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<li id="toc-Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Axis forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1st_Romanian_Armoured_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_Romanian_Armoured_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1st Romanian Armoured Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_Romanian_Armoured_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Soviet strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progress_of_the_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress_of_the_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Progress of the offensive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Progress_of_the_offensive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Progress of the offensive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Progress_of_the_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_study_of_the_Soviet_breakthrough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_study_of_the_Soviet_breakthrough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Detailed study of the Soviet breakthrough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_study_of_the_Soviet_breakthrough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Initial attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Romanian_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Romanian_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Alleged Romanian collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Romanian_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German–Romanian_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German–Romanian_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>German–Romanian combat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German–Romanian_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="هجوم ياش-كيشيناو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجوم ياش-كيشيناو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Яссы-Кишинёв операцияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яссы-Кишинёв операцияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Яска-Кішынёўская аперацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яска-Кішынёўская аперацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Втора Яшко-Кишиневска операция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора Яшко-Кишиневска операция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensiva_de_Ia%C8%99i_-_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Ofensiva de Iași - Chișinău – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ofensiva de Iași - Chișinău" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasko-ki%C5%A1in%C4%9Bvsk%C3%A1_operace" title="Jasko-kišiněvská operace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jasko-kišiněvská operace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jassy-Kischinew" title="Operation Jassy-Kischinew – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Jassy-Kischinew" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Ofensiva_de_Jassy-Kishinev" title="Segunda Ofensiva de Jassy-Kishinev – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda Ofensiva de Jassy-Kishinev" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="دومین تهاجم یاش-کیشیناو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین تهاجم یاش-کیشیناو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_de_Jassy-Kichinev" title="Offensive de Jassy-Kichinev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Offensive de Jassy-Kichinev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C-%ED%82%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%87%A8%ED%94%84_%EA%B3%B5%EC%84%B8" title="제2차 이아시-키시뇨프 공세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 이아시-키시뇨프 공세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i-Ki%C5%A1injevska_ofenziva" title="Iași-Kišinjevska ofenziva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iași-Kišinjevska ofenziva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev" title="Serangan Jassy–Kishinev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan Jassy–Kishinev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensiva_Ia%C8%99i-Ki%C5%A1in%C3%ABv" title="Offensiva Iași-Kišinëv – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Offensiva Iași-Kišinëv" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91" title="מבצע יאשי-קישינב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבצע יאשי-קישינב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasu-Ki%C5%A1i%C5%86evas_oper%C4%81cija" title="Jasu-Kišiņevas operācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jasu-Kišiņevas operācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A7%E3%83%95%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="ヤッシー＝キシニョフ攻勢 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤッシー＝キシニョフ攻勢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Romania_(1944)" title="Slaget om Romania (1944) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Romania (1944)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_ofensiva_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev" title="Segonda ofensiva Jassy–Kishinev – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Segonda ofensiva Jassy–Kishinev" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_jasko-kiszyniowska" title="Operacja jasko-kiszyniowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja jasko-kiszyniowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Ia%C8%99i-Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Operațiunea Iași-Chișinău – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Iași-Chișinău" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ясско-Кишинёвская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ясско-Кишинёвская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassko-ki%C5%A1inevsk%C3%A1_oper%C3%A1cia" title="Jassko-kišinevská operácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jassko-kišinevská operácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јаши-кишињевска офанзива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаши-кишињевска офанзива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_Jassyn%E2%80%93Ki%C5%A1injovin_offensiivi" title="Toinen Jassyn–Kišinjovin offensiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen Jassyn–Kišinjovin offensiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Ya%C5%9F-Ki%C5%9Finev_Taarruzu" title="2. Yaş-Kişinev Taarruzu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second Soviet 1944 offensive into Romania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the August 1944 offensive. For the earlier operation, see <a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">First Jassy–Kishinev offensive</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png/220px-Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png/330px-Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png/440px-Karte_Operation_Jassy-Kischinew_01.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br />Soviet advance</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20–29 August 1944<sup id="cite_ref-AFHO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFHO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Eastern and southern Romania</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Destruction of the German <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a></li> <li>Romania undergoes a <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">coup</a> and defects to the Allies</li> <li>German forces begin evacuating the Balkans</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina#Restoration_of_Soviet_administration" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">reoccupies</a> Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(23–29 August)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Air support only)</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(20–23 August)</span><br /><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Fyodor Tolbukhin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Oktyabrsky" title="Filipp Oktyabrsky">Filipp Oktyabrsky</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael I</a></b><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mihail" title="Gheorghe Mihail">Gheorghe Mihail</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Macici" title="Nicolae Macici">Nicolae Macici</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilie_%C8%98teflea" title="Ilie Șteflea">Ilie Șteflea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mihail_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Mihail Racoviță">Ioan Mihail Racoviță</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Friessner" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Friessner">Johannes Friessner</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Wöhler">Otto Wöhler</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Fretter-Pico" title="Maximilian Fretter-Pico">Maximilian Fretter-Pico</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gerstenberg" title="Alfred Gerstenberg">Alfred Gerstenberg</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="#Order_of_battle">see below</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="#Axis_forces">see below</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Soviet Union</b>:<br />1,314,200<sup id="cite_ref-krivosheev_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krivosheev-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />16,000 guns<br />1,870 tanks<br />2,200 aircraft<br /><b>Romania</b>:<br />465,659<sup id="cite_ref-RIRA696_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIRA696-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Romania</b>:<br />1,163,347<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><small>(as of 15 August 1944)</small><br />800 aircraft<br /><b>Germany</b>:<br />250,000<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">Army Group South Ukraine</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Soviet Union</b>:<br />13,197 irrecoverable losses <br />53,933 wounded or sick <sup id="cite_ref-krivosheev_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krivosheev-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <b>Romania</b>:<br />8,586 killed or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-RIRA696_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIRA696-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Romania</b>:<br /><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />25 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-krivosheev/_name=worldwar2.ro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krivosheev/_name=worldwar2.ro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><b>Germany</b>:<br />150,000 killed,<br /> wounded or captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007812_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007812-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Eastern_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn"><i>Little Saturn</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra"><i>Iskra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star"><i>Polar Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></i></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice"><i>Solstice</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox Romanian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Romanian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Romanian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II"><span class="wrap"> Romanian military actions in World War II </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award#Aftermath" title="Second Vienna Award">Northern Transylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Diosig" title="Skirmish at Diosig">Diosig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treznea_massacre" title="Treznea massacre">Treznea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ip_massacre" title="Ip massacre">Ip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu%C8%99fal%C4%83u_massacre" title="Nușfalău massacre">Nușfalău</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>As part of the Axis (1941–1944)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta_Campaign" title="Danube Delta Campaign">Danube Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Raid on Constanța">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München"><i>München</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus"><i>Edelweiss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus"><i>Uranus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm"><i>Winter Storm</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn"><i>Little Saturn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_Campaign_in_Romania" title="Western Allied Campaign in Romania">Western Allied Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave"><i>Tidal Wave</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frantic" title="Operation Frantic"><i>Frantic</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch%E2%80%93Eltigen_operation" title="Kerch–Eltigen operation">Kerch-Eltigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uman%E2%80%93Boto%C8%99ani_offensive" title="Uman–Botoșani offensive">Uman–Botoșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">Crimea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>As part of the Allies (1944–1945)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe_II" title="Operation Margarethe II"><i>Margarethe II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reunion" title="Operation Reunion"><i>Reunion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turda" title="Battle of Turda">Turda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C4%83uli%C8%99" title="Battle of Păuliș">Păuliș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carei" title="Battle of Carei">Carei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Romania_1944" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Balkans_1944" title="Template:Campaignbox Balkans 1944"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Balkans_1944" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Balkans 1944"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Balkans_1944" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Balkans 1944"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Romania_1944" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania" title="Battle of Romania"><span class="wrap"> Battle of Romania 1944 </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uman%E2%80%93Boto%C8%99ani_offensive" title="Uman–Botoșani offensive">Uman–Botoșani offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Frumos" title="First Battle of Târgu Frumos">1st Târgu Frumos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Podu_Iloaiei" title="Battle of Podu Iloaiei">Podu Iloaiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Frumos" title="Second Battle of Târgu Frumos">2nd Târgu Frumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turda" title="Battle of Turda">Turda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C4%83uli%C8%99" title="Battle of Păuliș">Păuliș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carei" title="Battle of Carei">Carei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>second Jassy–Kishinev offensive</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-AFHO_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFHO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after the two major cities, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Jassy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Kishinev</a>, in the staging area, was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet</a> offensive against <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces, which took place in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> from 20 to 29 August 1944 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front" title="2nd Ukrainian Front">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ukrainian_Front" title="3rd Ukrainian Front">3rd Ukrainian Fronts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> engaged <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">Army Group South Ukraine</a>, which consisted of combined <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romanian</a> formations, in an operation to reoccupy <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and destroy the Axis forces in the region, opening the way into Romania and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. </p><p>The offensive resulted in the encirclement and destruction of the German forces, allowing the Soviet Army to resume its strategic advance further into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. It also pressured Romania to <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">switch allegiance</a> from the Axis powers to the Allies. For the Germans, this was a massive defeat, which can be compared to the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">First Jassy–Kishinev offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Offensive" title="Odessa Offensive">Odessa Offensive</a></div> <p>The Red Army had advanced past Romania's pre-war borders in the <a href="/wiki/Uman%E2%80%93Boto%C8%99ani_offensive" title="Uman–Botoșani offensive">Uman–Botoșani offensive</a> in early April. By late April, the German-Romanian allies managed to stabilize the frontline on the Carpathians-<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Frumos" title="Târgu Frumos">Târgu Frumos</a>-lower <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> alignment, and on May 6 the <i><a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a></i> ordered the Soviet troops to switch to a defensive posture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">David Glantz</a> however claims the Soviets made an unsuccessful attack in the same sector in an operation he refers to as the <a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">first Jassy–Kishinev offensive</a>, from 8 April to 6 June 1944. In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> had been pressed back along its entire front line in the East. By May 1944, the South Ukraine Army Group (<i>Heeresgruppe Südukraine</i>) was pushed back towards the prewar Romanian frontier, with the German <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a> managing to establish a line on the lower <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester River</a> after the conclusion of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Offensive" title="Odessa Offensive">Odessa Offensive</a>. The line, however, was breached in two places, with the Red Army holding <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgeheads</a>. After June, calm returned to the sector, allowing the rebuilding of the German formations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Heeresgruppe Südukraine</i> had been, until June 1944, one of the most powerful German formations in terms of armour. However, during the summer most of its armoured units were transferred to the Northern and Central fronts to stem Red Army advances in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. On the eve of the offensive, the only armoured formations left were the 1st Romanian Armored Division (with the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a> tank),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> and the German <a href="/wiki/13th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">13th <i>Panzer</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">10th <i>Panzergrenadier</i></a> Divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_German_intelligence">Failure of German intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Failure of German intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soviet deception operations prior to the attack worked well. The German command staff believed that the movement of Soviet forces along the front line was a result of a troop transfer to the north. Exact positions of Soviet formations were also not known until the final hours before the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, the Romanians were aware of the imminent Soviet offensive and anticipated a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">rerun</a> of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, with major attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">3rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Romania)" title="Fourth Army (Romania)">4th Armies</a> and an encirclement of the German <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)#Reformation_–_Battles_in_the_East" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a>. Such concerns were dismissed by the German command as "alarmist".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(Romania)" title="Mareșal (Romania)">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> suggested a withdrawal of Axis forces to the fortified <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a>–FNB (<a href="/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani" title="Focșani">Focșani</a>–<a href="/wiki/N%C4%83moloasa" title="Nămoloasa">Nămoloasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>)–<a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> line, but Friessner, the commander of Army Group South Ukraine, was unwilling to consider such a move, having already been dismissed by Hitler from <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> for requesting permission to retreat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet">Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front" title="2nd Ukrainian Front">2nd Ukrainian Front</a> – Army General <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army" title="6th Guards Tank Army">6th Guards Tank Army</a> – Major General <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grigoryevich_Kravchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Grigoryevich Kravchenko">Andrei Kravchenko</a></li> <li>18th Tank Corps – Major General V. I. Polozkov</li> <li>Cavalry-Mechanized Group Gorshkov – Major General <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkov_(general)" title="Sergey Gorshkov (general)">Sergey Gorshkov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Cavalry_Corps" title="5th Guards Cavalry Corps">5th Guards Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Tank_Corps" title="23rd Tank Corps">23rd Tank Corps</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Akhmanov" title="Alexey Akhmanov">Alexey Akhmanov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Guards Army (Soviet Union)">4th Guards Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Galanin" title="Ivan Galanin">Ivan Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="27th Army (Soviet Union)">27th Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Trofimenko" title="Sergei Trofimenko">Sergei Trofimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="52nd Army (Soviet Union)">52nd Army</a> – Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Koroteyev" title="Konstantin Koroteyev">Konstantin Koroteyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Guards_Army" title="7th Guards Army">7th Guards Army</a> – Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shumilov" title="Mikhail Shumilov">Mikhail Shumilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="40th Army (Soviet Union)">40th Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Zhmachenko" title="Filipp Zhmachenko">Filipp Zhmachenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="53rd Army (Soviet Union)">53rd Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Managarov" title="Ivan Managarov">Ivan Managarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Ukrainian_Front" title="3rd Ukrainian Front">3rd Ukrainian Front</a> – Army General <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Fyodor Tolbukhin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Shock_Army" title="5th Shock Army">5th Shock Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berzarin" title="Nikolai Berzarin">Nikolai Berzarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Mechanized_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Guards Mechanized Corps">4th Guards Mechanized Corps</a> – Major General <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhdanov" title="Vladimir Zhdanov">Vladimir Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="7th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)">7th Mechanized Corps</a> – Major General Fyodor Katkov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="57th Army (Soviet Union)">57th Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gagen" title="Nikolai Gagen">Nikolai Gagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="46th Army (Soviet Union)">46th Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shlemin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Shlemin">Ivan Shlemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="37th Army (Soviet Union)">37th Army</a> – Major General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sharokhin" title="Mikhail Sharokhin">Mikhail Sharokhin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Guards_Rifle_Corps" title="6th Guards Rifle Corps">6th Guards Rifle Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66th_Rifle_Corps" title="66th Rifle Corps">66th Rifle Corps</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkov" title="Sergey Gorshkov">Sergey Gorshkov</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_forces">Axis forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axis forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">Army Group South Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <i>Generaloberst</i> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Friessner" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Friessner">Johannes Friessner</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Army Group Dumitrescu</b> (East) <ul><li>Romanian <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">3rd Army</a> – Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XXIX_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXIX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXIX. Army Corps</a> (Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Anton_Reichard_von_Mauchenheim_genannt_Bechtolsheim" title="Anton Reichard von Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim">Anton von Bechtoldsheim</a>): <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">9th Infantry</a>, Romanian 4th Mountain and 21st Infantry Divisions,</li> <li>Romanian II Corps: 4th Infantry Division and 15th Infantry Division</li> <li>Coastal Defence: Romanian II Corps: 9th Infantry Division and 110th Infantry Brigade.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)#Reformation_–_Battles_in_the_East" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a> – <i>General der Artillerie</i> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Fretter-Pico" title="Maximilian Fretter-Pico">Maximilian Fretter-Pico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="VII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">VII Corps</a> (General der Artillerie <a href="/wiki/Ernst-Eberhard_Hell" title="Ernst-Eberhard Hell">Ernst-Eberhard Hell</a>) : <a href="/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="106th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">106th</a>, <a href="/wiki/370th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="370th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">370th</a> and Romanian 14th Infantry Divisions,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXXIV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXXXIV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXXXIV Corps</a> (Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller_(general)" title="Ludwig Müller (general)">Ludwig Müller</a>) : <a href="/wiki/62nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="62nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">62nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/258th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="258th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">258th</a>, <a href="/wiki/282nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="282nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">282nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/335th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="335th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">335th Infantry Divisions</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="LII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">LII Corps</a> (General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Erich_Buschenhagen" title="Erich Buschenhagen">Erich Buschenhagen</a>) : <a href="/wiki/161st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">161st</a>, <a href="/wiki/294th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="294th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">294th</a> and <a href="/wiki/320th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="320th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">320th Infantry Divisions</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXX_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXX Corps</a> (Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Georg-Wilhelm_Postel" title="Georg-Wilhelm Postel">Georg-Wilhelm Postel</a>) : <a href="/wiki/384th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="384th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">384th</a>, <a href="/wiki/302nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="302nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">302nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/257th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="257th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">257th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">15th</a> and <a href="/wiki/306th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="306th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">306th</a> Infantry Divisions,</li></ul></li> <li>Reserve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">13th Panzer Division</a> – <i>Generalleutnant</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Tr%C3%B6ger" title="Hans Tröger">Hans Tröger</a></li> <li>Romanian 1st Cavalry Division</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Army Group Wohler</b> (West) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="8th Army (Wehrmacht)">8th Army</a> – <i>General der Infanterie</i> <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Wöhler">Otto Wöhler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XVII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XVII Army Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_der_Gebirgstruppe" title="General der Gebirgstruppe">General der Gebirgstruppe</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kreysing" title="Hans Kreysing">Hans Kreysing</a>) : <a href="/wiki/8th_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="8th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)">8th Jäger-Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Mountain Division</a></li> <li>Romanian VII Corps : 8th Infantry Division, 103rd and 104th Mountain Brigade</li> <li>Romanian I Corps : 6th Infantry Division and 20th Infantry Division</li> <li>Romanian V Corps – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Nicolescu" title="Constantin Nicolescu">Constantin Nicolescu</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Sfetcu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sfetcu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guards Division and 4th Infantry Division</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVII_Panzer_Corps" title="LVII Panzer Corps">LVII Panzer Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_der_Panzertruppe" title="General der Panzertruppe">General der Panzertruppe</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kirchner" title="Friedrich Kirchner">Friedrich Kirchner</a>) : <a href="/wiki/46th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="46th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">46th</a>, Romanian 1st and 13th Infantry Division and Romanian 1st Armoured Division "Groß-Rumänien"</li></ul></li> <li>Romanian <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Romania)" title="Fourth Army (Romania)">4th Army</a> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mihail_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Mihail Racoviță">Ioan Mihail Racoviță</a>, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ilie_%C8%98teflea" title="Ilie Șteflea">Ilie Șteflea</a> on 23 August <ul><li>Romanian VI Corps : 5th Infantry Division, 102nd Mountain Brigade and German <a href="/wiki/76th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="76th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">76th Infantry Division</a>,</li> <li>Romanian IV Corps : 3rd Infantry Division, 7th Infantry Division and 102nd Mountain Brigade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="IV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">IV Corps</a> (General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mieth" title="Friedrich Mieth">Friedrich Mieth</a>) : <a href="/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="79th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">79th</a>, <a href="/wiki/376th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="376th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">376th</a> and Romanian 11th Infantry Divisions.</li></ul></li> <li>Reserve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">10th Panzergrenadier Division</a> – <i>Generalleutnant</i> <a href="/wiki/August_Schmidt_(Wehrmacht)" title="August Schmidt (Wehrmacht)">August Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/153rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">153rd Feldausbildungs-Division</a> - <i>Generalleutnant</i> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bayer_(general)" title="Friedrich Bayer (general)">Friedrich Bayer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1st_Romanian_Armoured_Division">1st Romanian Armoured Division</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1st Romanian Armoured Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1st Romanian Armored Division did not have all of its units immediately available for opposing the Soviet offensive. Some of its units were still in the interior as of 20 August. Therefore, an ad hoc organization of the Division's units which were actually available for opposing the Soviet offensive lists the Division's 80 front line tanks as follows (not including the Division's 12 armored cars):<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Name </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Type </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Country of Origin </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Quantity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> </td> <td>Medium tank </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a> </td> <td>Assault gun </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TACAM_T-60" title="TACAM T-60">TACAM T-60</a> </td> <td>Tank destroyer </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span> </td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Division also had a dedicated anti-tank battalion. Its main weapons were entirely of Romanian origin: 10 <a href="/wiki/TACAM_T-60" title="TACAM T-60">TACAM T-60</a> tank destroyers and 24 <a href="/wiki/75_mm_Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_Model_1943" title="75 mm Reșița Model 1943">75 mm Reșița</a> field/anti-tank guns.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 24 guns were the first ones produced of this model.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1st Romanian Armored Division had lost 34 armored fighting vehicles by 23 August, but claimed 60 Soviet tanks on 20 August alone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_strategy">Soviet strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angriff_Bessarabien_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Angriff_Bessarabien_02.png/220px-Angriff_Bessarabien_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Angriff_Bessarabien_02.png/330px-Angriff_Bessarabien_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Angriff_Bessarabien_02.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Soviet operations</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a>'s plan for the operation was based on a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">double envelopment</a> of German and Romanian armies by the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-AFHO_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFHO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beginin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2nd Ukrainian Front was to break through north of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, and then commit mobile formations to seize the <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut River</a> crossings before withdrawing German units of the 6th Army could reach it. It was then to unleash the 6th Tank Army to seize the <a href="/wiki/Siret_(river)" title="Siret (river)">Siret River</a> crossings and the <a href="/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani_Gate" title="Focșani Gate">Focșani Gate</a>, a fortified line between the Siret River and the Danube. </p><p>The 3rd Ukrainian Front was to attack out of its bridgehead across the Dniester near <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, and then release mobile formations to head north and meet the mobile formations of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. This would lead to the encirclement of the German forces near Chișinău. </p><p>Following the successful encirclement, the 6th Tank Army and the 4th Guards Mechanised Corps were to advance towards <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> oil fields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progress_of_the_offensive">Progress of the offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Progress of the offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg/220px-RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg/330px-RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg/440px-RedArmy19Aug31Dec44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Operations, 19 August–31 December 1944</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Special:EditPage/Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both the 2nd and the 3rd Ukrainian Fronts undertook a major effort, leading to a double envelopment of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German Sixth Army</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="8th Army (Wehrmacht)">Eighth Army</a>. The German–Romanian front line collapsed within two days of the start of the offensive, and 6th Guards Mechanized Corps was inserted as the main mobile group of the offensive. The initial breakthrough in the 6th Army's sector was 40 km (25 mi) deep, and destroyed rear-area supply installations by the evening of 21 August. By 23 August, the 13th <i>Panzer</i> Division was no longer a coherent fighting force, and the German 6th Army had been encircled to a depth of 100 km (62 mi). The Red Army mobile group managed to cut off the retreat of the German formations into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>. Isolated pockets of German units tried to fight their way through, but only small remnants managed to escape the encirclement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detailed_study_of_the_Soviet_breakthrough">Detailed study of the Soviet breakthrough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Detailed study of the Soviet breakthrough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Special:EditPage/Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main effort of the front was in the sector of the <a href="/wiki/37th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="37th Army (Soviet Union)">37th Army</a>, commanded by Lieutenant General Sharokhin, by the 66th and 6th Guards Rifle Corps. The 37th Army had a 4 km (2.5 mi)-wide breakthrough frontage assigned to it. It was divided in two groupings, two corps in the first echelon, and one in reserve. According to the plan, it was to break through the German–Romanian defence lines in seven days, to a distance of 110–120 km (68–75 mi), with the goal of covering 15 km (9.3 mi) per day during the first four days. </p><p>The 66th Rifle Corps, under Major General Kupriyanov, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/61st_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="61st Guards Rifle Division">61st Guards Rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/333rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="333rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">333rd Rifle Divisions</a> in the first echelon and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=244th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="244th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">244th Rifle Division</a> in reserve. Attached were the 46th Gun Artillery Brigade, 152nd Howitzer Artillery Regiment, 184th and 1245th Tank Destroyer Regiment, 10th Mortar Regiment, 26th Light Artillery Brigade, 87th Recoilless Mortar Regiment, 92nd and 52nd Tank Regiment, 398th Assault Gun Regiment, two pioneer assault battalions, and two light flamethrower companies. </p><p>Corps frontage: 4 km (2.5 mi)<br /> Corps breakthrough frontage: 3.5 km (2.2 mi) (61st Rifle Division 1.5 km (0.93 mi), 333rd Rifle Division 2 km (1.2 mi)) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34,_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd,_Panzer_V_(Panther).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34%2C_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34%2C_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34%2C_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34%2C_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34%2C_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-244-2321-34%2C_Ostfront-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A German <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther</a> tank in Romania, August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Troop density per kilometer of frontage: </p> <ul><li>Rifle battalions – 7.7</li> <li>Guns/mortars – 248</li> <li>Tanks and assault guns – 18</li></ul> <p>Superiority: </p> <ul><li>Infantry – 3:1</li> <li>Artillery – 7:1</li> <li>Tanks and assault guns – 11.2:1</li></ul> <p>There is no manpower information on the divisions, but they probably had between 7,000 and 7,500 men each, with the 61st Guards Rifle Division perhaps mustering 8,000–9,000. The soldiers were prepared over the course of August by exercising in areas similar to those they were to attack, with emphasis on special tactics needed to overcome the enemy in their sector. </p><p>Troops density in the 61st Guards Rifle Division's sector per kilometer of frontage was: </p> <ul><li>Rifle battalions – 6.0</li> <li>Guns/mortars – 234</li> <li>Tanks and assault guns – 18</li></ul> <p>Troops density in the 333rd Rifle Division's sector per kilometer of frontage was: </p> <ul><li>Rifle battalions – 4.5</li> <li>Guns/mortars – 231</li> <li>Tanks and assault guns – 18</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_attack">Initial attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Special:EditPage/Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Talk:Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive##" title="Talk:Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Second+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive%22">"Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Second+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Second+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Second+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Second+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Second+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 333rd Rifle Division put three regiments in the first echelon and had none in reserve. The 61st Guards Rifle Division attacked in a standard formation, with two regiments in the first echelon and one in reserve. This proved to be fortunate, because the right wing of the 188th Guards Rifle Regiment was unable to advance past the Plopschtubej strongpoint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 189th Guards Rifle Regiment on the left wing made good progress though, as did 333rd Rifle Division on its left. The commander of the 61st Guards Rifle Division therefore inserted his reserve (the 187th Guards Rifle Regiment) behind the 189th Guards Rifle Regiment to exploit the breakthrough. When darkness came, the 244th Rifle Division was assigned to break through the second line of defense. It lost its way, and only arrived at 23:00, by which time elements of the 13th Panzer Division were counterattacking. </p><p>The German–Romanian opposition was XXX. and XXIX. AK, with the 15th and 306th German Infantry Divisions, the 4th Romanian Mountain Division, and the 21st Romanian Infantry Division. The 13th Panzer Division was in reserve. At the end of the first day, the 4th Romanian Mountain (<i>General de divizie</i>, (Major General) <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manoliu" title="Gheorghe Manoliu">Gheorghe Manoliu</a>), and 21st Romanian Divisions were almost completely destroyed, while the German 15th and 306th Infantry Divisions suffered heavy losses (according to a German source, the 306th Infantry lost 50% in the barrage, and was destroyed apart from local strong-points by evening). Almost no artillery survived the fire preparation. </p><p>The 13th Panzer Division counterattacked the 66th Rifle Corps on the first day, and tried to stop its progress the next day to no avail. A study on the division's history says 'The Russians [Soviets] dictated the course of events.' The 13th Panzer Division at the time was a materially underequiped, but high manpower unit, with a high proportion of recent reinforcements. It only had <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">StuG IIIs</a> and self-propelled anti-tank guns. By the end of the second day, the division was incapable of attacking or putting up meaningful resistance. </p><p>At the end of the second day, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Southwestern_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Southwestern Front">3rd Ukrainian Front</a> stood deep in the rear of the German 6th Army. No more organised re-supply of forces would be forthcoming, and the 6th Army was doomed to be encircled and destroyed again. <a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz-Josef Strauss">Franz-Josef Strauss</a>, who was to become an important German politician after the war, served with the Panzer Regiment of the 13th Panzer Division. He comments that the division had ceased to exist as a tactical unit on the third day of the Soviet offensive: 'The enemy was everywhere.' </p><p>In Mazulenko, results of the operations of the 66th Rifle Corps were described: "Because of the reinforcement of the Corps and the deep battle arrangements of troops and units the enemy defenses were broken through at high speed." </p><p>German survivors of the initial attack stated "By the end of the barrage, Russian [Soviet] tanks were deep into our position." (Hoffman). A German battalion commander, Hauptmann Hans Diebisch, Commander II./IR579, 306.ID, commented "The fire assets of the German defense were literally destroyed by the Soviet fighter bombers attacking the main line of resistance and the rear positions. When the Russian infantry suddenly appeared inside the positions of the battalion and it tried to retreat, the Russian air force made this impossible. The battalion was dispersed and partly destroyed by air attacks and mortar and machine gun fire." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Romanian_collapse">Alleged Romanian collapse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alleged Romanian collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often alleged that the speed and totality of the German collapse were caused by Romanian betrayal, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>'s 1952 autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Leader_(book)" title="Panzer Leader (book)">Panzer Leader</a></i>. The study of the combat operations by Mazulenko indicates that this is probably not correct. Romanian formations did resist the Soviet attack in many cases, but were ill-equipped to defend themselves effectively against a modern army due to a lack of modern <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-air</a> weapons. In contrast to German claims, for instance, in the symposium notes published by <a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">David Glantz</a>, or in the history of the offensive published by Kissel, it appears that the Romanian 1st Armoured Division did offer resistance against the Soviet breakthrough. However, Mark Axworthy states in his book that the battered 1st Armoured Division maintained cohesion, experiencing some local, costly successes before being forced to cross the <a href="/wiki/Moldova_(river)" title="Moldova (river)">Moldova River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Axworthy claims that the postwar Communist government would have obviously used this act of "betrayal" for propaganda purposes. Also, there are no Soviet reports of collaboration before 24 August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet rates of progress imply an ineffective defense of the Romanian troops, rather than active collaboration and <i>en-masse</i> surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ion. S. Dumitru was a Romanian tank commander in the battle of the Romanian 1st Armoured Division against Soviet tanks and he described the battle in his book.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumitru_I._S._1999_p._464_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumitru_I._S._1999_p._464-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dumitru, fighting took place near the village of Scobâlțeni in the vicinity of a town called <a href="/wiki/Podu_Iloaiei" title="Podu Iloaiei">Podu Iloaiei</a> on 20 August. The Romanian division destroyed 60 Soviet tanks and lost 30 tanks. At the end of the day, Romanians decided to retreat to the south after an analysis of the military results of the day. </p><p>The complete collapse of the German 6th Army and the Romanian 4th Army was more likely caused by the inability of the numerous horse-drawn infantry divisions to maintain cohesion while retreating and under attack of the Soviet mechanized troops.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim is reinforced by the fact that the only Romanian division which retained its cohesion under the Soviet attack was the 1st Armoured Division, which had the mobility and the anti-tank weapons needed to do so. </p><p>The surrender of Romania took place at a time when the Soviet Army had already moved deep inside Romania, and the German 6th Army had been cut off from the rest of the Wehrmacht in Romania. The opening of hostilities between the Wehrmacht and the Romanian Army commenced after a failed <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> by the German ambassador. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German–Romanian_combat"><span id="German.E2.80.93Romanian_combat"></span>German–Romanian combat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: German–Romanian combat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe_II#1944_coup_d'état_and_the_battle_of_Bucharest" title="Operation Margarethe II">Operation Margarethe II § 1944 coup d'état and the battle of Bucharest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg/220px-Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg/330px-Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg/440px-Campa%C3%B1aRumana1944.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Military operations, 23–31 August 1944: red = Soviet Red army; yellow = Romanian troops; blue = Axis forces, frontlines</figcaption></figure> <p>Simultaneously, a <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">coup d'état led by King Michael of Romania</a> on 23 August deposed Antonescu and withdrew Romania from the Axis. By this time, the bulk of the German and Romanian armies had either been destroyed or cut off by the Soviet offensive, with only residual and rear-echelon forces present in the Romanian interior.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler immediately ordered special forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phleps" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Phleps">Arthur Phleps</a>, stationed in nearby Yugoslavia, to intervene in support of the remaining German troops, which were mostly concentrated around Bucharest, Ploiești, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gerstenberg" title="Alfred Gerstenberg">Alfred Gerstenberg</a>, commander of the Luftwaffe defenses around the oilfields at Ploiești, had already ordered a column of motorized troops to attack Bucharest on the evening of 23 August. Open hostilities between German and Romanian forces began the following morning on the city's northern outskirts. After capturing the airfield at <a href="/wiki/Otopeni" title="Otopeni">Otopeni</a>, the attack stalled, and by 28 August Gerstenberg and the remaining German forces in the vicinity of Bucharest surrendered. The fighting here featured the only instance of cooperation between Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allied</a> forces during the campaign, when Romanian ground troops requested a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> bombing raid on the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83neasa_Forest" title="Băneasa Forest">Băneasa Forest</a>. Poor coordination however led to friendly fire when American bombers accidentally hit a company of Romanian paratroopers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburgers" title="Brandenburgers">Brandenburger</a> special forces landed at <a href="/wiki/Boteni" title="Boteni">Boteni</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83nd%C4%83rei" title="Țăndărei">Țăndărei</a> airfields on 24 August in an attempt to immobilize the Romanian aircraft there, but they were overpowered by Romanian paratroopers and security companies before they could achieve their objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._187_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy,_p._187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposed operation to rescue Antonescu, led by Skorzeny and inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">Gran Sasso raid</a> which liberated <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in 1943, could not materialize as Antonescu's whereabouts were unknown even to the Romanian government until 30 August, when he was handed over to the Soviets and shipped to Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of Brandenburgers joined Gerstenberg's unsuccessful drive on Bucharest on 25 August and were captured three days later. Altogether, these events constituted one of the worst defeats suffered by the German special forces in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._187_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy,_p._187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German situation was further complicated by the loss of Brașov and the <a href="/wiki/Predeal_Pass" title="Predeal Pass">Predeal Pass</a>, both of which were secured by the Romanian 1st Mountain Division by 25 August, thus cutting off the most direct route of reinforcement or retreat for the remaining Wehrmacht formations to the south. The following day, the Romanian 2nd Territorial Corps captured Giurgiu and neutralized the German AA units there, taking 9,000 prisoners in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 25,000-strong German presence around Ploiești, consisting mostly of flak troops and their security companies, was at first locked in a stalemate with the Romanian 5th Territorial Corps, which had a similar numerical strength. Over the following days however, the Germans were gradually confined to the city's immediate surroundings and became heavily outnumbered as Romanian reinforcements began arriving from Bucharest and also from the east, together with lead elements of a Soviet motorized brigade. On 30 August, an attack by the 5th Territorial Corps, now numbering over 40,000 men, reduced the Germans to a pocket around the village of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83ule%C8%99ti,_Prahova" title="Păulești, Prahova">Păulești</a>, roughly 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Ploiești. They surrendered the following day after a failed breakout attempt. About 2,000 Germans were able to escape to the Hungarian lines across the Carpathians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major cities and industrial centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba" title="Reșița">Reșița</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> were secured by the Romanians with relative ease. By 31 August, all German resistance in Romania had been cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._193_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy,_p._193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the fighting between 23 and 31 August, the Romanian Army captured 56,000 German prisoners, who were later surrendered to the Soviet Army.<sup id="cite_ref-jn_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 5,000 Germans were killed in action, while Romanian casualties amounted to 8,600 killed and wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._193_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy,_p._193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanian sources claim that internal factors played a decisive role in Romania's switch of allegiance, while external factors only gave support; this version is markedly different from the Soviet position on the events, which holds that the offensive resulted in the Romanian coup and "liberated Romania with the help of local insurgents".<sup id="cite_ref-Beginin_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfe_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfe-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg/220px-Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg/330px-Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg/440px-Ej%C3%A9rcitoSovi%C3%A9ticoEnBucarest1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Romanian and Soviet soldiers shaking hands in Bucharest after the coup, 30 August</figcaption></figure> <p>The German formations suffered significant irrecoverable losses, with over 115,000 prisoners taken, while Soviet casualties were unusually low for an operation of this size. The Red Army advanced into <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and forced the rapid withdrawal of the German Army Groups <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_E" title="Army Group E">E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_F" title="Army Group F">F</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and Yugoslavia to avoid being cut off. Together with <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav partisans">Yugoslav partisans</a> and Bulgaria, they <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">liberated the capital city of Belgrade</a> on 20 October. </p><p>On the political level, the Soviet offensive triggered King Michael's <i>coup d'état</i> in Romania, and the switch of Romania from the Axis to the Allies. Almost immediately, border hostilities between Romania and Germany's ally <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> erupted over <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">territory that Romania had been forced to cede to Hungary in 1940</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-miroiu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miroiu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania's defection meant the loss of a vital source of oil for Germany, leading to serious fuel shortages in the Wehrmacht by the end of 1944 and prompting Hitler's first admission that the war was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the success of the operation, Soviet control over <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">occupied by the USSR in 1940</a>, was re-established. Soviet forces proceeded to collect and expel the remaining Romanian troops. According to <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Petrencu" title="Anatol Petrencu">Anatol Petrencu</a>, President of the Historians' Association of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, over 170,000 Romanian soldiers were deported, 40,000 of which were incarcerated in a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a>, where many died of hunger, cold, disease, or execution.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Soviet propaganda, this offensive was listed as one of <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">Stalin's ten blows</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg/220px-Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg/330px-Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg/440px-Shoigu_in_Transnistria_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky" title="Vadim Krasnoselsky">Vadim Krasnoselsky</a> laying flowers on 23 August.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg/220px-Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg/330px-Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg/440px-Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_anniversary_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Honor_Guard_Company_(Moldova)" title="Honor Guard Company (Moldova)">Honor Guard Company of the Moldovan National Army</a> being inspected by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Voicu" title="Pavel Voicu">Pavel Voicu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gaiciuc" title="Victor Gaiciuc">Victor Gaiciuc</a> during the 24 August celebrations in 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Moldova and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">breakaway state</a> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, August 24 is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Moldova" title="Public holidays in Moldova">public holiday</a>, and is known officially as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Moldova)" title="Liberation Day (Moldova)">Liberation Day</a>. King Michael's coup on August 23 was also celebrated in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_from_Fascist_Occupation_Day" title="Liberation from Fascist Occupation Day">Liberation from Fascist Occupation Day</a> until 1990. In 1970, a street in Botanica was named in honor of Aleksei Belsky, a <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> and a participant in the second Jassy–Kishinev offensive. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the USSR</a>, the street was renamed to honor <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a>. The village of <a href="/wiki/Malinovscoe" title="Malinovscoe">Malinovscoe</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AE%C8%99cani_District" title="Rîșcani District">Rîșcani District</a>, named in honor of the Marshal <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> was dedicated to the anniversary of the end of the operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg/220px-Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg/330px-Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg/440px-Pamiatnik_v_benderskom_parke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%C2%BB_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B)" class="extiw" title="ru:Памятный знак «Слава героям-освободителям» (Бендеры)">"Monument in honor of the 40th anniversary of the liberation of Bender from the German-Romanian invaders"</a> in the Victory Park, <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender, Moldova</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 August 1969, during the 25th anniversary of the offensive, a liberation monument at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a> was opened. It has been renovated three times, in 1975, 2014, and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument to the second Jassy–Kishinev offensive in the village of <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%9Bcani" title="Chițcani">Chițcani</a> was opened on 9 May 1972 and is currently the site of the monument is a mass grave, in which 1,495 soldiers who died during the operation are buried.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Capul_de_pod_%C8%98erpeni_Memorial_Complex" title="Capul de pod Șerpeni Memorial Complex">Capul de pod Șerpeni Memorial Complex</a> was opened in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-ццц_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ццц-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Eternity_Memorial_Complex,_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Eternity Memorial Complex, Chișinău">Eternity Memorial Complex in Chișinău</a> was opened on Liberation Day, acting as the Soviet war memorial in Moldova. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, President <a href="/wiki/Igor_Dodon" title="Igor Dodon">Igor Dodon</a> dedicated the year to the 75th anniversary of the Liberation of Moldova, and ordered that a National Coordination Committee plan national events and celebrations throughout the country in honor of the anniversary. On the actual anniversary, celebrations were held, led by Dodon and attended by Russian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a> at the request of Moldovan Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Voicu" title="Pavel Voicu">Pavel Voicu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ceremony with Dodon, Shoigu and Voicu in attendance at the Capul de pod Șerpeni Memorial Complex was held, in which Shoigu ceremonially handed Voicu the military flags of two Moldovan regiments who participated in the offensive, which until then, were kept at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Armed_Forces_Museum" title="Central Armed Forces Museum">Central Armed Forces Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate ceremony at the Transnistria-based <a href="/wiki/Operational_Group_of_Russian_Forces" title="Operational Group of Russian Forces">Operational Group of Russian Forces</a> was also held.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Operațiunea Iași-Chișinău</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ясско-кишинёвская стратегическая наступательная операция</span> – Jassy–Kishinev strategic offensive operation. A number of less common transliteration variants of the operation's name exists in various historical sources. Among them are <i>Yassy–Kishinev Operation</i> (Chris Bellamy, 1986), <i>Iassi–Kishinev Operation</i> (David Glantz, 1997), <i>Second Iasi–Kishinev Operation</i> (David Glantz, 2007) etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AFHO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFHO_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFHO_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFHO_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9cmuEoLYIQC&q=lasted+from&pg=PA100">"Military planning in the twentieth century", U.S. Air Force History Office</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krivosheev-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krivosheev_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krivosheev_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grigori_F._Krivosheev" title="Grigori F. Krivosheev">Krivosheev, Grigori F.</a> (1997). <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Leventhal" title="Lionel Leventhal">Greenhill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-280-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-280-7"><bdi>1-85367-280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85367-280-7&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=Grigori+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w06.htm-_Toc536603395">chapter on the Second Jassy–Kishinev operation in Russian</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIRA696-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RIRA696_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIRA696_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnescuAtanasiu1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anescu, V.; Atanasiu, Victor (1966). <i>România în războiul antihitlerist</i> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Editura_Militar%C4%83" title="Editura Militară">Editura Militară</a>. pp. 696–697. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12971370">12971370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom%C3%A2nia+%C3%AEn+r%C4%83zboiul+antihitlerist&rft.pages=696-697&rft.pub=Editura+Militar%C4%83&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12971370&rft.aulast=Anescu&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Atanasiu%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, <i>Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945</i>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Siebenbürgische Zeitung: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siebenbuerger.de/sbz/sbz/news/1093160289,50778,.html">"Ein schwarzer Tag für die Deutschen"</a>, 22 August 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krivosheev/_name=worldwar2.ro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krivosheev/_name=worldwar2.ro_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worldwar2.ro: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar2.ro/arr/?article=430">"The home defense campaign – 1944"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007812-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007812_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrieser2007">Frieser 2007</a>, p. 812.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLsnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jassy-Kishinev+Operation%22"><i>The Road to Berlin: Continuing the History of Stalin's War with Germany</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 345, 350, 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429314353" title="Special:BookSources/9780429314353"><bdi>9780429314353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Berlin%3A+Continuing+the+History+of+Stalin%27s+War+with+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=345%2C+350%2C+374&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780429314353&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLsnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Jassy-Kishinev%2BOperation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major R. McMichael, <i>The Battle of Jassy–Kishinev, (1944),</i> Military Review, July 1985, pp. 52–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dmitriy Loza, James F. Gebhardt, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2jOf2a3-5EC&pg=PA46">Commanding the Red Army's Sherman Tanks</a></i>, chapter "A cocktail for the Shermans", p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitary_History_Research_Office2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Military_History_Research_Office_(Germany)" title="Military History Research Office (Germany)">Military History Research Office</a>, ed. (2007). <i>Germany and the Second World War</i>. Vol. VIII. The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 481–482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198723462" title="Special:BookSources/9780198723462"><bdi>9780198723462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=481-482&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780198723462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitu" class="citation web cs1">Nitu, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar2.ro/operatii/?language=en&article=24">"The Tanks"</a>. <i>www.worldwar2.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldwar2.ro&rft.atitle=The+Tanks&rft.aulast=Nitu&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwar2.ro%2Foperatii%2F%3Flanguage%3Den%26article%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriessner1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friessner, Hans (1956). <i>Verratene Schlachten. Die Tragödie der deutschen Wehrmacht in Rumänien und Ungarn</i> (in German). Hamburg: Holsten Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verratene+Schlachten.+Die+Trag%C3%B6die+der+deutschen+Wehrmacht+in+Rum%C3%A4nien+und+Ungarn&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Holsten+Verlag&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Friessner&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, page 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friessner H. <i>Verratene schlachten.</i> Appendix 1. – Hamburg: Holsten Verlag, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sfetcu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sfetcu_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSfetcu2022" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sfetcu, Nicolae (April 2, 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/NICRAR-5"><i>Rolul armatei române în actul de la 23 August 1944</i></a> (in Romanian), MultiMedia Publishing, p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rolul+armatei+rom%C3%A2ne+%C3%AEn+actul+de+la+23+August+1944&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=MultiMedia+Publishing&rft.date=2022-04-02&rft.aulast=Sfetcu&rft.aufirst=Nicolae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FNICRAR-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, <i>Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945</i>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, <i>Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945</i>, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, <i>Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945</i>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beginin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beginin_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginin_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weltkrieg.ru/battles/123-------1944-.html">"The Jassy–Kishinev offensive operation, 1944"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034834/http://www.weltkrieg.ru/battles/123-------1944-.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – an article by Oleg Beginin based on several Soviet history books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, page 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, page 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, page 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumitru_I._S._1999_p._464-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumitru_I._S._1999_p._464_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumitru1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumitru, Ion S. (1999). <i>Tancuri în flăcări. Amintiri din cel de-al doilea război mondial</i> [<i>Tanks in flames. Memories of the Second World War</i>] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Nemira. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80266325">80266325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tancuri+%C3%AEn+fl%C4%83c%C4%83ri.+Amintiri+din+cel+de-al+doilea+r%C4%83zboi+mondial&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Nemira&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80266325&rft.aulast=Dumitru&rft.aufirst=Ion+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, page 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p.188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p.190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axworthy,_p._187-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._187_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._187_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axworthy,_p._193-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._193_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axworthy,_p._193_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jn-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jn_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihai2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mihai, Florin (October 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/articole/106834/sarbatoarea-armatei-romane">"Sărbătoarea Armatei Române"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a></i> (in Romanian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jurnalul+Na%C8%9Bional&rft.atitle=S%C4%83rb%C4%83toarea+Armatei+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.aulast=Mihai&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurnalul.ro%2Farticole%2F106834%2Fsarbatoarea-armatei-romane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194953/http://jurnalul.ro/articole/106834/sarbatoarea-armatei-romane">Archived</a> 2013-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfe-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfe_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Ciorănescu and Patrick Moore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/53-1-49.shtml">"Romania's 35th Anniversary of 23 August 1944"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728054537/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/53-1-49.shtml">Archived</a> 28 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, RAD Background Report/205, September 25, 1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miroiu-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miroiu_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroiu2003" class="citation book cs1">Miroiu, Andrei (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228130816/http://www.centru-studii-nato.ro/pdf/strat_iss_no5.pdf"><i>Balancing versus bandwagoning in the Romanian decisions concerning the initiation of military conflict</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bucharest: NATO Studies Center. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-86287-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-86287-7-6"><bdi>973-86287-7-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centru-studii-nato.ro/pdf/strat_iss_no5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balancing+versus+bandwagoning+in+the+Romanian+decisions+concerning+the+initiation+of+military+conflict&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=NATO+Studies+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=973-86287-7-6&rft.aulast=Miroiu&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centru-studii-nato.ro%2Fpdf%2Fstrat_iss_no5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axworthy, page 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2004/08/040824_moldova_aniversare.shtml">"60 de ani de la 'operațiunea Iași – Chișinău'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> (in Romanian). August 24, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=60+de+ani+de+la+%27opera%C8%9Biunea+Ia%C8%99i+%E2%80%93+Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u%27&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fromanian%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2004%2F08%2F040824_moldova_aniversare.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presedinte.md/rom/presa/igor-dodon-a-participat-la-ceremonia-de-inaugurare-a-monumentului-eroilor-eliberatori-ai-capitalei-renovat">Igor Dodon a participat la ceremonia de inaugurare a Monumentului eroilor eliberatori ai capitalei, renovat — Președinția Republicii Moldova</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030192903/http://tourizmik.ru/na-kickanskom-placdarme/">"На Кицканском плацдарме"</a>. tourizmik.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tourizmik.ru/na-kickanskom-placdarme/">the original</a> on 2016-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5&rft.pub=tourizmik.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftourizmik.ru%2Fna-kickanskom-placdarme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ццц-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ццц_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldofmoldova.com/en/attractions-of-moldova/serpeni-foothold/">"Șerpeni Foothold"</a>. <i>worldofmoldova.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldofmoldova.com&rft.atitle=%C8%98erpeni+Foothold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldofmoldova.com%2Fen%2Fattractions-of-moldova%2Fserpeni-foothold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urdupoint.com/en/amp/world/russian-defense-chief-flies-to-moldova-for-li-696461.html">Russian Defense Chief Flies To Moldova For Liberation Celebrations On Saturday – UrduPoint</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12249080@egNews">Министр обороны Российской Федерации прибыл в Кишинев : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://president.md/rus/presa/rusia-propune-sa-initieze-procesul-de-utilizare-a-munitiilor-stocate-pe-teritoriul-moldovei">Россия предлагает начать утилизацию боеприпасов на территории Молдовы — Президентура Республики Молдова</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824235334/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp%3Fid%3D921899">"Moldovan defense minister says expects Russian counterpart's visit – Interfax"</a>. <i>interfax.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=921899">the original</a> on 24 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interfax.com&rft.atitle=Moldovan+defense+minister+says+expects+Russian+counterpart%27s+visit+%E2%80%93+Interfax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.com%2Fnewsinf.asp%3Fid%3D921899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824235332/https://news.ru/en/amp/politics/moldova-is-not-ready-for-shoigu-s-visit/">"Moldova is not ready for Shoigu's visit – NEWS.ru"</a>. <i>news.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ru/en/amp/politics/moldova-is-not-ready-for-shoigu-s-visit/">the original</a> on 24 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ru&rft.atitle=Moldova+is+not+ready+for+Shoigu%27s+visit+%E2%80%93+NEWS.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ru%2Fen%2Famp%2Fpolitics%2Fmoldova-is-not-ready-for-shoigu-s-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/society/1074438/amp">"Russian defense minister invited to celebrate Moldova's liberation from Nazis"</a>. <i>tass.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tass.com&rft.atitle=Russian+defense+minister+invited+to+celebrate+Moldova%27s+liberation+from+Nazis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fsociety%2F1074438%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presedinte.md/rom/presa/seful-statului-a-participat-la-ceremonia-comemorativa-de-la-complexul-memorial-capul-de-pod-serpeni">"Șeful statului a participat la ceremonia comemorativă de la Complexul Memorial "Capul de Pod Șerpeni"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Președinția Republicii Moldova</a>. 24 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C8%98eful+statului+a+participat+la+ceremonia+comemorativ%C4%83+de+la+Complexul+Memorial+%22Capul+de+Pod+%C8%98erpeni%22&rft.pub=Pre%C8%99edin%C8%9Bia+Republicii+Moldova&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presedinte.md%2From%2Fpresa%2Fseful-statului-a-participat-la-ceremonia-comemorativa-de-la-complexul-memorial-capul-de-pod-serpeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timpul.md/articol/serghei-oigu-a-inspectat-trupele-de-ocupaie-din-transnistria-si-a-distribuit-medalii-militarilor-rui-146113.html">"În cadrul "vizitei private" în Moldova, Ministrul rus al Apărării Șoigu a inspectat trupele de ocupație rusești din Transnistria și a distribuit medalii militarilor ruși"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Timpul_de_diminea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Timpul de dimineață">Timpul de dimineață</a></i> (in Romanian). 26 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timpul+de+diminea%C8%9B%C4%83&rft.atitle=%C3%8En+cadrul+%22vizitei+private%22+%C3%AEn+Moldova%2C+Ministrul+rus+al+Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii+%C8%98oigu+a+inspectat+trupele+de+ocupa%C8%9Bie+ruse%C8%99ti+din+Transnistria+%C8%99i+a+distribuit+medalii+militarilor+ru%C8%99i&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timpul.md%2Farticol%2Fserghei-oigu-a-inspectat-trupele-de-ocupaie-din-transnistria-si-a-distribuit-medalii-militarilor-rui-146113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Art of War Symposium, <i>From the Dnepr to the Vistula: Soviet Offensive Operations – November 1943 – August 1944</i>, A transcript of Proceedings, Center for Land Warfare, US Army War College, 29 April – 3 May 1985, Col. D.M. Glantz ed., Fort Leavewnworth, Kansas, 1992</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthyScafeșCrăciunoiu1995" class="citation book cs1">Axworthy, Mark; Scafeș, Cornel; Crăciunoiu, Cristian (1995). <i>Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945</i>. 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München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06235-2"><bdi>978-3-421-06235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ostfront+1943%2F44+%E2%80%93+Der+Krieg+im+Osten+und+an+den+Nebenfronten&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Das+Deutsche+Reich+und+der+Zweite+Weltkrieg+%28Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%29&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-421-06235-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Schmider%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nherr%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Ungv%C3%A1ry%2C+Kristi%C3%A1n&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (2007). <i>Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania, Spring 1944</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1465-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1465-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1465-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Storm+Over+the+Balkans%3A+The+Failed+Soviet+Invasion+of+Romania%2C+Spring+1944&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1465-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaculenkoBalcerowiak1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maculenko, Viktor Antonovič; Balcerowiak, Ina (1959). <i>Die Zerschlagung der Heeresgruppe Südukraine: Aug.–Sept. 1944</i> (in German). Berlin: Verl. d. Ministeriums f. nationale Verteidigung. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72234885">72234885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Zerschlagung+der+Heeresgruppe+S%C3%BCdukraine%3A+Aug.%E2%80%93Sept.+1944&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Verl.+d.+Ministeriums+f.+nationale+Verteidigung&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F72234885&rft.aulast=Maculenko&rft.aufirst=Viktor+Antonovi%C4%8D&rft.au=Balcerowiak%2C+Ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann,_Dieter2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoffmann, Dieter (2001). <i>Die Magdeburger Division: zur Geschichte der 13. Infanterie- und 13. Panzer-Division 1935–1945</i> (in German). Hamburg: Mittler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0746-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-8132-0746-3"><bdi>3-8132-0746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Magdeburger+Division%3A+zur+Geschichte+der+13.+Infanterie-+und+13.+Panzer-Division+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Mittler&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8132-0746-3&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissel1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kissel, Hans (1964). <i>Die Katastrophe in Rumänien 1944</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Wehr und Wissen Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/163808506">163808506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Katastrophe+in+Rum%C3%A4nien+1944&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Wehr+und+Wissen+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbH.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F163808506&rft.aulast=Kissel&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ziemke, E.F. <i>Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East</i>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Chief_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Chief of Military History">Office of the Chief of Military History</a>, U.S. Army; 1st edition, Washington D.C., 1968</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumitru1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumitru, Ion S. (1999). <i>Tancuri în flăcări. Amintiri din cel de-al doilea război mondial</i> [<i>Tanks in flames. Memories of the Second World War</i>] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Nemira. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80266325">80266325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tancuri+%C3%AEn+fl%C4%83c%C4%83ri.+Amintiri+din+cel+de-al+doilea+r%C4%83zboi+mondial&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Nemira&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80266325&rft.aulast=Dumitru&rft.aufirst=Ion+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roper, Steven D. <i>Romania: The Unfinished Revolution (Postcommunist States and Nations)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>; 1 edition, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5823-027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5823-027-0">978-90-5823-027-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTismăneanu2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Tismăneanu, Vladimir</a> (2003). <i>Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23747-1"><bdi>0-520-23747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+for+All+Seasons%3A+A+Political+History+of+Romanian+Communism&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23747-1&rft.aulast=Tism%C4%83neanu&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev+offensive" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pobediteli.ru/">Soldiers of the Great War</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwii-soldat.narod.ru/OPER/ARTICLES/027-kishenev.htm">Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive operation (20.08 – 29.08.1944)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kishinev75.mil.ru/">Освобождение Кишинев</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403070730/https://kishinev75.mil.ru/">Archived</a> 2022-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma 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