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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contraindications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transplant_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transplant_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transplant requirements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transplant_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transplant requirements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transplant_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Requirements_for_potential_donors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_for_potential_donors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Requirements for potential donors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_for_potential_donors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_for_potential_recipients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_for_potential_recipients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Requirements for potential recipients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_for_potential_recipients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_tests_for_potential_transplant_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_tests_for_potential_transplant_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Medical tests for potential transplant candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_tests_for_potential_transplant_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lung_allocation_score" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lung_allocation_score"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lung allocation score</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lung_allocation_score-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_lung_transplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_lung_transplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of lung transplant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_lung_transplant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of lung transplant subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_lung_transplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lobe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Single-lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double-lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double-lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Double-lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double-lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart–lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart–lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Heart–lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart–lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single-lung_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-lung_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Single-lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-lung_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double-lung_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double-lung_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Double-lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double-lung_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-operative_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-operative_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-operative care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-operative_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lung transplantation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="زراعة الرئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة الرئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fciy%C9%99r_transplantasiyas%C4%B1" title="Ağciyər transplantasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağciyər transplantasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantace_plic" title="Transplantace plic – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transplantace plic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungentransplantation" title="Lungentransplantation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lungentransplantation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasplante_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Trasplante de pulmón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trasplante de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%B4" title="پیوند شش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیوند شش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantation_pulmonaire" title="Transplantation pulmonaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transplantation pulmonaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashen_huhu" title="Dashen huhu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dashen huhu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3" title="फेफड़े का प्रत्यारोपण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फेफड़े का प्रत्यारोपण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantasi_paru" title="Transplantasi paru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transplantasi paru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapianto_di_polmone" title="Trapianto di polmone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trapianto di polmone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="השתלת ריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השתלת ריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өкпе трансплантациясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өкпе трансплантациясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCd%C5%91%C3%A1t%C3%BCltet%C3%A9s" title="Tüdőátültetés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüdőátültetés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtransplantatie" title="Longtransplantatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longtransplantatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27pka_transplantatsiyasi" title="O'pka transplantatsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="O'pka transplantatsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplante_de_pulm%C3%A3o" title="Transplante de pulmão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transplante de pulmão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Трансплантация лёгких – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансплантация лёгких" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplant" title="Lung transplant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lung transplant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuhkonsiirto" title="Keuhkonsiirto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keuhkonsiirto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Трансплантація легень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансплантація легень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5y_gh%C3%A9p_ph%E1%BB%95i" title="Cấy ghép phổi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấy ghép phổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="肺移植 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肺移植" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1637912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="View the content 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lung+transplantation%22">"Lung transplantation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lung+transplantation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lung+transplantation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lung+transplantation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lung+transplantation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lung+transplantation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Lung transplantation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_transplant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lung_transplant.jpg/280px-Lung_transplant.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lung_transplant.jpg/420px-Lung_transplant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Lung_transplant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="694" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration showing the process of a lung transplant. In figure A, the airway and blood vessels between a recipient's diseased right lung and heart are cut. The inset image shows the location of the lungs and heart in the body. In figure B, a healthy donor lung is stitched to the recipient's blood vessels and airway.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pulmonary transplantation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=33.5&Submit=Search&action=search">33.5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D016040">D016040</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637912" class="extiw" title="d:Q1637912">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lung transplantation</b>, or <b>pulmonary transplantation</b>, is a surgical procedure in which one or both <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> are replaced by lungs from a donor. Donor lungs can be retrieved from a living or deceased donor. A living donor can only donate one <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_the_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobes of the lung">lung lobe</a>. With some lung diseases, a recipient may only need to receive a single lung. With other lung diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, it is imperative that a recipient receive two lungs. While lung transplants carry certain associated risks, they can also extend life expectancy and enhance the quality of life for those with <a href="/wiki/End_stage_pulmonary_disease" title="End stage pulmonary disease">end stage pulmonary disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifying_conditions">Qualifying conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Qualifying conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lung transplantation is the therapeutic measure of last resort for patients with end-stage lung disease who have exhausted all other available treatments without improvement. A variety of conditions may make such surgery necessary. As of 2005, the most common reasons for lung transplantation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were:<sup id="cite_ref-lung1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>27% <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD), including <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>;</li> <li>16% <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a>;</li> <li>14% <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>;</li> <li>12% <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">idiopathic (formerly known as "primary") pulmonary hypertension</a>;</li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span>5% <a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency">alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency</a>;</li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span>2% replacing previously transplanted lungs that have since failed;</li> <li>24% other causes, including <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the severity of a patient's respiratory condition, certain pre-existing conditions may make a person a poor candidate for lung transplantation:<sup id="cite_ref-lung2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Concurrent end-stage chronic illness (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a>)</li> <li>Current infections, including <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> - relative contraindications <ul><li>However, more and more often, hepatitis C patients are both being transplanted and are also being used as donors if the recipient is hepatitis C positive. Similarly, select HIV-infected individuals have received lung transplants after being evaluated on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Current or recent <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> - depends on estimated survival after the treatment of malignant disease</li> <li>Current use of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drugs</a></li> <li>Age - relative contraindication</li> <li>Psychiatric conditions</li> <li>History of noncompliance with medical instructions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg/290px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg/435px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg/580px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Doctors at the Sklifosovsky Institute start a lung transplantation operation. The operation will last about 12 hours.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplants</a> began with several attempts that were unsuccessful due to <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">transplant rejection</a>. Animal experimentation by various pioneers, including <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Demikhov" title="Vladimir Demikhov">Vladimir Demikhov</a> and Henry Metras,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the 1940s and 1950s first demonstrated that the procedure was technically feasible. <a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)">James Hardy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a> performed the first human lung transplant on June 11, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emory_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a single-lung transplantation, the patient, identified later as convicted murderer John Richard Russell,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> survived for 18 days. From 1963 to 1978, multiple attempts at lung transplantation failed because of <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejection</a> and problems with <a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomotic</a> bronchial healing (i.e. reconnection of <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial passages</a>). It was only after the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Heart-lung_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart-lung machine">heart-lung machine</a>, coupled with the development of <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a>, that organs such as the lungs could be transplanted with a reasonable chance of patient recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first successful transplant surgery involving the lungs was a <a href="/wiki/Heart-lung_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart-lung transplant">heart-lung transplant</a>, performed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Reitz" title="Bruce Reitz">Bruce Reitz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1981 on a woman who had idiopathic <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1983: First successful long-term single lung transplant (Tom Hall) by <a href="/wiki/Joel_D._Cooper" title="Joel D. Cooper">Joel Cooper</a> (Toronto)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986: First successful long-term double lung transplant (<a href="/wiki/Ann_Harrison_(lung_transplant_recipient)" title="Ann Harrison (lung transplant recipient)">Ann Harrison</a>) by Joel Cooper (Toronto)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: First successful long-term double lung transplant for cystic fibrosis by Joel Cooper (Toronto).</li></ul> <p>In 1988, Vera Dwyer, a woman from <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, was diagnosed with an irreversible, chronic and fibrotic lung disease. Later on that year, she received a single lung transplant in the UK. In November 2018, Ms. Dwyer was recognized as the world's longest surviving single lung transplant recipient in an event at the <a href="/wiki/Mater_Misericordiae_University_Hospital" title="Mater Misericordiae University Hospital">Mater Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 2021, thirty-three years after her transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transplant_requirements">Transplant requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transplant requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirements_for_potential_donors">Requirements for potential donors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Requirements for potential donors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are certain requirements for potential lung donors, due to the needs of the potential recipient. In the case of living donors, this is also in consideration of how the surgery will affect the donor:<sup id="cite_ref-lung2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Healthy</li> <li>Size match (mostly based on height) <ul><li>The donated lung or lungs must be large enough to adequately oxygenate the patient, but small enough to fit within the recipient's chest cavity</li></ul></li> <li>Age</li> <li>Blood type</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirements_for_potential_recipients">Requirements for potential recipients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Requirements for potential recipients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a transplant center is free to set its own criteria for transplant candidates, certain requirements are generally agreed upon:<sup id="cite_ref-lung2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>End-stage lung disease</li> <li>Has exhausted other available therapies without success</li> <li>No other chronic end-stage medical conditions (e.g., heart, kidney, liver) <ul><li>Some patients with these diseases, if their condition can be made to improve to the point where they are stable enough to survive the operation, are granted an exception- many individuals with end-stage lung disease will have acute or chronic illnesses in other organs). These patients that are often acutely deteriorating and are critically ill can be successfully "bridged" to transplantation with the use of <a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a>. It can allow patients with acute respiratory failure to improve while waiting and to remain eligible for transplantation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>No current infections or recent <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Some patients, on a case by case basis and based on estimated survival after the treatment of malignant disease, may be allowed after the discussion within multidisciplinary teams. There are also certain cases where pre-existing infection is unavoidable, as with many patients with cystic fibrosis. In such cases, transplant centers, at their own discretion, may accept or reject patients with current infections of <i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex" title="Burkholderia cepacia complex">B. cepacia</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a></i></li> <li>No <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, although some recipients that are heaptitis C positive can receive a lung from a hepatitis C positive donor, and individuals with HIV who can be stabilized and can have a low HIV viral load may be eligible;</li> <li>No alcohol, smoking, or drug abuse (some individuals who can cease these habits and comply with treatment may be allowed after the professional assessment)</li> <li>Within an acceptable weight range (marked undernourishment or obesity are both associated with increased mortality)</li> <li>Age (single vs. double tx)</li> <li>Acceptable psychological profile</li> <li>Has a social support system</li> <li>Financially able to pay for expenses (where medical care is paid for directly by the patient)</li> <li>Able to comply with post-transplant regimen. A lung transplant is a major operation with complex follow-up, and the patient must be willing to adhere to a lifetime regimen of medications as well as continuing medical care.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_tests_for_potential_transplant_candidates">Medical tests for potential transplant candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medical tests for potential transplant candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients who are being considered for placement on the organ transplant list undergo extensive medical tests to evaluate their overall health status and suitability for transplant surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-lung3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">Blood typing</a>; the recipient's blood type must match the donor's, due to <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> that are present on donated lungs. A mismatch of blood type can lead to a strong response by the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejection of the transplanted organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">Tissue typing</a>; ideally, the lung tissue would also match as closely as possible between the donor and the recipient, but the desire to find a highly compatible donor organ must be balanced against the patient's immediacy of need</li> <li>Chest <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> – PA & LAT, to verify the size of the lungs and the chest cavity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Pulmonary function tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CT Scan</a> (High Resolution Thoracic & Abdominal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_density" title="Bone density">Bone mineral density</a> scan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">MUGA</a> (Gated cardiac blood pool scan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Cardiac stress test</a> (Dobutamine/Thallium scan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiogram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lung_allocation_score">Lung allocation score</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lung allocation score"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lung_allocation_score" title="Lung allocation score">lung allocation score</a></div> <p>Before 2005, donor lungs within the United States were allocated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Network_for_Organ_Sharing" title="United Network for Organ Sharing">United Network for Organ Sharing</a> on a <a href="/wiki/First-come,_first-served" class="mw-redirect" title="First-come, first-served">first-come, first-served</a> basis to patients on the transplant list. This was replaced by the current system, in which prospective lung recipients of age of 12 and older are assigned a <a href="/wiki/Lung_allocation_score" title="Lung allocation score">lung allocation score</a> or LAS, which takes into account various measures of the patient's health. The new system allocates donated lungs according to the immediacy of need rather than how long a patient has been on the transplant list. Patients who are under the age of 12 are still given priority based on how long they have been on the transplant waitlist. The length of time spent on the list is also the deciding factor when multiple patients have the same lung allocation score.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patients who are accepted as good potential transplant candidates must carry a pager with them at all times in case a donor organ becomes available. These patients must also be prepared to move to their chosen transplant center at a moment's notice. Such patients may be encouraged to limit their travel within a certain geographical region in order to facilitate rapid transport to a transplant center.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_lung_transplant">Types of lung transplant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types of lung transplant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobe">Lobe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lobe transplant is a surgery in which part of a living or deceased donor's lung is removed and used to replace the recipient's diseased lung. In living donation, this procedure requires the donation of lobes from two different people, replacing a lung on each side of the recipient. Donors who have been properly screened should be able to maintain a normal quality of life despite the reduction in lung volume. In deceased lobar transplantation, one donor can provide both lobes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-lung">Single-lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Single-lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many patients can be helped by the transplantation of a single healthy lung. The donated lung typically comes from a donor who has been pronounced <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain-dead</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double-lung">Double-lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Double-lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain patients may require both lungs to be replaced. This is especially the case for people with <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, due to the bacterial colonization commonly found within such patients' lungs; if only one lung were transplanted, bacteria in the native lung could potentially infect the newly transplanted organ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart–lung"><span id="Heart.E2.80.93lung"></span>Heart–lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heart–lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung transplant</a></div> <p>Some respiratory patients may also have severe <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">cardiac disease</a> which would necessitate a heart transplant. These patients can be treated by a surgery in which both lungs and the heart are replaced by organs from a donor or donors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A particularly involved example of this has been termed a "domino transplant" in the media. First performed in 1987, this type of transplant typically involves the transplantation of a heart and lungs into recipient A, whose own healthy heart is removed and transplanted into recipient B.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the surgical details will depend on the type of transplant, many steps are common to all these procedures. Before operating on the recipient, the transplant surgeon inspects the donor lung(s) for signs of damage or disease. If the lung or lungs are approved, then the recipient is connected to an <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">IV</a> line and various monitoring equipment, including <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a>. The patient will be given <a href="/wiki/General_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthesia">general anesthesia</a>, and a machine will breathe for him or her.<sup id="cite_ref-lung5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It takes about one hour for the pre-operative preparation of the patient. A single lung transplant takes about four to eight hours, while a double lung transplant takes about six to twelve hours to complete. A history of prior chest surgery may complicate the procedure and require additional time.<sup id="cite_ref-lung5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-lung_2">Single-lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Single-lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg/220px-DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg/330px-DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg/440px-DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Incision scarring from a double lung transplant</figcaption></figure> <p>In single-lung transplants, the lung with the worse pulmonary function is chosen for replacement. If both lungs function equally, then the right lung is usually favored for removal because it avoids having to maneuver around the heart, as would be required for excision of the left lung.<sup id="cite_ref-lung2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a single-lung transplant the process starts out after the donor lung has been inspected and the decision to accept the donor lung for the patient has been made. An incision is generally made from under the shoulder blade around the chest, ending near the sternum. An alternate method involves an incision under the breastbone.<sup id="cite_ref-lung1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a singular lung transplant the lung is collapsed, the blood vessels in the lung tied off, and the lung removed at the <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchial</a> tube. The donor lung is placed, the blood vessels and bronchial tube reattached, and the lung reinflated. To make sure the lung is satisfactory and to clear any remaining blood and mucus in the new lung a <a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">bronchoscopy</a> will be performed. When the surgeons are satisfied with the performance of the lung the chest incision will be closed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double-lung_2">Double-lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Double-lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A double-lung transplant, also known as a bilateral transplant, can be done either sequentially, en bloc, or simultaneously. Sequential is more common than en bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-lung2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transplantation process starts after the donor lungs are inspected and the decision to transplant has been made. An incision is then made from under the patient's armpit, around to the sternum, and then back towards the other armpit; this is known as a clamshell incision. Another approach can be achieved with bilateral anterior thoracotomies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intraoperatively, lung transplantation can be performed with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine) or without any mechanical circulatory support. Intraoperative mechanical circulatory support can be required due to severe pulmonary hypertension, haemodynamic instability or inability to tolerate one-lung ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a sequential transplant the recipient's lung with the poorest <a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">lung functions</a> is collapsed, the blood vessels tied off, and cut at the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchi</a>. The new lung is then placed and the blood vessels reanastomosed (reconnected). To make sure the bronchial anastomosis is satisfactory before transplanting the other a <a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">bronchoscopy</a> is performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-operative_care">Post-operative care</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-operative care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately following the surgery, the patient is placed in an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> for monitoring, normally for a period of a few days. The patient is put on a <a href="/wiki/Medical_ventilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ventilator">ventilator</a> to assist breathing. Nutritional needs are generally met via <a href="/wiki/Total_parenteral_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Total parenteral nutrition">total parenteral nutrition</a>, although in some cases a <a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_intubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric intubation">nasogastric tube</a> is sufficient for feeding. <a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tubes</a> are put in so that <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">excess fluids</a> may be removed. Because the patient is confined to bed, a <a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">urinary catheter</a> is used. IV lines are used in the neck and arm for <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">monitoring</a> and giving medications.<sup id="cite_ref-lung5_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few days, barring any complications, the patient may be transferred to a general inpatient ward for further recovery. The average hospital stay following a lung transplant is generally one to three weeks, though complications may require a longer period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-lung5_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this stage, patients are typically required to attend rehabilitation gym for approximately 3 months to regain fitness. Light weights, exercise bike, treadmill, stretches and more are all a part of the rehabilitation programme. Postoperative rehabilitation is crucial for the outcomes of transplant recipients and has evolved since the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may be a number of side effects following the surgery. Because certain <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nerve</a> connections to the lungs are cut during the procedure, transplant recipients cannot feel the urge to cough or feel when their new lungs are becoming congested. They must therefore make conscious efforts to take deep breaths and cough in order to clear secretions from the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-PH_Guide_134_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH_Guide_134-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> responds less quickly to exertion due to the cutting of the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> that would normally help regulate it.<sup id="cite_ref-PH_Guide_133_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH_Guide_133-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also notice a change in their voice due to potential damage to the nerves that coordinate the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal cords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PH_Guide_133_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH_Guide_133-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that exercise may contribute to speeding up physical recovery in adults after lung transplantation, helping to minimize disability from physical inactivity, both pre and post-transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez-Arias_2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-Arias_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are no detailed guidelines on how exercise should be performed in this type of population.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez-Arias_2021_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-Arias_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The results obtained from a 2021 Systematic Review concluded that the effects of exercise in this population are still very questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez-Arias_2021_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-Arias_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some studies do report benefits taken from exercising, while others have not reached the same conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez-Arias_2021_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-Arias_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the articles involved in this systematic review reported enhancements in muscle strength and increased bone mineral density as well as improvements in 6MWT.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez-Arias_2021_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-Arias_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-transplant patients are held from driving for the first 3 months pending an assessment of the patient's capacity to drive; this assessment is usually performed by an <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapist</a>. Eyesight, physical ability to do simple actions such as check blind spots, wear a seat belt safely without the wound site being affected and hand eye coordination are all assessed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hygiene becomes more important in everyday living due to the <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">immunosuppressant</a> drugs which are required every day to prevent transplant rejection. Lack of a strong immune system leaves transplant recipients vulnerable to infections. Care must be taken in food preparation and hygiene as <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> becomes more of a risk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg/150px-Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg/225px-Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg/300px-Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung transplant">lung transplant</a> rejection. Lung <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As with any surgical procedure, there are risks of bleeding and infection. The newly transplanted lung itself may fail to properly heal and function. Because a large portion of the patient's body has been exposed to the outside air, <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> is a possibility, so <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> are given preventatively. Other complications include <a href="/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorder" title="Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder">Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a> due to the immune suppressants, and gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration of the stomach and esophagus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a> is a primary concern, both immediately after the surgery and continuing throughout the patient's life. Because the transplanted lung or lungs come from another person, the recipient's <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> will see it as an invader and attempt to neutralize it. Transplant rejection is a serious condition and must be treated as soon as possible. </p><p>Signs of rejection:<sup id="cite_ref-lung1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>;</li> <li>flu-like symptoms, including chills, dizziness, nausea, general feeling of illness, night sweats;</li> <li>increased difficulty in breathing;</li> <li>worsening pulmonary test results;</li> <li>increased chest pain or tenderness;</li> <li>increase or decrease in body weight of more than two kilograms in a 24-hour period.</li></ul> <p>In order to prevent transplant rejection and subsequent damage to the new lung or lungs, patients must take a regimen of <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive drugs</a>. Patients will normally have to take a combination of these medicines in order to combat the risk of rejection. This is a lifelong commitment, and must be strictly adhered to. The immunosuppressive regimen is begun just before or after surgery. Usually the regimen includes <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, but as episodes of rejection may reoccur throughout a patient's life, the exact choices and dosages of immunosuppressants may have to be modified over time. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">tacrolimus</a> is given instead of ciclosporin and <a href="/wiki/Mycophenolate_mofetil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycophenolate mofetil">mycophenolate mofetil</a> instead of azathioprine. </p><p>The immunosuppressants that are needed to prevent organ rejection also introduce some risks. By lowering the body's ability to mount an immune reaction, these medicines also increase the chances of infection. <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a> may be prescribed in order to treat or prevent such infections. In turn, infection may increase the risk of rejection, and generally an interaction may prevail between both risks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain medications may also have <a href="/wiki/Nephrotoxicity" title="Nephrotoxicity">nephrotoxic</a> or other potentially harmful side-effects. Other medications may also be prescribed in order to help alleviate these side effects. There is also the risk that a patient may have an <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reaction</a> to the medications. Close follow-up care is required in order to balance the benefits of these drugs versus their potential risks. </p><p>Chronic rejection, meaning repeated bouts of rejection symptoms beyond the first year after the transplant surgery, occurs in approximately 50% of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_18_p.1377_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck_18_p.1377-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such chronic rejection presents itself as <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">bronchiolitis obliterans</a>, or less frequently, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_18_p.1377_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck_18_p.1377-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These statistics are based on data from 2008. The source data made no distinction between living and deceased donor organs, nor was any distinction made between lobar, single, and double lung transplants.<sup id="cite_ref-SRTR_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRTR-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Survival rate after a lung transplant </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1 year survival</th> <th>5 years survival</th> <th>10 years survival </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lung transplant</td> <td>83.6%</td> <td>53.4%</td> <td>28.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heart-lung transplant</td> <td>73.8%</td> <td>46.5%</td> <td>28.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Transplanted lungs typically last three to five years before showing signs of failure. </p><p>A 2019 cohort study of nearly 10,000 lung transplant recipients in the US demonstrated significantly improved long-term survival using sirolimus + tacrolimus (median survival 8.9 years) instead of mycophenolate mofetil + tacrolimus (median survival 7.1 years) for immunosuppressive therapy starting at one year after transplant. Since sirolimus is not administered until at least 3–12 months after transplant, these median survival estimates were conditional on surviving 1 year post-transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As lung transplantation has improved since the late 20th century with advancements in perioperative management, surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation, 5-year survival has increased even up to 60-70%.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Murnaghan_lung_transplant_controversy" title="Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy">Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transplant_survival_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-transplant survival measure">Post-transplant survival measure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Inci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inci_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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(August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2019.10297">"Survival Associated With Sirolimus Plus Tacrolimus Maintenance Without Induction Therapy Compared With Standard Immunosuppression After Lung Transplant"</a>. <i>JAMA Netw Open</i>. <b>2</b> (8): e1910297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2019.10297">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10297</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6716294">6716294</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31461151">31461151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Netw+Open&rft.atitle=Survival+Associated+With+Sirolimus+Plus+Tacrolimus+Maintenance+Without+Induction+Therapy+Compared+With+Standard+Immunosuppression+After+Lung+Transplant&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1910297&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6716294%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31461151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2019.10297&rft.aulast=Wijesinha&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hirshon%2C+JM&rft.au=Terrin%2C+M&rft.au=Magder%2C+L&rft.au=Brown%2C+C&rft.au=Stafford%2C+K&rft.au=Iacono%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjamanetworkopen.2019.10297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALung+transplantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangTakahashiTeradaMeyers2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Z; Takahashi, T; Terada, Y; Meyers, BF; Kozower, BD; Patterson, GA; Nava, RG; Hachem, RR; Witt, CA; Byers, DE; Kulkarni, HS; Guillamet, RV; Yan, Y; Chang, SH; Kreisel, D; Puri, V (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305841">"A comparison of outcomes after lung transplantation between European and North American centers"</a>. <i>The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation</i>. <b>41</b> (12): 1729–1735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healun.2022.07.014">10.1016/j.healun.2022.07.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305841">10305841</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35970646">35970646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Heart+and+Lung+Transplantation&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+outcomes+after+lung+transplantation+between+European+and+North+American+centers.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1729-1735&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10305841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35970646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.healun.2022.07.014&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+T&rft.au=Terada%2C+Y&rft.au=Meyers%2C+BF&rft.au=Kozower%2C+BD&rft.au=Patterson%2C+GA&rft.au=Nava%2C+RG&rft.au=Hachem%2C+RR&rft.au=Witt%2C+CA&rft.au=Byers%2C+DE&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+HS&rft.au=Guillamet%2C+RV&rft.au=Yan%2C+Y&rft.au=Chang%2C+SH&rft.au=Kreisel%2C+D&rft.au=Puri%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10305841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALung+transplantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_transplantation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcasoy,_Selim_M.Kotloff,_Robert_M.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Arcasoy, Selim M.; Kotloff, Robert M. (1999). "Lung Transplantation". <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>340</b> (14): 1081–1091. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejm199904083401406">10.1056/nejm199904083401406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10194239">10194239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.atitle=Lung+Transplantation&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1081-1091&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejm199904083401406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10194239&rft.au=Arcasoy%2C+Selim+M.&rft.au=Kotloff%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALung+transplantation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/88039007">88039007</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organ_transplantation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/ABO-incompatible_transplantation" title="ABO-incompatible transplantation">ABOi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotransplantation" title="Autotransplantation">Autotransplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenotransplantation" title="Xenotransplantation">Xenotransplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transplantable_organs_and_tissues" title="Transplantable organs and tissues">Organs and tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation" title="Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_transplantation" title="Corneal transplantation">Corneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_transplantation" title="Eye transplantation">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_transplant" title="Face transplant">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_transplantation" title="Hand transplantation">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_transplant" title="Head transplant">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islet_cell_transplantation" title="Islet cell transplantation">islet cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penis_transplantation" title="Penis transplantation">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spleen_transplantation" title="Spleen transplantation">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus_transplantation" title="Thymus transplantation">Thymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_transplantation" title="Uterus transplantation">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_transplantation" title="Vaginal transplantation">Vagina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft_(surgery)" title="Graft (surgery)">Medical grafting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">Bone grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">Skin grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Vascular bypass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-heart-beating_donation" title="Non-heart-beating donation">Non-heart-beating donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_procurement" title="Organ procurement">Organ procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trade" title="Organ trade">Organ trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">Graft-versus-host disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorder" title="Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder">Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transplant networks<br />and government<br /> departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurotransplant" title="Eurotransplant">Eurotransplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_Life_Marrow_Registry" title="Gift of Life Marrow Registry">Gift of Life Marrow Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Tissue_Authority" title="Human Tissue Authority">Human Tissue Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeSharers" title="LifeSharers">LifeSharers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marrow_Donor_Program" title="National Marrow Donor Program">National Marrow Donor Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Organ_and_Tissues_Donation_and_Transplantation_(Lebanon)" title="National Organization for Organ and Tissues Donation and Transplantation (Lebanon)">NOD-Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant" title="NHS Blood and Transplant">NHS Blood and Transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillium_Gift_of_Life_Network" title="Trillium Gift of Life Network">Trillium Gift of Life Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Network_for_Organ_Sharing" title="United Network for Organ Sharing">United Network for Organ Sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Nolan" title="Anthony Nolan">Anthony Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Cancer_UK" title="Blood Cancer UK">Blood Cancer UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKMS" title="DKMS">DKMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_Organ_Donor_Society" title="Halachic Organ Donor Society">Halachic Organ Donor Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_Foundation_of_Canada" title="Kidney Foundation of Canada">Kidney Foundation of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kidney_Foundation" title="National Kidney Foundation">National Kidney Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORGANIZE" title="ORGANIZE">ORGANIZE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Nephrology" title="American Society of Nephrology">American Society of Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Transplantation" title="American Society of Transplantation">American Society of Transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_of_Transplantation" title="Canadian Society of Transplantation">Canadian Society of Transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_China" title="Organ transplantation in China">Organ transplantation in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China" title="Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China">harvesting from Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation_in_India" title="Organ donation in India">Organ donation in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_kidney_scandal" title="Gurgaon kidney scandal">Gurgaon kidney scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Israel" title="Organ transplantation in Israel">Organ transplantation in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Japan" title="Organ transplantation in Japan">Organ transplantation in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heart</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)"> James D. Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lower_(surgeon)" title="Richard Lower (surgeon)">Richard Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kidney</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Hartwell_Harrison" title="J. Hartwell Harrison">J. Hartwell Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Merrill" title="John P. Merrill">John P. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ward_(British_campaigner)" title="Elizabeth Ward (British campaigner)">Elizabeth Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodruff" title="Michael Woodruff">Michael Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liver</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikri_Alican" title="Fikri Alican">Fikri Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)"> James D. Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lung</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikri_Alican" title="Fikri Alican">Fikri Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_D._Cooper" title="Joel D. Cooper">Joel D. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Demikhov" title="Vladimir Demikhov">Vladimir Demikhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)"> James D. Hardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pancreas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lillehei" title="Richard C. Lillehei">Richard C. Lillehei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_van_der_Merwe" title="André van der Merwe">André van der Merwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Dubernard" title="Jean-Michel Dubernard">Jean-Michel Dubernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Mansell" title="Donna Mansell">Donna Mansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Reitz" title="Bruce Reitz">Bruce Reitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_transplant_donors_and_recipients" title="List of organ transplant donors and recipients">List of organ transplant donors and recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_tissue" title="Biomedical tissue">Biomedical tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_protocol" title="Edmonton protocol">Edmonton protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_bank" title="Eye bank">Eye bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_allocation_score" title="Lung allocation score">Lung allocation score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_perfusion" title="Machine perfusion">Machine perfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_body_irradiation" title="Total body irradiation">Total body irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Template:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">Upper RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">Rhinoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">Septoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somnoplasty" title="Somnoplasty">Somnoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alarplasty" title="Alarplasty">Alarplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinectomy" title="Rhinectomy">Rhinectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinomanometry" title="Rhinomanometry">Rhinomanometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_rhinometry" title="Acoustic rhinometry">Acoustic rhinometry</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusotomy" title="Sinusotomy">Sinusotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngectomy" title="Laryngectomy">Laryngectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngotomy">Laryngotomy</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrotomy" title="Thyrotomy">Thyrotomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_reconstruction" title="Laryngotracheal reconstruction">Laryngotracheal reconstruction</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">Cricothyrotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheo-oesophageal_puncture" title="Tracheo-oesophageal puncture">Tracheoesophageal puncture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">Tracheotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumonectomy" title="Pneumonectomy">Pneumonectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">Lobectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedge_resection" title="Wedge resection">Wedge resection</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transplantation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decortication_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Decortication of lung">Decortication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung transplant</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Chest wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">Thoracentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleurodesis" title="Pleurodesis">Pleurodesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">Thoracoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracotomy" title="Thoracotomy">Thoracotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mediastinoscopy" title="Mediastinoscopy">Mediastinoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nuss_procedure" title="Nuss procedure">Nuss procedure</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">CT pulmonary angiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral computed tomography">Spiral CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_severity_index" title="Pneumonia severity index">Pneumonia severity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">Body plethysmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_challenge_test" title="Bronchial challenge test">Bronchial challenge test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnography" title="Capnography">Capnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">Diffusion capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_oscillometry" title="Impulse oscillometry">Impulse oscillometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">Bronchoalveolar lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">Nasopharyngeal swab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">Blood gas test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Oxygen_therapy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_airway_management" title="Surgical airway management">Surgical airway management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">Negative pressure ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">Positive pressure ventilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial respiration">Artificial respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" 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