EUR-Lex - 52018DC0330 - EN

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js" xml:lang="en" > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/eurlex-frontoffice/ruxitagentjs_ICANVfgqrux_10289240325103055.js" data-dtconfig="app=47d4c64c3b67ec69|cuc=m097nmfl|agentId=b3ccbf707ff75e6a|mel=100000|mb=null|featureHash=ICANVfgqrux|dpvc=1|iub=null|lastModification=1732292563811|tp=500,50,0|rdnt=1|uxrgce=1|agentUri=/eurlex-frontoffice/ruxitagentjs_ICANVfgqrux_10289240325103055.js|reportUrl=/eurlex-frontoffice/rb_39a3e95b-5423-482c-879b-99ef235dffeb|rid=RID_-705667792|rpid=-619211768|domain=europa.eu"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/modernizr/modernizr.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <title>EUR-Lex - 52018DC0330 - EN - EUR-Lex</title> <meta name="WT.z_docTitle" content="COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A Europe that protects: Clean air for all"/><meta name="WT.z_docID" content="52018DC0330"/><meta name="WT.z_docSector" content="5"/><meta name="WT.z_docType" content="DC"/><meta name="WT.cg_n" content="Legal content view"/><meta name="WT.cg_s" content="Notices"/><meta name="WT.pi" content="Legal content pages"/><meta name="WT.z_usr_lan" content="en"/><meta name="WT.seg_1" content="Unregistered"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="hl-zFNRVYTzOJ4xGdc2Wl9h6Ezs9rbbdMgFYLFvx6cA"/> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="6F74BA769F6140EC354DF6BE33F86005"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="war-version" content="2.16.2"/> <meta name="fo-db-version" content="2.16.0"/> <meta name="sl-api-version" content="3.9.1/IDOL"/> <meta name="app-relative-path" content="./../../../"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/roboto/roboto.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/css/eurlex.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/css/eurlex-dev.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../css/eurlex-xml-editorial-content.css?t=1732118582000"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../css/com/com-c-embedded.css?t=1732118566000"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="./../../../css/eurlex-print.css?t=1732118582000"> <script>(function(w,d,u){w.readyQ=[];w.bindReadyQ=[];function p(x,y){if(x=="ready"){w.bindReadyQ.push(y);}else{w.readyQ.push(x);}};var a={ready:p,bind:p};w.$=w.jQuery=function(f){if(f===d||f===u){return a}else{p(f)}}})(window,document)</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../dynamic-js/labels_en.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../dynamic-js/WT_labels_en.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../dynamic-js/config.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../dynamic-js/const.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../dynamic-js/paths.js?requestURL=%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var legislativeUrl = 'http://old.eur-lex.europa.eu/en/techleg/index.htm'; var eurovocUrl = 'http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/'; var interStyleGuideUrl = 'http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-000100.htm'; var sessionExpired = false; var pageUrl = ''; var queryString = 'uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330&qid=1640077963270'; var sessionTimeout = '900000'; </script>  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="./../../../images/eurlex.ico"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/css/custom-infinite-scroll.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/styles/ecl-eu.css?v=2.16.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="./../../../revamp/css/eurlex-ec.css?v=2.16.2"> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/survey/survey.js?v=2.16.2"></script> </head> <body > <script type="application/json">{ "utility": "cck", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html?locale=en#5.%20Cookies%20notice" }</script> <input type="hidden" id="piwikProSiteID" value="0b5594a8-b9c8-4cd6-aa25-5c578dcf91df"> <input type="hidden" id="piwikProSummariesSiteID" value="46acaa7c-2394-428f-b054-103dec22b689"> <script type="text/javascript"> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { (function(window, document, dataLayerName, id) { window[dataLayerName]=window[dataLayerName]||[],window[dataLayerName].push({start:(new Date).getTime(),event:"stg.start"});var scripts=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],tags=document.createElement('script'); function stgCreateCookie(a,b,c){var d="";if(c){var e=new Date;e.setTime(e.getTime()+24*c*60*60*1e3),d="; expires="+e.toUTCString();f="; SameSite=Strict"}document.cookie=a+"="+b+d+f+"; path=/"} var isStgDebug=(window.location.href.match("stg_debug")||document.cookie.match("stg_debug"))&&!window.location.href.match("stg_disable_debug");stgCreateCookie("stg_debug",isStgDebug?1:"",isStgDebug?14:-1); var qP=[];dataLayerName!=="dataLayer"&&qP.push("data_layer_name="+dataLayerName),isStgDebug&&qP.push("stg_debug");var qPString=qP.length>0?("?"+qP.join("&")):""; tags.async=!0,tags.src="https://analytics.webanalytics.op.europa.eu/containers/"+id+".js"+qPString,scripts.parentNode.insertBefore(tags,scripts); !function(a,n,i){a[n]=a[n]||{};for(var c=0;c<i.length;c++)!function(i){a[n][i]=a[n][i]||{},a[n][i].api=a[n][i].api||function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments,0);"string"==typeof a[0]&&window[dataLayerName].push({event:n+"."+i+":"+a[0],parameters:[].slice.call(arguments,1)})}}(i[c])}(window,"ppms",["tm","cm"]); })(window, document, 'dataLayer','0b5594a8-b9c8-4cd6-aa25-5c578dcf91df'); }, { once: true }); </script><noscript><iframe title="piwikPro0b5594a8-b9c8-4cd6-aa25-5c578dcf91df" src="https://analytics.webanalytics.op.europa.eu/containers/0b5594a8-b9c8-4cd6-aa25-5c578dcf91df/noscript.html" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="modal fade EurlexModal" id="myModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="DemoModal02Title"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <div class="modal-title" role="heading" aria-level="1" id="DemoModal02Title"></div> </div> <div class="modal-body"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Wrapper clearfix"> <a class="sr-only sr-only-focusable SkipLink" href="#MainContent">Skip to main content</a> <div> <header id="op-header" class="ecl-site-header header-refinement box-shadow-removal" data-ecl-auto-init="SiteHeader"> <div class="ecl-site-header__background"> <div class="ecl-site-header__header"> <div class="ecl-site-header__container ecl-container upper-header-border header-width-override"> <div class="ecl-site-header__top" data-ecl-site-header-top> <a id="homepageLogo" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/index_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-header__logo-link" ariaLabel="aria-label=European Union"> <picture class="ecl-picture ecl-site-header__picture" title="European Union"> <source srcset="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/logo/standard-version/positive/logo-eu--en.svg" media="(min-width: 996px)"> <img class="ecl-site-header__logo-image eu-logo-size" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/logo/condensed-version/positive/logo-eu--en.svg" alt="European Union flag" /> </picture> </a> <div class="ecl-site-header__action"> <div class="dropdown ecl-site-header__login-container"> <a id="MyEurlex" class="ecl-button ecl-button--tertiary ecl-site-header__login-toggle dropdown-toggle login-lang-text-size" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" > <svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--s ecl-site-header__icon login-lang-image-size" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" role="img" "> <use alt="Log in" xlink:href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/icons/svg/all/log-in.svg#log-in"/> <title>Log in</title> </svg> My EUR-Lex </a> <div class="dropdown-menu MyAccount" role="menu" aria-labelledby="MyEurlex"> <li class="dropdown-header visible-xs-block">My EUR-Lex</li> <li> <a href="./../../../protected/homepage.html?url=%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Fqid%3D1640077963270%26uri%3DCELEX%253A52018DC0330" ><i class="fa fa-sign-in" aria-hidden="true"></i>Sign in</a> </li> <li><a href="https://ecas.ec.europa.eu/cas/eim/external/register.cgi/"><i class="fa fa-user-plus" aria-hidden="true"></i>Register</a></li> <li role="separator" class="divider"></li> <li> <a href="./../../../my-eurlex/my-queries.html#recentQueries" title="My recent searches (0)" id="myRecentQueriesLink" ><i class="fa fa-history" aria-hidden="true"></i>My recent searches (0)</a> </li> </div> </div> <div id="op-header-language" class="ecl-site-header__language"> <a class="ecl-button ecl-button--tertiary ecl-site-header__language-selector login-lang-text-size" href="#" data-ecl-language-selector role="button" aria-label="Change language, current language is English" aria-controls="language-list-overlay"> <span class="ecl-site-header__language-icon"> <svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--s ecl-site-header__icon login-lang-image-size" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" role="img" "> <use xlink:href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/icons/svg/all/global.svg#global"/use> <title>English</title> </svg> </span> English </a> <div class="ecl-site-header__language-container" id="language-list-overlay" hidden data-ecl-language-list-overlay aria-labelledby="ecl-site-header__language-title" role="dialog"> <div class="ecl-site-header__language-header"> <div class="ecl-site-header__language-title" id="ecl-site-header__language-title"> Select your language </div> <button id="languageButtonClose" class="ecl-button ecl-button--tertiary ecl-site-header__language-close ecl-button--icon-only" type="submit" data-ecl-language-list-close><span class="ecl-button__container"> <span class="ecl-button__label" data-ecl-label="true"> <svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--s ecl-button__icon lang-panel-close" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-ecl-icon> <use alt="Close button" xlink:href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/icons/svg/all/close-filled.svg#close-filled"/> </svg> </span> </button> </div> <hr class="lang-box-divisor"/> <div class="ecl-site-header__language-content"> <div class="ecl-site-header__language-category" data-ecl-language-list-eu> <div class="ecl-site-header__language-category-title"> Official EU languages: </div> <form id="languageForm" method="get" name="languageForm"> <input type="hidden" name="qid" value="1640077963270"></input><input type="hidden" name="uri" value="CELEX:52018DC0330"></input> <ul class="ecl-site-header__language-list"> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('bg'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="bg" lang=bg hreflang=bg ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">bg</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">български</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('es'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="es" lang=es hreflang=es ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">es</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Español</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('cs'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="cs" lang=cs hreflang=cs ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">cs</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Čeština</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('da'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="da" lang=da hreflang=da ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">da</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Dansk</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('de'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="de" lang=de hreflang=de ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">de</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Deutsch</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('et'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="et" lang=et hreflang=et ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">et</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Eesti keel</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('el'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="el" lang=el hreflang=el ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">el</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Ελληνικά</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('en'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="en" lang=en hreflang=en ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">en</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">English</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('fr'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="fr" lang=fr hreflang=fr ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">fr</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Français</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('ga'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="ga" lang=ga hreflang=ga ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">ga</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Gaeilge</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('hr'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="hr" lang=hr hreflang=hr ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">hr</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Hrvatski</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('it'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="it" lang=it hreflang=it ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">it</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Italiano</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('lv'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="lv" lang=lv hreflang=lv ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">lv</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Latviešu valoda</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('lt'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="lt" lang=lt hreflang=lt ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">lt</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Lietuvių kalba</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('hu'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="hu" lang=hu hreflang=hu ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">hu</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Magyar</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('mt'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="mt" lang=mt hreflang=mt ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">mt</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Malti</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('nl'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="nl" lang=nl hreflang=nl ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">nl</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Nederlands</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('pl'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="pl" lang=pl hreflang=pl ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">pl</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Polski</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('pt'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="pt" lang=pt hreflang=pt ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">pt</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Português</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('ro'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="ro" lang=ro hreflang=ro ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">ro</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Română</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('sk'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="sk" lang=sk hreflang=sk ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">sk</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Slovenčina</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('sl'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="sl" lang=sl hreflang=sl ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">sl</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Slovenščina</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('fi'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="fi" lang=fi hreflang=fi ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">fi</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Suomi</span></a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-header__language-item"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-site-header__language-link" onclick="$('#langToSubmit').val('sv'); $(this).closest('form').submit();" id="sv" lang=sv hreflang=sv ><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-code">sv</span><span class="ecl-site-header__language-link-label">Svenska</span></a> </li> </ul> <input type="hidden" name="locale" id="langToSubmit" value=""> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-header__container ecl-container header-width-override bottom-header-padding"> <div class="container-fluid container-width"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-8 ecl-container-padding-removal"> <div id="small-vertical-blue-divisor-with-label" class="ecl-site-header__site-name site-header eurlex-text-size"> <div> <a href="./../../../homepage.html?lang=en" class="header-link" id="authenticationRequiredSignIn" > EUR-Lex </a> </div> <div class="site-name-tagline"> Access to European Union law </div> </div> </div> <div class="experimental-feature-tag"> <div class=" col-xs-4 experimental-feature-wrapper radius5p"> <form id="disableExperimentalFeatures" name="disableExperimentalFeatures" action="./../../../experimental-features.html?action=disableExperimentalFeatures" method="post"> <input type="hidden" value="legal-content/EN/TXT/" name="relativeRequestUrl" /> <input type="hidden" value="?qid=1640077963270&uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330" name="queryString" /> <div class="input-group input-group-sm experimental-feature-div-position radius5p"> <span class="input-group-addon FormHelpAddon" id ="helpTooltipEF"> <a href="#" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" aria-description="<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/help/eurlex-content/experimental-features.html" target="_blank">More about the experimental features corner</a>" id="expFeatHelp" data-original-title="<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/help/eurlex-content/experimental-features.html" target="_blank">More about the experimental features corner</a>"> <i> <svg class="ef-questionmark-icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" role="img" "> <use xlink:href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/icons/svg/all/questionmark.svg#questionmark"/> </svg> </i> <span class="sr-only togglable-screenReader"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/help/eurlex-content/experimental-features.html" target="_blank">More about the experimental features corner</a></span> </a> </span> <span title="Experimental features" aria-label="Experimental features" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary popper experimental-feature-btn radius5p"> <span class="hidden-xs">Experimental features</span> <span class="visible-xs"><i class="fa fa-flask" aria-hidden="true"></i></span> <label class="experimental-feature-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="ef-checkbox" data-toggle="popover" data-placement="bottom" aria-label="Experimental features" > <span class="slider round"></span> </label> </span> </div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="abfe6481-312f-49dc-bd11-d6fe355317fc" /> </div></form> <form id="applyExperimentalFeatures" name="applyExperimentalFeatures" action="./../../../experimental-features.html?action=applyExperimentalFeatures" method="post"> <input type="hidden" value="legal-content/EN/TXT/" name="relativeRequestUrl" /> <input type="hidden" value="?qid=1640077963270&uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330" name="queryString" /> <div class="exp-feature-float-box popover fade in"> <button type="button" class="close" id="experimental-feature-close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <div> <h5 class="text-center">Choose the experimental features you want to try</h5> <hr> <div class="homepageMessage experimental-feature-disclaimer hidden-xs"> <p>Do you want to help improving EUR-Lex ? This is a list of experimental features that you can enable. These features are still under development; they are not fully tested, and might reduce EUR-Lex stability. Don't forget to give your feedback!</p> </div> <div id="exp-feautre-js-warning-box" class="alert-danger exp-feature-alert-danger hidden" role="alert"> <span class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"> </span> Warning! Experimental feature conflicts detected. </div> <div class="experimental-feature-list"> <fieldset> <ul class="browseTree " id="experimental-features-inner-items"> <li> <ul class="browseTree"> <li> <label class=""> <input id="experimentalFeatureCheckbox_EF02" name="selectedExperimentExperimentalFeaturesValues" autocomplete="off" class="exp-feature-child-checkbox" type="checkbox" value="EF02"/><input type="hidden" name="_selectedExperimentExperimentalFeaturesValues" value="on"/> Replacement of CELEX identifiers by short titles - experimental feature. It replaces clickable CELEX identifiers of treaties and case-law by short titles. </label> </li> <li> <label class=""> <input id="experimentalFeatureCheckbox_EF03" name="selectedExperimentExperimentalFeaturesValues" autocomplete="off" class="exp-feature-child-checkbox" type="checkbox" value="EF03"/><input type="hidden" name="_selectedExperimentExperimentalFeaturesValues" value="on"/> Visualisation of document relationships. It displays a dynamic graph with relations between the act and related documents. It is currently only available for legal acts. </label> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="browseTree"> <li> <label class=""> <input id="experimentalFeatureCheckbox_EF01" name="selectedExperimentExperimentalFeaturesValues" autocomplete="off" class="exp-feature-child-checkbox" type="checkbox" value="EF01"/><input type="hidden" name="_selectedExperimentExperimentalFeaturesValues" value="on"/> Deep linking. It enables links to other legal acts referred to within the documents. It is currently only available for documents smaller than 900 KB. </label> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div> <button id="exp-feature-btn-apply" type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary radius5p"> Apply </button> </div> </div> </div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="abfe6481-312f-49dc-bd11-d6fe355317fc" /> </div></form> <a href="./../../../experimental-features.html?action=confirmFeedback" class="eurlexModal btn btn-primary btn-sm hidden" id="link-give-feedback" ></a> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var conflicts = {}; initializeFloatingBox(conflicts,$(document).find('.exp-feature-child-checkbox'),""); var expOriginalTooltip = $('#expFeatHelp').attr('aria-description'); expOriginalTooltip = expOriginalTooltip.replace(/(<([^>]+)>)/ig,''); $('#expFeatHelp').attr('aria-description',expOriginalTooltip); }); </script> </div> <div id="horizontal-blue-divisor" class="row blue-divisor-padding"> <div class="container-fluid lower-header-border blue-horizontal-margin"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="op-header-pdf" class="visible-print-block"> <div class="ecl-site-header__background"> <div class="ecl-site-header__header"> <div class="ecl-site-header__container ecl-container upper-header-border header-width-override pdf-logo-img-container"> <div class="ecl-site-header__top" data-ecl-site-header-top> <img class="ecl-site-footer__logo-image pdf-logo-img" src="./../../../images/eu-logo/logo-eu-en-01.jpg" > </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-header__container ecl-container header-width-override"> <div class="container-fluid container-width elx-container-rows-pdf"> <div class="row elx-container-pdf"> <div class="col-xs-8 ecl-container-padding-removal"> <div class="ecl-site-header__site-name site-header"> <div class="elx-label-pdf"> EUR-Lex </div> <div class="elx-label-text-pdf site-name-tagline"> Access to European Union law </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row blue-divisor-padding"> <div class="container-fluid lower-header-border lower-header-border-pdf blue-horizontal-margin"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="op-site-subtitle-pdf"> <p class="subtitle-extraction-info-pdf"> This document is an excerpt from the EUR-Lex website </p> <div class="subtitle-url-info-pdf"> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var home_lang = en; $(document).ready(function(){ svg4everybody({ polyfill: true }); ECL.autoInit(); }); $(document).ready(function(){ $(".ecl-site-header__language-link--active").removeClass("ecl-site-header__language-link--active"); $(home_lang).addClass("ecl-site-header__language-link--active"); }); </script> <div class="left-right-padding"> <div class="row ecl-container ecl-container-padding-removal"> <div class="col-md-8 breadcrumbs-padding"> <div class="SiteBreadcrumb"> <span class="sr-only">You are here</span> <ol class="fa-ul notBootstrapBreadcrumb hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/index_en">EUROPA</a></li> <li class="breadcrumbPathItemWithArrow"> <a href="./../../../homepage.html" title="EUR-Lex home" ><i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i>EUR-Lex home</a> </li> <li class="active"><i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i>EUR-Lex - 52018DC0330 - EN </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 ShareBar breadcrumbs-padding"> <div class="PageShare"> <ul> <li class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a href="./../../../content/help.html" class="PSHelp EurlexTooltip" aria-description = "Help" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Help" data-original-title="Help" ><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--s faq-image-size" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" role="img"><use xlink:href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/icons/svg/all/faq.svg#faq" /></svg>Help</a> </li> <li class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button data-target="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330&qid=1640077963270&print=true" onclick="window.open('./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330&qid=1640077963270&print=true','','scrollbars=yes,menubar=no, status=no, directories=no, location=no, resizable=no, width=1024, height=600');return false;" target="_blank" class="PSPrint EurlexTooltip" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Print" aria-description="Print" data-original-title="Print this page"> <i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i> Print </button> </li> <li class="shareApi"> <script type="application/json">{ "service": "share", "counter": false, "css": { "button": "myButton" }, "link": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" }</script> </li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { let observer = new MutationObserver((mutations) => { mutations.forEach((mutation) => { if (!mutation.addedNodes) return for (let i = 0; i < mutation.addedNodes.length; i++) { let node = mutation.addedNodes[i] if( $(node) != undefined && $(node).is("a") && $(node).hasClass("myButton") && $(node).find("i").length===0){ $(node).prepend("<i class='fa fa-share-alt' aria-hidden='true'></i>") observer.disconnect(); } } }) }) const target = $('.PageShare').get(0); observer.observe(target, { subtree: true, childList: true }) }); $(document).ready(function() { // Function to check viewport width and execute code if it drops below 991px function checkWidth() { if ($(window).width() <= 991) { $('a[href="#share"]').html("<i class='fa fa-share-alt' aria-hidden='true'></i>"); } } // Check width on page load checkWidth(); // Check width on window resize $(window).resize(function() { checkWidth(); }); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="NavSearch"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-2 dropdown EurlexNav"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-block" id="EurlexNavBtn" title="EUR-Lex menu" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open Navigation Menu"><i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="hidden-xs">Menu</span></button><div class="dropdown-menu MegaMenu" aria-labelledby="EurlexNavBtn"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <nav class="MenuBlock "> <p class="BlockTitle" role="heading">EU law</p> <ul class="MenuList TreeMenu"> <li><a href="#" class="has-arrow" aria-expanded="false" id="treaties" title="Treaties"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i>Treaties</a><ul class="collapse"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/treaties/treaties-force.html" id="treaties-force" title="Treaties currently in force">Treaties currently in force</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/treaties/treaties-founding.html" id="treaties-founding" title="Founding treaties">Founding treaties</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/treaties/treaties-accession.html" id="treaties-accession" title="Accession Treaties">Accession Treaties</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/treaties/treaties-other.html" id="treaties-other" title="Other treaties and protocols">Other treaties and protocols</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/treaties/treaties-overview.html" id="treaties-overview" title="Chronological overview">Chronological overview</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/legislation/recent.html" class="no-arrow" id="recent" title="Legal acts">Legal acts</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/consleg.html" class="no-arrow" id="consolidated-texts" title="Consolidated texts">Consolidated texts</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/inter-agree.html" class="no-arrow" id="inter-agree" title="International agreements">International agreements</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/pre-acts.html" class="no-arrow" id="working-documents" title="Preparatory documents">Preparatory documents</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/efta.html" class="no-arrow" id="efta" title="EFTA (European Free Trade Association) documents">EFTA documents</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/legislative-procedures.html" class="no-arrow" id="procedures" title="Lawmaking procedures and EU Law Tracker">Lawmaking procedures</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/summaries.html" class="no-arrow" id="summary" title="Summaries of EU legislation">Summaries of EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="#" class="has-arrow" aria-expanded="false" id="institutions-intro" title="Browse by EU institutions"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i>Browse by EU institutions</a><ul class="collapse"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/eu-parliament.html" id="eu-parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/eu-council.html" id="European-Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/council.html" id="Council" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/eu-commission.html" id="European-Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/justice.html" id="Court-of-Justice-of-the-European-Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/bank.html" id="European-Central-Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank<i class="fa fa-bar-chart" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-left:5px;"></i></a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/auditors.html" id="Court-of-Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/eco-social.html" id="EESC" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/institutions/regions.html" id="Committee-of-Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/eurovoc.html" class="no-arrow" id="eurovoc" title="Browse by EuroVoc (EU's multilingual and multidisciplinary thesaurus)">Browse by EuroVoc</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <nav class="MenuBlock "> <p class="BlockTitle" role="heading">EU case-law</p> <ul class="MenuList"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/eu-case-law.html" class="no-arrow" id="case-law" title="Case-law">Case-law</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/eu-law/eu-case-law/reports.html" class="no-arrow" id="electronic-report" title="Reports of cases">Reports of cases</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../browse/directories/new-case-law.html" class="no-arrow" id="directory-eu-case-law" title="Directory of case-law">Directory of case-law</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <nav class="MenuBlock "> <p class="BlockTitle" role="heading">Official Journal</p> <ul class="MenuList"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../oj/direct-access.html" class="no-arrow" id="direct-access" title="Access to the Official Journal">Access to the Official Journal</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../oj/daily-view/L-series/default.html" class="no-arrow" id="L-series" title="Official Journal L series daily view">Official Journal L series daily view</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../oj/daily-view/C-series/default.html" class="no-arrow" id="C-series" title="Official Journal C series daily view">Official Journal C series daily view</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../oj/browse-oj.html" class="no-arrow" id="boj" title="Browse the Official Journal">Browse the Official Journal</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../oj/all/auth-direct-access.html" class="no-arrow" id="auth-direct-access" title="Legally binding printed editions">Legally binding printed editions</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eu-enlargement/special.html" class="no-arrow" id="se" title="Special edition">Special edition</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4 col-break-sm"> <nav class="MenuBlock "> <p class="BlockTitle" role="heading">National law and case-law</p> <ul class="MenuList"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/n-law/mne.html" class="no-arrow" id="mne" title="National transposition">National transposition</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/n-law/n-case-law.html" class="no-arrow" id="n-case-law" title="National case-law">National case-law</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../collection/n-law/jure.html" class="no-arrow" id="JURE" title="JURE (Jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters) case-law">JURE case-law</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <nav class="MenuBlock "> <p class="BlockTitle" role="heading">Information</p> <ul class="MenuList TreeMenu"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../content/news/index.html" class="no-arrow" id="Themes_in_focus" title="Themes in focus">Themes in focus</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../content/development/index.html" class="no-arrow" id="developmentsEUR-Lex" title="EUR-Lex developments">EUR-Lex developments</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../statistics/statistics.html" class="no-arrow" id="statistic" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="#" class="has-arrow" aria-expanded="false" id="eli-register-nav" title="ELI (European Legislation Identifier) register"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i>ELI register</a><ul class="collapse"> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/about.html" id="about" title="About ELI">About ELI</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/technical_information.html" id="technical_information" title="Technical information">Technical information</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/implementation.html" id="implementation" title="ELI implementation overview">ELI implementation overview</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/resources.html" id="resources" title="Resources for implementing ELI">Resources for implementing ELI</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/index.html" id="index" title="ELI highlights">ELI highlights</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/testimonials.html" id="testimonials" title="ELI testimonials">ELI testimonials</a></li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../eli-register/legis_schema_org.html" id="legis_schema_org" title="Legislation in schema.org">Legislation in schema.org</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><a href="./../../../budget/www/index-en.htm" class="no-arrow" id="EU_budget" title="EU budget online">EU budget online</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-10"> <div class="EurlexSearch"> <form id="quick-search" name="quick-search" class="DistinctiveForm QSF" action="./../../../quick-search-form.html" method="post" onsubmit="showHourglass();" autocomplete="off"> <input id="editscope" type="hidden" name="scope" value="EURLEX"/> <div class="QuickSearch"> <label for="QuickSearchField"><i class="fa fa-search hidden-xs" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="sr-only">Quick search</span></label> <textarea id="QuickSearchField" name="text" class="form-control NoBorders AutoGrow typeahead autocompleteField" data-provide="typeahead" placeholder="QUICK SEARCH" aria-describedby="QuickSearchHelp" rows="1" autocomplete="off"></textarea> <button class="btn btn-primary QuickSearchBtn" type="submit" title="Search" aria-label="Search"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </div> <div class="DistinctiveFormMessage EurlexTooltip" tabindex="0" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Please clear the other quick search options before using this one"></div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="abfe6481-312f-49dc-bd11-d6fe355317fc" /> </div></form> <div class="QuickSearchOptions fade sr-only"> <div id="QuickSearchHelp"> <i class="fa fa-info" aria-hidden="true"></i> Use quotation marks to search for an "exact phrase". Append an asterisk (<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>) to a search term to find variations of it (transp<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>, 32019R<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>). Use a question mark (<abbr title='Question mark'>?</abbr>) instead of a single character in your search term to find variations of it (ca<abbr title='Question mark'>?</abbr>e finds case, cane, care). </div> <button id="QuickSearchClose" type="button" class="close" aria-label="Close" onclick="closeQSHelp()"> <i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"> </i> </button> </div> <div class="QSMore"> <div class="col-xs-4 text-left"> <a href="#" onclick="showQSHelpAlt()" title="Search tips" > <i class="fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"> </i> Search tips </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-8 text-right"> <span class=" ">Need more search options? Use the</span> <a href="./../../../advanced-search-form.html" title="Advanced search" >Advanced search</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var quickSearchFld = $('#QuickSearchField.autocompleteField'); typeaheadFld(quickSearchFld, "./../../../autocomplete.html", true, 'QuickSearch'); }); var quickSearchHelpAlt="Use quotation marks to search for an "exact phrase". Append an asterisk (<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>) to a search term to find variations of it (transp<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>, 32019R<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>). Use a question mark (<abbr title='Question mark'>?</abbr>) instead of a single character in your search term to find variations of it (ca<abbr title='Question mark'>?</abbr>e finds case, cane, care)."; var quickSearchHelp="Use quotation marks to search for an "exact phrase". Append an asterisk (<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>) to a search term to find variations of it (transp<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>, 32019R<abbr title='Asterisk'>*</abbr>). Use a question mark (<abbr title='Question mark'>?</abbr>) instead of a single character in your search term to find variations of it (ca<abbr title='Question mark'>?</abbr>e finds case, cane, care)."; </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="left-right-padding"> <div id="MainContent"> <div class="PageTitle"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1 visible-xs-block visible-sm-block"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block visible-xs-inline visible-sm-inline" data-toggle="offcanvas"> <i class="fa fa-ellipsis-v" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1 visible-xs-block visible-sm-block"> </div> <div class="col-xs-5 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-md-push-3 col-sm-push-4 col-xs-pull-2"> <p class="DocumentTitle pull-left">Document 52018DC0330</p> </div> <div class="col-sm-5 col-md-3 col-md-pull-3 hidden-xs col-sm-pull-5"> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1 col-md-6" > <div class="PageShare pageShareMobile"> <ul> <li class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a href="./../../../content/help.html" class="PSHelp EurlexTooltip" aria-description = "Help" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Help" data-original-title="Help" ><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--s faq-image-size" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" role="img"><use xlink:href="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/images/icons/svg/all/faq.svg#faq" /></svg>Help</a> </li> <li class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button data-target="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330&qid=1640077963270&print=true" onclick="window.open('./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0330&qid=1640077963270&print=true','','scrollbars=yes,menubar=no, status=no, directories=no, location=no, resizable=no, width=1024, height=600');return false;" target="_blank" class="PSPrint EurlexTooltip" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Print" aria-description="Print" data-original-title="Print this page"> <i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i> Print </button> </li> <li class="shareApi"> <script type="application/json">{ "service": "share", "counter": false, "css": { "button": "myButton" }, "link": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" }</script> </li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { let observer = new MutationObserver((mutations) => { mutations.forEach((mutation) => { if (!mutation.addedNodes) return for (let i = 0; i < mutation.addedNodes.length; i++) { let node = mutation.addedNodes[i] if( $(node) != undefined && $(node).is("a") && $(node).hasClass("myButton") && $(node).find("i").length===0){ $(node).prepend("<i class='fa fa-share-alt' aria-hidden='true'></i>") observer.disconnect(); } } }) }) const target = $('.PageShare').get(0); observer.observe(target, { subtree: true, childList: true }) }); $(document).ready(function() { // Function to check viewport width and execute code if it drops below 991px function checkWidth() { if ($(window).width() <= 991) { $('a[href="#share"]').html("<i class='fa fa-share-alt' aria-hidden='true'></i>"); } } // Check width on page load checkWidth(); // Check width on window resize $(window).resize(function() { checkWidth(); }); }); </script> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="row row-offcanvas"> <div class="col-md-3 sidebar-offcanvas"> <div class="AffixSidebarWrapper"> <nav class="Sidebar" id="AffixSidebar"> <ul class="MenuList"> <li class="Selected"> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" > Text </a> <input type="hidden" id="selectedTabEnglishTranslationID_text" value="Text"> </li> <li > <a href="./../../../legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" > Document information </a> <input type="hidden" id="selectedTabEnglishTranslationID_all" value="Document information"> </li> </ul> <ul class="SidebarTools"> <li> <a id="link-permanent-link" class="hidden-print hideInPdf" style="display:none" href="javascript:;" onclick="createCookie('bookmark','trigger',1); window.open('./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330'+window.location.hash); return true;" title="Link to this version of the document"><i class="fa fa-bookmark" aria-hidden="true"></i>Permanent link</a> <a id="link-add-favorite" class="hidden-print hideInPdf" style="display:none" href="javascript:;" onclick="addFavorite(document.location.href,'EUR-Lex Document CELEX:52018DC0330','./../../../modal-message.html?labelIdTitle=favoriteError.pageTitle&labelIdContent=label.addFavoriteErrorMessage');" title="Bookmark this item"><i class="fa fa-bookmark" aria-hidden="true"></i>Bookmark this item</a> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { if (readCookie('bookmark') == 'trigger') { deleteCookie('bookmark'); $('#link-add-favorite').addClass("onlyJsInlineBlock"); $('#link-add-favorite').show(); } else { // Permanent link (DISPLAYED FIST) should remove qid from query string, and bookmark link should be displayed in its place when page refreshes $('#link-permanent-link').addClass("onlyJsInlineBlock"); $('#link-permanent-link').show(); } }); </script> </li> <li class=" "> <a href="./../../../download-notice.html?legalContentId=cellar:9b6e2b64-59ae-11e8-ab41-01aa75ed71a1&noticeType=branch&callingUrl=%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Fqid%3D1640077963270%26uri%3DCELEX%253A52018DC0330&lng=EN" title="Download the document XML notice" id="link-download-notice" > <i class="fa fa-download" aria-hidden="true"></i> Download notice </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../error/authentication-required.html?callingUrl=%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Fqid%3D1640077963270%26uri%3DCELEX%253A52018DC0330&towardUrl=%2Fprotected%2Fsave-document.html%3FlegalContentId%3Dcellar%3A9b6e2b64-59ae-11e8-ab41-01aa75ed71a1%26callingUrl%3D%252Flegal-content%252FEN%252FTXT%252F%253Fqid%253D1640077963270%2526uri%253DCELEX%25253A52018DC0330" class="eurlexModal grayLink" title="Save documents on EUR-Lex for quick access. <LIBELLE CODE="saveProcedure.label"><![CDATA[Save procedures on EUR-Lex for quick access. <LIBELLE CODE="see.other.ACP-EU.sessions"><![CDATA[See other ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly sessions" id="link-save-document" > <i class="fa fa-sticky-note-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Save to My items </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../error/authentication-required.html?callingUrl=%2Fhomepage.html&towardUrl=%2Fprotected%2Fsave-email-alert%2Fnotice-to-email.html%3FlegalContentId%3Dcellar%3A9b6e2b64-59ae-11e8-ab41-01aa75ed71a1%26callingUrl%3D%252Flegal-content%252FEN%252FTXT%252F%253Fqid%253D1640077963270%2526uri%253DCELEX%25253A52018DC0330%26isAddNoticeRSS%3Dtrue%26celex%3D52018DC0330" class="eurlexModal grayLink" title="Follow this document via email notifications. To activate this feature, you need to sign in first." id="link-follow-document" > <i class="fa fa-bell-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Create an email alert </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../error/authentication-required.html?callingUrl=%2Fhomepage.html&towardUrl=%2Fprotected%2Fsave-rss%2Fnotice-to-rss.html%3FlegalContentId%3Dcellar%3A9b6e2b64-59ae-11e8-ab41-01aa75ed71a1%26callingUrl%3D%252Flegal-content%252FEN%252FTXT%252F%253Fqid%253D1640077963270%2526uri%253DCELEX%25253A52018DC0330%26isAddNoticeRSS%3Dtrue%26celex%3D52018DC0330" class="eurlexModal grayLink" title="Follow this document via RSS feeds." id="link-follow-document" > <i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i> Create an RSS alert </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>  </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="documentView"> <div class="EurlexContent">  <div class="panel-group" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">  <div id="PP1Contents" class="" role="" aria-labelledby=""> <div class="" lang="EN"> <div id="translatedTitle" class="hidden"> </div> <p id="englishTitle" class="hidden">COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A Europe that protects: Clean air for all</p> <p id="title" class="title-bold">COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A Europe that protects: Clean air for all</p> <p id="originalTitle" class="hidden">COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A Europe that protects: Clean air for all</p> <p>COM/2018/330 final</p> <div class="PageTools clearfix hideInPdf hide-border"> <div class="btn-group btn-group-xs pull-right" role="group" aria-label=""> <button onclick="expandAll()" id="ExpandAll" type="button" class="btn btn-link"> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-down" aria-hidden="true"> </i>Expand all</button> <button onclick="collapseAll()" id="CollapseAll" type="button" class="btn btn-link"> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-up" aria-hidden="true"> </i>Collapse all</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default PagePanel"> <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="PP2"> <p class="panel-title"> <button data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#PP2Contents" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="PP2Contents" class=" " onclick="createDocPartCookie(this);"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"> </i>Languages and formats available</button> </p> </div> <div id="PP2Contents" class="panel-collapse collapse in" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="PP2"> <div class="panel-body PanelBodyB"> <div class="PubFormats"> <div class="PubFormat visible-lg-table"> <div class="PubFormatType"> <span class="sr-only">Language</span> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-sm"> <ul class="dropdown-menu PubFormatVIEW"> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/BG/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" title="български"> <span>BG</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="es" hreflang="es" title="Español"> <span>ES</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/CS/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" title="Čeština"> <span>CS</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="da" hreflang="da" title="Dansk"> <span>DA</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="de" hreflang="de" title="Deutsch"> <span>DE</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ET/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="et" hreflang="et" title="Eesti keel"> <span>ET</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="el" hreflang="el" title="Ελληνικά"> <span>EL</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="en" hreflang="en" title="English"> <span>EN</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" title="Français"> <span>FR</span> </a> </li> <li class="disabled"> <a href="./../../../legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" title="Gaeilge"> <span>GA</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HR/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" title="Hrvatski"> <span>HR</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/IT/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="it" hreflang="it" title="Italiano"> <span>IT</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LV/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" title="Latviešu valoda"> <span>LV</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LT/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" title="Lietuvių kalba"> <span>LT</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HU/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" title="Magyar"> <span>HU</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/MT/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" title="Malti"> <span>MT</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/NL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" title="Nederlands"> <span>NL</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" title="Polski"> <span>PL</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PT/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" title="Português"> <span>PT</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/RO/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" title="Română"> <span>RO</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SK/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" title="Slovenčina"> <span>SK</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" title="Slovenščina"> <span>SL</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FI/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" title="Suomi"> <span>FI</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SV/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" title="Svenska"> <span>SV</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="PubFormat"> <div class="PubFormatType"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HTML</span> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-md"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary " title="HTML English" onclick="$('#format_language_table_HTML_EN').click();"> <span>EN</span> </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <i class="fa fa-caret-down" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu PubFormatHTML"> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/BG/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_BG" class="piwik_download" title="HTML български" lang="bg" hreflang="bg"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>BG</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ES/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_ES" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Español" lang="es" hreflang="es"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>ES</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/CS/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_CS" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>CS</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DA/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_DA" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DA</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DE/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_DE" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Deutsch" lang="de" hreflang="de"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DE</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ET/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_ET" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Eesti keel" lang="et" hreflang="et"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>ET</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EL/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_EL" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Ελληνικά" lang="el" hreflang="el"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>EL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_EN" class="piwik_download" title="HTML English" lang="en" hreflang="en"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>EN</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_FR" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Français" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>FR</span> </a> </li> <li class="disabled"> <a class="disabled" href="./../../../legal-content/GA/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_GA" title="Not available in this language"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>GA</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_HR" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HR</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/IT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_IT" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>IT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LV/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_LV" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Latviešu valoda" lang="lv" hreflang="lv"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>LV</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_LT" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Lietuvių kalba" lang="lt" hreflang="lt"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>LT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HU/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_HU" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Magyar" lang="hu" hreflang="hu"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HU</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/MT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_MT" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Malti" lang="mt" hreflang="mt"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>MT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/NL/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_NL" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>NL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PL/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_PL" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_PT" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Português" lang="pt" hreflang="pt"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/RO/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_RO" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Română" lang="ro" hreflang="ro"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>RO</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SK/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_SK" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Slovenčina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SK</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SL/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_SL" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Slovenščina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FI/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_FI" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>FI</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SV/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_HTML_SV" class="piwik_download" title="HTML Svenska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv"> <i class="exi exi-html" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SV</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="PubFormat"> <div class="PubFormatType"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DOC</span> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-md"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary " title="DOC English" onclick="$('#format_language_table_DOC_EN').click();"> <span>EN</span> </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <i class="fa fa-caret-down" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu PubFormatDOC"> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/BG/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_BG" class="piwik_download" title="DOC български" lang="bg" hreflang="bg"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>BG</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ES/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_ES" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Español" lang="es" hreflang="es"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>ES</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/CS/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_CS" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>CS</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DA/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_DA" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DA</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DE/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_DE" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Deutsch" lang="de" hreflang="de"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DE</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ET/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_ET" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Eesti keel" lang="et" hreflang="et"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>ET</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EL/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_EL" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Ελληνικά" lang="el" hreflang="el"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>EL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_EN" class="piwik_download" title="DOC English" lang="en" hreflang="en"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>EN</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FR/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_FR" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Français" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>FR</span> </a> </li> <li class="disabled"> <a class="disabled" href="./../../../legal-content/GA/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_GA" title="Not available in this language"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>GA</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HR/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_HR" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HR</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/IT/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_IT" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>IT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LV/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_LV" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Latviešu valoda" lang="lv" hreflang="lv"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>LV</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LT/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_LT" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Lietuvių kalba" lang="lt" hreflang="lt"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>LT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HU/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_HU" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Magyar" lang="hu" hreflang="hu"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HU</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/MT/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_MT" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Malti" lang="mt" hreflang="mt"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>MT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/NL/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_NL" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>NL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PL/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_PL" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PT/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_PT" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Português" lang="pt" hreflang="pt"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/RO/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_RO" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Română" lang="ro" hreflang="ro"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>RO</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SK/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_SK" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Slovenčina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SK</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SL/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_SL" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Slovenščina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FI/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_FI" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>FI</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SV/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_DOC_SV" class="piwik_download" title="DOC Svenska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv"> <i class="exi exi-doc" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SV</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="PubFormat"> <div class="PubFormatType"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PDF</span> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-md"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary " title="PDF English" onclick="$('#format_language_table_PDF_EN').click();"> <span>EN</span> </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <i class="fa fa-caret-down" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu PubFormatPDF"> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/BG/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_BG" class="piwik_download" title="PDF български" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>BG</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_ES" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Español" lang="es" hreflang="es" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>ES</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/CS/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_CS" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>CS</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DA/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_DA" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DA</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_DE" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Deutsch" lang="de" hreflang="de" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>DE</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/ET/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_ET" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Eesti keel" lang="et" hreflang="et" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>ET</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_EL" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Ελληνικά" lang="el" hreflang="el" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>EL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_EN" class="piwik_download" title="PDF English" lang="en" hreflang="en" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>EN</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_FR" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Français" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>FR</span> </a> </li> <li class="disabled"> <a class="disabled" href="./../../../legal-content/GA/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_GA" title="Not available in this language"> <i class="exi exi-pdf " aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>GA</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_HR" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HR</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/IT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_IT" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>IT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LV/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_LV" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Latviešu valoda" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>LV</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/LT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_LT" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Lietuvių kalba" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>LT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/HU/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_HU" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Magyar" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>HU</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/MT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_MT" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Malti" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>MT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/NL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_NL" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>NL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_PL" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/PT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_PT" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Português" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>PT</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_RO" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Română" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>RO</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SK/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_SK" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Slovenčina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SK</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_SL" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Slovenščina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SL</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/FI/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_FI" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>FI</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="./../../../legal-content/SV/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330" id="format_language_table_PDF_SV" class="piwik_download" title="PDF Svenska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" onclick="eurlexDcsMultiTrack('DCS.dcsuri','/document-format.html','WT.ti','Document format','WT.z_docFormat', 'pdf', 'WT.dl', '20'); return true;"> <i class="exi exi-pdf" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <span>SV</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default PagePanel "> <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="PP3"> <p class="panel-title"> <button data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#PP3Contents" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="PP3Contents" class=" " onclick="createDocPartCookie(this);"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"> </i>Multilingual display</button> </p> </div> <div id="PP3Contents" class="panel-collapse collapse in" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="PP3"> <div class="panel-body PanelBodyB"> <form action="./../../../legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=
				CELEX:52018DC0330" class="form-inline" id="form" name="multilingualForm" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="abfe6481-312f-49dc-bd11-d6fe355317fc" /><input type="hidden" name="from" value="EN"/> <div class="form-group"> <label for="MDLang1" class="sr-only">Language 1 </label> <select id="MDLang1" name="lang1" class="input-sm form-control NoBorders" aria-label="Choose language"> <option value="EN">English (en)</option> <option value="BG">Bulgarian (bg)</option> <option value="ES">Spanish (es)</option> <option value="CS">Czech (cs)</option> <option value="DA">Danish (da)</option> <option value="DE">German (de)</option> <option value="ET">Estonian (et)</option> <option value="EL">Greek (el)</option> <option value="EN" selected="selected">English (en)</option> <option value="FR">French (fr)</option> <option value="HR">Croatian (hr)</option> <option value="IT">Italian (it)</option> <option value="LV">Latvian (lv)</option> <option value="LT">Lithuanian (lt)</option> <option value="HU">Hungarian (hu)</option> <option value="MT">Maltese (mt)</option> <option value="NL">Dutch (nl)</option> <option value="PL">Polish (pl)</option> <option value="PT">Portuguese (pt)</option> <option value="RO">Romanian (ro)</option> <option value="SK">Slovak (sk)</option> <option value="SL">Slovenian (sl)</option> <option value="FI">Finnish (fi)</option> <option value="SV">Swedish (sv)</option> </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="MDLang2" class="sr-only">Language 2 </label> <select id="MDLang2" name="lang2" class="input-sm form-control NoBorders" aria-label="Choose language"> <option value="choose" selected="selected">Please choose</option> <option value="BG">Bulgarian (bg)</option> <option value="ES">Spanish (es)</option> <option value="CS">Czech (cs)</option> <option value="DA">Danish (da)</option> <option value="DE">German (de)</option> <option value="ET">Estonian (et)</option> <option value="EL">Greek (el)</option> <option value="EN">English (en)</option> <option value="FR">French (fr)</option> <option value="HR">Croatian (hr)</option> <option value="IT">Italian (it)</option> <option value="LV">Latvian (lv)</option> <option value="LT">Lithuanian (lt)</option> <option value="HU">Hungarian (hu)</option> <option value="MT">Maltese (mt)</option> <option value="NL">Dutch (nl)</option> <option value="PL">Polish (pl)</option> <option value="PT">Portuguese (pt)</option> <option value="RO">Romanian (ro)</option> <option value="SK">Slovak (sk)</option> <option value="SL">Slovenian (sl)</option> <option value="FI">Finnish (fi)</option> <option value="SV">Swedish (sv)</option> </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="MDLang3" class="sr-only">Language 3 </label> <select id="MDLang3" name="lang3" class="input-sm form-control NoBorders" aria-label="Choose language"> <option value="choose" selected="selected">Please choose</option> <option value="BG">Bulgarian (bg)</option> <option value="ES">Spanish (es)</option> <option value="CS">Czech (cs)</option> <option value="DA">Danish (da)</option> <option value="DE">German (de)</option> <option value="ET">Estonian (et)</option> <option value="EL">Greek (el)</option> <option value="EN">English (en)</option> <option value="FR">French (fr)</option> <option value="HR">Croatian (hr)</option> <option value="IT">Italian (it)</option> <option value="LV">Latvian (lv)</option> <option value="LT">Lithuanian (lt)</option> <option value="HU">Hungarian (hu)</option> <option value="MT">Maltese (mt)</option> <option value="NL">Dutch (nl)</option> <option value="PL">Polish (pl)</option> <option value="PT">Portuguese (pt)</option> <option value="RO">Romanian (ro)</option> <option value="SK">Slovak (sk)</option> <option value="SL">Slovenian (sl)</option> <option value="FI">Finnish (fi)</option> <option value="SV">Swedish (sv)</option> </select> </div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" aria-label="Display" onclick="javascript:($('.AffixSidebarWrapper .Selected').length > 0) ? multilingualFormPiwikTracking($('.AffixSidebarWrapper .Selected a').siblings('input[id^=selectedTabEnglishTranslationID]').val()) : multilingualFormPiwikTracking('') ;submit(); showHourglass();">Display</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default PagePanel"> <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="PP4"> <p class="panel-title"> <button data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#PP4Contents" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="PP4Contents" onclick="createDocPartCookie(this);"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> Text </button> </p> </div> <div id="PP4Contents" class="panel-collapse collapse in" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="PP4"> <div id="text" class="panel-body"> <div id="textTabContent"> <div id="document1" class="tabContent"> <div class="tabContent"> <div lang=""> <div class="contentWrapper"> <div class="content"><p class="Logo"> <img src="./../../../images/eclogo.jpg" alt="european flag"/>EUROPEAN COMMISSION</p> <p class="Emission">Brussels, 17.5.2018</p> <p class="Rfrenceinstitutionnelle">COM(2018) 330 final</p> <p class="Typedudocument_cp">COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS</p> <p class="Titreobjet_cp">A Europe that protects: Clean air for all</p> <div class="pageBreak"> <br/> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <p class="li Heading1"> <span><span class="num">1.</span></span><span>The air quality challenge</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Air quality has improved in the European Union (EU) over the last decades, thanks to joint efforts by the EU and the national,</span><span> regional and local authorities. As a result, since 2000, the EU's GDP grew by 32% while emissions of the main air pollutants decreased by 10% to 70% depending on the pollutant</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref1" href="#footnote1">1</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>However, in most Member States, the quality of life of EU citizens remains hampered, as air quality standards are still not being met. The situation is especially severe in urban areas, where a majority of Europeans live.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Air pollution is a cause of both chronic and serious diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular problems and lung </span><span>cancer. According to the latest data by the World Health Organisation</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref2" href="#footnote2">2</a> </span><span>, air pollution levels remain dangerously high in many parts of the world, with 9 out of 10 people breathing air containing high levels of pollutants. Air pollution continues to be the </span><span>number one environmental cause of early death in the EU, with estimates of more than 400,000 premature deaths per year</span><span> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref3" href="#footnote3">3</a> </span><span>. This all comes at a high price to society with high external health-related costs</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref4" href="#footnote4">4</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Public awareness about air pollution is high and c</span><span>itizens expect authorities to act. In a recent opinion poll on the environment in the EU, air pollution was cited as the issue of most concern for citizens after climate change</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref5" href="#footnote5">5</a> </span><span>. They have legitimate expectations that effective action will be taken at all </span><span>levels to reduce air pollution and protect them from its harmful effects. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>To address this, the EU has set, by means of legislation agreed by the Member States and the European Parliament, the goal to achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to negative impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment. To meet this objective, effective air quality policies require action and cooperation at global, European, national and local levels. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In line with the principle of subsidiarity, implementation largely relies on national, regional and local measures tailored to specific needs and circumstances. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>This Communication sets out wide-ranging policy efforts of the EU to support and facilitate the necessary measures of the Member States to meet their targets, and the enforcement action being taken to help ensure that the common objective of clean air for all Europeans is achieved and maintained across the EU.</span> </p> <p id="_Toc359596074" class="li Heading1"> <span><span class="num">2.</span></span><span>EU clean air policy </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The EU has been working for decades to improve air quality by controlling emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, improving fuel quality, and by integrating environmental protection requirements into the transport, industrial and energy sectors. The aim is to reduce air pollution to levels which minimise harmful effects on human health and the environment over the EU territory. Air pollution travels across national boundaries so coordination at EU level is important. EU law leaves the choice of means to comply with limit values agreed at EU level to the Member States. For key sources of pollution, EU-level standards are applied to ensure efficient internal market functioning. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The 2013 Clean Air Programme for Europe</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref6" href="#footnote6">6</a> </span><span> </span><span>reconfirmed the objective to achieve full compliance with existing air quality standards across </span><span>the EU as soon as possible and set objectives for 2020 and 2030.</span><span> As such, EU policy efforts rest on three main pillars.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The first pillar comprises the</span><span> </span><span>ambient air quality standards</span><span> set out in the Ambient Air Quality Directives</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref7" href="#footnote7">7</a> </span><span> for ground level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, dangerous heavy metals and a number of other pollutants</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref8" href="#footnote8">8</a> </span><span>. These air quality standards were to be attained by all Member States across their territories from – depending on the pollutant – 2005 o</span><span>r 2010 onwards</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref9" href="#footnote9">9</a> </span><span>. </span><span>If the set limit values are exceeded, Member States are required to adopt air quality plans detailing measures apt to keep the exceedance period as short as possible. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The second pillar consists of</span><span> </span><span>national emission reduction targets</span><span> estab</span><span>lished in the National Emissions Ceiling Directive for the most important trans-boundary air pollutants: sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref10" href="#footnote10">10</a> </span><span>. The national emission reduction targets were recently rev</span><span>ised to include new limits that need to be met in 2020 and 2030, and an additional pollutant – fine particulate matter (PM</span><span>2.5</span><span>).</span><span> Member States have to develop National Air Pollution Control Programmes by 2019 with a view to complying with their emission red</span><span>uction commitments.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The third pillar comprises</span><span> </span><span>emissions standards for key sources of pollution</span><span>, from vehicle and ship emissions to energy and industry. These standards are set out at EU level in legislation targeting industrial emissions</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref11" href="#footnote11">11</a> </span><span>, emissions from </span><span>power plants</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref12" href="#footnote12">12</a> </span><span>, vehicles</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref13" href="#footnote13">13</a> </span><span> and transport fuels</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref14" href="#footnote14">14</a> </span><span>, as well as the energy performance of products</span><span> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref15" href="#footnote15">15</a> </span><span>. </span><span> </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Moreover, in the aftermath of the vehicles emissions scandal in 2015, the package of Real Driving Emissions rules</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref16" href="#footnote16">16</a> </span><span> was put in place to ensure air pollutant emi</span><span>ssions standards are properly implemented and type approval requirements are reinforced. This package includes tests for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions as well as upcoming new in-service conformity rules to improve testing of vehicles alr</span><span>eady in service. Latest changes were adopted on 3 May to further reduce margins of technical uncertainty in Real Driving Emissions testing, increase emissions checks of cars already in circulation and introduce testing by independent and accredited third p</span><span>arties. Moreover, since September 2017 new types of light-duty vehicles types have to comply with a new test procedure for type approval laboratory testing which is closer to real driving conditions</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref17" href="#footnote17">17</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="Text1"> <span>The European Commission has also proposed new </span><span>CO</span><span>2</span><span> emiss</span><span>ion standards</span><span> for cars and vans to help manufacturers to further embrace innovation and supply significantly more low- and zero-emission vehicles to the market</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref18" href="#footnote18">18</a> </span><span>. The first ever European Commission’s legislative proposal on CO</span><span>2</span><span> emissions standards for new h</span><span>eavy-duty vehicles presented as part of the third Mobility Package is also expected to have long-term indirect effects on air quality by further improving fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in this segment, and by providing incentives for the pla</span><span>cing on the market of low- and zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles, including buses, with positive knock-on effects on air pollutant emissions.</span> </p> <p class="Text1"> <span>Furthermore, the EU has been protecting the health and safety of workers across Europe through its legislation est</span><span>ablishing minimum requirements for the quality of air in the workplaces</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref19" href="#footnote19">19</a> </span><span>, which includes the establishment of occupational exposure limit values for a number of dangerous chemical substances. This Commission has been particularly active with a series of pr</span><span>oposals amending the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive by setting limit values aimed at improving protection for millions of workers against occupational cancer – the first killer at workplaces</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref20" href="#footnote20">20</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading1"> <span><span class="num">3.</span></span><span>Examples of measures to reduce air pollution </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Different set</span><span>s of measures have been taken throughout the years at EU, Member State and local levels to successfully reduce emissions of air pollutants, including from large combustion plants, industrial installations, and transport, including road vehicles (e.g. via f</span><span>uel quality improvements and the successive Euro emission standards). This shows that cost-effective solutions exist and can support innovation and have a positive net impact on EU competitiveness, in line with broader European Commission priorities on sus</span><span>tainable growth and job-creation</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref21" href="#footnote21">21</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> </div> <div class="content"> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">3.1.</span></span><span>Measures to reduce emissions from the transport sector</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Based on latest available data, the transport sector is the largest contributor to nitrogen oxide emissions, and a significant contributor to particulate matter emis</span><span>sions</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref22" href="#footnote22">22</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Measures to further reduce emissions can aim at technical improvements, behaviour change and demand management (promoting cleaner modes of transportation via urban planning or car-sharing options), or at infrastructure investment (e.g. for alternative fuelling or public transport).</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>To support authorities in taking these measures, the European Commission presented two Mobility packages last year. In the first Mobility Package, the European Commission proposed updating the EU rules on road pri</span><span>cing and extending their scope to buses, vans and passenger cars</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref23" href="#footnote23">23</a> </span><span>, promoting proportionate distance-based road charging differentiated according to the environmental performance of both heavy and light vehicles with a view to internalising the real cost of</span><span> their use. The second Mobility Package included measures for promoting better integrated and cleaner public transport, for shifting long-distance freight from road to rail, inland waterways, or short-sea shipping, and for accelerated shifting to low- and </span><span>zero-emissions vehicles through the new CO2 emission standards for cars and vans and via public procurement</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref24" href="#footnote24">24</a> </span><span>, including in particular for zero-emission city buses. The European Commission also presented an action plan</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref25" href="#footnote25">25</a> </span><span>, supported by additional finance, for</span><span> the trans-European deployment of infrastructure for alternative fuels, including charging points for electric vehicles. In addition, in the context of the Third Mobility Package, the European Commission proposed CO2 emission standards for heavy-duty vehic</span><span>les, including incentives for zero- and low-emission vehicles. It also presented a strategic action plan to create a competitive and sustainable battery eco-system in Europe with a major focus on cell manufacturing. Europe-based, competitive production of </span><span>batteries will be key for the EU automotive industry to build its competitive advantage for low- and zero-emissions vehicles. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Finally, the European Commission is preparing non-binding guidance with recommendations and best practices that can support local administrators in addressing aspects concerning urban vehicle access restrictions. For example, there are different ways in which low emission zones can be enforced, beyond using manual stickers, such as through modern information technologies. The European Commission is engaging with stakeholders and with national and local authorities to foster consistency and information on access regulations and is supporting cities in the provision of information/data related to them. In any event, it is important that any plans for access restrictions are not designed in isolation but are part of a comprehensive Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan and duly integrated in local air quality plans established under Directive 2008/50/EU. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Events such as the European Mobility Week campaign, often culminating in a car-free day, can be a useful tool to raise awareness of the benefits of clean air through walking and cycling.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">3.2.</span></span><span>Measures to reduce emissions from power and heat</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Fuel combustion by power plants, industries and households</span><span> for generating power and heat</span><span> </span><span>is the largest contributor to particulate matter and sulphur dioxide emissions</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref26" href="#footnote26">26</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Measures to reduce air pollutant emissions from power and heat generation often go hand in hand with efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They include an increased use of renewable combustion-free power sources (such as solar, wind or hydropower), cogeneration of heat and power, distributed energy generation (e.g. mini-grids and rooftop solar power generation), schemes, including fiscal incentives, to replace older and less efficient boilers in households, district heating and cooling, or – in some cases – solid fuel bans. These measures are highly effective in reducing particulate matter emissions. The EU State aid rules provide a framework that allows Member States to facilitate investments in such measures. </span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">3.3.</span></span><span>Measures to reduce emissions from industry</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Measures to reduce emissions from industry – the second largest contributor of particulate matter emissions and the largest contributor to v</span><span>olatile organic compounds – are mainly achieved through the implementation of ‘Best Available Techniques’ (BAT) established under the EU Industrial Emissions Directive</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref27" href="#footnote27">27</a> </span><span>. In practice, EU-based large industrial installations – including large combustion powe</span><span>r plants – must apply the most effective techniques for preventing or reducing emissions that are technically feasible and economically viable within the sector. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Such measures are already delivering important benefits for air quality and the implementation of the new EU environmental standards for large combustion plants adopted in 2017 will further reduce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions across Europe.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">3.4.</span></span><span>Measures to reduce emissions from the agricultural sector</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The agricultural sector is an important source of air pollutants such as ammonia, which is a key precursor to particulate matter, with significant impacts at urban level. Measures to mitigate such emissions include agronomic measures (aiming at reducing the need for nitrogen fertilisers), livestock measures (closed storage of manure, improved application of manure and urea fertiliser, improved livestock feeding strategies so that animals produce less ammonia-rich manure, as well as anaerobic digestion for large farms), or energy measures (such as developing photovoltaic installations or reducing fuel consumption).These measures are already available and technically and economically viable and should be applied more widely. </span> </p> <p class="li Heading1"> <span><span class="num">4.</span></span><span>Working together to deliver clean air for all Europeans</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Air qualit</span><span>y standards were agreed by both the Member States in the Council and the European Parliament, to address the legitimate concerns of citizens for their health. Common air quality standards ensure that each person enjoys a minimum level of air quality anywhe</span><span>re in the EU, and create a level playing field for industry across the EU. A precondition for their efficient implementation is to build effective action at national, regional and local level across administrative boundaries between public authorities. Whe</span><span>n lack of action leads to non-compliance with EU air quality legislation, the national courts have jurisdiction to rule on the matter, as recently illustrated by decisions taken by courts in a number of Member States</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref28" href="#footnote28">28</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>EU financial support and close co-operation between Member States' authorities and the European Commission are also indispensable. The European Commission has therefore intensified engagement with Member States to facilitate their efforts through various initiatives and measures. The European Commission is ready to further step up this co-operation, including on the basis of the National Energy and Climate Plans.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">4.1.</span></span><span>Stepping up cooperation with Member States via Clean Air Dialogues</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The European Commission has already held several Clean Air </span><span>Dialogues with Member States to support their implementation efforts. It is also seeking synergies with Energy Union and Climate Change policies, including the Clean Mobility Package, as well as with dialogue initiatives, such as the Platform for Coal Regi</span><span>ons in Transition set-up under the 'Clean Energy for All Europeans' framework</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref29" href="#footnote29">29</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In addition, the European Commission is ready to engage in further discussions with the Member States, including through a tour of capital cities to carry out 'Clean Air Dialogues' with Member States that face significant implementation gaps. The goal is to facilitate full implementation of EU and national air pollution policies across all economic sectors, whilst raising awareness and allowing citizens to directly engage on the steps being taken to improve their air quality.</span><span> </span><span>It will ensure high-level political representation at these dialogues, and calls on Member States to make use of these dialogues for developing an integrated approach to addressing the air quality challenge, across levels of governance and across economic sectors.</span> </p> </div> <div class="content"> <p class="Normal"> <span>This will complement existing co-operation which is taking place in the context of the Environmental Implementation Review and the "Peer-to-Peer tool" which were both launched in 2017 to improve im</span><span>plementation of environmental legislation in the EU. With the same purpose, and in order to foster action at Member States' level for tackling air quality exceedances, the European Commission will make use of the newly established Compliance and Governance</span><span> Forum</span><span> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref30" href="#footnote30">30</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">4.2.</span></span><span>Bringing together Member States, regions and cities</span> </p> <p class="Text1"> <span>The EU Urban Agenda and Urban Innovative Actions will further facilitate the cooperation with and among city actors across the EU to address air pollution in urban areas, with an associated budge</span><span>t of EUR 372 million over the current financing period</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref31" href="#footnote31">31</a> </span><span>. This seeks to support concrete measures to address urban challenges ranging from fighting pollution, to mobility and sustainable urban development. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The Clean Air Forum launched by the European Commi</span><span>ssion in November 2017 in Paris, as well as the 2018 Green Week</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref32" href="#footnote32">32</a> </span><span> devoted to urban challenges, provide a basis for exchanges of good practices across all public and private actors whilst enhancing the capacity of relevant stakeholders to improve air quality</span><span>. This will also strengthen the cohesiveness of action across all governance levels.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>To facilitate investment in sustainable projects in European cities – including those supporting the clean air agenda – the European Commission and the European Investment</span><span> Bank put in place URBIS, a new dedicated advisory initiative for urban authorities</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref33" href="#footnote33">33</a> </span><span>. URBIS has been established to improve cities' access to technical and financial advice needed to develop urban investment projects, programmes and innovative financing/in</span><span>vestment platforms. It is already clear that there is significant demand from the urban authorities for this type of service.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Synergies could also be looked for with the Global Covenant of Mayors, successfully contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting a low-carbon economy transition and resilience at urban level. </span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">4.3.</span></span><span>Making available EU funding to support measu</span><span>res to improve air quality</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>EU funding under various financial streams has been made available and successfully used by Member States to address the air quality challenge, by either directly supporting air quality projects, or effectively mainstreaming air quality objectives in other investments (e.g. infrastructure, agriculture and rural and regional development). The European Commission will step up its work with Member States to help them make optimal use of the remaining funds available under this programming period. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In the current programming period 2014-2020, Member States have allocated EUR 1.8 billion to support air quality measures under the European Structural and Investment Funds. In addition, further indirect contributions potentially beneficial to clean air are expected to come from the 2014-2020 European Structural and Investment Funds' investments in the low-carbon economy (EUR 45 billion), environmental protection and resource efficiency (totalling EUR 63 billion) and network infrastructure (totalling EUR 58 billion), notably supporting vulnerable regions and citizens. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>As of now, a third of all the investments under the European Fund for Strategic Investments (around EUR 80 billion) went into energy, transport and environment. All this has indirect positive effect on air quality. In addition, the EU's research and development programme Horizon 2020 indirectly benefits emission reductions and air quality. Funding includes research components for cleaner transport solutions.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The European Commission recently proposed to invest EUR 1 billion in 39 clean transport projects to upgrade Europe's rail network, further develop alternative fuels infrastructure and pave the way for zero emission water transport. The Commission’s contribution will unlock a total of EUR 4.5 billion of public and private co-financing under the Connecting Europe Facility. In the context of the recently closed Blending call for alternative fuels infrastructure and cleaner mobility, 69 project proposals have been submitted requesting three times the available grant amount of EUR 350 million, for a total investment value of EUR 4.2 bn. Results are expected by October 2018. These investments will help promote cleaner transport in Europe, and thus further reduce emissions.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The LIFE programme has also been instrumental in delivering clean air benefits. For example, the LIFE Integrated Project ‘Małopolska in a healthy atmosphere’ – which had an initial budget of around EUR 16 million and leveraged more than EUR 800 million – facilitated the implementation of the Małopolska region's air quality plan and improved quality of life for some 20 million citizens, in Malopolska and in Silesia in Poland but also in other Member States such as Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Integrated air quality projects under the LIFE programme will be particularly encouraged in upcoming calls.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027, as proposed by the European Commission</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref34" href="#footnote34">34</a> </span><span>, will continue to support measures to improve air quality, including through th</span><span>e target of 25% of EU expenditure contributing to climate objectives, a strengthening of the LIFE programme, which will also support measures promoting clean energy, energy efficiency and a reformed Common Agricultural Policy.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">4.4.</span></span><span>State aids to facilitate dome</span><span>stic investments in low and zero emission mobility</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>To facilitate domestic funding schemes, the EU State aid rules provide a framework that allows Member States to facilitate investments in low and zero emission mobility, for the benefit of clean air and fi</span><span>ghting climate change, while promoting the competitiveness of our industry. Member States (at national, regional or local level) can make use of these rules to effectively tackle emissions, for example from road transport. The state aid scheme in Germany a</span><span>pproved in February 2018 gives just one among many examples of how EU rules help Member States facilitate investments in the purchase of electric and plug-in-hybrid buses and the associated recharging infrastructure to limit air pollution</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref35" href="#footnote35">35</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="li Heading2"> <span><span class="num">4.5.</span></span><span>Continued enfor</span><span>cement action </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The European Commission has worked intensively with national authorities throughout the past years, even before limit values entered into force, to steer progressive changes and to help them deliver compliance with air quality legislation. T</span><span>his has led to improvements, but some core problems remain. The European Commission is particularly concerned that persistent exceedances of limit values continue for two key pollutants with significant health impacts – nitrogen dioxide, which is </span><span>mostly a </span><span>result of road traffic</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref36" href="#footnote36">36</a> </span><span> and industry,</span><span> and particulate matter, which is mainly present in emissions from industry, traffic, domestic heating and agriculture. The European Commission is committed to continue working in partnership with the Member States to a</span><span>chieve the agreed air quality standards alongside the use of its legal powers to enforce the relevant EU legislation.</span> </p> <p class="Heading3"> <span>Excessive air pollution due to particulate matter and to nitrogen dioxide</span> </p> <p class="Heading4"> <span>State of play</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>For </span><span>particulate matter</span><span>, compliance with EU limit v</span><span>alues was due as of 1 January 2005. </span><span>Concentrations of particulate matter continue to exceed these values in large parts of Europe – with exceedances reported</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref37" href="#footnote37">37</a> </span><span> in 19 out of 28 Member States. Based on the latest available data, 19% of the urban population i</span><span>n the EU has been exposed to particulate matter levels above the EU daily limit value and about half was exposed to concentrations exceeding the stricter recommendations by the World Health Organisation</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref38" href="#footnote38">38</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> </div> <div class="content"> <p class="Normal"> <span>The European Commission has been pursuing infringement procedures for persistent excessive particulate matter (PM</span><span>10</span><span>) levels against 16 Member States (Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia and Slovenia). </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In 2017</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref39" href="#footnote39">39</a> </span><span> and 2018</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref40" href="#footnote40">40</a> </span><span>, respectively, the Court of Justice of the EU has already handed down judgments on two of the most severe particulate matter exceedances in Europe, namely in Bulgaria and Poland. </span><span>These judgments confirm the European Commission’s </span><span>view that persistent exceedances require more effective measures to be taken by the Member States concerned to limit the exceedances to the shortest possible period</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref41" href="#footnote41">41</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In addition, an infringement procedure related to the exceedances of the sulphur dioxide limit value was launched against Bulgaria. As pollution by sulphur dioxide</span><span> </span><span>is mainly caused by industry, progress made on reducing particulate matter would have positive effects for sulphur dioxide as well. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>For </span><span>nitrogen dioxide</span><span>, compliance with EU limit v</span><span>alues was due as of 1 January 2010. </span><span>The annual limit value continues to be widely exceeded across Europe – with exceedances reported</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref42" href="#footnote42">42</a> </span><span> in a total of 22 out of 28 Member States. Based on the latest available data, 9% of the urban population in the EU has bee</span><span>n exposed to nitrogen dioxide levels above the annual limit value</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref43" href="#footnote43">43</a> </span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>To date, infringement procedures for persistent exceedances of</span><span> nitrogen dioxide levels have been launched against 13 Member States (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, France, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom).</span><span> </span> </p> <p class="Heading4"> <span>Further action</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>On 30 January 2018, the European Commission invited nine Member States (the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia and the United Kingdom) concerned by pending infringement procedures regarding excessive air pollution due to particulate matter or nitrogen dioxide and for which the next procedural step would be a referral to the Court of Justice of the EU to an air quality summit in Brussels. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The purpose of this meeting was to call upon the Member States concerned to present additional binding commitments for timely, effective and credible measures to address the sources of the current exceedances and bring forward compliance as soon as possible in all agglomerations. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Having assessed the additional information provided by these Member States following this meeting, the European Commission concludes that</span><span> the measures adopted or planned by six of these Member States</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref44" href="#footnote44">44</a> </span><span> would </span><span>not keep exceedance periods as short as possible, as required by the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU. Consequently, the Commission has decided to refer these Member States to the Court of Justice of the EU</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref45" href="#footnote45">45</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In addition to the above, ensuring proper monitoring of air quality throughout the whole territory of Member States is essential. This includes, for instance, placing sampling points in areas where the highest pollutant concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be exposed for a significant period in relation to the relevant limit value(s). In that respect, where there was evidence that the monitoring and reporting is not done properly and measures to put in place adequate systems have not been taken, such as in Romania, Slovakia, Belgium and Luxembourg, the Commission addressed this in infringement procedures. Should appropriate measures not be taken by the Member States concerned, the Commission will proceed to the next step in these infringement procedures.</span> </p> <p class="Heading3"> <span>Ensuring full compliance with vehicle pollutant emission standards</span> </p> <p class="Heading4"> <span>Member State compliance with existing rules</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In the aftermath of the diesel vehicles emissions scandal in 2015, the European Commission asked Member States to take action and, in particular, enforce EU legislation. EU action was taken in light of in particular a) the insufficient rate of recalls of cars equipped with defeat devices prohibited by EU legislation; and b) the lack of administrative fines – namely penalties – towards car manufacturers as a result of the breach of EU law following cheated emissions tests. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>In this respect, the European Commission asked EU Member States to conduct mandatory and/or voluntary recalls across the EU. The European Commission further asked Member States to investigate the option of additional hardware fixes on top of software updates in order to make sure that emissions of the concerned cars are fully in line with EU legislation. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The European Commission is also taking decisive action against EU Member States </span><span>on the grounds of failing to fulfil the obligations under EU vehicle type approval legislation. Three types</span><span> of concerns have been addressed regarding, on the one hand, the penalties for use of illegal defeat devices and, on the other hand, the corrective measures to be taken by the Member States. A</span><span> number of infringement procedures are still on-going</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref46" href="#footnote46">46</a> </span><span>. One set </span><span>of infringements procedures concerns </span><span>the absence of penalty systems in the respective national legislations. The second set concerns the Member States that issued type approvals for a car manufacturer in the EU and is based on the suspected non-application</span><span> of their national provisions on penalties despite the company's use of illegal defeat device software. The third enforcement procedure against one Member State concerns the emission control strategies employed by a car manufacturer, including the absence </span><span>of imposed penalties</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref47" href="#footnote47">47</a> </span><span>.</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>The European Commission, jointly with the Member States, is addressing the phenomenon of second-hand trade of vehicles subject to recall actions.</span> </p> <p class="Heading4"> <span>Further action</span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>With respect to the pending infringement procedures mentioned above, and</span><span> in the context of the on-going dialogue with the Member States concerned, the European Commission has now decided to send two sets of complementary letters of formal notice. A set, addressed to three Member States</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref48" href="#footnote48">48</a> </span><span>, seeks additional clarifications on the </span><span>reasons for the absence of final decisions on penalties in light of one car manufacturing group’s use of illegal defeat device software.</span><span> A complementary letter of formal notice is sent</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref49" href="#footnote49">49</a> </span><span> to one Member State to seek clarifications on the recent steps taken b</span><span>y that Member State regarding the emission control strategies employed in certain vehicles of one car manufacturer including the absence of a final decision on penalties. The information to be submitted by the Member States in response to these complementa</span><span>ry letters of formal notice will be assessed by the European Commission in view of the next steps, as appropriate.</span> </p> <p class="Heading4"> <span>New rules to strengthen market surveillance </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Looking forward, the EU agreed new rules to raise the quality and independence of vehicle type-a</span><span>pproval and testing, increase checks of cars that are already on the EU market, and strengthen the overall system with European oversight. The rules will become mandatory in September 2020 and will ensure that vehicles on the EU market, including those wit</span><span>h diesel engines, comply with the Euro vehicle emission standards (Euro 5/6)</span><span class="FootnoteReference"> <a class="footnoteRef" id="footnoteref50" href="#footnote50">50</a> </span><span>. </span><span>The new rules will allow the European Commission to take direct enforcement actions against manufacturers who do not respect EU legislation, including on emissions, if Member St</span><span>ates fail to act. In particular, the European Commission would be able to initiate EU-wide recalls and impose penalties on manufacturers or technical service providers of up to EUR 30,000 per non-compliant car. Member States would also be obliged to perfor</span><span>m mandatory (pollutant emission) checks of cars that are already on the EU market.</span> </p> </div> <div class="content"> <p id="_Toc359509519 _Toc359520213 _Toc359520974" class="li Heading1"> <span><span class="num">5.</span></span><span>The Way Forward </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>There is an urgent need to improve air quality in Europe through the full implementation of the air quality standards agreed by the Member States and the European Parliament more than a decade ago. This requires action at all levels (national, regional, local) and the European Commission is supporting such action by means of all the tools at its disposal</span><span>. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Improving air quality remains a challenge for Europe also in the long-term. This requires a comprehensive approach across different sectors, from transport, energy, to local planning, bringing together all the different actors concerned. For its part the </span><span>European Commission will continue to support Member States such as via the Clean Air Dialogues. </span> </p> <p class="Normal"> <span>Poor air quality reduces quality of life and is of great cost to the economy. There is no time to waste. Cost-effective solutions to improve air quality exist and are widely available. There is a need to act now to scale them up and implement them without delay across the EU to the benefit of the half a billion European citizens. </span> </p> </div> <div class="content"> <dl id="footnotes"> <dd id="footnote1"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref1">(1)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>EEA (2017) Air Quality in Europe – 2017 Report: between 2000 and 2015 emissions decreased in </span><span>the EU between 8% (ammonia) and 72% (for s</span><span class="st">ulphur oxides</span><span>).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote2"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref2">(2)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10-people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more-countries-are-taking-action">http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10-people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more-countries-are-taking-action</a> </dd> <dd id="footnote3"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref3">(3)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>EEA (2017). Air Quality in Europe – 2017 Report. European Environment Agency.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote4"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref4">(4)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Estimated in the range of EUR 330-940 billion per year (Impact Assessment underpinn</span><span>ing the Clean Air Programme for Europe, SWD(2013)532).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote5"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref5">(5)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Special Eurobarometer 468: Attitudes of European citizens towards the environment. </span> </dd> <dd id="footnote6"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref6">(6)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>COM(2013)918.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote7"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref7">(7)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote8"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref8">(8)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Altogether, 12 pollutants are covered by this legisl</span><span>ation: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone, benzene, lead, carbon monoxide, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and benzo(a)pyrene.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote9"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref9">(9)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Postponing the deadline (until 2015 for nitrogen dioxide and benzene </span><span>and until June 2011 for particulate matter) was possible under specific circumstances.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote10"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref10">(10)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Directive 2001/81/EC as replaced by Directive 2016/2284/EU.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote11"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref11">(11)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote12"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref12">(12)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU and EU Medium C</span><span>ombustion Plant Directive</span><span> 2015/</span><span>2193</span><span>/EU.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote13"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref13">(13)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Regulation (EC) No 443/209 setting CO2 emission standards for new passenger cars and Regulation (EC) No 510/2011 setting CO2 emission standards for new light commercial vehicles, Regulations on CO2 emission standa</span><span>rds for new cars and light duty vehicles.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote14"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref14">(14)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Fuel Quality Directive 97/70EC</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote15"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref15">(15)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote16"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref16">(16)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span><span class="Strong">Regulation (EU) 2016/427, </span><span>Regulation (EU) 2016/646, Regulation (EU) 2017/1154.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote17"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref17">(17)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>The so-called Worldwide harmonised Light vehicles Test Proc</span><span>edure (WLTP). </span> </dd> <dd id="footnote18"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref18">(18)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Proposal for a Regulation setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles (COM(2017)676.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote19"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref19">(19)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Framework Directive 89/391/EEC (OJ L 183, 29.06.89, p.1), supplemented in particular by Direc</span><span>tive 89/654/EEC on workplaces (OJ L393, 30.12.89, p.1), Directive 98/24/EC on chemical agents (OJ L 131, 05.05.1998, p.11) and Directive 2004/37/EC on carcinogens and mutagens at work (OJ L 158, 30.04.2004, p.50).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote20"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref20">(20)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>So far, three proposals have been </span><span>submitted (COM(2016) 248, COM(2017) 11 and COM (2018) 171), the first meanwhile adopted by the European Parliament and the Council as Directive (EU) 2017/2398, OJ L, 27.12.2017, p. 8.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote21"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref21">(21)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Impact Assessment underpinning the Clean Air Programme for Europe, S</span><span>WD(2013)532, Annex 9).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote22"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref22">(22)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>EEA (2017). Air Quality in Europe – 2017 Report. European Environment Agency.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote23"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref23">(23)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 1999/62/EC on the charging of heavy goods vehicles for the </span><span>use of certain infrastructures (COM(2017)275).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote24"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref24">(24)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Proposal for a review of Directive on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles - COM(2017)653.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote25"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref25">(25)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>COM(2017)652.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote26"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref26">(26)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>EEA (2017). Air Quality in Europe – 2017 Report. European </span><span>Environment Agency.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote27"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref27">(27)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Directive 2010/75/EU.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote28"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref28">(28)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>In detailing how</span><span> national courts should address legal challenges from individuals and associations, the Commission's Notice on access to justice in environmental matters (C2017)2616 final) refers to important</span><span> case-law of the Court of Justice on EU air quality requirements (C-237/07 </span><span>Janecek</span><span>, C404/13 </span><span>Client Earth</span><span>).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote29"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref29">(29)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span> <a class="externalRef" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/no-region-left-behind-launch-platform-coal-regions-transition-2017-dec-08_en">https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/no-region-left-behind-launch-platform-coal-regions-transition-2017-dec-08_en</a> <span>.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote30"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref30">(30)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>C(2018)10.- Commission Decision of 18.1.2018 setting up a group of experts on environmental compliance and governance.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote31"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref31">(31)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>In the area of air quality the relevant Air </span><span>Quality Action Plan was already adopted: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote32"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref32">(32)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span> <a class="externalRef" href="https://www.eugreenweek.eu/">https://www.eugreenweek.eu/</a> <span>.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote33"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref33">(33)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>http://eiah.eib.org/about/initiative-urbis.htm.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote34"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref34">(34)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>COM(2018)321</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote35"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref35">(35)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-1222_en.htm">http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-1222_en.htm</a> </dd> <dd id="footnote36"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref36">(36)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span><span>Road traffic is responsible for around 40% of nitrogen oxides emissions in the EU. Of the total emitted nitrogen oxides from traffic, around 80% comes</span><span> from diesel powered vehicles.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote37"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref37">(37)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Through at least one monitoring station. </span> </dd> <dd id="footnote38"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref38">(38)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>EEA (2017). Air Quality in Europe – 2017 Report. European Environment Agency.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote39"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref39">(39)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Judgment of the Court of Justice of 5 April 2017 in </span><span>C-488/15, Commission v Bulgaria.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote40"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref40">(40)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Judgment</span><span> of the Court of Justice of 22 February 2018 in </span><span>C</span><span>‑336/16, Commission v Poland.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote41"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref41">(41)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-488/15">http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-488/15</a> <span> and </span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-336/16">http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-336/16</a> </dd> <dd id="footnote42"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref42">(42)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Through</span><span> at least one monitoring station.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote43"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref43">(43)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>EEA (2017). Air Quality in Europe – 2017 Report. European Environment Agency</span><span>.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote44"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref44">(44)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>France, Ge</span><span>rmany, and the United Kingdom – for NO2, as well as Italy, Hungary and Romania – for PM10,</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote45"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref45">(45)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>See press release http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-3450_en.htm.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote46"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref46">(46)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Procedures launched in December 2016 against </span><span>Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Lithuan</span><span>ia, Luxembourg, Spain and the United Kingdom</span><span>. </span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4214_en.htm">http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4214_en.htm</a> <span>. The case against Lithuania was closed in July 2017. With respect to five Member Sta</span><span>tes, these procedures were followed-up in July 2017 in the form of a complementary letter of formal notice (</span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-17-1935_EN.htm">http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-17-1935_EN.htm</a> <span>).</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote47"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref47">(47)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>In May 2017, </span><span>the Commission initiated infringement procedures against Italy (</span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1288_en.htm">http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1288_en.htm</a> <span>). </span> </dd> <dd id="footnote48"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref48">(48)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Second complementary letters of formal notice addressed to G</span><span>ermany, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom. See press release http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-3450_en.htm. In view of the developments which have taken place in the Czech Republic, Greece and Spain which aim to address Commission's concerns, the </span><span>three procedures do not require taking next steps within the infringement process at this stage. </span> </dd> <dd id="footnote49"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref49">(49)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span>Complementary letter of formal notice to Italy, see press release http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-3450_en.htm.</span> </dd> <dd id="footnote50"> <span class="num"> <a class="footnote" href="#footnoteref50">(50)</a> </span><span> </span><span> <span class="tab"> </span></span> <a class="externalRef" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-5131_en.htm">http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-5131_en.htm</a> <span> </span> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <a class="" href="#document1">Top</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { popUpWidget("./../../../", "en", "800"); popUpWidgetAccessible("./../../../", "EN"); }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { if ("false" == "true" || "false" == "true") { initConsLegTable('To display the table of contents, zoom out or increase the size of your browser window.'); } if ("false" == "true") { initToc("false"); eliResolutionResolver("/legal-content/EN/TXT/"); } setTimeout(function(){ loadDocState("TXT false","PP"); }, 0); $(document).trigger("enhance"); }); </script> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <footer class="ecl-site-footer"> <div class="ecl-container ecl-site-footer__container ecl-site-footer__container-override"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__row"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__column"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section ecl-site-footer__section--site-info"> <a href="./../../../homepage.html" > <picture class="ecl-picture ecl-site-footer__picture" title="Back to EUR-Lex homepage"> <img class="ecl-site-footer__logo-image" src="./../../../revamp/images/eurlex_simple.svg" onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='./../../../images/n/eurlex_simple.png'" alt="Back to EUR-Lex homepage" title="Back to EUR-Lex homepage"> </picture> </a> <div class="ecl-site-footer__description">This site is managed by the <a href="http://op.europa.eu/en/home" title="Publications Office of the European Union" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Publications Office of the European Union</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__column"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Need help?</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/help.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Help pages" > Help pages </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../contact.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Contact" > Contact </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/site-map/site-map.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Sitemap" > Sitemap </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Follow us</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="https://twitter.com/EURLex/" title="X" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-site-footer__link"> <img class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--m ecl-link__icon ecl-link--icon--twitter" src="./../../../revamp/images/twitter.svg" onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='./../../../images/n/twitter.png'" alt="X" title="X"> <span class="ecl-link__label--twitter">X</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Legal</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Legal notice" > Legal notice </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html#5.%20Cookies%20notice" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Cookies policy" > Cookies policy </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html#4.%20Accessibility%20statement" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Accessibility" > Accessibility </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html#3.%20protection" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Privacy statement" > Privacy statement </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__column"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Information</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/welcome/about.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="About EUR-Lex" > About EUR-Lex </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../newsletter/newsletterLatest.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Newsletter" > Newsletter </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="./../../../content/links/links.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" title="Useful links" > Useful links </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Other services</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/" title="European Data" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> European Data </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="https://ted.europa.eu/TED/main/HomePage.do" title="EU tenders" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> EU tenders </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="http://cordis.europa.eu/en/" title="EU research results" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> EU research results </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="http://op.europa.eu/en/web/who-is-who" title="EU Whoiswho" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> EU Whoiswho </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="http://op.europa.eu/en/web/general-publications/publications" title="EU publications" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> EU publications </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section ecl-site-footer__section--separator"> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="http://n-lex.europa.eu/n-lex/index?lang=en" title="N-Lex" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> N-Lex </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="http://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-law-in-force" title="EU Law in Force" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> EU Law in Force </a> </li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"> <a href="http://law-tracker.europa.eu/joint-legislative-portal/homepage?lang=en" title="EU Law Tracker" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> EU Law Tracker </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__row"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__column"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__logo-link" aria-label="European Union"> <picture class="ecl-picture ecl-site-footer__picture" title="European Union"> <source srcset="./../../../revamp/images/logo-eu--en.svg" media="(min-width: 996px)"><img class="ecl-site-footer__logo-image" src="./../../../revamp/images/logo-eu--en-sm.svg" alt="European Union logo" /> </picture> </a> <div class="ecl-site-footer__description">Discover more on<a href="https://europa.eu" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone"> <u>europa.eu</u></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__column"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Contact the EU</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="tel:0080067891011" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> Call us 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/call-us_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> Use other telephone options</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/write-us_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> Write to us via our contact form</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> Meet us at one of the EU centres</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Social media</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/social-media-channels_en#/search" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link"> Search for EU social media channels</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">Legal</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/languages-our-websites_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Languages on our websites</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/privacy-policy_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Privacy policy</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/legal-notice_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Legal notice</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/cookies_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Cookies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-site-footer__column"> <div class="ecl-site-footer__section ecl-site-footer__section"> <h2 class="ecl-site-footer__title ecl-site-footer__title--separator">EU institutions</h2> <ul class="ecl-site-footer__list"> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/portal/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Parliament</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/european-council/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Council</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/home/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Council of the European Union</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://commission.europa.eu/index_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Commission</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/j_6/en/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Central Bank (ECB)</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://www.eca.europa.eu/en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Court of Auditors</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European External Action Service (EEAS)</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.en.home" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="http://cor.europa.eu/en/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Committee of Regions (CoR)</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://www.eib.org/en/index.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/home" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS?lang=en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS)</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://edpb.europa.eu/edpb_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Data Protection Board</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://epso.europa.eu/en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">European Personnel Selection Office</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/home" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Publications Office of the European Union</a></li> <li class="ecl-site-footer__list-item"><a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/institutions-and-bodies/institutions-and-bodies-profiles_en?f%5B0%5D=oe_organisation_eu_type%3Ahttp%3A//publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body-classification/AGENCY_DEC&f%5B1%5D=oe_organisation_eu_type%3Ahttp%3A//publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body-classification/AGENCY_EXEC&f%5B2%5D=oe_organisation_eu_type%3Ahttp%3A//publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body-classification/EU_JU" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link">Agencies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <a href="#" aria-label="Back to top" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary EurlexTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <div class="panel-footer text-center switchToDesktop"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="hide" id="switchToMobile"> <a href="#" class="OP-Nlex" onclick="createCookie('desktopModeOn','false','30');window.location.reload(true);" > Switch to mobile <i class="fa fa-mobile" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> <li class="hide" id="switchToDesktop"> <a href="#" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-site-footer__link" onclick="createCookie('desktopModeOn','true','30');window.location.reload(true);" > Switch to desktop <i class="fa fa-desktop" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { var switchToDesktop = "notSelected"; var deviceDetected = "desktop"; //enable switch to desktop view for mobile devices if (deviceDetected == 'mobile' ){ if ((switchToDesktop == 'false' || switchToDesktop == 'notSelected') && window.innerWidth<992 ){ $("#switchToDesktop").removeClass("hide"); }else if (switchToDesktop == 'true'){ $("#switchToMobile").removeClass("hide"); } } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/jquery.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script>(function($,d){$.each(readyQ,function(i,f){$(f)});$.each(bindReadyQ,function(i,f){$(d).on("ready",f)})})(jQuery,document)</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/eur-lex-sanitizer.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/eur-lex.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/experimentalFeatures.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/machineTranslation.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/moment/min/moment-with-locales.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/bootstrap-3-typeahead/js/bootstrap3-typeahead_customized.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/js/ie10-viewport-bug-workaround.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/js/metisMenu.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/js/timeline.main.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/js/jquery.autoresize.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/js/eurlex.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/compatibility-table.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/bootstrap/js/transition.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/bootstrap/js/collapse.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/gasparesganga-jquery-loading-overlay/src/loadingoverlay.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/popupWidgetTitle.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/piwik_functionality.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script src="https://webtools.europa.eu/load.js?globan=1110" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/cookieConsentKitUtils.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/d3/d3.v7.min.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/browse-by-collection.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/d3-timeline.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/url-dynamic-util.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/pdfjs/build/pdf.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/pdfjs/build/pdf.worker.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../js/pdf-infinite-scroll.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./../../../revamp/components/vendor/ec/eu-preset-v4.1.1/scripts/ecl-eu.js?v=2.16.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://unpkg.com/svg4everybody@2.1.9/dist/svg4everybody.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

EUR-Lex - 52018DC0330 - EN - EUR-Lex