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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_and_Roman_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_and_Roman_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Celtic and Roman Gaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_and_Roman_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankish_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Frankish Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kingdom of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>French Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality,_citizenship,_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality,_citizenship,_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nationality, citizenship, ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationality,_citizenship,_ethnicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nationality, citizenship, ethnicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nationality,_citizenship,_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nationality and citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiculturalism_versus_universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiculturalism_versus_universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Multiculturalism versus universalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiculturalism_versus_universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ernest_Renan's_What_is_a_Nation?_(1882)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ernest_Renan's_What_is_a_Nation?_(1882)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ernest Renan's <i>What is a Nation?</i> (1882)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ernest_Renan's_What_is_a_Nation?_(1882)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jus_soli_and_jus_sanguinis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jus_soli_and_jus_sanguinis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><i>Jus soli</i> and <i>jus sanguinis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jus_soli_and_jus_sanguinis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>European citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship_of_foreigners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_of_foreigners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Citizenship of foreigners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_of_foreigners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populations_with_French_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populations_with_French_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Populations with French ancestry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Populations_with_French_ancestry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Populations with French ancestry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Populations_with_French_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huguenots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huguenots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Huguenots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huguenots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">French people: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse" title="Franse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Franse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرنسيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceses" title="Franceses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Franceses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%AAs_(poplo)" title="Francês (poplo) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Francês (poplo)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Французал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Французал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1zlar" title="Fransızlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransızlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فرانسه‌لی‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه‌لی‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ফরাসি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরাসি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-kok-l%C3%A2ng" title="Hoat-kok-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kok-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Французы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Французы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Французы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Французы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Французи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Французи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སིའི་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སིའི་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuzi" title="Francuzi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuzi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesos" title="Francesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Французсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Французсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzi" title="Francouzi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrancod" title="Ffrancod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrancod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fari%C5%8Bga" title="Fariŋga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Fariŋga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskm%C3%A6nd" title="Franskmænd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franskmænd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzosen" title="Franzosen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franzosen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C3%A1ghahii_dine%CA%BC%C3%A9" title="Dáághahii dineʼé – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáághahii dineʼé" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantslased" title="Prantslased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantslased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Γάλλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάλλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_franc%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo francés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo francés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoj" title="Francoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziar" title="Frantziar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مردم فرانسوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم فرانسوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_(peuple)" title="Français (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Français (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2nsen" title="Frânsen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frânsen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francaigh" title="Francaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Francaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangee" title="Frangee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Frangee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_franc%C3%A9s" title="Pobo francés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo francés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="프랑스인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆրանսիացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuzi" title="Francuzi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuzi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattao_a_Pranses" title="Tattao a Pranses – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tattao a Pranses" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Prancis" title="Orang Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Францаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Францаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesi" title="Francesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צרפתים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפתים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Prancis" title="Bangsa Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bangsa Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფრანგები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანგები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Француздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Француздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse" title="Franse – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Franse" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransay%C3%AE" title="Fransayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fransayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Паранг – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Паранг" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Di" title="Franči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Franči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzai" title="Prancūzai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransoze" title="Fransoze – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fransoze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franses" title="Franses – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Franses" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franci%C3%A1k" title="Franciák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Французи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Французи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფრანგეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანგეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فرنساويين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنساويين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ပြင်သစ်လူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransen" title="Fransen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fransen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="フランス人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categur%C3%ACa:Franzese" title="Categurìa:Franzese – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Categurìa:Franzese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Французаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Французаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskmenn" title="Franskmenn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Franskmenn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransuzlar" title="Fransuzlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransuzlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="فرانسیسی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیسی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuzi" title="Francuzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francuzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceses" title="Franceses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Franceses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuzlar" title="Francuzlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Francuzlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francezi" title="Francezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Французы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Французы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Французы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Французтар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Французтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzesos" title="Frantzesos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantzesos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fowk" title="French fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="French fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francez%C3%ABt" title="Francezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Francezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people" title="French people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzi" title="Francúzi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francozi" title="Francozi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francozi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuzy" title="Francuzy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Francuzy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فەڕەنسییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Французи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Французи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuzi" title="Francuzi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuzi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskalaiset" title="Ranskalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransm%C3%A4n" title="Fransmän – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fransmän" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரெஞ்சு மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெஞ்சு மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Французлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Французлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ชาวฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏂᎦᎸᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎦᎸᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1zlar" title="Fransızlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransızlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Французи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%87%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="فرانسۇز تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فرانسۇز تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Người Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="法兰西人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法兰西人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F" title="פראנצויזן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנצויזן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="法國人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1z" title="Fransız – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fransız" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="法兰西人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法兰西人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Prancis" title="Jolma Prancis – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Prancis" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121842#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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title="Wikipedia:Template editor">Template editors</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>53,277</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JOSHUAPROJECT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JOSHUAPROJECT">WP:JOSHUAPROJECT</a> is not a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reliable source">WP:reliable source</a></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people&diff=next&oldid=1259486689" title="French people" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 474:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 474:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Asia===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Asia===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Puducherry EFEO.jpg|thumb|left| Building of the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Puducherry EFEO.jpg|thumb|left| Building of the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In Asia, a proportion of people with mixed French and Vietnamese descent can be found in Vietnam. Including the number of persons of pure French descent. Many are descendants of French settlers who intermarried with local Vietnamese people. Approximately 5,000 in Vietnam are of pure French descent, however, this number is disputed.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=ir-sd20101 Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010], Insee, septembre 2011</ref> A small proportion of people with mixed French and Khmer descent can be found in Cambodia. These people number approximately 16,000 in Cambodia, among this number, approximately 3,000 are of pure French descent.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></del>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=CB |title=Ethnic People Groups of Cambodia |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=12 November 2011</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref></del> An unknown number with mixed French and Lao ancestry can be found throughout Laos.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="joshuaproject.net"></del>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php |title=Afghani, Tajik of Afghanistan Ethnic People Profile |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |access-date=12 November 2011</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref></del> A few thousand [[French people in India|French citizens]] of Indian, European or creole ethnic origins live in the former French possessions in India (mostly [[Pondicherry]]). In addition to these Countries, small minorities can be found elsewhere in Asia; the majority of these living as expatriates.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="joshuaproject.net"/></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In Asia, a proportion of people with mixed French and Vietnamese descent can be found in Vietnam. Including the number of persons of pure French descent. Many are descendants of French settlers who intermarried with local Vietnamese people. Approximately 5,000 in Vietnam are of pure French descent, however, this number is disputed.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=ir-sd20101 Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010], Insee, septembre 2011</ref> A small proportion of people with mixed French and Khmer descent can be found in Cambodia. These people number approximately 16,000 in Cambodia, among this number, approximately 3,000 are of pure French descent.{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cn</ins>}} An unknown number with mixed French and Lao ancestry can be found throughout Laos.{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cn</ins>}} A few thousand [[French people in India|French citizens]] of Indian, European or creole ethnic origins live in the former French possessions in India (mostly [[Pondicherry]]). In addition to these Countries, small minorities can be found elsewhere in Asia; the majority of these living as expatriates.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cn}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Foire chevaux.JPG|thumb|French people born in New Caledonia]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Foire chevaux.JPG|thumb|French people born in New Caledonia]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 12:48, 25 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">People of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Frenchman" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Frenchman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frenchman (disambiguation)">Frenchman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">French people<br /><i>Français</i></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 million</span></b><br /> <p>France: <b>67,413,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-democrat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora and ancestry</a>: <b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30 million</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_French_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"> 67,413,000<br />(including <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a>) </span><sup id="cite_ref-democrat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (2020)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">9,373,000 (includes ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000,000 (includes ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-Les_merveilleux_francophiles_argentins_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Les_merveilleux_francophiles_argentins_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (2016)</th><td class="infobox-data">4,995,000 (includes ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-population2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000,000 (ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />300,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 (includes ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000 (includes ancestry)<sup id="cite_ref-Parvex,_2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parvex,_2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">159,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">124,000<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">123,000<sup id="cite_ref-Stat_7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat_7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">118,000<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Ancestry_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Ancestry-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Country_of_Birth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Country_of_Birth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">104,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other countries</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">41,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33,368<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stat_9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat_9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000<sup id="cite_ref-toukei_ichiran_touroku_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toukei_ichiran_touroku-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurice-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,000<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Sweden_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Sweden-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,152<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a>, also<br />regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">languages of France</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:French_people" title="Category:French people">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-size: 200%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/150px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/200px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Native communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aosta</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_French_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of French origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li>Namibia <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li></ul> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="French people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Korea" title="French people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Middle East</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Lebanon" title="French people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East#French_(Levantine)_people_in_Turkey" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li>Netherlands <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#The_Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany (pre-1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hungary" title="French people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>Spain</li> <li>Portugal</li></ul> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">French Antilles</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Jamaica" title="French immigration to Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_settlement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="French settlement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">French Canadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Albertan">Franco-Albertan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>South America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvians" title="French Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayans" title="French Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Venezuelans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Venezuelans (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> <p><b>Oceania</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Zealanders" title="French New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <sup>1</sup>Overseas parts of France proper <br /> <i>Migration of minorities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).</i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="French Church">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_dress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French dress (page does not exist)">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_France" title="National symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in France">Cultural Heritage sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people" title="List of French people">List of French people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_French_descent" title="Category:People of French descent">People of French descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_people" title="Template:French people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_people" title="Template talk:French people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>French people</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Les Français</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The French') are a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> that share a common <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">language</a>, identified with the country of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>The French people, especially the native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> from northern and central France, are primarily descended from <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romans">Gallo-Romans</a>, western European <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> who settled in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> from east of the Rhine after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> also settled in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitans" title="Occitans">Occitans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">French Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">northern Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Genetic_History_of_France_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Genetic_History_of_France-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has long been a patchwork of local customs and regional differences, and while most French people still speak the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>, languages like <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Provencal" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provencal">Franco-Provencal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat language">Auvergnat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> remain spoken in their respective regions. <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Varieties of arabic">Arabic</a> is also widely spoken, arguably the largest minority language in France as of the 21st century (a spot previously held by <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern French society is a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the middle of the 19th century, it experienced a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">inward migration</a>, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, and other peoples from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, and the government, defining France as an inclusive nation with universal values, advocated <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilation</a> through which immigrants were expected to adhere to French values and cultural norms. Nowadays, while the government has let newcomers retain their distinctive cultures since the mid-1980s and requires from them a mere <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">integration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French citizens still equate their <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> with <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> as does French law.<sup id="cite_ref-Const58_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const58-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to mainland France, French people and people of French descent can be found internationally, in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">overseas departments and territories of France</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> (<i>French Caribbean</i>), and in foreign countries with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French Americans</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadians</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="French Argentine">French Argentines</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Brazilian">French Brazilians</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">French Mexicans</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">French Chileans</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayan" class="mw-redirect" title="French Uruguayan">French Uruguayans</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citizenship_and_legal_residence">Citizenship and legal residence</h2></div> <p>To be French, according to the first article of the French <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1958">Constitution</a>, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (<i>sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Const58_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const58-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its principles, France has devoted itself to the destiny of a <i>proposition nation</i>, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>'s "<i>plébiscite de tous les jours</i>" ('everyday plebiscite') on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "<a href="/wiki/Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?">Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?</a>"). </p><p>The debate concerning the integration of this view with the principles underlying the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> remains open.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has been historically open to immigration, although this has changed in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to this perceived openness, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>, wrote: "America is my country but Paris is my home".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the country has long valued its <a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">openness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> and the quality of services available.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Application for <a href="/wiki/French_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="French citizenship">French citizenship</a> is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state <a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> unless a <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> agreement exists between the two countries (for instance, this is the case with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: one can be both French and Swiss). The <a href="/wiki/European_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="European treaties">European treaties</a> have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector (though not as trainees in reserved branches, e.g., as <a href="/wiki/Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates">magistrates</a>). </p><p>Seeing itself as an inclusive nation with universal values, France has always valued and strongly advocated <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilation</a>. However, the success of such assimilation has recently been called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethno-cultural enclaves</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communautarisme</a></i>). The <a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 French riots</a> in some troubled and impoverished suburbs (<i>les quartiers sensibles</i>) were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a> (as appeared before in other countries like the US and the UK) but as <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflicts</a> born out of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">socioeconomic problems</a> endangering proper integration.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></div> <p>Historically, the heritage of the French people is mostly of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a>, Latin (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>) origin, descending from the ancient and medieval populations of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> from the Atlantic to the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone Alps">Rhone Alps</a>, Germanic tribes that settled <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> from east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allemanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Allemanni">Allemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Ligurians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurians">Ligurians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romans">Gallo-Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> populations largely settling in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> at the beginning of the 10th century as well as "<a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>" (Celtic Britons) settling in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> in Western <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "France" etymologically derives from the word <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">overran</a> Roman Gaul at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_and_Roman_Gaul">Celtic and Roman Gaul</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/240px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/360px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/480px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Map of Gaul before complete Roman conquest (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 58 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a></span>) and its five main regions: <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Cisalpina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div> <p>In the pre-Roman era, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (an area of Western Europe that encompassed all of what is known today as France, Belgium, part of Germany and Switzerland, and Northern Italy) was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_peoples_of_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peoples of Gaul">Gaulish tribes</a>. Their ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> who came from Central Europe in the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> or earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-Celtic peoples including the <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquitanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanians">Aquitanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Basques</a> in Aquitaine. The <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, who lived in the northern and eastern areas, may have had Germanic admixture; many of these peoples had already spoken <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> by the time of the Roman conquest. </p><p>Gaul was militarily conquered in 58–51 BCE by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legions">Roman legions</a> under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, except for the south-east which had already been conquered about one century earlier. Over the next six centuries, the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a>. In the late Roman era, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Coloniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloniae">colonists from elsewhere in the Empire</a> and Gaulish natives, Gallia also became home to some immigrant populations of Germanic and Scythian origin, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a> is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Helix_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helix-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> (including <i>oui</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matas_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matas-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word for "yes"),<sup id="cite_ref-Savignac_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savignac-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matas_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matas-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sound changes,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and influences in conjugation and word order.<sup id="cite_ref-Savignac_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savignac-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matas_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matas-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the last redoubt of Celtic language in France can be found in the northwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, although this is not the result of a survival of <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> language but of a 5th-century <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> migration of <a href="/wiki/British_language_(Celtic)" class="mw-redirect" title="British language (Celtic)">Brythonic</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. </p><p>The Vulgar Latin in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti,<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a> dialects which include French and its closest relatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/240px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/360px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/480px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> and peoples after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture: the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, from which the word "French" derives. The Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as <i><a href="/wiki/Laeti" title="Laeti">laeti</a></i> during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a> from present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> between the 3rd and 7th centuries. Initially, they served in the Roman army and obtained important commands. Their language is still spoken as a kind of Dutch (<a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a>) in northern France (<a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alamans</a>, another Germanic people immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, hence the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> now spoken there. The Alamans were competitors of the Franks, and their name is the origin of the French word for "German": <i>Allemand</i>. </p><p>By the early 6th century, the Franks, led by the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France. The other major Germanic people to arrive in France, after the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion#West_Francia_and_Middle_Francia" title="Viking expansion">Northmen</a>. Known by the shortened name "<a href="/wiki/Norman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman people">Norman</a>" in France, these were <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raiders from modern <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. They settled with Anglo-Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons from the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> in the region known today as <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in the 9th and 10th centuries. This later became a fiefdom of the Kingdom of France under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a>. The Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the process. The Normans, two centuries later, went on to <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">conquer</a> England and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. </p><p>Eventually, though, the largely autonomous <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> was incorporated back into the <a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">royal domain</a> (i. e. the territory under direct control of the French king) in the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In the crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, founded in 1099, at most 120,000 Franks, who were predominantly <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-speaking Western Christians, ruled over 350,000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_France">Kingdom of France</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Medieval demography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/170px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/255px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/340px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> "The Sun-King"</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, due to a lower birthrate than in the rest of Europe. However, significant emigration of mainly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> French populations led to the settlement of the Province of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, all (at the time) French possessions, as well as colonies in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mascarene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarene">Mascarene</a> islands and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. </p><p>On 30 December 1687, a community of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Most of these originally settled in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, but have since been quickly absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1713 to 1787, 30,000 colonists immigrated from France to the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. In 1805, when the French were forced out of Saint-Domingue (<a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), 35,000 French settlers were given lands in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the 17th century, some 20% of the total male population of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> was made up of French immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century and early 19th century, a small migration of French emigrated by official invitation of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, now the nations of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them, coming from French-speaking communes in <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (province)">Lorraine</a> or being <a href="/wiki/French_Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="French Swiss">French Swiss</a> <i>Walsers</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> canton in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, maintained for some generations the French language and a specific ethnic identity, later labelled as <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (French: <i>Français du Banat</i>). By 1788, there were eight villages populated by French colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Republic">French Republic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/240px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/360px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/480px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> by Eugène Delacroix</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> appeared following the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. It replaced the ancient kingdom of France, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>. </p><p>The 1870 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, which led to the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871, was instrumental in bolstering <a href="/wiki/Patriotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic">patriotic</a> feelings; until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), French politicians never completely lost sight of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> region which played a major role in the definition of the French nation and therefore of the French people. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieux_decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Crémieux decrees">decrees of 24 October 1870</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Adolphe Crémieux</a> granted automatic and massive French citizenship to all <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> of Algeria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <p>Successive waves of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries were rapidly assimilated into <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French culture</a>. France's population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, as France joined the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> over the next century, with especially large numbers arriving from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period from 1915 to 1950, many immigrants came from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Small but significant numbers of Frenchmen in the North and Northeast regions have relatives in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. </p><p>Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 North African <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco also immigrated to France due to the decline of the French empire and following the Six-Day War. Hence, by 1968, Jews of North African origin comprised the majority of the Jewish population of France. As these new immigrants were already culturally French they needed little time to adjust to French society.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French law made it easy for thousands of <a href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a> (<i>colons</i> in French), national French from former colonies of North and East <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> to live in mainland France. It is estimated that 20,000 settlers were living in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> in 1945, and there were 68,430 European settlers living in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.6 million European <i><a href="/wiki/Pieds_noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds noirs">pieds noirs</a></i> settlers migrated from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 <a href="/wiki/Pied_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied noir">pied noir</a> settlers left <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in the most massive relocation of population in Europe since the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime as the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> government confiscated their farms and land properties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015,_Paris_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015%2C_Paris_%284%29.jpg/240px-Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015%2C_Paris_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015%2C_Paris_%284%29.jpg/360px-Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015%2C_Paris_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015%2C_Paris_%284%29.jpg/480px-Marche_du_11_Janvier_2015%2C_Paris_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4508" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>A rally in Paris in support of the victims of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting"><i>Charlie Hebdo</i> shooting</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, a second wave of immigration came to France, which was needed for reconstruction purposes and for cheaper labour after the devastation brought on by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. French entrepreneurs went to <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> countries looking for cheap labour, thus encouraging work-immigration to France. Their settlement was officialized with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>'s family regrouping act of 1976 (<i>regroupement familial</i>). Since then, immigration has become more varied, although France stopped being a major immigration country compared to other European countries. The large impact of <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> immigration is the greatest and has brought <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a>, socio-cultural and <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> questions to a country seen as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homogenous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Homogenous">homogenously</a> European, French and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> for thousands of years. Nevertherless, according to <a href="/wiki/Justin_Va%C3%AFsse" title="Justin Vaïsse">Justin Vaïsse</a>, professor at <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences Po Paris">Sciences Po Paris</a>, integration of Muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a>" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Todd" title="Emmanuel Todd">Emmanuel Todd</a> the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small French descent group also subsequently arrived from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>) in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_France">In France</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic-groups-France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="world map of French speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ethnic-groups-France.png/350px-Ethnic-groups-France.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ethnic-groups-France.png/525px-Ethnic-groups-France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ethnic-groups-France.png/700px-Ethnic-groups-France.png 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the (historical) linguistic groups in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c08bad; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatians</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German speakers</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7ac7a4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a> speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee4636; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#62bb46; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3edfbb; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e09e32; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d4d061; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch speakers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0e048; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ccff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a> speakers</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Most French people speak the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>, but certain languages like <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Euskara</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> remain spoken in certain regions (see <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a>). There have also been periods of history when a majority of French people had other first languages (local languages such as <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a> or Ch'timi and <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a>). Today, many immigrants speak another tongue at home. </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, "the French language has been essential to the concept of 'France'," although in 1789, 50 percent of the French people did not speak it at all, and only 12 to 13 percent spoke it fairly well; even in <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">oïl languages</a> zones, it was not usually used except in cities, and even there not always in the <a href="/wiki/Faubourgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Faubourgs">outlying districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abroad">Abroad</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/French_people" title="Special:EditPage/French people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a> has two French mottos: <a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honi_soit_qui_mal_y_pense" title="Honi soit qui mal y pense">Honi soit qui mal y pense</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Abroad, the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> is spoken in many different countries – in particular the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">former French colonies</a>. Nevertheless, speaking French is distinct from being a French citizen. Thus, <i><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">francophonie</a></i>, or the speaking of French, must not be confused with French citizenship or ethnicity. For example, French speakers in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> are not "French citizens". </p><p>Native English-speaking Blacks on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint-Martin</a> hold French nationality even though they do not speak French as a first language, while their neighbouring French-speaking Haitian immigrants (who also speak a French-creole) remain foreigners. Large numbers of people of French ancestry outside Europe speak other first languages, particularly English, throughout most of North America (with <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Canadian Maritimes</a> being notable, not the only, exceptions), Spanish or Portuguese in southern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p><p>The adjective "French" can be used to mean either "French citizen" or "French-speaker", and usage varies depending on the context, with the former being common in France. The latter meaning is often used in Canada, when discussing matters internal to Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationality,_citizenship,_ethnicity"><span id="Nationality.2C_citizenship.2C_ethnicity"></span>Nationality, citizenship, ethnicity</h2></div> <p>Generations of settlers have migrated over the centuries to France, creating a variegated grouping of peoples. Thus the historian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Drinkwater" title="John F. Drinkwater">John F. Drinkwater</a> states, "The French are, paradoxically, strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge."<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern French are the descendants of mixtures including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in southern France,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dominique_Garcia_1997,_pp._38-40_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dominique_Garcia_1997,_pp._38-40-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> arriving at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choses_1986_p._215_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choses_1986_p._215-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> who mixed with the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and settled mostly in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_normans_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_normans-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Schnapper" title="Dominique Schnapper">Dominique Schnapper</a>, "The classical conception of the nation is that of an entity which, opposed to the ethnic group, affirms itself as an open community, the will to live together expressing itself by the acceptation of the rules of a unified public domain which transcends all particularisms".<sup id="cite_ref-Schnapper_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnapper-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conception of the nation as being composed by a "will to live together," supported by <a href="/wiki/What_is_a_Nation%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is a Nation?">the classic lecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> in 1882, has been opposed by the French <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">Front National</a></i> ("National Front" – FN / now <i><a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">Rassemblement National</a></i> - "National Rally" - RN) party which claims that there is such a thing as a "French ethnic group". The discourse of ethno-nationalist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">Front National</a> (FN), however, advances the concept of <i>Français de souche</i> or "indigenous" French. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII,_Europe,_France,_Civilians,_%22Hour_of_Triumph,_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_Civilians%2C_%22Hour_of_Triumph%2C_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg/220px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_Civilians%2C_%22Hour_of_Triumph%2C_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_Civilians%2C_%22Hour_of_Triumph%2C_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg/330px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_Civilians%2C_%22Hour_of_Triumph%2C_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_Civilians%2C_%22Hour_of_Triumph%2C_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg/440px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_Civilians%2C_%22Hour_of_Triumph%2C_Parisians_join_the_parade_down_Champs_Elysees_from_the_Arch_de..._-_NARA_-_196298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>French people in Paris, August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The conventional conception of French history starts with Ancient Gaul, and French national identity often views the Gauls as national precursors, either as biological ancestors (hence the refrain <i>nos ancêtres les Gaulois</i>), as emotional/spiritual ancestors, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-WhatFrench?_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhatFrench?-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>, the Gaulish chieftain who tried to unite the various Gallic tribes of the land against Roman encroachment but was ultimately vanquished by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, is often revered as a "first national hero".<sup id="cite_ref-VercingeVatel_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VercingeVatel-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the famously popular French comic <i><a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a></i>, the main characters are patriotic Gauls who fight against Roman invaders<sup id="cite_ref-WhatFrench?_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhatFrench?-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in modern days the term <i>Gaulois</i> is used in French to distinguish the "native" French from French of immigrant origins. However, despite its occasional nativist usage, the Gaulish identity has also been embraced by French of non-native origins as well: notably, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, whose family was ultimately of Corsican and Italian roots, identified France with Gaul and Vercingetorix,<sup id="cite_ref-AncientAlesia_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientAlesia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and declared that "New France, ancient France, Gaul are one and the same moral person." </p><p>It has been noted that the French view of having Gallic origins has evolved over history. Before the French Revolution, it divided social classes, with the peasants identifying with the native Gauls while the aristocracy identified with the Franks. During the early nineteenth century, intellectuals began using the identification with Gaul instead as a unifying force to bridge divisions within French society with a common <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national origin myth</a>. Myriam Krepps of the University of Nebraska-Omaha argues that the view of "a unified territory (one land since the beginning of civilization) and a unified people" which de-emphasized "all disparities and the succession of waves of invaders" was first imprinted on the masses by the unified history curriculum of French textbooks in the late 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-VercingeVatel_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VercingeVatel-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1871–1940), the state has not categorized people according to their alleged ethnic origins. Hence, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, French people are not asked to define their ethnic appartenance, whichever it may be. The usage of ethnic and racial categorization is avoided to prevent any case of discrimination; the same regulations apply to religious membership data that cannot be compiled under the French Census. This classic French republican non-<a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> conception of nationality is officialized by the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution">French Constitution</a>, according to which "French" is a <a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">nationality</a>, and not a specific ethnicity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <p>France sits at the edge of the European peninsula and has seen waves of migration of groups that often settled owing to the presence of physical barriers preventing onward migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to language and regional cultural variegation, but the extent to which this pattern of migrations showed up in population genetics studies was unclear until the publication of a study in 2019 that used genome wide data. The study identified six different genetic clusters that could be distinguished across populations. The study concluded that the population genetic clusters correlate with linguistic and historical divisions in France and with the presence of geographic barriers such as mountains and major rivers. A population bottleneck was also identified in the fourteenth century, consistent with the timing for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Genetic_History_of_France_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Genetic_History_of_France-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre (2020) stated that the "French genetic landscape is predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmer</a>-related ancestry", which followed a north–south cline. It varies between 46.5% and 66.2%, with the lowest being found in northwest France (<50%).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_and_citizenship">Nationality and citizenship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></div> <p>French nationality has not meant automatic citizenship. Some categories of French people have been excluded, throughout the years, from full citizenship: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a>: until the Liberation, they were deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government_of_the_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional government of the French Republic">provisional government</a> of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a> accorded them this right by 21 April 1944 prescription. However, women are still under-represented in the political class. The 6 June 2000 law on parity attempted to address this question by imposing a de facto quota system for women in French politics.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Military</a>: for a long time, it was called "<i>la grande muette</i>" ("the great mute") in reference to its prohibition from interfering in political life. During a large part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1871–1940), the Army was in its majority <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">anti-republican</a> (and thus <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seize_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Seize Mai">16 May 1877 crisis</a>, which almost led to a <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_MacMahon,_duc_de_Magenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta">MacMahon</a>, are examples of this anti-republican spirit. Therefore, they would only gain the right to vote with the 17 August 1945 prescription: the contribution of De Gaulle to the interior <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> reconciled the Army with the Republic. Nevertheless, militaries do not benefit from the whole of public liberties, as the 13 July 1972 law on the general statute of militaries specify.</li> <li>Young people: the July 1974 law, voted at the instigation of president <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, reduced from 21 to 18 the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalized foreigners</a>: since the 9 January 1973 law, foreigners who have acquired French nationality do not have to wait five years after their naturalization to be able to vote anymore.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">Inhabitants of the colonies</a>: the 7 May 1946 law meant that soldiers from the "Empire" (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs">tirailleurs</a></i>) killed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> were not citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The special case of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union citizen">foreign citizens of an EU member state</a> who, even if not French, are allowed to vote in <a href="/wiki/European_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="European Election">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_France" title="Municipal elections in France">French local elections</a> if living in France, and may turn to any French consular or diplomatic mission if there is no such representations of their own country.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some French people convicted by a court may be deprived of their civil rights, up to 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>France was one of the first countries to implement <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalization</a> laws. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> has pointed out this fact that the 1915 French law which permitted denaturalization with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy" origins was one of the first example of such legislation, which <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> later implemented with the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, some authors who have insisted on the "crisis of the nation-state" allege that nationality and citizenship are becoming separate concepts. They show as example "international", "<a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> citizenship" or "<a href="/wiki/World_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="World citizenship">world citizenship</a>" (membership to <a href="/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International nongovernmental organization">international nongovernmental organizations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>). This would indicate a path toward a "<a href="/wiki/Postnational" class="mw-redirect" title="Postnational">postnational</a> citizenship".<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides this, modern citizenship is linked to <a href="/wiki/Civic_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic participation">civic participation</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Positive_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive freedom">positive freedom</a>), which implies voting, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>, etc. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> may lead to deprivation of citizenship. This has led various authors (<a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ferry" title="Jean-Marc Ferry">Jean-Marc Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Caill%C3%A9" title="Alain Caillé">Alain Caillé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a>) to theorize a <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a> which would impede exclusion from citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiculturalism_versus_universalism">Multiculturalism versus universalism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg/200px-AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg/300px-AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg/400px-AlfredAmedeeDodds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Dodds" title="Alfred-Amédée Dodds">Alfred-Amédée Dodds</a>, a mixed-race French general and colonial administrator born in Senegal</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, the conception of citizenship teeters between <a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">universalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>. French citizenship has been defined for a long time by three factors: integration, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual adherence</a>, and the primacy of the soil (<i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i>). Political integration (which includes but is not limited to <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>) is based on voluntary policies which aims at creating a common identity and the interiorization by each individual of a common cultural and historic legacy. Since in France, the state preceded the nation, voluntary policies have taken an important place in the creation of this common <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the interiorization of a common legacy is a slow process, which B. Villalba compares to <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a>. According to him, "integration is therefore the result of a double will: the nation's will to create a common culture for all members of the nation, and the communities' will living in the nation to recognize the legitimacy of this common culture".<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalba warns against confusing recent processes of integration (related to the so-called "second generation immigrants", who are subject to <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>), with older processes which have made modern France. Villalba thus shows that any democratic nation characterize itself by its project of transcending all forms of particular memberships (whether biological, ethnic, historic, economic, social, religious or cultural). The citizen thus emancipates himself from the particularisms of identity which characterize himself to attain a more "universal" dimension. He is a citizen, before being a member of a community or of a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, according to Villalba, "a democratic nation is, by definition, multicultural as it gathers various populations, which differs by their regional origins (Auvergnats, Bretons, Corsicans or Lorrainers...), their national origins (immigrant, son or grandson of an immigrant), or religious origins (Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims, Agnostics or Atheists...)."<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ernest_Renan's_What_is_a_Nation?_(1882)"><span id="Ernest_Renan.27s_What_is_a_Nation.3F_.281882.29"></span>Ernest Renan's <i>What is a Nation?</i> (1882)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> described this republican conception in his famous 11 March 1882 conference at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, <i>Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?</i> ("<a href="/wiki/What_is_a_Nation%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is a Nation?">What is a Nation?</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, to belong to a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> act which always has to be repeated, as it is not assured by <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> criteria. A <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> is not composed of a single homogeneous ethnic group (a community), but of a variety of individuals willing to live together. </p><p>Renan's non-essentialist definition, which forms the basis of the French Republic, is diametrically opposed to the <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> ethnic conception of a nation, first formulated by <a href="/wiki/Fichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichte">Fichte</a>. The German conception is usually qualified in France as an "exclusive" view of nationality, as it includes only the members of the corresponding ethnic group, while the Republican conception thinks itself as <a href="/wiki/Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalist">universalist</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>'s ideals officialized by the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>. While Ernest Renan's arguments were also concerned by the debate about the disputed <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> region, he said that not only one <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> had to be made in order to ask the opinions of the Alsatian people, but also a "daily referendum" should be made concerning all those citizens wanting to live in the French nation-state. This <i>plébiscite de tous les jours</i> ('everyday plebiscite') might be compared to a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> or even to the classic definition of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> as an act which repeats itself endlessly.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henceforth, contrary to the German definition of a nation based on objective criteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>, which may be defined by the existence of a common <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, among other criteria, the people of France is defined as all the people living in the French nation-state and willing to do so, i.e. by its citizenship. This definition of the French nation-state contradicts the <a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">common opinion</a>, which holds that the concept of the French people identifies with one particular <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>. This contradiction explains the seeming paradox encountered when attempting to identify a "French <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>": the French conception of the nation is radically opposed to (and was thought in opposition to) the German conception of the <i><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i> ("ethnic group"). </p><p>This universalist conception of citizenship and of the nation has influenced the French model of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonization</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">British empire</a> preferred an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> system, which did not mix the colonized people with the colonists, the French Republic theoretically chose an integration system and considered parts of its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">colonial empire</a> as France itself and its population as French people.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruthless <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">conquest of Algeria</a> thus led to the integration of the territory as a <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">Département</a> of the French territory. </p><p>This ideal also led to the ironic sentence which opened up history textbooks in France as in its colonies: "Our ancestors the Gauls...". However, this universal ideal, rooted in the 1789 French Revolution ("bringing liberty to the people"), suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> that impregnated colonialism. Thus, in Algeria, the <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Crémieux decrees</a> at the end of the 19th century gave French citizenship to north African Jews, while Muslims were regulated by the 1881 Indigenous Code. Liberal author <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> himself considered that the British model was better adapted than the French one and did not balk before the cruelties of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud_de_la_Piconnerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie">General Bugeaud</a>'s conquest. He went as far as advocating <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This paradoxical tension between the universalist conception of the French nation and the racist attitudes intermingled into colonization is most obvious in Ernest Renan himself, who went as far as advocating a kind of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. In a 26 June 1856 letter to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races">An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</a></i> (1853–55) and one of the first theoreticians of "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>", he wrote: </p> <blockquote><p> You have written a remarkable book here, full of vigour and originality of mind, only it's written to be little understood in France or rather it's written to be misunderstood here. The French mind turns little to ethnographic considerations: France has little belief in race, [...] The fact of race is huge originally; but it's been continually losing its importance, and sometimes, as in France, it happens to disappear completely. Does that mean total decadence? Yes, certainly from the standpoint of the stability of institutions, the originality of character, a certain nobility that I hold to be the most important factor in the conjunction of human affairs. But also what compensations! No doubt if the noble elements mixed in the blood of a people happened to disappear completely, then there would be a demeaning equality, like that of some Eastern states and in some respects China. But it is in fact a very small amount of noble blood put into the circulation of a people that is enough to ennoble them, at least as to historical effects; this is how France, a nation so completely fallen into commonness, in practice plays on the world stage the role of a gentleman. Setting aside the quite inferior races whose intermingling with the great races would only poison the human species, I see in the future a homogeneous humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jus_soli_and_jus_sanguinis"><i>Jus soli</i> and <i>jus sanguinis</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">French nationality law</a></div> <p>During the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> (before the 1789 French revolution), <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i> (or "right of territory") was predominant. Feudal law recognized personal allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>, but the subjects of the sovereign were defined by their birthland. According to the 3 September 1791 Constitution, those who are born in France from a foreign father and have fixed their residency in France, or those who, after being born in a foreign country from a French father, have come to France and have sworn their civil oath, become French citizens. Because of the war, distrust toward foreigners led to the obligation on the part of this last category to swear a civil oath in order to gain French nationality. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> would insist on <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a></i> ("right of blood"). <a href="/wiki/Paternity_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternity (law)">Paternity</a>, against Napoléon Bonaparte's wish, became the principal criterion of nationality, and therefore broke for the first time with the ancient tradition of <i>jus soli</i>, by breaking any residency condition toward children born abroad from French parents. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Weil" title="Patrick Weil">Patrick Weil</a>, it was not "ethnically motivated" but "only meant that family links transmitted by the pater familias had become more important than subjecthood".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the 7 February 1851 law, voted during the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> (1848–1852), "double <i>jus soli</i>" was introduced in French legislation, combining birth origin with paternity. Thus, it gave French nationality to the child of a foreigner, if both are born in France, except if the year following his coming of age he reclaims a foreign nationality (thus prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Dual_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual nationality">dual nationality</a>). This 1851 law was in part passed because of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> concerns. This system more or less remained the same until the 1993 reform of the Nationality Code, created by 9 January 1973 law. </p><p>The 1993 reform, which defines the <a href="/wiki/French_Nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationality law">Nationality law</a>, is deemed controversial by some. It commits young people born in France to foreign parents to solicit French nationality between the ages of 16 and 21. This has been criticized, some arguing that the principle of equality before the law was not complied with, since French nationality was no longer given automatically at birth, as in the classic "double <i>jus soli</i>" law, but was to be requested when approaching adulthood. Henceforth, children born in France from French parents were differentiated from children born in France from foreign parents, creating a hiatus between these two categories. </p><p>The 1993 reform was prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Pasqua laws</a>. The first Pasqua law, in 1986, restricts residence conditions in France and facilitates <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">expulsions</a>. With this 1986 law, a child born in France from foreign parents can only acquire French nationality by demonstrating a will to do so, at age 16, by proving haven been schooled in France and has a sufficient command of the French language. This new policy is symbolized by the expulsion of 101 <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malians</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charter_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter airlines">charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Pasqua law on "immigration control" makes regularisation of illegal aliens more difficult and, in general, residence conditions for foreigners much harder. Charles Pasqua, who said on 11 May 1987: "Some have reproached me of having used a plane, but, if necessary, I will use trains", declared to <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> on 2 June 1993: "France has been a country of immigration, it doesn't want to be one anymore. Our aim, taking into account the difficulties of the economic situation, is to tend toward 'zero immigration' ("<i>immigration zéro</i>")".<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, modern French nationality law combines four factors: paternality or 'right of blood', birth origin, residency and the will expressed by a foreigner, or a person born in France to foreign parents, to become French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_citizenship">European citizenship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship of the European Union</a></div> <p>The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European citizenship</a>, which comes in addition to national citizenships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship_of_foreigners">Citizenship of foreigners</h3></div> <p>By definition, a "<a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">foreigner</a>" is someone who does not have French nationality. Therefore, it is <i>not</i> a synonym of "<a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrant</a>", as a foreigner may be born in France. On the other hand, a Frenchman born abroad may be considered an immigrant (e.g. former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> who lived the majority of his life abroad). In most of the cases, however, a foreigner is an immigrant, and vice versa. They either benefit from legal sojourn in France, which, after a residency of ten years, makes it possible to ask for <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">naturalisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they do not, they are considered "<a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">illegal aliens</a>". Some argue that this privation of nationality and citizenship does not square with their contribution to the national economic efforts, and thus to <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. </p><p>In any cases, rights of foreigners in France have improved over the last half-century: </p> <ul><li>1946: right to elect <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> representative (but not to be elected as a representative)</li> <li>1968: right to become a trade-union delegate</li> <li>1972: right to sit in <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">works council</a> and to be a delegate of the workers at the condition of "knowing how to read and write French"</li> <li>1975: additional condition: "to be able to express oneself in French"; they may vote at <i>prud'hommes elections</i> ("industrial tribunal elections") but may not be elected; foreigners may also have administrative or leadership positions in tradeunions but under various conditions</li> <li>1982: those conditions are suppressed, only the function of <i>conseiller prud'hommal</i> is reserved to those who have acquired French nationality. They may be elected in workers' representation functions (Auroux laws). They also may become administrators in public structures such as <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a> banks (<i>caisses de sécurité sociale</i>), OPAC (which administers <a href="/wiki/HLM" title="HLM">HLMs</a>), Ophlm...</li> <li>1992: for European Union citizens, right to vote at the European elections, first exercised during the <a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election" title="1994 European Parliament election">1994 European elections</a>, and at municipal elections (first exercised during the 2001 municipal elections).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> does not collect data about language, religion, or ethnicity – on the principle of the secular and unitary nature of the French Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, there are some sources dealing with just such distinctions: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> defines the ethnic groups of France as being "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, and Basque minorities. Overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its definition is reproduced on several Web sites collecting or reporting demographic data.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The U.S. Department of State goes into further detail: "Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, travel, and invasion. Three basic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> stocks – Celtic, Latin, and Teutonic (Frankish) – have blended over the centuries to make up its present population. . . . Traditionally, France has had a high level of immigration. . . . In 2004, there were over 6 million Muslims, largely of North African descent, living in France. France is home to both the largest Muslim and Jewish populations in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_State_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_State-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> says that "the French are strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge", and it mentions as part of the population of France the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> by Romans), and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> (Teutonic) peoples (including the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>). France also became "in the 19th and especially in the 20th century, the prime recipient of foreign immigration into Europe. . . ."<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It is said by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> that France adheres to the ideal of a single, homogeneous national culture, supported by the absence of hyphenated identities and by avoidance of the very term "ethnicity" in French discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration to France</a></div> <p>As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> estimated that 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants and 6.5 million direct descendants of immigrants (born in France with at least one immigrant parent) lived in France representing a total of 11.8 million and 19% of the total population in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> (62.1 million in 2008). Among them, about 5.5 million are of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> origin and 4 million of North African origin.<sup id="cite_ref-insee.fr_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insee.fr-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Insee_1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insee_1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populations_with_French_ancestry">Populations with French ancestry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></div> <p>Between 1848 and 1939, 1 million people with French passports emigrated to other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main communities of French ancestry in the New World are found in the United States, Canada and Argentina while sizeable groups are also found in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009,_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009%2C_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg/220px-Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009%2C_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009%2C_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg/330px-Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009%2C_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009%2C_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg/440px-Tintamarre_during_National_Acadian_Day_2009%2C_Caraquet_New_Brunswick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">National Acadian Day</a> in Caraquet, New Brunswick</figcaption></figure> <p>There are nearly seven million French speakers out of nine to ten million people of French and partial French ancestry in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Canadians_2016_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Canadians_2016-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (2006 census population of 7,546,131), where more than 95 percent of the people speak French as either their first, second or even third language, is the center of French life on the Western side of the Atlantic; however, French settlement began further east, in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. Quebec is home to vibrant French-language arts, media, and learning. There are sizable <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadian</a> communities scattered throughout the other provinces of Canada, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, which has about 1 million people with French ancestry (400 000 who have French as their mother tongue), <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, which is the only fully <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> province and is 33 percent <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French American</a></div> <p>The United States is home to an estimated 13 to 16 million people of <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French descent</a>, or 4 to 5 percent of the US population, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern New York">Northern New York</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>. The French community in Louisiana consists of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a>, the descendants of the French settlers who arrived when Louisiana was a French colony, and the <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>, the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadian</a> refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">Great Upheaval</a>. Very few creoles remain in New Orleans in present times. In New England, the vast majority of French immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries came not from France, but from over the border in Quebec, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebec diaspora</a>. These French Canadians arrived to work in the timber mills and textile plants that appeared throughout the region as it industrialized. Today, nearly 25 percent of the population of <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> is of French ancestry, the highest of any state. </p><p>English and Dutch colonies of pre-Revolutionary America attracted large numbers of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> fleeing religious persecution in France. In the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> that later became New York, northern New Jersey, and western <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, these French Huguenots, nearly identical in religion to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, assimilated almost completely into the Dutch community. However, large it may have been at one time, it has lost all identity of its French origin, often with the translation of names (examples: <i>de la Montagne</i> > <i>Vandenberg</i> by translation; <i>de Vaux</i> > <i>DeVos</i> or <i>Devoe</i> by phonetic respelling). Huguenots appeared in all of the English colonies and likewise assimilated. Even though this mass settlement approached the size of the settlement of the French settlement of Quebec, it has assimilated into the English-speaking mainstream to a much greater extent than other French colonial groups and has left few traces of cultural influence. <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle, New York</a> is named after <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, France, one of the sources of Huguenot emigration to the Dutch colony; and <a href="/wiki/New_Paltz_(village),_New_York" title="New Paltz (village), New York">New Paltz, New York</a>, is one of the few non-urban settlements of Huguenots that did not undergo massive recycling of buildings in the usual redevelopment of such older, larger cities as New York City or New Rochelle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="French Argentine">French Argentine</a></div> <p>French Argentines form the third largest ancestry group in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Argentines" title="Spanish Argentines">Spanish Argentines</a>. French immigration to Argentina peaked between 1871 and 1890, though considerable immigration continued until the late 1940s. At least half of these immigrants came from Southwestern France, especially from the Basque Country, Béarn (Basses-Pyrénées accounted for more than 20% of immigrants), Bigorre and Rouergue, but significant numbers also from Savoy and the Paris region. Today around 6.8 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry or are of partial or wholly of French descent (up to 17% of the total population).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French Argentines had a considerable influence over the country, particularly on its architectural styles and literary traditions, as well as on the scientific field. Some notable Argentines of French descent include writer <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>, physiologist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a> or activist <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Moreau_de_Justo" title="Alicia Moreau de Justo">Alicia Moreau de Justo</a>. With something akin to Hispanic culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Argentine society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayan" class="mw-redirect" title="French Uruguayan">French Uruguayan</a></div> <p>French Uruguayans form the third largest ancestry group in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, after Italian and Spanish Uruguayans. During the first half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> received the most French immigrants of any <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> country. It constituted back then the second receptor of French immigrants in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> after the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. While the United States received 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855, 13,922 Frenchmen, most of them from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>, left for Uruguay between 1833 and 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of immigrants were coming from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a>. Today, there are an estimated at 300,000 French descendants in Uruguay.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_British" class="mw-redirect" title="French British">French British</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">French migration to the United Kingdom</a> is a phenomenon that has occurred at various points in history. Many British people have French ancestry, and French remains the foreign language most learned by British people. Much of the UK's mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> was descended from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">Franco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> migrants at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a>, and also during the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> dynasty. </p><p>According to a study by <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.co.uk</a>, 3 million British people are of French descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those are television presenters <a href="/wiki/Davina_McCall" title="Davina McCall">Davina McCall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Theroux" title="Louis Theroux">Louis Theroux</a>. There are currently an estimated 400,000 French people in the United Kingdom, most of them in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3></div> <p>The first French emigration in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> was a very small number to <a href="/wiki/Cartago,_Costa_Rica" title="Cartago, Costa Rica">Cartago</a> in the mid-nineteenth century. Due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a group of exiled French (mostly soldiers and families orphaned) migrated to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-fr-cri_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr-cri-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="French immigration to Mexico">French immigration to Mexico</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, a sizeable population can trace its ancestry to France. After Spain, this makes France the second largest European ethnicity in the country. The bulk of French immigrants arrived in Mexico during the 19th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>From 1814 to 1955, inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Barcelonnette" title="Barcelonnette">Barcelonnette</a> and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ubaye_Valley" title="Ubaye Valley">Ubaye Valley</a> emigrated to Mexico by the dozens. Many established textile businesses between Mexico and France. At the turn of the 20th century, there were 5,000 French families from the Barcelonnette region registered with the French Consulate in Mexico. While 90% stayed in Mexico, some returned, and from 1880 to 1930, built grand mansions called <i>Maisons Mexicaines</i> and left a mark upon the city. Today the descendants of the Barcelonettes account for 80,000 descendants distributed around Mexico. </p><p>In the 1860s, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> ruled by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>—in collaboration with Mexican conservatives and part of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s plan to create a Latin empire in the New World (indeed responsible for coining the term of "Amérique latine", "Latin America" in English)-- many French soldiers, merchants, and families set foot upon Mexican soil. Emperor Maximilian's consort, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Belgium" title="Charlotte of Belgium">Carlota of Mexico</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">princess of Belgium</a>, was a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I,_King_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe I, King of the French">Louis-Philippe of France</a>. </p><p>Many Mexicans of French descent live in cities or states such as <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla, Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a>, and the capital, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where French surnames such as Chairez/Chaires, Renaux, Pierres, Michel, Betancourt, Alaniz, Blanc, Ney, Jurado (Jure), Colo (Coleau), Dumas, or Moussier can be found. Today, Mexico has more than 3 million people of full and partial French descent. mainly living in the capital, Puebla, Guadalajara, Veracruz and Querétaro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">French Chilean</a></div> <p>The French came to Chile in the 18th century, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> as merchants, and in the mid-19th century to cultivate vines in the <a href="/wiki/Haciendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Haciendas">haciendas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Valley of Chile">Central Valley</a>, the homebase of world-famous <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean wine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" title="Araucanía Region">Araucanía Region</a> also has an important number of people of French ancestry, as the area hosted settlers arrived by the second half of the 19th century as farmers and shopkeepers. With something akin to <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Hispanic culture</a>, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society. </p><p>From 1840 to 1940, around 25,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Chile. 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Basses-Pyrénées</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">Basque country</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Inférieure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a> and regions situated between <a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of French immigrants settled in the country between 1875 and 1895. Between October 1882 and December 1897, 8,413 Frenchmen settled in Chile, making up 23% of immigrants (second only after Spaniards) from this period. In 1863, 1,650 French citizens were registered in Chile. At the end of the century they were almost 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the census of 1865, out of 23,220 foreigners established in Chile, 2,483 were French, the third largest European community in the country after Germans and Englishmen.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, the community reached 3,000 members,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12% of the almost 25,000 foreigners established in the country. It was estimated that 10,000 Frenchmen were living in Chile in 1912, 7% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today it is estimated that 500,000 Chileans are of French descent. </p><p>Former president of Chile <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> is of French origin, as was <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. A large percentage of politicians, businessmen, professionals and entertainers in the country are of French ancestry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Brazilian">French Brazilian</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">French immigrants to Brazil from 1913 to 1924 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th>French immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td>1913 </td> <td>1,532 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td>696 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1915 </td> <td>410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916 </td> <td>292 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917 </td> <td>273 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td>226 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td>690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <td>838 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>633 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922 </td> <td>725 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923 </td> <td>609 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924 </td> <td>634 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>7,558 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is estimated that there are 1 million to 2 million or more Brazilians of French descent today. This gives Brazil the second largest French community in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-studyrama1965_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studyrama1965-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1819 to 1940, 40,383 Frenchmen immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Most of them settled in the country between 1884 and 1925 (8,008 from 1819 to 1883, 25,727 from 1884 to 1925, 6,648 from 1926 to 1940). Another source estimates that around 100,000 French people immigrated to Brazil between 1850 and 1965. </p><p>The French community in Brazil numbered 592 in 1888 and 5,000 in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated that 14,000 Frenchmen were living in Brazil in 1912, 9% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the second largest community after Argentina (100,000).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Imperial Family">Brazilian Imperial Family</a> originates from the Portuguese House of Braganza and the last emperor's heir and daughter, Isabella, married Prince Gaston d'Orleans, Comte d'Eu, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a>, a cadet branch of the Bourbons, the French Royal Family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">French Guatemalan</a></div> <p>The first French immigrants were politicians such as Nicolas Raoul and Isidore Saget, Henri Terralonge and officers Aluard, Courbal, Duplessis, Gibourdel and Goudot. Later, when the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Federation">Central American Federation</a> was divided in 7 countries, Some of them settled to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, others to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, although the majority still remained in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. The relationships start to 1827, politicians, scientists, painters, builders, singers and some families emigrated to Guatemala. Later in a Conservative government, annihilated nearly all the relations between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and most of French immigrants went to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, but these relationships were again return to the late of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></div> <p>Elsewhere in the Americas, French settlement took place in the 16th to 20th centuries. They can be found in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. The Betancourt political families who influenced <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-espejodelperu1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espejodelperu1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> have some French ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huguenots">Huguenots</h3></div> <p>Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> are known to have settled in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (from 50,000), Ireland (10,000), in Protestant areas of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (especially the city of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>) (from 40 000), in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (from 50 000), in <a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> and in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Many people in these countries still bear French names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puducherry_EFEO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Puducherry_EFEO.jpg/220px-Puducherry_EFEO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Puducherry_EFEO.jpg/330px-Puducherry_EFEO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Puducherry_EFEO.jpg/440px-Puducherry_EFEO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Building of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondicherry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Asia, a proportion of people with mixed French and Vietnamese descent can be found in Vietnam. Including the number of persons of pure French descent. Many are descendants of French settlers who intermarried with local Vietnamese people. Approximately 5,000 in Vietnam are of pure French descent, however, this number is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small proportion of people with mixed French and Khmer descent can be found in Cambodia. These people number approximately 16,000 in Cambodia, among this number, approximately 3,000 are of pure French descent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An unknown number with mixed French and Lao ancestry can be found throughout Laos.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A few thousand <a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">French citizens</a> of Indian, European or creole ethnic origins live in the former French possessions in India (mostly <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>). In addition to these Countries, small minorities can be found elsewhere in Asia; the majority of these living as expatriates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foire_chevaux.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foire_chevaux.JPG/220px-Foire_chevaux.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foire_chevaux.JPG/330px-Foire_chevaux.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foire_chevaux.JPG/440px-Foire_chevaux.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>French people born in New Caledonia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3></div> <p>During the great power era, about 100 French families came to Sweden. They had mainly emigrated to Sweden as a result of religious oppression. These include the <a href="/wiki/Bedoire_family" title="Bedoire family">Bedoire</a>, De Laval and De Flon families. Several of whom worked as merchants and craftsmen. In Stockholm, the French Lutheran congregation was formed in 1687, later dissolved in 1791, which was not really an actual congregation but rather a series of private gatherings of religious practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3></div> <p>Apart from <a href="/wiki/French-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadians">Québécois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people">Métis</a>, other populations with some French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the <i><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">Caldoches</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a> of the United States, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Zoreilles</a></i> and <i>Petits-blancs</i> of various <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a>, as well as populations of the former <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> in Africa and the West Indies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">Armenians in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">Cagot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Mauritian">Franco-Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Australian">French Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Peruvian">French Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_in_France" title="Peruvians in France">Peruvians in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">French people in Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people" title="List of French people">List of French people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people_of_immigrant_origin" title="List of French people of immigrant origin">List of French people of immigrant origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noir</a> – French citizens in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-democrat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-democrat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-democrat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607">"Démographie – Population au début du mois – France"</a>. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9mographie+%E2%80%93+Population+au+d%C3%A9but+du+mois+%E2%80%93+France&rft.pub=Institut+national+de+la+statistique+et+des+%C3%A9tudes+%C3%A9conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Fbsweb%2Fserie.asp%3Fidbank%3D001641607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2015/03/17/la-diaspora-francaise-nouvel-acteur-de-la-diplomatie_4594826_3232.html">"La diaspora française, nouvel acteur de diplomatie ?"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 17 March 2015. <q>Certains spécialistes avancent que la diaspora française serait composée de 30 millions de personnes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=La+diaspora+fran%C3%A7aise%2C+nouvel+acteur+de+diplomatie+%3F&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fidees%2Farticle%2F2015%2F03%2F17%2Fla-diaspora-francaise-nouvel-acteur-de-la-diplomatie_4594826_3232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006">"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009040727/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+B04006+-+People+Reporting+Ancestry+-+2020+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Ft%3DAncestry%26tid%3DACSDT5Y2020.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Les_merveilleux_francophiles_argentins_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Les_merveilleux_francophiles_argentins_1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?page=article&id_article=1009&page=article&id_article=1009&var_recherche=argentin">"Les merveilleux francophiles argentins-1"</a>. <i>canalacademie.com</i>. 5 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canalacademie.com&rft.atitle=Les+merveilleux+francophiles+argentins-1&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalacademie.com%2Fida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html%3Fpage%3Darticle%26id_article%3D1009%26page%3Darticle%26id_article%3D1009%26var_recherche%3Dargentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population2016_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada (17 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28279%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+%2812%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census+-+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.au=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110528%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D120%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes <a href="/wiki/Quebecois_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecois people">Quebecois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardrop2010" class="citation news cs1">Wardrop, Murray (12 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7578817/Britons-can-trace-French-ancestry-after-millions-of-records-go-online.html">"Britons can trace French ancestry after millions of records go online"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>The documents disclose that despite our rivalry with our continental counterparts, 3 million Britons - one in 20 – can trace their ancestry back to France</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britons+can+trace+French+ancestry+after+millions+of+records+go+online&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft.aulast=Wardrop&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F7578817%2FBritons-can-trace-French-ancestry-after-millions-of-records-go-online.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/royaume-uni/relations-bilaterales/#sommaire_2">"Présence française"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sence+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Europe+and+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdossiers-pays%2Froyaume-uni%2Frelations-bilaterales%2F%23sommaire_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131612/http://www.ambafrance-br.org/IMG/pdf/27-06-13-La_France_et_le_Bresil_en_chiffre_2013.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-br.org/IMG/pdf/27-06-13-La_France_et_le_Bresil_en_chiffre_2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambafrance-br.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F27-06-13-La_France_et_le_Bresil_en_chiffre_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parvex,_2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parvex,_2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvex2014" class="citation journal cs1">Parvex, Ricardo (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/2720">"Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires"</a>. <i>Hommes & Migrations</i> (1305): 71–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fhommesmigrations.2720">10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1142-852X">1142-852X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hommes+%26+Migrations&rft.atitle=Le+Chili+et+les+mouvements+migratoires&rft.issue=1305&rft.pages=71-76&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fhommesmigrations.2720&rft.issn=1142-852X&rft.aulast=Parvex&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fhommesmigrations%2F2720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomatie.gouv.fr-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatie.gouv.fr_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/les-francais-a-l-etranger/la-presence-francaise-a-l-etranger/les-francais-etablis-hors-de/">"Les Français établis hors de France"</a>. <q>Au 31 décembre 2012, 1 611 054 de nos compatriotes étaient inscrits au registre mondial des Français établis hors de France.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Fran%C3%A7ais+%C3%A9tablis+hors+de+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fles-francais-a-l-etranger%2Fla-presence-francaise-a-l-etranger%2Fles-francais-etablis-hors-de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112114946/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/01/02/blank/data/01.html">"Etat et structure de la population – Données détaillées, Population résidante selon le sexe et la nationalité par pays, (su-f-01.01.01.03), Office fédéral de la statistique OFS"</a>. Bfs.admin.ch. 29 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/01/02/blank/data/01.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etat+et+structure+de+la+population+%E2%80%93+Donn%C3%A9es+d%C3%A9taill%C3%A9es%2C+Population+r%C3%A9sidante+selon+le+sexe+et+la+nationalit%C3%A9+par+pays%2C+%28su-f-01.01.01.03%29%2C+Office+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral+de+la+statistique+OFS&rft.pub=Bfs.admin.ch&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Ffr%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F02%2Fblank%2Fdata%2F01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, CRC Press, 2005, pp. 878–883</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat_7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stat_7_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207093333/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/ressources/eurydice/eurybase/pdf/section/BF_EN_C1_7_3.pdf">"SPF Intérieur – Office des Étrangers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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INE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ine.es<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avance+del+Padr%C3%B3n+municipal+a+1+de+enero+de+2011.+Datos+provisionales.+2011.+INE&rft.pub=Ine.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fprensa%2Fnp648.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS_Ancestry-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABS_Ancestry_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&">"20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia"</a>. <i>2006 Census</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Microsoft Excel download)</span> on 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French+%E2%80%93+Facts+and+figures&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=Tessa+Copland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Ffrench%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/07/27/former-honorary-consul-of-france-conferred-french-legion-of-honor">"Former Honorary Consul of France conferred French Legion of Honor"</a>. <i>The Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Former+Honorary+Consul+of+France+conferred+French+Legion+of+Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2014%2F07%2F27%2Fformer-honorary-consul-of-france-conferred-french-legion-of-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.tr.mfa">"Relation between Turkey and France - Ministry of Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>mfa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa&rft.atitle=Relation+between+Turkey+and+France+-+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Fdefault.tr.mfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_04_2011.pdf">Census 2011 – Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH) – Demographic Data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Genetic_History_of_France-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Genetic_History_of_France_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Genetic_History_of_France_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_PierreGiemzaKarakachoffAlves2019" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Saint Pierre, Aude; Giemza, Joanna; Karakachoff, Matilde; Alves, Isabel; Amouyel, Philippe; Dartigues, Jean-Francois; Tzourio, Christophe; Monteil, Martial; Galan, Pilar; Hercberg, Serge; Redon, Richard; Genin, Emmanuelle; Dina, Christian (23 July 2019). "The Genetic History of France". <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F712497">10.1101/712497</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+History+of+France&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F712497%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Saint+Pierre&rft.aufirst=Aude&rft.au=Giemza%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Karakachoff%2C+Matilde&rft.au=Alves%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Amouyel%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Dartigues%2C+Jean-Francois&rft.au=Tzourio%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Monteil%2C+Martial&rft.au=Galan%2C+Pilar&rft.au=Hercberg%2C+Serge&rft.au=Redon%2C+Richard&rft.au=Genin%2C+Emmanuelle&rft.au=Dina%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/13377324">"To count or not to count"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=To+count+or+not+to+count&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F13377324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French historian Gérard Noiriel uses the phrase "creuset français" to express the idea, in his pioneering work <i>Le Creuset français</i> (1988). See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoiriel1996" class="citation book cs1">Noiriel, Gérard (1996). <i>The French melting pot: immigration, citizenship, and national identity</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816624194" title="Special:BookSources/0816624194"><bdi>0816624194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+melting+pot%3A+immigration%2C+citizenship%2C+and+national+identity&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0816624194&rft.aulast=Noiriel&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span> ; translated from French by Geoffroy de Laforcade.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy">"French Government Revives Assimilation Policy"</a>. <i>Migrationpolicy.org</i>. 1 October 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy">the original</a> on 30 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migrationpolicy.org&rft.atitle=French+Government+Revives+Assimilation+Policy&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Ffrench-government-revives-assimilation-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Const58-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Const58_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const58_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313212736/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp">"Constitution of 4 October 1958"</a>. <i>assemblee-nationale.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp">the original</a> on 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assemblee-nationale.fr&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+4+October+1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fenglish%2F8ab.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_HughesAlex_HughesKeith_A_Reader2002" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Hughes; Alex Hughes; Keith A Reader (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrhClZg65EsC&pg=PA232"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00330-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00330-5"><bdi>978-0-203-00330-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+French+Culture&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-00330-5&rft.au=Alexandra+Hughes&rft.au=Alex+Hughes&rft.au=Keith+A+Reader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrhClZg65EsC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Brazil-to-Congo-Republic-of/French-Canadians.html">Countries and Their Cultures</a> French Canadians – <i>everyculture.com</i> Retrieved 12 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One point of friction can be the status of minority languages. However, though almost extinct, such regional languages are preserved in France and one can learn them at school as a second language (<i>enseignement de langue regionale</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drinkwater, John F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France/People">"People"</a>. In Ray, Michael (ed.). <i>France (Britannica Guide to Countries of the European Union)</i>. Rosen Educational Services. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615309641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615309641"><bdi>978-1615309641</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People&rft.btitle=France+%28Britannica+Guide+to+Countries+of+the+European+Union%29&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Rosen+Educational+Services&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1615309641&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FFrance%2FPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1940" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Gertrude (1940). <i>What are masterpieces?</i>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+masterpieces%3F&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Gertrude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> found that France provided the "best overall health care" in the world <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/">World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes LAGRANGES, <i>Emeutes, renovation urbaine et alienation politique</i>, Observatoire sociologique du changement, Paris, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://osc.sciences-po.fr/publication/nd_2007_05.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055345/http://osc.sciences-po.fr/publication/nd_2007_05.pdf">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ligures,_Ibères_2008,_p._261_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Les Gaulois figurent seulement parmi d'autres dans la multitude de couches de peuplement fort divers (Ligures, Ibères, Latins, Francs et Alamans, Nordiques, Sarrasins...) qui aboutissent à la population du pays à un moment donné ", <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Brunaux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Louis Brunaux">Jean-Louis Brunaux</a>, <i>Nos ancêtres les Gaulois</i>, éd. Seuil, 2008, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kruta, Venceslas (2000). <i>Les Celtes : Histoire et dictionnaire</i> (in French). Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2221056905" title="Special:BookSources/978-2221056905"><bdi>978-2221056905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Celtes+%3A+Histoire+et+dictionnaire&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2221056905&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helix-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helix_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Hélix2011" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Hélix (2011). <i>Histoire de la langue française</i>. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-6470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-6470-5"><bdi>978-2-7298-6470-5</bdi></a>. <q>Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ellipses+Edition+Marketing+S.A.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-7298-6470-5&rft.au=Laurence+H%C3%A9lix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matas-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matas_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matas_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matas_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasovic,_Ranko2007" class="citation book cs1">Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area". <i>The Celtic Languages in Contact</i> (Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies). p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Insular+Celtic+as+a+Language+Area&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages+in+Contact&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Matasovic%2C+Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savignac-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savignac_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savignac_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavignac,_Jean-Paul2004" class="citation book cs1">Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). <i>Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois</i>. Paris: La Différence. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Fran%C3%A7ais-Gaulois&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=La+Diff%C3%A9rence&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Savignac%2C+Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in <i>Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii</i>, eds., Anna Bochnakowa & Stanislan Widlak, Krakow, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugeen Roegiest, <i>Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania</i> (Leuven, Belgium: Acco, 2006), 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_J._N.2007" class="citation book cs1">Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul". <i>The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600</i>. Cambridge. pp. 279–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511482977">10.1017/CBO9780511482977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511482977" title="Special:BookSources/9780511482977"><bdi>9780511482977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V+%E2%80%93+Regionalisms+in+provincial+texts%3A+Gaul&rft.btitle=The+Regional+Diversification+of+Latin+200+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+600&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=279-289&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482977&rft.isbn=9780511482977&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in <i>The Crusades: The Essential Readings</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Thomas F. Madden</a>, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Originally published in <i>Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100–1300</i>, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Prawer" title="Joshua Prawer">Joshua Prawer</a>, <i>Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem</i>, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031124234/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379_21/Canada.html"><i>British North America: 1763–1841</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379_21/canada.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+North+America%3A+1763%E2%80%931841&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761563379_21%2Fcanada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/jrm2.htm">Hispanics in the American Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513101711/http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/jrm2.htm">Archived</a> 13 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Huxtable_Elliott1984" class="citation book cs1">John Huxtable Elliott (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2Hf-crzPjUC&pg=PA26"><i>The revolt of the Catalans: a study in the decline of Spain (1598–1640)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27890-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27890-2"><bdi>0-521-27890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revolt+of+the+Catalans%3A+a+study+in+the+decline+of+Spain+%281598%E2%80%931640%29&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-27890-2&rft.au=John+Huxtable+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2Hf-crzPjUC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeschu" class="citation web cs1">Deschu, Cath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~banatdata/genealogy/Documents/NewOnTheList.htm">"French villages in Banat"</a>. RootsWeb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+villages+in+Banat&rft.pub=RootsWeb.com&rft.aulast=Deschu&rft.aufirst=Cath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.rootsweb.com%2F~banatdata%2Fgenealogy%2FDocuments%2FNewOnTheList.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoria.ro/?location=view_article&id=1641&l=fr">"Smaranda Vultur, De l'Ouest à l'Est et de l'Est à l'Ouest : les avatars identitaires des Français du Banat, Texte presenté a la conférence d'histoire orale "Visibles mais pas nombreuses : les circulations migratoires roumaines", Paris, 2001"</a>. Memoria.ro<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smaranda+Vultur%2C+De+l%27Ouest+%C3%A0+l%27Est+et+de+l%27Est+%C3%A0+l%27Ouest+%3A+les+avatars+identitaires+des+Fran%C3%A7ais+du+Banat%2C+Texte+present%C3%A9+a+la+conf%C3%A9rence+d%27histoire+orale+%22Visibles+mais+pas+nombreuses+%3A+les+circulations+migratoires+roumaines%22%2C+Paris%2C+2001&rft.pub=Memoria.ro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoria.ro%2F%3Flocation%3Dview_article%26id%3D1641%26l%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees</a></i>". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p.22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-817-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-817-X">0-87169-817-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Benbassa" title="Esther Benbassa">Esther Benbassa</a>, <i>The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present</i>, Princeton University Press, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>The educated African: a country-by-country survey of educational development in Africa</i>". Helen A. Kitchen (1962). p.256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1988" class="citation news cs1">Markham, James M. (6 April 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDE1539F935A35757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Pieds-Noirs%2C+the+Anger+Endures&rft.date=1988-04-06&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940DEFDE1539F935A35757C0A96E948260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25">Migration and development co-operation.</a>"</i>. p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaïsse2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Va%C3%AFsse" title="Justin Vaïsse">Vaïsse, Justin</a> (10–12 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/vaisse20060112-1.pdf">"Unrest in France, November 2005: Immigration, Islam and the Challenge of Integration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914183643/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/vaisse20060112-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unrest+in+France%2C+November+2005%3A+Immigration%2C+Islam+and+the+Challenge+of+Integration&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2006-01-10%2F2006-01-12&rft.aulast=Va%C3%AFsse&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2Fvaisse20060112-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Compared with the Europeans, the Tunisians belong to a much more recent wave of migration and occupy a much less favourable socioeconomic position, yet their pattern of marriage behaviour is nonetheless similar (...). Algerian and Moroccan immigrants have a higher propensity to exogamy than Asians or Portuguese but a much weaker labour market position. (...) Confirming the results from other analyses of immigrant assimilation in France, this study shows that North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration (reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy, notably for Tunisians) that contrasts with a persistent disadvantage in the labour market.", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=POPE_802_0239">Intermarriage and assimilation: disparities in levels of exogamy among immigrants in France</a>, Mirna Safi, Volume 63 2008/2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Todd" title="Emmanuel Todd">Emmanuel Todd</a>, <i>Le destin des immigrés: assimilation et ségrégation dans les démocraties occidentales</i>, Paris, 1994, p.307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, <i>Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality</i> (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2">0-521-43961-2</a>) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp.80–81 French edition (<a href="/wiki/Gallimard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallimard">Gallimard</a>, 1992). According to Hobsbawm, the base source for this subject is <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brunot" title="Ferdinand Brunot">Ferdinand Brunot</a> (ed.), <i>Histoire de la langue française</i>, Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular the tome IX. He also refers to <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Certeau" title="Michel de Certeau">Michel de Certeau</a>, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, <i>Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire</i>, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a mass national language during and after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, see Renée Balibar, <i>L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République</i>, Paris, 1985 (also <i>Le co-linguisme</i>, <a href="/wiki/PUF" class="mw-redirect" title="PUF">PUF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Que_sais-je%3F" title="Que sais-je?">Que sais-je?</a>, 1994, but out of print) ("The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">Republic</a>"). Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, <i>Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution</i>, Paris, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drinkwater, John F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France/People">"People"</a>. In Ray, Michael (ed.). <i>France (Britannica Guide to Countries of the European Union)</i>. Rosen Educational Services. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615309641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615309641"><bdi>978-1615309641</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People&rft.btitle=France+%28Britannica+Guide+to+Countries+of+the+European+Union%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Rosen+Educational+Services&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1615309641&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FFrance%2FPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Éric Gailledrat, <i>Les Ibères de l'Èbre à l'Hérault (VIe-IVe s. avant J.-C.)</i>, Lattes, Sociétés de la Protohistoire et de l'Antiquité en France Méditerranéenne, Monographies d'Archéologie Méditerranéenne – 1, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dominique_Garcia_1997,_pp._38-40-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dominique_Garcia_1997,_pp._38-40_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominique Garcia: <i>Entre Ibères et Ligures. Lodévois et moyenne vallée de l'Hérault protohistoriques</i>. Paris, CNRS éd., 1993; <i>Les Ibères dans le midi de la France</i>. L'Archéologue, n°32, 1997, pp. 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choses_1986_p._215-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choses_1986_p._215_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Notre Midi a sa pinte de sang sarrasin", <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, <i>L'identité de la France – Les Hommes et les Choses (1986)</i>, Flammarion, 1990, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Les premiers musulmans arrivèrent en France à la suite de l'occupation de l'Espagne par les Maures, il y a plus d'un millénaire, et s'installèrent dans les environs de Toulouse – et jusqu'en Bourgogne. À Narbonne, les traces d'une mosquée datant du VIIIe siècle sont le témoignage de l'ancienneté de ce passé. Lors de la célèbre, et en partie mythologique, bataille de Poitiers en 732, dont les historiens reconsidèrent aujourd'hui l'importance, Charles Martel aurait stoppé la progression des envahisseurs arabes. Des réfugiés musulmans qui fuyaient la Reconquista espagnole, et plus tard l'Inquisition, firent souche en Languedoc-Roussillon et dans le Pays basque français, ainsi que dans le Béarn", <a href="/wiki/Justin_Va%C3%AFsse" title="Justin Vaïsse">Justin Vaïsse</a>, <i>Intégrer l'Islam</i>, Odile Jacob, 2007, pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_normans-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_normans_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerseyheritagetrust.org/edu/resources/pdf/normans.pdf">The normans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326114613/http://www.jerseyheritagetrust.org/edu/resources/pdf/normans.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jersey heritage trust</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnapper-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schnapper_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Schnapper" title="Dominique Schnapper">Dominique Schnapper</a>, "La conception de la nation", "Citoyenneté et société", <i>Cahiers Francais</i>, n° 281, mai-juin 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhatFrench?-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhatFrench?_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhatFrench?_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses/2313/public/lesson01/lesson01.aspx">"What Is France? Who Are the French?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses/2313/public/lesson01/lesson01.aspx">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+France%3F+Who+Are+the+French%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdis.missouri.edu%2Fexec%2Fdata%2Fcourses%2F2313%2Fpublic%2Flesson01%2Flesson01.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VercingeVatel-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VercingeVatel_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VercingeVatel_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyriam_Krepps2011" class="citation conference cs1">Myriam Krepps (7–9 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728081603/http://www.unomaha.edu/esc/2010Proceedings/KreppsPaper.pdf"><i>French Identity, French Heroes: From Vercingétorix to Vatel</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unomaha.edu/esc/2010Proceedings/KreppsPaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=French+Identity%2C+French+Heroes%3A+From+Vercing%C3%A9torix+to+Vatel&rft.place=Pittsburg+State+University%2C+Pittsburg%2C+Kansas&rft.date=2011-10-07%2F2011-10-09&rft.au=Myriam+Krepps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unomaha.edu%2Fesc%2F2010Proceedings%2FKreppsPaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AncientAlesia-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AncientAlesia_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Schofield2012" class="citation news cs1">Hugh Schofield (26 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19167600">"France's ancient Alesia dispute rumbles on"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France%27s+ancient+Alesia+dispute+rumbles+on&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft.au=Hugh+Schofield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-19167600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierreGiemzaAlvesKarakachoff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pierre, Aude Saint; Giemza, Joanna; Alves, Isabel; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7316781">"The genetic history of France"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>28</b> (7): 853–865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41431-020-0584-1">10.1038/s41431-020-0584-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1018-4813">1018-4813</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7316781">7316781</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32042083">32042083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+France&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=853-865&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7316781%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1018-4813&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32042083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41431-020-0584-1&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.aufirst=Aude+Saint&rft.au=Giemza%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Alves%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Karakachoff%2C+Matilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7316781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000400185&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id"><i>Loi n<sup>o</sup> 2000-493 du 6 juin 2000 tendant à favoriser l'égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives</i></a></span> (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizenship-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Villalba" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">B. Villalba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116061353/http://droit.univ-lille2.fr/enseignants/villalba/cours_PSC/Psc_chap_citoyen.html">"Chapitre 2 – Les incertitudes de la citoyenneté"</a> (in French). Catholic University of <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, Law Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droit.univ-lille2.fr/enseignants/villalba/cours_PSC/Psc_chap_citoyen.html">the original</a> on 16 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapitre+2+%E2%80%93+Les+incertitudes+de+la+citoyennet%C3%A9&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+Lille%2C+Law+Department&rft.au=B.+Villalba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdroit.univ-lille2.fr%2Fenseignants%2Fvillalba%2Fcours_PSC%2FPsc_chap_citoyen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/23846-tous-les-habitants-de-la-france-sont-ils-des-citoyens-francais">"Tous les habitants de la France sont-ils des citoyens français ?"</a>. <i>www.vie-publique.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vie-publique.fr&rft.atitle=Tous+les+habitants+de+la+France+sont-ils+des+citoyens+fran%C3%A7ais+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vie-publique.fr%2Ffiches%2F23846-tous-les-habitants-de-la-france-sont-ils-des-citoyens-francais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006417290/">"Code pénal – Article 131-26"</a> (in French). LégiFrance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+p%C3%A9nal+%E2%80%93+Article+131-26&rft.pub=L%C3%A9giFrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000006417290%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Sacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo Sacer">Homo Sacer</a>: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i>, Stanford University Press (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3218-3">0-8047-3218-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> P. Hassenteufel, "Exclusion sociale et citoyenneté", "Citoyenneté et société", <i>Cahiers Francais</i>, n° 281, mai-juin 1997), quoted by B. Villalba of the Catholic University of Lille, <i>op.cit.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, <i>op.cit.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It may be interesting to refer to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s description of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">discourse of "race struggle"</a> as he shows that this medieval discourse, held by such people as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> or <a href="/wiki/John_Lilburne" title="John Lilburne">John Lilburne</a> in Great Britain and in France by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fr%C3%A9ret" title="Nicolas Fréret">Nicolas Fréret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Boulainvilliers</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Siey%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieyès">Sieyès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Thierry" title="Augustin Thierry">Augustin Thierry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a> tended to identify the French noble classes to a Northern and foreign race while the "people" were considered as an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">aborigine</a> and "inferior" race. This historical discourse of "race struggle", as isolated by Foucault, was not based on a biological conception of race, as would be later <a href="/wiki/Racialism_(Racial_categorization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism (Racial categorization)">racialism</a> (aka "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216031848/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/bib_lisieux/nation01.htm">"Bib Lisieux"</a>. <i>ourworld.compuserve.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/bib_lisieux/nation01.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ourworld.compuserve.com&rft.atitle=Bib+Lisieux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworld.compuserve.com%2Fhomepages%2Fbib_lisieux%2Fnation01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/l#a2447">"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=An+Essay+Concerning+Human+Understanding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fbrowse%2Fauthors%2Fl%23a2447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> (1951), second part on "Imperialism"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier_LeCour_Grandmaison2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_LeCour_Grandmaison" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier LeCour Grandmaison">Olivier LeCour Grandmaison</a> (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2001/06/11torture2">"Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France – Liberty, Equality and Colony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Torture+in+Algeria%3A+Past+Acts+That+Haunt+France+%E2%80%93+Liberty%2C+Equality+and+Colony&rft.date=2001-06&rft.au=Olivier+LeCour+Grandmaison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2001%2F06%2F11torture2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jacques.morel67/ccfo/crimcol/node60.html">"Ernest Renan's 26 June 1856 letter to Arthur de Gobineau, quoted by Jacques Morel in Calendrier des crimes de la France outre-mer"</a>. <i>perso.wanadoo.fr</i>. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perso.wanadoo.fr&rft.atitle=Ernest+Renan%27s+26+June+1856+letter+to+Arthur+de+Gobineau%2C+quoted+by+Jacques+Morel+in+Calendrier+des+crimes+de+la+France+outre-mer&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperso.wanadoo.fr%2Fjacques.morel67%2Fccfo%2Fcrimcol%2Fnode60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil" class="citation web cs1">Weil, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501102440/http://www.patrick-weil.com/Fichiers%20du%20site/2001%20-%20Access%20to%20citizenship.doc">"Access to citizenship: A comparison of twenty five nationality laws"</a>. <i>www.patrick-weil.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrick-weil.com/Fichiers%20du%20site/2001%20-%20Access%20to%20citizenship.doc">the original</a> on 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.patrick-weil.com&rft.atitle=Access+to+citizenship%3A+A+comparison+of+twenty+five+nationality+laws&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrick-weil.com%2FFichiers%2520du%2520site%2F2001%2520-%2520Access%2520to%2520citizenship.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This ten-year clause is threatened by Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>'s law proposition on immigration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/">"Open Society Foundations"</a>. <i>www.opensocietyfoundations.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opensocietyfoundations.org&rft.atitle=Open+Society+Foundations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensocietyfoundations.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/">"CIA Factbook – France"</a>. Cia.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+Factbook+%E2%80%93+France&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ffrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222061209/http://www.nationbynation.com/France/Population.html">"France Population"</a>. <i>Nation by Nation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationbynation.com/France/Population.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation+by+Nation&rft.atitle=France+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationbynation.com%2FFrance%2FPopulation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Department_of_State-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_State_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm">"France"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3842.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson2003" class="citation web cs1">Fredrickson, George M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031208020244/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Fredrickson.pdf">"Race, Ethnicity, and National Identity in France and the United States: A Comparative Historical Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.yale.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Fredrickson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+National+Identity+in+France+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Comparative+Historical+Overview&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fredrickson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fglc%2Fevents%2Frace%2FFredrickson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insee.fr-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-insee.fr_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1283065">"Être né en France d'un parent immigré - Insee Première - 1287"</a>. <i>www.insee.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insee.fr&rft.atitle=%C3%8Atre+n%C3%A9+en+France+d%27un+parent+immigr%C3%A9+-+Insee+Premi%C3%A8re+-+1287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F1283065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Insee_1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Insee_1_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques">"Résultats de la recherche | Insee"</a>. <i>www.insee.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insee.fr&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+la+recherche+%7C+Insee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor,_José_Manuel_Azcona2004" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, José Manuel Azcona (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiqFIaY0LpEC"><i>Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America</i></a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-444-1"><bdi>978-0-87417-444-1</bdi></a>. <q>In any event, between 1848 and 1939, one million people with French passports headed definitively abroad (page 296).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possible+paradises%3A+Basque+emigration+to+Latin+America&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-444-1&rft.au=Pastor%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Manuel+Azcona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiqFIaY0LpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_Canadians_2016-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French_Canadians_2016_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3D%26Code2%3D%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canalacademie.com/Les-merveilleux-francophiles,1009.html">"Canal Académie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605035505/http://www.canalacademie.com/Les-merveilleux-francophiles,1009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canal+Acad%C3%A9mie%3A+Les+merveilleux+francophiles+argentins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalacademie.com%2FLes-merveilleux-francophiles%2C1009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecrivainsargentins.viabloga.com/news/l-immigration-francaise-en-argentine-1850-1930"><i>L'immigration française en Argentine, 1850–1930</i></a>. <q>L'Uruguay capta seulement 13.922 [immigrants français] entre 1833 et 1842, la plupart d'entre eux originaires du Pays Basque et du Béarn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27immigration+fran%C3%A7aise+en+Argentine%2C+1850%E2%80%931930&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecrivainsargentins.viabloga.com%2Fnews%2Fl-immigration-francaise-en-argentine-1850-1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Uruguay-MIGRATION.html">"Migration – Uruguay"</a>. <i>Nationsencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationsencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Migration+%E2%80%93+Uruguay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2FAmericas%2FUruguay-MIGRATION.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardrop2010" class="citation news cs1">Wardrop, Murray (12 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7578817/Britons-can-trace-French-ancestry-after-millions-of-records-go-online.html">"Britons can trace French ancestry after millions of records go online"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <q>The documents disclose that despite our rivalry with our continental counterparts, 3 million Britons – one in 20 – can trace their ancestry back to France.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britons+can+trace+French+ancestry+after+millions+of+records+go+online&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft.aulast=Wardrop&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F7578817%2FBritons-can-trace-French-ancestry-after-millions-of-records-go-online.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18234930">"London, France's sixth biggest city"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>The French consulate in London estimates between 300,000 and 400,000 French citizens live in the British capital</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=London%2C+France%27s+sixth+biggest+city&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18234930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043810/http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-bz.expats04sep04,0,717461.story?track=rss">"Sarkozy raises hopes of expats"</a>. Baltimoresun.com. 19 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-bz.expats04sep04,0,717461.story?track=rss">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarkozy+raises+hopes+of+expats&rft.pub=Baltimoresun.com&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbal-bz.expats04sep04%2C0%2C717461.story%3Ftrack%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr-cri-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fr-cri_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogia.or.cr/docs/revistas/accg_revista012.pdf">Los franco-ticos la genealogía y la paz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080817/http://www.genealogia.or.cr/docs/revistas/accg_revista012.pdf">Archived</a> 24 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> October 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1659-3529">1659-3529</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomingo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Domingo, Enrique Fernández (10 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alhim.revues.org/index1252.html">"La emigración francesa en Chile, 1875–1914"</a>. <i>Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire. Les Cahiers ALHIM</i> (12). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Falhim.1252">10.4000/alhim.1252</a></span>. <q>El 80% de los colonos que llegan a Chile provienen del País Vasco, del Bordelais, de Charentes y de las regiones situadas entre Gers y Périgord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am%C3%A9rique+Latine+Histoire+et+M%C3%A9moire.+Les+Cahiers+ALHIM&rft.atitle=La+emigraci%C3%B3n+francesa+en+Chile%2C+1875%E2%80%931914&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Falhim.1252&rft.aulast=Domingo&rft.aufirst=Enrique+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falhim.revues.org%2Findex1252.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206100052/http://www.uai.cl/p3_humanidades/site/edic/20030530094405/asocfile/ASOCFILE220030428191759.pdf">"La influencia francesa en la vida social de Chile de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uai.cl/p3_humanidades/site/edic/20030530094405/asocfile/ASOCFILE220030428191759.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>Los datos que poseía el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Francia ya en 1863, cuando aúno se abría Agencia General de Colonización del Gobierno de Chile en Europa, con sede en París, daban cuenta de 1.650 ciudadanos franceses residentes. Esta cifra fue aumentando paulatinamente hasta llegar, tal como lo consignaba el Ministerio Plenipotenciario Francés en Chile, a un número cercano a los 30.000 franceses residentes a fines del siglo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+influencia+francesa+en+la+vida+social+de+Chile+de+la+segunda+mitad+del+siglo+XIX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uai.cl%2Fp3_humanidades%2Fsite%2Fedic%2F20030530094405%2Fasocfile%2FASOCFILE220030428191759.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis,_Société_d'éConomie_Politique_ofParis,_Société_de_Statistique_de1867" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Société d'éConomie Politique of; Paris, Société de Statistique de (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journaldeseonom12parigoog"><i>Journal des économistes</i></a>. Presses universitaires de France. <q>Le recensement de la population du Chili a constaté la présence de 23,220 étrangers. (...) Nous trouvons les étrangers établis au Chili répartis par nationalité de la manière suivante : Allemands (3,876), Anglais (2,818), Français (2,483), Espagnols (1,247), Italiens (1,037), Nord-Américains (831), Portugais (313) (page 281).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+des+%C3%A9conomistes&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1867&rft.au=Paris%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%A9Conomie+Politique+of&rft.au=Paris%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+Statistique+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournaldeseonom12parigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier,_SimonSater,_William_F2004" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Simon; Sater, William F (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2h3KuCIQI4C"><i>A history of Chile, 1808–2002</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53484-0"><bdi>978-0-521-53484-0</bdi></a>. <q>p. 29. The census of twenty-one years later put the total at around 25,000 – including 3,000 French.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Chile%2C+1808%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53484-0&rft.au=Collier%2C+Simon&rft.au=Sater%2C+William+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2h3KuCIQI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEeuwen,_Daniel_van2002" class="citation book cs1">Eeuwen, Daniel van (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDCbEhbfNMMC"><i>L'Amérique latine et l'Europe à l'heure de la mondialisation</i></a>. KARTHALA Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-281-4"><bdi>978-2-84586-281-4</bdi></a>. <q>p. 194. Chili : 10 000 (7%).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+et+l%27Europe+%C3%A0+l%27heure+de+la+mondialisation&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-84586-281-4&rft.au=Eeuwen%2C+Daniel+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDCbEhbfNMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-studyrama1965-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-studyrama1965_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivrealetranger.studyrama.com/article.php3?id_article=216">"Vivre à l'étranger"</a>. 25 January 2016. <q>Ils ont été 100 000 à émigrer dans ce pays entre 1850 et 1965 et auraient entre 500 000 et 1 million de descendants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivre+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tranger&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvivrealetranger.studyrama.com%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2004" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, José Manuel Azcona (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiqFIaY0LpEC"><i>Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America</i></a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874174441" title="Special:BookSources/9780874174441"><bdi>9780874174441</bdi></a>. <q>The French colony in this country numbered 592 in 1888 and 5,000 in 1915 (page 226).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possible+paradises%3A+Basque+emigration+to+Latin+America&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780874174441&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel+Azcona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiqFIaY0LpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDCbEhbfNMMC"><i>L'Amérique latine et l'Europe à l'heure de la mondialisation</i></a>. KARTHALA Editions. January 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782845862814" title="Special:BookSources/9782845862814"><bdi>9782845862814</bdi></a>. <q>p. 194. Brésil : 14 000 (9%).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+et+l%27Europe+%C3%A0+l%27heure+de+la+mondialisation&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=9782845862814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDCbEhbfNMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011040900/http://www.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=1497">"Relaciones entre Francia y Guatemala (1823–1954)"</a>. <i>Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica (AFEHC)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=1497">the original</a> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asociaci%C3%B3n+para+el+Fomento+de+los+Estudios+Hist%C3%B3ricos+en+Centroam%C3%A9rica+%28AFEHC%29&rft.atitle=Relaciones+entre+Francia+y+Guatemala+%281823%E2%80%931954%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dfi_aff%26id%3D1497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-espejodelperu1-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-espejodelperu1_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Dopf" class="citation web cs1">Erwin Dopf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Francesa-al-Peru.htm">"Inmigración francesa al Perú"</a>. <i>Espejodelperu.com.pe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espejodelperu.com.pe&rft.atitle=Inmigraci%C3%B3n+francesa+al+Per%C3%BA&rft.au=Erwin+Dopf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espejodelperu.com.pe%2FPoblacion-del-Peru%2FInmigracion-Francesa-al-Peru.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boliviabella.com/population.html">"The Population of Bolivia. People and Culture. Demographics. Bolivia Population"</a>. Boliviabella.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Bolivia.+People+and+Culture.+Demographics.+Bolivia+Population&rft.pub=Boliviabella.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boliviabella.com%2Fpopulation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=ir-sd20101">Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010</a>, Insee, septembre 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbélès1999" class="citation journal cs1">Abélès, Marc (1999). "How the Anthropology of France Has Changed Anthropology in France: Assessing New Directions in the Field". <i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology_(journal)" title="Cultural Anthropology (journal)">Cultural Anthropology</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>: 404–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcan.1999.14.3.404">10.1525/can.1999.14.3.404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-1360">1548-1360</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/656657">656657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.atitle=How+the+Anthropology+of+France+Has+Changed+Anthropology+in+France%3A+Assessing+New+Directions+in+the+Field&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=404-8&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1548-1360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F656657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcan.1999.14.3.404&rft.aulast=Ab%C3%A9l%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wieviorka, M <i>L'espace du racisme</i> 1991 Éditions du Seuil</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121842#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121842#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121842#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="French"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/934209/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Franzosen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018199-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="French"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051757">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Français"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183184">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Françaises"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120119758">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Français"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183184">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Françaises"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120119758">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563748">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francouzi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117572&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francouzky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph944132&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550648205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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