader serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the minority counterpart to the Speaker. The Minority Leader also speaks for the minority party in the House and its policies, and works to protect the minority party's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-HouseHierarchy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HouseHierarchy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>assistant majority leader</b> and <b>assistant minority leader</b> of the House, commonly called <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whips</a>, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership. The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_floor_leaders">Current floor leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current floor leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> With the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> holding a majority of seats and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and Majority Whip <a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and Minority Whip <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:United States House of Representatives">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House<br />of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the House</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">by seniority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former members</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_committee" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">DCCC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">NRCC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the House</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list of speakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">list of elections</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Party leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">Redistricting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural_district" title="Plural district">Plural district</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-executing_rule" title="Self-executing rule">Self-executing rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Rules suspension</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">House office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template talk:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection">Selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> by secret ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a>, although not formally selected to be nominated for Speaker by the majority party's caucus. After this period, the Speaker-designate is also chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although the Speaker is formally elevated to the position by a public vote of the entire House when Congress reconvenes. </p><p>Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the <a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th Congress</a>, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">minority whip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th Congress</a>. When her predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> for four years, had been a 1988 <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidential candidate</a>, and had been <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">majority leader</a> from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Rhodes</a> of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service. </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">party leaders of the United States Senate</a> have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber, such as <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">William Knowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>. Former House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a> also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, the most powerful committee in the House, as it generates the Bills of <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a> specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this designation (begun under Speaker <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> during the <a href="/wiki/12th_United_States_Congress" title="12th United States Congress">12th United States Congress</a>) was informal, and after 1865, alternated between the Ways and Means Committee Chair and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations Committee</a> Chair after the latter committee was split from the former.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By at least 1850, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Republican Conferences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Democratic Caucuses</a> began naming chairs (although conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by <a href="/wiki/Sereno_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sereno Payne">Sereno Payne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HouseMajority_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HouseMajority-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaker <a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">David B. Henderson</a> created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">size of the House</a> had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting with Republican <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Nicholas Longworth</a> in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership after the incumbent surrenders the position. The only exceptions during this period were <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles A. Halleck</a>, who served as Majority Leader from 1947–1949 and again from 1953–1955 and did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the 1948 and 1954 House elections, respectively, and would not regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point); <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a>, who served as Majority Leader from 1971–1973, died in a plane crash; and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>, who served as Majority Leader from 1989–1995, descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. </p><p>Since 1995, the only two Majority Leaders to become Speaker are <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a>, though indirectly as their party lost control in the 2006 and 2018 midterm elections. Boehner subsequently served as House Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011, and McCarthy served from 2019 to 2023. Both were elected Speaker when the House reconvened after gaining a majority in their respective midterm elections. In 1998, when Speaker <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a> nor Majority Whip <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a> contested the Speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For example, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a> succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a> was considered more prominent than Speaker <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a> from 2003 to 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party. For example, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2018 elections, McCarthy was elected as Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking House Republican. </p><p>When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For that situation, the House Minority Leader can play the role of a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. </p><p>When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a> became the first House Majority Leader to lose a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a>. Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBCdefeat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBCdefeat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlanticdefeat_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlanticdefeat-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmartPol_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmartPol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majority_leader">Majority leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Majority leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Special:EditPage/Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22house+majority+leader%22">"house majority leader"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22house+majority+leader%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22house+majority+leader%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22house+majority+leader%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22house+majority+leader%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22house+majority+leader%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The House Majority Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus. In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One statutory duty, per <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 19 of the United States Code">19 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/2191#c_1">§ 2191(c)(1)</a></span>, stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Fast_track_(trade)" title="Fast track (trade)">fast-track negotiating authority</a> (trade promotion authority) <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreement</a> must be introduced (by request) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House or a designee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minority_leader">Minority leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minority leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Textbook plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>reads like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTTEXTBOOK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTTEXTBOOK">textbook</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit">improve this article</a> to make it <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral</a> in tone and meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STYLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STYLE">quality standards</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities. </p><p>From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House. Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader. </p> <ol><li>The minority leader provides campaign assistance to political party incumbents and challengers.</li> <li>The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress".</li> <li>The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party's agenda.</li> <li>The minority leader, if their party controls the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, confers regularly with the President and the President's aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally.</li> <li>The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success.</li></ol> <p>The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Bertrand Snell</a>, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job. These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions. Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_post">Origin of the post</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin of the post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224118861">.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar{width:20em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output 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States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition <a href="/wiki/Floor_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor Leader">floor leader</a>. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">congressional system</a> emerged on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the earliest days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader". Some scholars suggest that Representative <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s fiscal policies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>: </p> <dl><dd>I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the House.... It is true, that certain members do take charge of administration questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory, disjointed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader". The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Griffin_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griffin Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a> of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">J. Warren Keifer</a> of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representative <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Reed</a>, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James Blaine</a> of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance."<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer. </p><p>In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minority_party_nominees_for_Speaker,_1865–1897"><span id="Minority_party_nominees_for_Speaker.2C_1865.E2.80.931897"></span>Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899,<sup id="cite_ref-HouseMinorityLeader_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HouseMinorityLeader-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Per Congressional Research Service report on party leaders, the only named officer of the House Republican Conference and the House Democratic Caucus when in the minority appears to have been the conference or caucus chair. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">1865</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/James_Brooks_(politician)" title="James Brooks (politician)">James Brooks</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">1867</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Marshall" title="Samuel S. Marshall">Samuel S. Marshall</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">1869</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Michael C. Kerr</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">1871</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Morgan" title="George W. Morgan">George W. Morgan</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">1873</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a></b> (D-NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">1875</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/James_Gillespie_Blaine" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gillespie Blaine">James Gillespie Blaine</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">1877</a>, <a href="/wiki/46th_United_States_Congress" title="46th United States Congress">1879</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abram Garfield">James Abram Garfield</a></b> (R-OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_United_States_Congress" title="47th United States Congress">1881</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Randall" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Jackson Randall">Samuel Jackson Randall</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_United_States_Congress" title="48th United States Congress">1883</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Keifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Warren Keifer">Joseph Warren Keifer</a></b> (R-OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_United_States_Congress" title="49th United States Congress">1885</a>, <a href="/wiki/50th_United_States_Congress" title="50th United States Congress">1887</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a></b> (R-ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_United_States_Congress" title="51st United States Congress">1889</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/John_Griffin_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griffin Carlisle">John Griffin Carlisle</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_United_States_Congress" title="52nd United States Congress">1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/53rd_United_States_Congress" title="53rd United States Congress">1893</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a></b> (R-ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress" title="54th United States Congress">1895</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Crisp" title="Charles F. Crisp">Charles F. Crisp</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_United_States_Congress" title="55th United States Congress">1897</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Bailey" title="Joseph W. Bailey">Joseph W. Bailey</a></b> (D-<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>)</li></ul> <p>Sources<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trends">Trends</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention. First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means Committee</a>. </p><p>Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed <a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois)">James R. Mann</a>, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Frederick Gillett</a>, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their <a href="/wiki/Private_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private bill">private bills</a> on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joseph Cannon</a>, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, although <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Robert H. Michel</a> was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">regained control of the House</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1994">1994 midterm elections</a>, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the <a href="/wiki/Contract_with_America" title="Contract with America">Contract with America</a> which was unveiled six weeks before voting day. </p><p>In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent president have included <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gephardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Gephardt">Richard Gephardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_functions">Institutional functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Institutional functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rulebook" class="extiw" title="wikt:rulebook">rule book</a>. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities. </p><p>Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They include the following: </p><p><b>Drug Testing.</b> Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for <a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">drug testing</a> in the House." </p><p><b>Inspector General.</b> Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly." This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general. </p><p><b>Questions of Privilege.</b> Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as a <a href="/wiki/Question_of_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Question of privilege">question of privilege</a> by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn." This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions. </p><p><b>Oversight Plans.</b> Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing committee">standing committees</a> along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans. </p><p><b>Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees.</b> Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress." </p><p><b>Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.</b> "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(A%E2%80%93E)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin phrases (A–E)">ex officio</a> members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties. (Rule X, clause 11). </p><p><b>Motion to Recommit with Instructions.</b> Under Rule XIII, clause 6, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules Committee</a> may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions. </p><p>In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_functions">Party functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Party functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the <a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th Congress</a>, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. They are a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a>; names the members of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a>; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader. </p><p>Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader: </p><p>A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the House. "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Richard Gephardt</a>, D-MO. "That's what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal. </p><p><b>Provide Campaign Assistance.</b> Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Devise Minority Party Strategies.</b> The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following: </p><p><b>Cooperation.</b> The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor. </p><p><b>Inconsequential Opposition.</b> The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small. </p><p><b>Withdrawal.</b> The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions. </p><p><b>Innovation.</b> The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf. </p><p><b>Partisan Opposition.</b> The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own. </p><p><b>Constructive Opposition.</b> The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes. </p><p><b>Participation.</b> The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-building role with respect to his priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a <a href="/wiki/Winning_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Winning strategy">winning strategy</a> if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public. </p><p><b>Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda.</b> An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and <a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">swing voters</a>. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try to bring minority priorities to the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a <a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">discharge petition</a> by attracting majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message", they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested <a href="/wiki/News_release" class="mw-redirect" title="News release">press releases</a> or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public. </p><p>House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, <a href="/wiki/Ad_lib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad lib">ad lib</a>, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals. </p><p><b>Confer With the White House.</b> If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's president in Congress. When <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Robert Michel</a>, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "<a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">Reagan Democrats</a>" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their president. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, R-MI.<sup id="cite_ref-Cannon_Masters_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannon_Masters-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained: </p><p>"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford also teamed with <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party. They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting. Ford's predecessor as minority leader, <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles Halleck</a>, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show". In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Foster Party Harmony.</b> Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements. To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rank_and_file" class="extiw" title="wikt:rank and file">rank-and-file</a> Members and with different factional groupings. As Minority Leader Gephardt said: </p> <dl><dd>We have weekly caucus meetings. We have daily leadership meetings. We have weekly <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking Member</a> meetings. We have party effectiveness meetings. There's a lot more communication. I believe leadership is <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">bottom up</a>, not top down. I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_whips_and_assistant_party_leaders">Party whips and assistant party leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Party whips and assistant party leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whips">Whips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Whips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whip</a></b> manages their party's <b>legislative</b> program on the House floor. The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon. </p><p>The <b>Majority Whip</b> is an elected member of the majority <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a> who assists the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of their party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader. </p><p>The <b>Minority Whip</b> is a member of the minority <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a> who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. They are reckoned as the second most powerful member of their party, behind the minority leader. </p><p>The <b>Chief Deputy Whip</b> is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican <a href="/wiki/Guy_Reschenthaler" title="Guy Reschenthaler">Guy Reschenthaler</a>. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader's post. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a <b>Senior Chief Deputy Whip</b>, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a> held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position as chief deputy whip since 2005. Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the title <b>Deputy Whip</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>List of Republican Chief Deputy Whips</dt></dl> <ul><li>1981–1983: <a href="/wiki/David_F._Emery" title="David F. Emery">David F. Emery</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1983–1987: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Loeffler" title="Tom Loeffler">Tom Loeffler</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1987–1989: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">Edward Rell Madigan</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1989–1993: <a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">Steve Gunderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith Walker">Robert Smith Walker</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1993–1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith Walker">Robert Smith Walker</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1995–1999: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1999–2003: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a> (Majority)</li> <li>2003–2009: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a> (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)</li> <li>2009–2011: <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2011–2014: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roskam" title="Peter Roskam">Peter Roskam</a> (Majority)</li> <li>2014–2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">Patrick McHenry</a> (Majority)</li> <li>2019–2022: <a href="/wiki/Drew_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Drew Ferguson (politician)">Drew Ferguson</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2023–present: <a href="/wiki/Guy_Reschenthaler" title="Guy Reschenthaler">Guy Reschenthaler</a> (Majority)</li></ul> <dl><dt>List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips</dt></dl> <ul><li>1955–1962: <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1962–1971: <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1971–1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Brademas" title="John Brademas">John Brademas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_J._McFall" title="John J. McFall">John J. McFall</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1973–1977: <a href="/wiki/John_Brademas" title="John Brademas">John Brademas</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1977–1981: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1981–1987: <a href="/wiki/William_Vollie_Alexander_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Vollie Alexander Jr.">Bill Alexander</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1987–1991: <a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">David Bonior</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1991–1993: <a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">Butler Derrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kennelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Kennelly">Barbara Kennelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1993–1995: <a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">Butler Derrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kennelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Kennelly">Barbara Kennelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (Majority)</li> <li>1995–1997: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro" title="Rosa DeLauro">Rosa DeLauro</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1997–1999: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro" title="Rosa DeLauro">Rosa DeLauro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chet_Edwards" title="Chet Edwards">Chet Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a> (Minority)</li> <li>1999–2002: <a href="/wiki/Chet_Edwards" title="Chet Edwards">Chet Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Pastor" title="Ed Pastor">Ed Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2002–2003: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Pastor" title="Ed Pastor">Ed Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Sandlin" title="Max Sandlin">Max Sandlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2003–2005: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), <a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">Joe Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Hill_(politician)" title="Baron Hill (politician)">Baron Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kind" title="Ron Kind">Ron Kind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Pastor" title="Ed Pastor">Ed Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Sandlin" title="Max Sandlin">Max Sandlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2005–2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), <a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">Joe Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_DeGette" title="Diana DeGette">Diana DeGette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kind" title="Ron Kind">Ron Kind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Pastor" title="Ed Pastor">Ed Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Tanner" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Tanner">John Tanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2007–2011: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), <a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">Joe Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_DeGette" title="Diana DeGette">Diana DeGette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Pastor" title="Ed Pastor">Ed Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Tanner" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Tanner">John Tanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (Majority)</li> <li>2011–2013: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), <a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">Joe Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_DeGette" title="Diana DeGette">Diana DeGette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Matheson" title="Jim Matheson">Jim Matheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Pastor" title="Ed Pastor">Ed Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2013–2015: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), <a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_DeGette" title="Diana DeGette">Diana DeGette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ray_Lujan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ray Lujan">Ben Ray Lujan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Matheson" title="Jim Matheson">Jim Matheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terri_Sewell" title="Terri Sewell">Terri Sewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2015–2019: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), <a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Castro" title="Joaquin Castro">Joaquin Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_DeGette" title="Diana DeGette">Diana DeGette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terri_Sewell" title="Terri Sewell">Terri Sewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> (Minority)</li> <li>2019–2022: <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Richmond" title="Cedric Richmond">Cedric Richmond</a> (until January 15, 2021) (Assistant to the Majority Whip), <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (until July 17, 2020), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whips), <a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Pete Aguilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cuellar" title="Henry Cuellar">Henry Cuellar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jackson_Lee" title="Sheila Jackson Lee">Sheila Jackson Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Dan Kildee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terri_Sewell" title="Terri Sewell">Terri Sewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> (Majority)</li> <li>2023–present: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terri_Sewell" title="Terri Sewell">Terri Sewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cuellar" title="Henry Cuellar">Henry Cuellar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jackson_Lee" title="Sheila Jackson Lee">Sheila Jackson Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Panetta" title="Jimmy Panetta">Jimmy Panetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Allred" title="Colin Allred">Colin Allred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharice_Davids" title="Sharice Davids">Sharice Davids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_K._Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Deborah K. Ross">Deborah Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Linda Sánchez">Linda Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strickland" title="Marilyn Strickland">Marilyn Strickland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistant_party_leaders">Assistant party leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assistant party leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of <b>Assistant Democratic Leader</b> was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011, and filled by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a> to avoid a battle for whip between then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. The title has undergone several name changes, with the title being known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives" during Pelosi's second speakership; it is said to replace the <i>Assistant to the Leader</i> post first established in 1999; and previously held by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen</a>. There is currently no Republican equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. </p> <dl><dt>List of House Democratic Assistants to the Leader</dt></dl> <ul><li>1999–2003: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro" title="Rosa DeLauro">Rosa DeLauro</a></li> <li>2003–2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">John Spratt</a></li> <li>2007–2009: <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a></li> <li>2009–2011: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>List of House Assistant Democratic Leaders</dt></dl> <ul><li>2011–2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>List of Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives</dt></dl> <ul><li>2019–2021: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Ben Ray Luján">Ben Ray Luján</a></li> <li>2021–2023: <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>List of House Assistant Democratic Leaders</dt></dl> <ul><li>2023–2024: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li> <li>2024-present: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Neguse" title="Joe Neguse">Joe Neguse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_party_leaders_and_whips">List of party leaders and whips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of party leaders and whips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Majority and President are included for historical and comparative reference. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congresses" title="List of United States Congresses">Cong<br />ress</a> </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Democratic whip </th> <th>Democratic leader </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> </th> <th>Republican leader </th> <th>Republican whip </th> <td rowspan="999"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/56th_United_States_Congress" title="56th United States Congress">56th</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1899–1901</span> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">Alabama</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">James D. Richardson</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">David B. Henderson</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa" title="List of United States representatives from Iowa">Iowa</a>) </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Sereno E. Payne</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">New York</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_Albertus_Tawney" class="mw-redirect" title="James Albertus Tawney">James Albertus Tawney</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States representatives from Minnesota">Minnesota</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/57th_United_States_Congress" title="57th United States Congress">57th</a> </td> <td>1901–1903 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_Tilghman_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tilghman Lloyd">James Tilghman Lloyd</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/58th_United_States_Congress" title="58th United States Congress">58th</a> </td> <td>1903–1905 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">John Sharp Williams</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States representatives from Mississippi">Mississippi</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joe Cannon</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/59th_United_States_Congress" title="59th United States Congress">59th</a> </td> <td>1905–1907 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_Eli_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Eli Watson">James E. Watson</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/60th_United_States_Congress" title="60th United States Congress">60th</a> </td> <td>1907–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908–1909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/61st_United_States_Congress" title="61st United States Congress">61st</a> </td> <td>1909–1911 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><i>None</i> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_Dwight" title="John Wilbur Dwight">John W. Dwight</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">New York</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/62nd_United_States_Congress" title="62nd United States Congress">62nd</a> </td> <td>1911–1913 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">Alabama</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois)">James Mann</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/63rd_United_States_Congress" title="63rd United States Congress">63rd</a> </td> <td>1913–1915 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Montgomery_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Montgomery Bell">Thomas M. Bell</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">Georgia</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Burke" title="Charles H. Burke">Charles H. Burke</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States representatives from South Dakota">South Dakota</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/64th_United_States_Congress" title="64th United States Congress">64th</a> </td> <td>1915–1917 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><i>None</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Claude Kitchin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">North Carolina</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mann_Hamilton" title="Charles Mann Hamilton">Charles M. Hamilton</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">New York</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/65th_United_States_Congress" title="65th United States Congress">65th</a> </td> <td>1917–1919 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/66th_United_States_Congress" title="66th United States Congress">66th</a> </td> <td>1919–1921 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Frederick H. Gillett</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Wheeler_Mondell" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Wheeler Mondell">Frank W. Mondell</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States representatives from Wyoming">Wyoming</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">Harold Knutson</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States representatives from Minnesota">Minnesota</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/67th_United_States_Congress" title="67th United States Congress">67th</a> </td> <td>1921–1923 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Allan_Oldfield" class="mw-redirect" title="William Allan Oldfield">William A. Oldfield</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States representatives from Arkansas">Arkansas</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Claude Kitchin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">North Carolina</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/68th_United_States_Congress" title="68th United States Congress">68th</a> </td> <td>1923–1925 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Finis J. Garrett</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Nicholas Longworth</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">Ohio</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_Vestal" title="Albert Henry Vestal">Albert H. Vestal</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/69th_United_States_Congress" title="69th United States Congress">69th</a> </td> <td>1925–1927 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Nicholas Longworth</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">Ohio</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_Q._Tilson" title="John Q. Tilson">John Q. Tilson</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States representatives from Connecticut">Connecticut</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/70th_United_States_Congress" title="70th United States Congress">70th</a> </td> <td>1927–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress" title="71st United States Congress">71st</a> </td> <td>1929–1931 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_McDuffie" title="John McDuffie">John McDuffie</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">Alabama</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/72nd_United_States_Congress" title="72nd United States Congress">72nd</a> </td> <td>1931–1933 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Henry T. Rainey</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Bertrand Snell</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">New York</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Carl_G._Bachmann" title="Carl G. Bachmann">Carl G. Bachmann</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from West Virginia">West Virginia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/73rd_United_States_Congress" title="73rd United States Congress">73rd</a> </td> <td>1933–1935 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Greenwood" title="Arthur H. Greenwood">Arthur H. Greenwood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Byrns,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph W. Byrns, Sr.">Jo Byrns</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Henry T. Rainey</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lane_Englebright" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Lane Englebright">Harry L. Englebright</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/74th_United_States_Congress" title="74th United States Congress">74th</a> </td> <td>1935–1936 </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Boland" title="Patrick J. Boland">Patrick J. Boland</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">William Bankhead</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">Alabama</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Byrns,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph W. Byrns, Sr.">Jo Byrns</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936–1937 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">William B. Bankhead</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">Alabama</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/75th_United_States_Congress" title="75th United States Congress">75th</a> </td> <td nowrap="">1937–1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/76th_United_States_Congress" title="76th United States Congress">76th</a> </td> <td>1939–1940 </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940–1941 </td> <td rowspan="7" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td rowspan="7" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/77th_United_States_Congress" title="77th United States Congress">77th</a> </td> <td>1941–1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942–1943 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ramspeck" title="Robert Ramspeck">Robert Ramspeck</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">Georgia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/78th_United_States_Congress" title="78th United States Congress">78th</a> </td> <td>1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943–1945 </td> <td rowspan="19" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">Leslie Arends</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress" title="79th United States Congress">79th</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946–1947 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">Alabama</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th</a> </td> <td nowrap="">1947–1949 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles Halleck</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st</a> </td> <td>1949–1951 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Priest" title="Percy Priest">Percy Priest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress" title="82nd United States Congress">82nd</a> </td> <td>1951–1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd</a> </td> <td>1953–1955 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles A. Halleck</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th</a> </td> <td>1955–1957 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States representatives from Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress" title="85th United States Congress">85th</a> </td> <td>1957–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">86th</a> </td> <td>1959–1961 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles Halleck</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th</a> </td> <td>1961–1962 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962–1963 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">Louisiana</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States representatives from Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th</a> </td> <td>1963–1965 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th</a> </td> <td>1965–1967 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">Michigan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a> </td> <td>1967–1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a> </td> <td>1969–1971 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a> </td> <td>1971–1973 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">Louisiana</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States representatives from Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McFall" title="John J. McFall">John J. McFall</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973–1975 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Rhodes</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona" title="List of United States representatives from Arizona">Arizona</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a> </td> <td>1975–1977 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Bob Michel</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a> </td> <td>1977–1979 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Brademas" title="John Brademas">John Brademas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Jim Wright</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a> </td> <td>1979–1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a> </td> <td>1981–1983 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington" title="List of United States representatives from Washington">Washington</a>) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Bob Michel</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States representatives from Mississippi">Mississippi</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/98th_United_States_Congress" title="98th United States Congress">98th</a> </td> <td>1983–1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress" title="99th United States Congress">99th</a> </td> <td>1985–1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th</a> </td> <td>1987–1989 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Coelho" title="Tony Coelho">Tony Coelho</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington" title="List of United States representatives from Washington">Washington</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Jim Wright</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States representatives from Wyoming">Wyoming</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989–1991 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Gray_III" title="William H. Gray III">William H. Gray III</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington" title="List of United States representatives from Washington">Washington</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">Georgia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> </td> <td>1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991–1993 </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Bonior" class="mw-redirect" title="David E. Bonior">David Bonior</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">Michigan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a> </td> <td>1993–1995 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a> </td> <td>1995–1997 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">Georgia</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a> </td> <td>1997–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a> </td> <td>1999–2001 </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a> </td> <td>2001–2002 </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002–2003 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> </td> <td>2003–2005 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">Maryland</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–2006 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri</a>, <i>Acting</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006–2007 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">Ohio</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </td> <td>2007–2009 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">South Carolina</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">Maryland</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a> </td> <td>2009–2011 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">Virginia</a>) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a> </td> <td>2011–2013 </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">Maryland</a>) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">Ohio</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">Virginia</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> </td> <td>2013–2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014–2015 </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">Louisiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015–2017 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a> </td> <td>2017–2019 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a><br />(Republican) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a> </td> <td>2019–2021 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">South Carolina</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">Maryland</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><span style="font-size:85%;">— Dem Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> </td> <td>2021–2023 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a><br />(Democratic) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">New York</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">California</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">Louisiana</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States representatives from Minnesota">Minnesota</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023–2025 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><span style="font-size:85%;">— GOP Majority –<br /></span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">Louisiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congresses" title="List of United States Congresses">Cong<br />ress</a> </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Democratic whip </th> <th>Democratic leader </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> </th> <th>Republican leader </th> <th>Republican whip </th> <th><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Party leaders of the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These strategic options have been modified to a degree and come from Jones, The Minority Party in Congress, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served as Whip: <ul><li>One indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011042018/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/dem_whips.html">"Democratic Whips"</a>. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/dem_whips.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+Whips&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Clerk%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fart_history%2Fhouse_history%2Fdem_whips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Another indicates that he served only during 1901. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitshusen2007" class="citation web cs1">Heitshusen, Valerie (February 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30567/29">"Party Leaders in Congress, 1789-2007: Vital Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. p. CRS–11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+Leaders+in+Congress%2C+1789-2007%3A+Vital+Statistics&rft.pages=CRS-11&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.aulast=Heitshusen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FRL%2FRL30567%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>According to a contemporary newspaper article, "Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position [Democratic whip] since Congress convened" (December 4, 1899). See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Call for a Democratic Caucus". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. January 9, 1900. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Call+for+a+Democratic+Caucus&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1900-01-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J._Oleszek" class="citation cs1">Mark J. Oleszek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30666.pdf"><i>The Role of the House Minority Leader: An Overview</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+House+Minority+Leader%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.au=Mark+J.+Oleszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL30666.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306111249/https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_index_subjects/Leadership_vrd.htm">"U.S. Senate: Leadership"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_index_subjects/Leadership_vrd.htm">the original</a> on March 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Leadership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Freference_index_subjects%2FLeadership_vrd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HouseHierarchy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HouseHierarchy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HouseHierarchy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/house-of-representatives-hierarchy/4674319.html">"House of Representatives Hierarchy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=House+of+Representatives+Hierarchy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fhouse-of-representatives-hierarchy%2F4674319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitshusen2017" class="citation report cs1">Heitshusen, Valerie (April 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20881.pdf">Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.lib.umn.edu/cspg/smartpolitics/2014/06/eric_cantor_1st_house_majority.php">the original</a> on June 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Politics&rft.atitle=Eric+Cantor+1st+House+Majority+Leader+to+Lose+Renomination+Bid+in+History&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Ostermeier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.lib.umn.edu%2Fcspg%2Fsmartpolitics%2F2014%2F06%2Feric_cantor_1st_house_majority.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta2014" class="citation news cs1">Costa, Robert (June 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/eric-cantor-faces-tea-party-challenge-tuesday/2014/06/10/17da5d20-f092-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html">"Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Eric+Cantor+Succumbs+to+Tea+Party+Challenger+Tuesday&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fvirginia-politics%2Feric-cantor-faces-tea-party-challenge-tuesday%2F2014%2F06%2F10%2F17da5d20-f092-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/eric-cantor-tells-virginia-newspaper-hell-resign-august-n170201">"Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He'll Resign in August"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. August 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Eric+Cantor+Tells+Virginia+Newspaper+He%27ll+Resign+in+August&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Feric-cantor-tells-virginia-newspaper-hell-resign-august-n170201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddick1941" class="citation book cs1">Riddick, Floyd M. (1941). <i>Congressional Procedure</i>. 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"Leadership Position-Holding in the United States House of Representatives". <i>Capitol Studies</i> (4): 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitol+Studies&rft.atitle=Leadership+Position-Holding+in+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1966" class="citation book cs1">Young, James Sterling (1966). <i>The Washington Community, 1800-1828</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. 135–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Community%2C+1800-1828&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=James+Sterling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1966" class="citation book cs1">Young, James Sterling (1966). <i>The Washington Community, 1800-1828</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Community%2C+1800-1828&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=James+Sterling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Holding in the United States House of Representatives". <i>Capitol Studies</i> (4): 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitol+Studies&rft.atitle=Leadership+Position-Holding+in+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1967" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, Randall B. (1967). <i>Party Leaders in the House of Representatives</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. pp. 28n.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Leaders+in+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=28n&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Randall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1967" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, Randall B. (1967). <i>Party Leaders in the House of Representatives</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Leaders+in+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Randall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="uscongrecCite" class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;">1883 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, </i>Vol. 29, Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/29/4/-5">4-5</a> (December 3, 1883)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1963" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Neil (1963). <i>Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives</i>. New York: David McKay Co. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forge+of+Democracy%3A+The+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=David+McKay+Co.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Bruce Fuller, The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers of the House</a> (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1909), p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeAlva Stanwood Alexander, History and Procedure of the House of Representatives (Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 1916), p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_19_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_19_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Holding in the United States House of Representatives". <i>Capitol Studies</i> (4): 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitol+Studies&rft.atitle=Leadership+Position-Holding+in+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall Strahan, "Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Party Government," in Roger Davidson, et al., eds., Masters of the House (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998), p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolsby1968" class="citation news cs1">Polsby, Nelson (September 1968). "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives". <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>. pp. 144–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Institutionalization+of+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.pages=144-168&rft.date=1968-09&rft.aulast=Polsby&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HouseMinorityLeader-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HouseMinorityLeader_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Minority-Leaders/">"Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present)"</a>. <i>History, Art & Archives</i>. United States House of Representatives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=Minority+Leaders+of+the+House+%281899+to+present%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FPeople%2FOffice%2FMinority-Leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitshusen2019" class="citation report cs1">Heitshusen, Valerie (September 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL30567.pdf">Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 1789-2019</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Party+Leaders+in+the+United+States+Congress%2C+1789-2019&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft.aulast=Heitshusen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL30567.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsStewart2013" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Jeffrey A.; Stewart, Charles (2013). <i>Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691118123" title="Special:BookSources/9780691118123"><bdi>9780691118123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+the+Speakership%3A+The+House+and+the+Rise+of+Party+Government&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691118123&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation cites a broad range of pages. Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible. (October 2023)"><span class="nowrap">page range too broad</span></span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=16625">"Speaker of the House - History"</a>. <i>Our Campaigns</i>. October 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Campaigns&rft.atitle=Speaker+of+the+House+-+History&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FContainerHistory.html%3FContainerID%3D16625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles O. Jones, The Minority Party in Congress (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1967" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, Randall B. (1967). <i>Party Leaders in the House of Representatives</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. pp. 98–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Leaders+in+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Randall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>, 1977), pp. 211-212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Gugliotta, "For Minority Leader, A Matter of Consensus; Inquiry Vote Tests Gephardt's Skills," <i>The Washington Post</i>, October 8, 1998, pp. A18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesStone2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Barnes, James A.; Stone, Peter H. (February 26, 2000). "A Rich Harvest on the Hill". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a></i>. p. 640.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Rich+Harvest+on+the+Hill&rft.pages=640&rft.date=2000-02-26&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabson1995" class="citation news cs1">Babson, Jennifer (July 15, 1995). "Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Power". <i>Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report</i>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a>. p. 2037.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Quarterly+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Democrats+Refine+the+Tactics+of+Minority+Party+Power&rft.pages=2037&rft.date=1995-07-15&rft.aulast=Babson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallison1999" class="citation news cs1">Wallison, Ethan (May 17, 1999). "Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy". <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gephardt+Plans+Petition+Strategy&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1999-05-17&rft.aulast=Wallison&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArieff1981" class="citation news cs1">Arieff, Irwin (February 28, 1981). "Inside Congress". <i>Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report</i>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a>. p. 379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Quarterly+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Inside+Congress&rft.pages=379&rft.date=1981-02-28&rft.aulast=Arieff&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="uscongrecCite" class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;">1989 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, </i>Vol. 135, Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/135/E/3000">E3000</a> (September 12, 1989)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Connelly, Jr. and John J. Pitney, Jr., Congress' Permanent Minority? Republicans in the U.S. House (Lanham, Maryland: Littlefield Adams, 1994), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Collin, "Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S.," <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, August 16, 1982, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jim Vande Hei, "White House Sidesteps Gephardt's Leadership," Roll Call, July 7, 1997, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannon_Masters-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cannon_Masters_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the House, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the House, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burdette Loomis, "The Consummate Minority Leader: Everette M. Dirksen," in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson, eds., <i>First Among Equals</i> (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991), p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliza Newlin Carney, "Don't Count Us Out," National Journal, April 29, 1995, p. 1024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, et al., Masters of the House, pp.323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1998" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Barbara (June 26, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgCRY4avb8YC&q=%22Chief+Deputy+Whip%22+1972&pg=PA118"><i>Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801857126" title="Special:BookSources/9780801857126"><bdi>9780801857126</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legislators%2C+Leaders%2C+and+Lawmaking%3A+The+U.S.+House+of+Representatives+in+the+Postreform+Era&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998-06-26&rft.isbn=9780801857126&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgCRY4avb8YC%26q%3D%2522Chief%2BDeputy%2BWhip%2522%2B1972%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParty+leaders+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majorityleader.gov">Office of the Majority Leader</a> (Republican Leader)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majoritywhip.gov">Office of the Majority Whip</a> (Republican Whip)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leadership_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_leaders" title="Template:US House leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_leaders" title="Template talk:US House leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leadership_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leadership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Majority (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Minority (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (Leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a> (Whip)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a> (Conference Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Richard Hudson (American politician)">Richard Hudson</a> (Campaign Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Palmer_(politician)" title="Gary Palmer (politician)">Gary Palmer</a> (Policy Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Moore" title="Blake Moore">Blake Moore</a> (Conference Vice Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">Lisa McClain</a> (Conference Secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Reschenthaler" title="Guy Reschenthaler">Guy Reschenthaler</a> (Chief Deputy Whip)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (Leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a> (Whip)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Pete Aguilar</a> (Caucus Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Neguse" title="Joe Neguse">Joe Neguse</a> (Assistant Leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Lieu" title="Ted Lieu">Ted Lieu</a> (Caucus Vice Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzan_DelBene" title="Suzan DelBene">Suzan DelBene</a> (Campaign Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Debbie Dingell</a> (Policy/Communications Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Dan Kildee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Barbara Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> (Steering/Policy Committee Co-Chairs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a> (Senior Chief Deputy Whip)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> ← <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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