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id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membership_and_vows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_and_vows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Membership and vows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_and_vows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Distinction between a nun and a religious sister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Early modern Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presbyterian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Presbyterian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbyterian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="راهبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راهبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monxa" title="Monxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BA-cheng" title="Lú-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lú-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བཙུན་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཙུན་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanez" title="Leanez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leanez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monja" title="Monja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eholnice" title="Řeholnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řeholnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleian" title="Lleian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lleian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonne" title="Nonne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nonne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glooschderfraa" title="Glooschderfraa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Glooschderfraa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonne" title="Nonne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nonne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunn" title="Nunn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nunn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monja" title="Monja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%C4%A5ino" title="Monaĥino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monaĥino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moja" title="Moja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87" title="راهبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religieuse" title="Religieuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religieuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_rialta" title="Bean rialta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bean rialta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailleach-dhubh" title="Cailleach-dhubh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cailleach-dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%85%80" title="수녀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수녀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarawati" title="Biarawati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biarawati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monacha" title="Monacha – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monacha" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunna" title="Nunna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nunna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaca" title="Monaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%AA)" title="נזירה (דת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נזירה (דת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მონაზონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონაზონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sista" title="Sista – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sista" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monialis" title="Monialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suster" title="Suster – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Suster" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuuster_(religieuze)" title="Zuuster (religieuze) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuuster (religieuze)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C9%9B%CC%81lo" title="Mamɛ́lo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mamɛ́lo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1ca_(vall%C3%A1s)" title="Apáca (vallás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apáca (vallás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relijiozy_vavy" title="Relijiozy vavy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Relijiozy vavy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87" title="راهبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راهبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarawati" title="Biarawati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biarawati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuster_(religie)" title="Zuster (religie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuster (religie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E5%A5%B3" title="修道女 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="修道女" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonne" title="Nonne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nonne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonne" title="Nonne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nonne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakonnica" title="Zakonnica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakonnica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freira" title="Freira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maic%C4%83" title="Maică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun" title="Nun – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nun" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murgesha" title="Murgesha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Murgesha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun" title="Nun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mn%C3%AD%C5%A1ka" title="Mníška – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mníška" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuna" title="Nuna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nuna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunna" title="Nunna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nunna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunna" title="Nunna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nunna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="அருட்சகோதரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருட்சகோதரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="นักพรตหญิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักพรตหญิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Монахиня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монахиня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8%DB%81" title="راہبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راہبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%AF_tu" title="Nữ tu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nữ tu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="修女 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="修女" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="修女 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修女" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="修女 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="修女" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nun" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&oldid=1255609282" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nun&id=1255609282&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNun"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNun"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191808" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Member of a religious community of women</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nun (disambiguation)">Nun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sœur" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soeur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Soeur (disambiguation)">soeur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nun" title="Talk:Nun">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:right">Nun</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg/159px-Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg" decoding="async" width="159" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg/239px-Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg/318px-Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="1143" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesichter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gesichter.JPG/175px-Gesichter.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gesichter.JPG/263px-Gesichter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gesichter.JPG/350px-Gesichter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1240" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_(76).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_%2876%29.jpg/103px-Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_%2876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_%2876%29.jpg/155px-Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_%2876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_%2876%29.jpg/206px-Bhutan_-_Flickr_-_babasteve_%2876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_meditation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/231px-Jain_meditation.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/347px-Jain_meditation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/462px-Jain_meditation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:225px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_pray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Buddhist_pray.jpg/338px-Buddhist_pray.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Buddhist_pray.jpg/507px-Buddhist_pray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Buddhist_pray.jpg/676px-Buddhist_pray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Nuns in different parts of the world</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>nun</b> is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service and contemplation,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically living under vows of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">poverty, chastity, and obedience</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">enclosure</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-def_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is often used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">religious sisters</a> who do take simple <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vows</a><sup id="cite_ref-mw_sister_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw_sister-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but live an active vocation of prayer and charitable work. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, nuns are found in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> traditions, as well as other Christian denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> tradition, female <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastics</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhuni</a>, and take several <a href="/wiki/Eight_Garudhammas" title="Eight Garudhammas">additional vows</a> compared to male monastics (<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a>). Nuns are most common in <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, but have more recently become more prevalent in other traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg/170px-Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="483" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg/255px-Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg/340px-Andrea_Mantegna_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption>St. <a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Benedict">St. Benedict</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictine</a> nuns</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildegard_of_bingen_and_nuns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hildegard_of_bingen_and_nuns.jpg/220px-Hildegard_of_bingen_and_nuns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Hildegard_of_bingen_and_nuns.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a> and her nuns</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg/220px-Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg/330px-Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg/440px-Maria_Johanna_von_Zweyer_c1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Maria Johanna Baptista von Zweyer, Abbess of the Cistercian abbey of Wald</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg/220px-Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg/330px-Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg/440px-Armand_Gautier_-_Three_Nuns_in_the_Portal_of_a_Church_-_Walters_371383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><i>Three <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_St._Vincent_de_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul">Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul</a> in the Portal of a Church</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Armand_Gautier" title="Armand Gautier">Armand Gautier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> tradition, there are many <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a> of nuns and sisters (the female equivalent of male <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a>), each with its own <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a> or special character. Traditionally, nuns are members of <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">enclosed religious orders</a> and take solemn <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">religious vows</a>, while sisters do not live in the papal enclosure and formerly took vows called "simple vows".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastics</a>, nuns living within an enclosure historically commit to recitation of the full <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Divine Office</a> throughout the day in church, usually in a solemn manner. They were formerly distinguished within the monastic community as "choir nuns", as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Lay_brothers#Lay_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay brothers">lay sisters</a> who performed upkeep of the monastery or errands outside the cloister. This last task is still often entrusted to women, called "externs", who live in the monastery, but outside the enclosure. They were usually either <a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">oblates</a> or members of the associated <a href="/wiki/Third_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order">Third Order</a>, often wearing a different habit or the standard woman's attire of the period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membership_and_vows">Membership and vows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Membership and vows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, when a woman enters a <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> she first undergoes a period of testing life for six months to two years called a postulancy. If she, and the order, determine that she may have a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a> to the life, she receives the <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a> of the order (usually with some modification, normally a white veil instead of black, to distinguish her from <a href="/wiki/Profession_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profession (religious)">professed</a> members) and undertakes the <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">novitiate</a>, a period (that lasts one to two years) of living the life of the religious institute without yet taking <a href="/wiki/Vows" class="mw-redirect" title="Vows">vows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completion of this period she may take her initial, temporary vows.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Temporary_vows" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary vows">Temporary vows</a> last one to three years, typically, and will be professed for not less than three years and not more than six.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, she will petition to make her "perpetual profession", taking permanent, <a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">solemn vows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> tradition, (Benedictines, <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappists</a>, among others) nuns take vows of stability (that is, to remain a member of a single monastic community), obedience (to an <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prioress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioress">prioress</a>), and conversion of life (which includes poverty and celibacy). In other traditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> Order) and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican nuns</a>, they take the threefold vows of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">obedience</a>. These are known as the 'evangelical counsels' as opposed to 'monastic vows' proper. Most orders of nuns not listed here follow one of these two patterns, with some Orders taking an additional vow related to the specific work or character of their Order (for example, to undertake a certain style of devotion, praying for a specific intention or purpose).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgettine_sisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bridgettine_sisters.jpg/220px-Bridgettine_sisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bridgettine_sisters.jpg/330px-Bridgettine_sisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bridgettine_sisters.jpg/440px-Bridgettine_sisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettine Sisters</a> at the <a href="/wiki/March_For_Life_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="March For Life in Washington, D.C.">March For Life in Washington, D.C.</a>, January 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MotherTeresa_094.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MotherTeresa_094.jpg/220px-MotherTeresa_094.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MotherTeresa_094.jpg/330px-MotherTeresa_094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MotherTeresa_094.jpg/440px-MotherTeresa_094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cloistered nuns (<a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>, for example) observe "papal enclosure"<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rules, and their nunneries typically have walls separating the nuns from the outside world. The nuns rarely leave (except for medical necessity or occasionally for purposes related to their contemplative life) though they may receive visitors in specially built parlors, often with either a grille or half-wall separating the nuns from visitors. They are usually self-sufficient, earning money by selling jams, candies or baked goods by mail order, or by making liturgical items (such as vestments, candles, or hosts to be consecrated at Mass for Holy Communion). </p><p>They often undertake contemplative ministries – that is, a community of nuns is often associated with prayer for some particular good or supporting the missions of another order by prayer (for instance, the Dominican nuns of <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Monastery" title="Corpus Christi Monastery">Corpus Christi Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, New York, pray in support of the priests of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of New York">Archdiocese of New York</a>). Yet religious sisters can also perform this form of ministry, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Maryknoll" title="Maryknoll">Maryknoll</a> Missionary Sisters have small houses of <a href="/wiki/Contemplative" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplative">contemplative</a> sisters, some in mission locations, who pray for the work of the priests, brothers, and other sisters of their congregation, and since Vatican II have added retreat work and spiritual guidance to their apostolate;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sister_Disciples_of_the_Divine_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister Disciples of the Divine Master">Sister Disciples of the Divine Master</a> are also cloistered sisters who receive visitors and pray in support of their sister congregation,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_St._Paul" title="Daughters of St. Paul">Daughters of St. Paul</a> in their media ministry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership">Leadership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Canoness" title="Canoness">canoness</a> is a nun who corresponds to the male equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a>, usually following the Rule of St. Augustine. The origin and rules of monastic life are common to both. As with the canons, differences in the observance of rule gave rise to two types: the <a href="/wiki/Canoness_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoness regular">canoness regular</a>, taking the traditional religious vows, and the secular canoness, who did not take vows and thus remained free to own property and leave to marry, should they choose. This was primarily a way of leading a pious life for the women of aristocratic families and generally disappeared in the modern age, except for the modern <a href="/wiki/Stift#Stift_as_endowment_for_unmarried_Protestant_women" title="Stift">Lutheran convents</a> of Germany. </p><p>A nun who is elected to head her religious house is termed an <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> if the house is an abbey, a prioress if it is a monastery, or more generically may be referred to as "Mother Superior" and styled "Reverend Mother". The distinction between abbey and monastery has to do with the terms used by a particular order or by the level of independence of the religious house. Technically, a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> is any home of a community of sisters – or, indeed, of priests and brothers, though this term is rarely used in the United States. The term "<a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>" is often used by The Benedictine family to speak of the buildings and "convent" when referring to the community. Neither is gender specific. 'Convent' is often used of the houses of certain other institutes. </p><p>The traditional dress for women in religious communities consists of a <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a>, which is tied around the waist with a cloth or leather belt. Over the tunic some nuns wear a <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">scapular</a> which is a garment of long wide piece of woolen cloth worn over the shoulders with an opening for the head. Some wear a white <a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">wimple</a> and a veil, the most significant and ancient aspect of the habit. Some orders – such as the Dominicans – wear a large rosary on their belt. Benedictine abbesses wear a cross or crucifix on a chain around their neck. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, many religious institutes chose in their own regulations to no longer wear the traditional habit and did away with choosing a <a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">religious name</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Catholic Church canon law</a> states: "Religious are to wear the habit of the institute, made according to the norm of proper law, as a sign of their consecration and as a witness of poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister">Distinction between a nun and a religious sister</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinction between a nun and a religious sister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">Religious sister (Catholic)</a></div> <p>Although usage has varied throughout church history, typically "nun" (Latin: <i>monialis</i>) is used for women who have taken <a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">"solemn" vows</a>, and "sister" (Latin: <i>soror</i>) is used for women who have taken "simple" vows (that is, vows other than solemn vows). </p><p>During the first millennium, nearly all religious communities of men and women were dedicated to prayer and <a href="/wiki/Contemplative_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplative prayer">contemplation</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> were built in remote locations or were separated from the world by means of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precinct_wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precinct wall (page does not exist)">precinct wall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a>, founded in the 13th century, combined a life of prayer and dedication to God with active works of preaching, hearing confessions, and service to the poor, and members of these orders are known as <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a>. At that time, and into the 17th century, Church custom did not allow women to leave the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> if they had taken religious vows. Female members of the mendicant orders (<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> nuns and <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a>) continued to observe the same enclosed life as members of the <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the vows taken by profession in any religious institute approved by the Holy See were classified as solemn.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vermeersch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeersch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was declared by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> (1235–1303).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation changed in the 16th century. In 1521, two years after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> had forbidden the establishment of new religious institutes, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> established a religious <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Rule</a> with simple vows for those <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">tertiaries</a> attached to existing communities who undertook to live a formal religious life. In 1566 and 1568, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> rejected this class of congregation, but they continued to exist and even increased in number. After at first being merely tolerated, they afterwards obtained approval.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermeersch_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeersch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> recognized as religious all men and women who took simple vows.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their lives were oriented not to the ancient monastic way of life, but more to <a href="/wiki/Social_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social service">social service</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelization">evangelization</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and in mission areas. Their number had increased dramatically in the upheavals brought by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic">Napoleonic</a> invasions of other Catholic countries, depriving thousands of religious of the income that their communities held because of inheritances and forcing them to find a new way of living the religious life. But members of these new associations were not recognized as "religious" until <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s Constitution "Conditae a Christo" of 8 December 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> reserved the term "nun" (Latin: <i>monialis</i>) for religious women who took solemn vows or who, while being allowed in some places to take simple vows, belonged to institutes whose vows were normally solemn.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used the word "sister" (Latin: <i>soror</i>) exclusively for members of institutes for women that it classified as "<a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Papal_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of Papal Right">congregations</a>"; and for "nuns" and "sisters" jointly it used the Latin word <i>religiosae</i> (women religious). The same religious order could include both "nuns" and "sisters", if some members took solemn vows and others simple vows. </p><p>The new legal code of the Catholic Church which was adopted in 1983, however, remained silent on this matter. Whereas previously the code distinguished between orders and congregations, the code now refers simply to religious institutes. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">code of 1983</a>, the Vatican has addressed the renewal of the contemplative life of nuns. It produced the letter <i>Verbi Sponsa</i> in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the apostolic constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vultum_Dei_quaerere" title="Vultum Dei quaerere">Vultum Dei quaerere</a></i></span> in 2016, and the instruction <i>Cor Orans</i> in 2018<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "which replaced the 1999 document <i>Verbi Sponsa</i> and attempted to bring forward the ideas regarding contemplative life born during the Second Vatican Council".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sister Rosália Sehnem of the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity"><img alt="Sister Rosália Sehnem of the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG/139px-Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG/208px-Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG/277px-Irm%C3%A3_Ros%C3%A1lia_Sehnem_IFPCC7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="3153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sister Rosália Sehnem of the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Francis_of_Penance_and_Christian_Charity" title="Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity">Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sister of the Theresienne Sisters of Basankusu wearing a brightly coloured habit, riding a motor-bike, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2013[24]"><img alt="A sister of the Theresienne Sisters of Basankusu wearing a brightly coloured habit, riding a motor-bike, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2013[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg/200px-Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg/300px-Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg/400px-Nun_on_a_motor-bike_2_-_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sister of the Theresienne Sisters of <a href="/wiki/Basankusu" title="Basankusu">Basankusu</a> wearing a brightly coloured habit, riding a motor-bike, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Ugandan nun teaching during a community service day"><img alt="A Ugandan nun teaching during a community service day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg/200px-An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg/300px-An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg/400px-An_Ugandan_nun_teaching_during_a_community_service_day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Ugandan nun teaching during a community service day</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sisters_and_nuns_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic sisters and nuns in the United States">Catholic sisters and nuns in the United States</a></div> <p>Nuns and sisters played a major role in American religion, education, nursing and social work since the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Catholic Europe, convents were heavily endowed over the centuries, and were sponsored by the aristocracy. There were very few rich <a href="/wiki/American_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Catholics">American Catholics</a>, and no aristocrats. Religious orders were founded by entrepreneurial women who saw a need and an opportunity, and were staffed by devout women from poor families. The numbers grew rapidly, from 900 sisters in 15 communities in 1840, 50,000 in 170 orders in 1900, and 135,000 in 300 different orders by 1930. Starting in 1820, the sisters always outnumbered the priests and brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their numbers peaked in 1965 at 180,000 then plunged to 56,000 in 2010. Many women left their orders, and few new members were added.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> the sisters have directed their ministries more to the poor, working more directly among them and with them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sisters_and_nuns_in_Canada" title="Catholic sisters and nuns in Canada">Catholic sisters and nuns in Canada</a></div> <p>Nuns have played an important role in Canada, especially in heavily Catholic Quebec. Outside the home, Canadian women had few domains which they controlled. An important exception came with Catholic nuns, especially in Québec. Stimulated by the influence in France, the popular religiosity of the <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>, new orders for women began appearing in the seventeenth century. In the next three centuries women opened dozens of independent religious orders, funded in part by <a href="/wiki/Religious_dower" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious dower">dowries</a> provided by the parents of young nuns. The orders specialized in charitable works, including hospitals, orphanages, <a href="/wiki/Maternity_home" title="Maternity home">homes for unwed mothers</a>, and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern_Spain">Early modern Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early modern Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to women becoming nuns during early modern Spain, aspired nuns underwent a process. The process was ensured by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II</a> (1556–1598) adopted within Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz_375–399_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz_375–399-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Phillip II acquired the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymite order</a> to ensure that monasteries abided by the decrees of the Council of Trent.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz_375–399_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz_375–399-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed the way in which nuns would live.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehfeldt_1009–1030-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One edict of the Council of Trent was that female monasteries be enclosed in order to limit nuns' relationship with the secular world.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehfeldt_1009–1030-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enclosure of monasteries during this time was associated with chastity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehfeldt_1009–1030-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another decree issued by the Council of Trent was that religious devotion be "true and voluntary".<sup id="cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehfeldt_1009–1030-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male clergy member would ask the aspiring nuns if whether or not their vocation was "true and voluntary" in order to ensure no enforced conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehfeldt_1009–1030-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To be considered as a nun, one must have the economic means to afford the convent dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time convent dowries were affordable, compared to secular marriages between a man and a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically during early modern Spain many nuns were from elite families who had the means to afford the convent dowry and "maintenance allowances", which were annual fees.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monasteries were economically supported through convent dowries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convent dowries could be waived if the aspiring nun had an artistic ability benefiting the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once an aspiring nun has entered the convent and has the economic means to afford the dowry, she undergoes the process of apprenticeship known as the novitiate period.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novitiate period typically lasts 1–2 years, and during this time the aspiring nun lives the life of a nun without taking the official vows.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she lives in the convent she is closely monitored by the other women in the community to determine if her vocation is genuine. This would be officially determined by a vote from the choir nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the aspiring nun passes the scrutiny of the women of the religious community, she then can make her <a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">solemn vows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to making the vows, the family of the nun is expected to pay the convent dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuns were also expected to renounce their inheritance and property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious class distinctions: </p> <ul><li>Choir nuns: Usually from elite families, they held office, could vote within the convent, and were given the opportunity to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lay-sisters: Lower-class women, assigned tasks related to the labour of the convent, generally were not given the opportunities to read and write, and paid a lower dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian Monasticism">Eastern Christian Monasticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Sofia_of_Suzdal_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Saint_Sofia_of_Suzdal_crop.jpg/220px-Saint_Sofia_of_Suzdal_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Saint_Sofia_of_Suzdal_crop.jpg/330px-Saint_Sofia_of_Suzdal_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Saint_Sofia_of_Suzdal_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solomonia_Saburova" title="Solomonia Saburova">Saint Sophia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a>, wearing the full monastic habit of a <a href="/wiki/Schemanun" class="mw-redirect" title="Schemanun">Schemanun</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Nun in <a href="/wiki/Gradac_Monastery" title="Gradac Monastery">Gradac</a>, Serbian orthodox monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Eastern Orthodox Church there is no distinction between a monastery for women and one for men. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and other languages of primarily Christian Orthodox nations, both domiciles are called "monasteries" and the ascetics who live therein are "monastics". In English, however, it is acceptable to use the terms "nun" and "convent" for clarity and convenience. The term for an abbess is the feminine form of abbot (<i><a href="/wiki/Hegumen" title="Hegumen">hegumen</a></i>) – Greek: ἡγουμένη (<i>hegumeni</i>); <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">игуманија</span> (<i>igumanija</i>); Russian: игумения (<i><a href="/wiki/Igumenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Igumenia">igumenia</a></i>). Orthodox monastics do not have distinct "orders" as in Western Christianity. Orthodox monks and nuns lead identical spiritual lives.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be slight differences in the way a monastery functions internally but these are simply differences in style (Gr. <i><a href="/wiki/Typica" title="Typica">typica</a></i>) dependent on the abbess or <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>. The abbess is the spiritual leader of the convent and her authority is absolute (no <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> can override an abbess within the walls of her monastery). Abbots and Abbesses rank in authority equal to bishops in many ways and were included in <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>. Orthodox monasteries are usually associated with a local synod of bishops by jurisdiction, but are otherwise self-governing. Abbesses hear <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confessions</a> (but do not <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolve</a>) and dispense <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessings</a> on their charges, though they still require the services of a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> (i.e., a priest) to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> and perform other priestly functions, such as the absolution of a penitent. </p><p>In general, Orthodox monastics have little or no contact with the outside world, especially family. The pious family whose child decides to enter the monastic profession understands that their child will become "dead to the world" and therefore be unavailable for social visits. </p><p>There are a number of different levels that the nun passes through in her profession: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism</a></div> <ul><li><b>Novice –</b> When one enters a monastery the first three to five years are spent as a <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">novice</a>. Novices may or may not (depending on the abbess's wishes) dress in the black inner robe (<a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">Isorassa</a>); those who do will also usually wear the <a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">apostolnik</a> or a black <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">scarf</a> tied over the head (see photo, above). The isorassa is the first part of the monastic "<a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a>" of which there is only one style for Orthodox monastics (this is true in general, there have been a few slight regional variations over the centuries, but the style always seems to precipitate back to a style common in the 3rd or 4th century). If a novice chooses to leave during the novitiate period no penalty is incurred.</li> <li><b>Rassaphore –</b> When the abbess deems the novice ready, the novice is asked to join the monastery. If she accepts, she is <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> in a formal service during which she is given the outer robe (<a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">Exorassa</a>) and veil (<a href="/wiki/Epanokamelavkion" class="mw-redirect" title="Epanokamelavkion">Epanokamelavkion</a>) to wear, and (because she is now dead to the world) receives a new name. Nuns consider themselves part of a sisterhood; however, tonsured nuns are usually addressed as "Mother" (in some convents, the title of "Mother" is reserved to those who enter into the next level of Stavrophore).</li> <li><b>Stavrophore –</b> The next level for monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbess feels the nun has reached a level of discipline, dedication, and <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a>. Once again, in a formal service the nun is elevated to the "Little Schema" which is signified by additions to her habit of certain symbolic articles of clothing. In addition, the abbess increases the nun's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prayer rule (page does not exist)">prayer rule</a>, she is allowed a stricter personal ascetic practice.</li> <li><b>Great Schema –</b> The final stage, called "Megaloschemos" or "<a href="/wiki/Great_Schema" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schema">Great Schema</a>" is reached by nuns whose Abbess feels they have reached a high level of excellence. In some monastic traditions the Great Schema is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others they may be elevated after as little as 25 years of service.</li></ul> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevrev-Princess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nevrev-Princess.jpg/220px-Nevrev-Princess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nevrev-Princess.jpg/330px-Nevrev-Princess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nevrev-Princess.jpg/440px-Nevrev-Princess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><i>Princess Praskovya Yusupova Before Becoming a Nun</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nevrev" title="Nikolai Nevrev">Nikolai Nevrev</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG/220px-Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG/330px-Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG/440px-Nun_flowers_black_white.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption><i>The Way of Humility</i>: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> nun working at <a href="/wiki/Ein_Karem" title="Ein Karem">Ein Karem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg/330px-Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg/495px-Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg/660px-Monastery_Ebstorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ebstorf_Abbey" title="Ebstorf Abbey">Ebstorf Abbey</a> has continued as a Lutheran convent in the Benedictine tradition since 1529.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Protestant Reformation, some monasteries in Lutheran lands (such as <a href="/wiki/Amelungsborn_Abbey" title="Amelungsborn Abbey">Amelungsborn Abbey</a> near <a href="/wiki/Negenborn" title="Negenborn">Negenborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loccum_Abbey" title="Loccum Abbey">Loccum Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rehburg-Loccum" title="Rehburg-Loccum">Rehburg-Loccum</a>) and convents (such as <a href="/wiki/Ebstorf_Abbey" title="Ebstorf Abbey">Ebstorf Abbey</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Uelzen" title="Uelzen">Uelzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bursfelde_Abbey" title="Bursfelde Abbey">Bursfelde Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bursfelde" title="Bursfelde">Bursfelde</a>) adopted the Lutheran Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other convents, especially those in Reformed areas, closed after the Reformation, with some sisters deciding to marry. </p><p>A modern resurgence of the early Christian <a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">Deaconess</a> office for women began in Germany in the 1840s and spread through Scandinavia, Britain and the United States, with some elements of the religious life, such as simple vows, and a daily obligation of prayer. Lutherans were especially active, and within both Lutheranism and Anglicanism some Deaconesses formed religious communities, with community living, and the option of life vows in religion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern movement reached a zenith about 1910, then slowly declined as secularization undercut religiosity in Europe, and the professionalization of nursing and social work offered better career opportunities for young women. A small movement still exists, and its legacy is seen in the names of numerous hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The example of the Deaconess communities eventually led to the establishment of religious communities of monks and nuns within some Protestant traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly those influenced by the more liturgical Protestant reformers (such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>) rather than the more extreme reformers (such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>). This has allowed for communities of nuns (or, in some cases, mixed communities of nuns and monks) to be re-established in some Protestant traditions. Many of these are within the episcopal Lutheran tradition and the closeness of Lutheranism with Anglicanism in its belief and practice has led to local arrangements of inter-Communion between the two traditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg/220px-Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg/330px-Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg/440px-Kloster_Bursfelde_von_NO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bursfelde_Abbey" title="Bursfelde Abbey">Bursfelde Abbey</a> has continued as a Lutheran convent since A.D. 1579</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a plethora of religious orders within the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lutheran_Franciscans" title="Order of Lutheran Franciscans">Order of Lutheran Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_(Lutheran)" title="Daughters of Mary (Lutheran)">Daughters of Mary</a>. Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_orders" title="Template:Lutheran orders">active Lutheran orders</a> are located in Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Sisterhood_of_Mary" title="Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary">Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary</a>, an order of Lutheran nuns, operates a guesthouse for Holocaust survivors in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious order</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julianofnorwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Julianofnorwich.jpg/220px-Julianofnorwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Julianofnorwich.jpg/330px-Julianofnorwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Julianofnorwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Two Anglican nuns</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg/220px-Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg/330px-Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg/440px-Nunnor_-_Ystad-2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Two Birgitta sisters in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious communities throughout England were destroyed by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> when he separated the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from papal authority during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>). Monasteries and convents were deprived of their lands and possessions, and monastics were forced to either live a secular life on a pension or flee the country. Many Catholic nuns went to France. </p><p>Anglican religious orders are organizations of <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> or clergy in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> who live under a common rule. The term "religious orders" is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> (the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> which bishops, priests, and deacons receive), though many communities do have ordained members. </p><p>The structure and function of religious orders in Anglicanism roughly parallels that which exists in Catholicism. Religious communities are divided into orders proper, in which members take solemn vows and congregations, whose members take simple vows. </p><p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> in Anglicanism in the early 19th century came interest in the revival of "religious life" in England. Between 1841 and 1855, several religious orders for nuns were founded, among them the Community of St. Mary at <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Margaret" title="Society of Saint Margaret">Society of Saint Margaret</a> at <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a>. </p><p>In the United States and Canada, the founding of Anglican religious orders of nuns began in 1845 with the Sisterhood of the Holy Communion (now defunct) in New York. </p><p>Whilst there is no single central authority for all religious orders, and many member churches of the Anglican Communion have their own internal structures for recognising and regulating religious orders, some central functions are performed by the Anglican Religious Communities Department at <a href="/wiki/Church_House,_Westminster" title="Church House, Westminster">Church House, Westminster</a>, the headquarters of the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Church_Commissioners" title="Church Commissioners">Church Commissioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England" title="General Synod of the Church of England">General Synod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishops%27_Council" title="Archbishops' Council">Archbishops' Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Promoting_Religious_Education" title="National Society for Promoting Religious Education">National Society</a>. This department publishes the biennial <i>Anglican Religious Life</i>, a world directory of religious orders, and also maintains an official Anglican Communion website for religious orders. <i>Anglican Religious Life</i> defines four categories of community.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Traditional celibate religious orders and communities": Members take a vow of celibacy (amongst other vows) and follow a common Rule of life. They may be enclosed and contemplative or open and engaged in apostolic works.</li> <li>"Dispersed communities": These are orders or communities whose members, whilst taking vows (including celibacy), do not live together in community. In most cases the members are self-supporting and live alone, but follow the same Rule of life, and meet together frequently in assemblies often known as 'Chapter meetings'. In some cases some members may share a common life in very small groups of two or three.</li> <li>"Acknowledged communities": These communities live a traditional Christian life, including the taking of vows, but the traditional vows are adapted or changed. In many cases these communities admit both single and married persons as members, requiring celibacy on the part of those who are single, and unfailing commitment to their spouse on the part of married members. They also amend the vow of poverty, allowing personal possessions, but requiring high standards of tithing to the community and the wider church. These communities often have residential elements, but not full residential community life, as this would be incompatible with some elements of married family life.</li> <li>"Other communities": This group contains communities that are ecumenical (including Anglicans) or that belong to non-Anglican churches that have entered into relationships of full communion with the Anglican Church (particularly, but not only, certain Lutheran churches).</li></ul> <p>In the United States (only), there is a clear distinction between "orders" and "communities", as the Episcopal Church has its own two-fold definition of "religious orders" (equivalent to the first two groups above) and "Christian communities" (equivalent to the third group above).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Anglican Religious Life</i> directory affirms this, stating "This distinction in not used in other parts of the Anglican Communion where 'communities' is also used for those who take traditional vows."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some Anglican orders, there are sisters who have been ordained and can celebrate the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presbyterian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Emmanuel Sisterhood in Cameroon, Africa, is part of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Brigid_of_Kildare_Monastery_(Methodist-Benedictine)" title="Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery (Methodist-Benedictine)">Saint Brigid of Kildare Benedictine Monastery</a> is a <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> double monastery with both monks and nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefevere_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefevere-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG/220px-A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG/330px-A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG/440px-A_Chinese_nun_climbing_ascending_steps_on_Mount_Putuo_Shan_island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese nun ascending steps on Mount Putuo Shan island</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#FFFFF0; border:2px solid #AF4630; font-size:85%; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#FFFFCC;"><span style="font-size:large;">People of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <table class="infobox-subbox" style="margin:0;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="background:#FFFFCC"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><i>English</i></td></tr><tr style="background:#FFFFCC; border-top:1px solid #999999"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="font-size:small;"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha<br />(the Buddhist community)</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhikkhuṇī</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aik%E1%B9%A3am%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Śikṣamāṇā">Sikkhamānā</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">Nun trainee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Samaṇera</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Samaṇērī</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a> (<i>m., f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Laity</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anagarika" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagarika">Anagārika, Anagārikā</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">lay renunciants (<i>m., f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maechi" title="Maechi">Maechi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thilashin" title="Thilashin">thilashin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dasa_sil_mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasa sil mata">dasa sil mata</a>,</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">modern female<br />lay renunciants (<i>f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">Lay devotee (<i>m., f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;">Gahattha, gahapati</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></td></tr><tr style="background:#FFFFCC; border-top:1px solid #999999"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="font-size:small;">Related religions</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Samaṇa</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">Wanderer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Buddhism" title="Asceticism">Ascetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brāhmaṇa</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nigaṇṭha</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monastics</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_the_P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Template:People of the Pāli Canon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_the_P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Template talk:People of the Pāli Canon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_the_P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of the Pāli Canon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> traditions have nuns, although their status is different among Buddhist countries. The Buddha is reported to have allowed women into the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a></i> only with great reluctance, predicting that the move would lead to Buddhism's collapse after 500 years, rather than the 1,000 years it would have enjoyed otherwise. (This prophecy occurs only once in the Canon and is the only prophecy involving time in the Canon, leading some to suspect that it is a late addition.)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fully ordained Buddhist nuns (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">bhikkhunis</a></i>) have more <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimokkha" title="Pāṭimokkha">Patimokkha</a></i> rules than the monks (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a></i>). The important vows are the same, however. </p><p>As with monks, there is quite a lot of variation in nuns' dress and social conventions between Buddhist cultures in Asia. Chinese nuns possess the full <i>bhikkuni</i> ordination, Tibetan nuns do not. In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> countries it is generally believed that the full ordination lineage of <i>bhikkunis</i> died out, though in many places they wear the "saffron" colored robes, observing only ten precepts like novices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, a country which never had a tradition of fully ordained nuns (<i>bhikkhuni</i>), there developed a separate order of non-ordained female renunciates called <i><a href="/wiki/Maechi" title="Maechi">mae chi</a></i>. However, some of them have played an important role in dhamma-practitioners' community. There are in <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> foremost nuns such as Mae Ji Kaew Sianglam, the founder of the Nunnery of Baan Huai Saai, who is believed by some to be <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightened</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Kee_Nanayon" title="Kee Nanayon">Upasika Kee Nanayon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the 21st century, some Buddhist women in Thailand have started to introduce the <i>bhikkhuni sangha</i> in their country as well, even if public acceptance is still lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dhammananda_Bhikkhuni" title="Dhammananda Bhikkhuni">Dhammananda Bhikkhuni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly the successful academic scholar Dr. Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, established a controversial monastery for the training of Buddhist nuns in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relatively active roles of Taiwanese nuns were noted by some studies. Researcher Charles Brewer Jones estimates that from 1951 to 1999, when the Buddhist Association of the ROC organized public ordination, female applicants outnumbered males by about three to one. He adds: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All my informants in the areas of Taipei and Sanhsia considered nuns at least as respectable as monks, or even more so. [...] In contrast, however, Shiu-kuen Tsung found in Taipei county that female clergy were viewed with some suspicion by society. She reports that while outsiders did not necessarily regard their vocation as unworthy of respect, they still tended to view the nuns as social misfits.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wei-yi Cheng studied the Luminary (Hsiang Kuang 香光) order in southern Taiwan. Cheng reviewed earlier studies which suggest that Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Zhaijiao" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhaijiao">Zhaijiao</a> tradition has a history of more female participation, and that the economic growth and loosening of family restriction have allowed more women to become nuns. Based on studies of the Luminary order, Cheng concluded that the monastic order in Taiwan was still young and gave nuns more room for development, and more mobile believers helped the order.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The August 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_on_Buddhist_Women%27s_Role_in_the_Sangha" title="International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha">International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha</a>, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">XIVth Dalai Lama</a>, reinstated the <a href="/wiki/Gelongma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelongma">Gelongma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a> bhikkhuni) lineage, having been lost, in India and Tibet, for centuries. Gelongma ordination requires the presence of ten fully ordained people keeping exactly the same vows. Because ten nuns are required to ordain a new one, the effort to establish the Dharmaguptaka bhikkhu tradition has taken a long time. </p><p>It is permissible for a Tibetan nun to receive bhikkhuni ordination from another living tradition, e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Based on this, Western nuns ordained in Tibetan tradition, like <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a>, took full ordination in another tradition. </p><p>The ordination of monks and nuns in Tibetan Buddhism distinguishes three stages: rabjung-ma, getshül-ma and gelong-ma. The clothes of the nuns in Tibet are basically the same as those of monks, but there are differences between novice and <i>gelong</i> robes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hokke-ji" title="Hokke-ji">Hokke-ji</a> in 747 was established by the consort of the Emperor. It took charge of provincial convents, performed ceremonies for the protection of the state, and became the site of pilgrimages. Aristocratic Japanese women often became Buddhist nuns in the premodern period. Originally it was thought they could not gain salvation because of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hindrances" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hindrances">Five Hindrances</a>, which said women could not attain Buddhahood until they changed into men. However, in 1249, 12 women received full ordination as priests.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">Catholic religious order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">Deaconess</a>, Protestant religious women</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a>, a Japanese priestess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a>, the male monastic</li> <li><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-nun.htm">"What is a Nun? (with pictures)"</a>. <i>www.wise-geek.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926081623/https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-nun.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wise-geek.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Nun%3F+%28with+pictures%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wise-geek.com%2Fwhat-is-a-nun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-def_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i>, vol. X, page 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw_sister-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_sister_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sister">"Sister"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 26 May 2024. <q>[A] member of a women's religious order (as of nuns or deaconesses); especially : one of a Roman Catholic congregation under simple vows</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sister&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2024-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anunslife.org/how-to-become-a-nun/sister-or-nun">"What is the difference between a sister and a nun?"</a>. <i>anunslife.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531194958/https://anunslife.org/how-to-become-a-nun/sister-or-nun">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anunslife.org&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+a+sister+and+a+nun%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanunslife.org%2Fhow-to-become-a-nun%2Fsister-or-nun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P25.HTM">Canon 648</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312111506/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P25.HTM">Archived</a> 2020-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CIC 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P26.HTM">Canon 656</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706161824/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P26.HTM">Archived</a> 2017-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CIC 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P26.HTM">Canon 655</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706161824/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P26.HTM">Archived</a> 2017-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CIC 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P26.HTM">Canon 657</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706161824/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P26.HTM">Archived</a> 2017-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CIC 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/mother-teresa-who-becomes-a-saint-on-sunday-began-her-life-as-a-nun-in-dublin-1.2777022">"Mother Teresa, who becomes a saint on Sunday, began her life as a nun in Dublin"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206200349/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/mother-teresa-who-becomes-a-saint-on-sunday-began-her-life-as-a-nun-in-dublin-1.2777022">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Mother+Teresa%2C+who+becomes+a+saint+on+Sunday%2C+began+her+life+as+a+nun+in+Dublin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fmother-teresa-who-becomes-a-saint-on-sunday-began-her-life-as-a-nun-in-dublin-1.2777022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nun-in-iconic-italy-earthquake-photo-shares-her-story-of-survival/">"Nun in iconic Italy quake photo shares her story of survival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201133025/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nun-in-iconic-italy-earthquake-photo-shares-her-story-of-survival/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nun+in+iconic+Italy+quake+photo+shares+her+story+of+survival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnun-in-iconic-italy-earthquake-photo-shares-her-story-of-survival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P28.HTM">Canon 667</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312111521/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P28.HTM">Archived</a> 2020-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> §3, CIC 1983, SCRIS instruction, "Venite seorsum" August 15, 1969, in AAS 61 (1969) 674–690</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryknollsisters.org/sisters/sister-grace-corde-myerjack/">"Sister Grace Corde Myerjack – Maryknoll Sisters"</a>. <i>Maryknoll Sisters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222158/https://www.maryknollsisters.org/sisters/sister-grace-corde-myerjack/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryknoll+Sisters&rft.atitle=Sister+Grace+Corde+Myerjack+%E2%80%93+Maryknoll+Sisters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryknollsisters.org%2Fsisters%2Fsister-grace-corde-myerjack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pddm.us/p.promise94.php">"Vocation: Sister Disciples Of The Divine Master"</a>. <i>www.pddm.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222526/http://www.pddm.us/p.promise94.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pddm.us&rft.atitle=Vocation%3A+Sister+Disciples+Of+The+Divine+Master&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pddm.us%2Fp.promise94.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P28.HTM">"Code of Canon Law – IntraText"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220201602/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P28.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P28.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15551c.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mary Ward"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904122241/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15551c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Mary+Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15551c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermeersch-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vermeersch_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermeersch_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Religious_Life">Arthur Vermeersch, "Religious Life"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115054809/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Religious_Life">Archived</a> 2012-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Accessed 18 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Illud solum votum debere dici solemne ... quod solemnizatum fuerit per suceptionem S. Ordinis aut per professionem expressam vel tacitam factam alicui de religionibus per Sedem Apostolicam approbatis" (C. unic. de voto, tit. 15, lib. III in 6, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/religiouscongreg00frer#page/16/mode/2up/search/%22Illud+solum+votum+debere+dici+solemne%22">Celestine Anthony Freriks, <i>Religious Congregations in Their External Relations</i></a>, p. 17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution "Conditae a Christo" of 8 December 1900, cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11.pdf">Mary Nona McGreal, <i>Dominicans at Home in a New Nation</i>, chapter 11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150743/http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11.pdf">Mary Nona McGreal, <i>Dominicans at Home in a New Nation</i>, chapter 11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150743/http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P1D.HTM#6T">"CIC 1917: text – IntraText CT"</a>. <i>www.intratext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515010057/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P1D.HTM#6T">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.intratext.com&rft.atitle=CIC+1917%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FLAT0813%2F_P1D.HTM%236T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_13051999_verbi-sponsa_en.html">"Verbi Sponsa (13 May 1999)"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213201128/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_13051999_verbi-sponsa_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Verbi+Sponsa+%2813+May+1999%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccscrlife%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccscrlife_doc_13051999_verbi-sponsa_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_20180401_cor-orans_en.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Cor Orans" – Implementing Instruction of the Apostolic Constitution "Vultum Dei quaerere" on women's contemplative life, of the Congregation for the Institutes of Consecrated Life and the Societies of Apostolic Life (1 April 2018)"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102203408/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_20180401_cor-orans_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=%22Cor+Orans%22+%E2%80%93+Implementing+Instruction+of+the+Apostolic+Constitution+%22Vultum+Dei+quaerere%22+on+women%27s+contemplative+life%2C+of+the+Congregation+for+the+Institutes+of+Consecrated+Life+and+the+Societies+of+Apostolic+Life+%281+April+2018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccscrlife%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccscrlife_doc_20180401_cor-orans_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122120445/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/11/22/contemplative-nuns-roll-with-the-changes-under-pope-francis/">"Contemplative nuns roll with the changes under Pope Francis"</a>. <i>Crux</i>. 2018-11-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/11/22/contemplative-nuns-roll-with-the-changes-under-pope-francis/">the original</a> on 2018-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crux&rft.atitle=Contemplative+nuns+roll+with+the+changes+under+Pope+Francis&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2018%2F11%2F22%2Fcontemplative-nuns-roll-with-the-changes-under-pope-francis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stbasankusu.blogspot.co.uk/">"The Theresienne Sisters of Basankusu (La congrégation des soeurs thérésiennes de Basankusu)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232302/http://stbasankusu.blogspot.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theresienne+Sisters+of+Basankusu+%28La+congr%C3%A9gation+des+soeurs+th%C3%A9r%C3%A9siennes+de+Basankusu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstbasankusu.blogspot.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret M. McGuinness, <i>Called to Serve: A History of Nuns in America</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Called-Serve-History-Nuns-America/dp/0814795579/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204212832/https://www.amazon.com/Called-Serve-History-Nuns-America/dp/0814795579">Archived</a> 2017-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, James M. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674034884"><i>The Faithful: A History of Catholics in America</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674034884/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674034884" title="Special:BookSources/9780674034884"><bdi>9780674034884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faithful%3A+A+History+of+Catholics+in+America&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780674034884&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780674034884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret M. McGuinness, <i>Called to Serve</i> (2013), ch 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sistersofmercy.org/spirituality/">"Sisters of Mercy: Spirituality, Resources, Prayer and Action"</a>. <i>Sisters of Mercy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081851/http://www.sistersofmercy.org/spirituality/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sisters+of+Mercy&rft.atitle=Sisters+of+Mercy%3A+Spirituality%2C+Resources%2C+Prayer+and+Action&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistersofmercy.org%2Fspirituality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Carr, Jr., "Writing the Convent in New France: The Colonialist Rhetoric of Canadian Nuns", <i>Quebec Studies</i> (2009), Issue 47, pp 3–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitz_375–399-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_375–399_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_375–399_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz, Timothy J. (2006-01-01). "The Spanish Hieronymites and the Reformed Texts of the Council of Trent". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 375–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20477841">10.2307/20477841</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477841">20477841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Hieronymites+and+the+Reformed+Texts+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-399&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20477841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20477841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehfeldt_1009–1030-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehfeldt_1009–1030_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehfeldt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. (1999-01-01). "Discipline, Vocation, and Patronage: Spanish Religious Women in a Tridentine Microclimate". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 1009–1030. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2544609">10.2307/2544609</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2544609">2544609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Discipline%2C+Vocation%2C+and+Patronage%3A+Spanish+Religious+Women+in+a+Tridentine+Microclimate&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1009-1030&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2544609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2544609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lehfeldt&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehfeldt2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clhist_facpub/3">"Convents as Litigants: Dowry and Inheritance Disputes in Early-Modern Spain"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 645–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2000.0027">10.1353/jsh.2000.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789215">3789215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144464752">144464752</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809071204/https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clhist_facpub/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Convents+as+Litigants%3A+Dowry+and+Inheritance+Disputes+in+Early-Modern+Spain&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=645-664&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144464752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3789215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2000.0027&rft.aulast=Lehfeldt&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengagedscholarship.csuohio.edu%2Fclhist_facpub%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelisti2007" class="citation book cs1">Evangelisti, Silvia (2007). <i>Nuns: A history of convent life, 1450–1700</i>. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuns%3A+A+history+of+convent+life%2C+1450%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Oxford%3B+New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Evangelisti&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaggard2000" class="citation journal cs1">Taggard, Mindy Nancarrow (2000-01-01). "Art and Alienation in Early Modern Spanish Convents". <i>South Atlantic Review</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 24–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3201923">10.2307/3201923</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3201923">3201923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Atlantic+Review&rft.atitle=Art+and+Alienation+in+Early+Modern+Spanish+Convents&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-40&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3201923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3201923%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taggard&rft.aufirst=Mindy+Nancarrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavrin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lavrin, Asuncion (2008). <i>Brides of Christ: Conventual life in colonial Mexico</i>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2008. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brides+of+Christ%3A+Conventual+life+in+colonial+Mexico&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press%2C+2008.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lavrin&rft.aufirst=Asuncion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavrin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lavrin, Asuncion (2008). <i>Brides of Christ: Conventual life in colonial Mexico</i>. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brides+of+Christ%3A+Conventual+life+in+colonial+Mexico&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lavrin&rft.aufirst=Asuncion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelisti2007" class="citation book cs1">Evangelisti, Silvia (2007). <i>Nuns: A history of convent life, 1450–1700</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuns%3A+A+history+of+convent+life%2C+1450%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Evangelisti&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archpriest Seraphim Slobodskoy, <i>The Law of God</i> (Printshop of St. Job of Pochaev, Jordanville, NY, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884650448" title="Special:BookSources/0884650448">0884650448</a>), p. 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalhistories.com/kloster-ebstorf-convent-bad-bevensen-near-luneburg/">"Kloster Ebstorf"</a>. Medieval Histories. 8 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040013/http://www.medievalhistories.com/kloster-ebstorf-convent-bad-bevensen-near-luneburg/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>The monastery is mentioned for the first time in 1197. It belongs to the group of so-called Lüneklöstern (monasteries of Lüne), which became Lutheran convents following the Protestant Reformation. […] It is currently one of several Lutheran convents maintained by the Monastic Chamber of Hanover (Klosterkammer Hannover), an institution of the former Kingdom of Hanover founded by its Prince-Regent, later King George IV of the United Kingdom, in 1818, in order to manage and preserve the estates of Lutheran convents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kloster+Ebstorf&rft.pub=Medieval+Histories&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalhistories.com%2Fkloster-ebstorf-convent-bad-bevensen-near-luneburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See CSA history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/women/rich_deaconesses1907/">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055736/http://anglicanhistory.org/women/rich_deaconesses1907/">Archived</a> 2011-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cynthia A. Jurisson, "The Deaconess Movement", in Rosemary Skinner Keller et al., eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America</i> (Indiana U.P., 2006). pp. 821–33 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA821">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One example of a Protestant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranfranciscans.org/Home.html">religious order</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185753/http://www.lutheranfranciscans.org/Home.html">Archived</a> 2014-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TOI_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOI_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Israeli press report concerning one <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/lutheran-nuns-end-jerusalem-mission-to-shoah-survivors/">German Lutheran order</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824234452/http://www.timesofisrael.com/lutheran-nuns-end-jerusalem-mission-to-shoah-survivors/">Archived</a> 2014-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of nuns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anglican Religious Life 2012–13, published Canterbury Press, Norwich, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84825-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84825-089-5">978-1-84825-089-5</a>, pp. iii, iv, 19, 147, 151, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Title III, Canon 24, sections 1 and 2 of the Canons of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, also quoted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communities.anglicancommunion.org">Anglican Communion Religious Communities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221122644/http://communities.anglicancommunion.org/">Archived</a> 2015-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglican Religious Life 2012–13</i>, Canterbury Press, Norwich, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84825-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84825-089-5">978-1-84825-089-5</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssmbos.com/Pages/whatwedo.html">What We Do</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616160844/http://www.ssmbos.com/Pages/whatwedo.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sisters of St. Margaret, (Episcopal religious community of women)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107074534/https://www.emmanuel-sisterhood.org/">"Ihre Homepage - HOME PAGE"</a>. <i>www.emmanuel-sisterhood.org</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emmanuel-sisterhood.org/">the original</a> on 7 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.emmanuel-sisterhood.org&rft.atitle=Ihre+Homepage+-+HOME+PAGE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmanuel-sisterhood.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lefevere-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lefevere_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Lefevere" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Lefevere. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives/022103/022103v.htm"><i>Methodist woman founds monastery</i></a>. National Catholic Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103224914/http://www.natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives/022103/022103v.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>St. Brigid's oblate group has grown to 16 members since the dedication of the monastery on St. Brigid's feast in 2000. Besides Stamps, it counts another 13 United Methodists, one Catholic and one Disciples of Christ member. The ages of group members range from 23 to 82. One-third of them are men; half are ordained. The community continues to grow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+woman+founds+monastery&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.au=Patricia+Lefevere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natcath.org%2FNCR_Online%2Farchives%2F022103%2F022103v.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellmuth Hecker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel273.html#n-30">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328182957/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel273.html#n-30">Archived</a> 2007-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestdhammabooks.com/book/10/MCK/preface%20n%20intro.pdf">"Mae Chee Kaew – Her Journey to Spiritual Awakening & Enlightenment e-book"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mae+Chee+Kaew+%E2%80%93+Her+Journey+to+Spiritual+Awakening+%26+Enlightenment+e-book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestdhammabooks.com%2Fbook%2F10%2FMCK%2Fpreface%2520n%2520intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004073724/http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/N/Nanayon/keeNanayonThanisarro.html">"Upasika Kee Nanayon and the Social Dynamic of Theravadin Buddhist Practice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/N/Nanayon/keeNanayonThanisarro.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upasika+Kee+Nanayon+and+the+Social+Dynamic+of+Theravadin+Buddhist+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enabling.org%2Fia%2Fvipassana%2FArchive%2FN%2FNanayon%2FkeeNanayonThanisarro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=70,1295,0,0,1,0">"Issues | Authoritarianism of the holy kind"</a>. <i>www.buddhistchannel.tv</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214130414/https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=70,1295,0,0,1,0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddhistchannel.tv&rft.atitle=Issues+%26%23124%3B+Authoritarianism+of+the+holy+kind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistchannel.tv%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D70%2C1295%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163044/http://www.dhammaweb.net/dhammananda.html">"Bhikkhuni Dhammananda"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammaweb.net/dhammananda.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhikkhuni+Dhammananda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhammaweb.net%2Fdhammananda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaibhikkhunis.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=1&Itemid=3">Thai Bhikkhunis – Songdhammakalyani Monastery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226082911/http://www.thaibhikkhunis.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=1&Itemid=3">Archived</a> December 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Brewer Jones, <i>Buddhism in Taiwan: Religion and the State, 1660–1990</i>; University of Hawaii Press, 1999; pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng,_Wei-yi" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Wei-yi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BE/jbe105259.htm">"Luminary Buddhist Nuns in Contemporary Taiwan: A Quiet Feminist Movement"</a>. <i>Journal of Buddhist Ethics</i> (V. 10 (2003)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191208/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BE/jbe105259.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics&rft.atitle=Luminary+Buddhist+Nuns+in+Contemporary+Taiwan%3A+A+Quiet+Feminist+Movement&rft.issue=V.+10+%282003%29&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Wei-yi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-BE%2Fjbe105259.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lori_Meeks" title="Lori Meeks">Lori Meeks</a>, <i> Hokkeji and the Reemergence of Female Monastic Orders in Premodern Japan</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hokkeji-Reemergence-Monastic-Premodern-Buddhism/dp/0824833945/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228082141/https://www.amazon.com/Hokkeji-Reemergence-Monastic-Premodern-Buddhism/dp/0824833945">Archived</a> 2017-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArai1999" class="citation book cs1">Arai, Paula Kane Robinson (1999). <i>Women Living Zen: Japanese Soto Buddhist Nuns</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Living+Zen%3A+Japanese+Soto+Buddhist+Nuns&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Arai&rft.aufirst=Paula+Kane+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechertGombrich1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Bechert, Heinz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard Francis</a> (1991). <i>The World of Buddhism: Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society and Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Buddhism%3A+Buddhist+Monks+and+Nuns+in+Society+and+Culture&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Bechert&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Gombrich%2C+Richard+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohuis2013" class="citation book cs1">Lohuis, Elles (2013). <i>Glocal Place, Lived Space: Everyday Life in a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery for Nuns in Northern India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glocal+Place%2C+Lived+Space%3A+Everyday+Life+in+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+Monastery+for+Nuns+in+Northern+India&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lohuis&rft.aufirst=Elles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Catholics</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Chadwick, Owen</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrLmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>The Popes and European Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 211–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198269199" title="Special:BookSources/9780198269199"><bdi>9780198269199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+European+Revolution&rft.pages=211-52&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780198269199&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrLmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/109970197/the-popes-and-european-revolution">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Sarah A. (2016). "The Double Invisibility of Missionary Sisters". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Women%27s_History" title="Journal of Women's History">Journal of Women's History</a></i>. <b>28</b> (4): 134–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2016.0037">10.1353/jowh.2016.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151828886">151828886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=The+Double+Invisibility+of+Missionary+Sisters&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=134-143&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2016.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151828886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Sarah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span> Deals with French nuns in the 19th century.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1991" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Teresa (1991). <i>Women Religious in the Church: a directory of individual orders / institutes</i>. Southport: Gowland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872480-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-872480-14-4"><bdi>1-872480-14-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Religious+in+the+Church%3A+a+directory+of+individual+orders+%2F+institutes&rft.place=Southport&rft.pub=Gowland&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-872480-14-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuinness2013" class="citation book cs1">McGuinness, Margaret M. (2013). <i>Called to Serve: A History of Nuns in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Called+to+Serve%3A+A+History+of+Nuns+in+America&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=McGuinness&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span> 266 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara1998" class="citation book cs1">McNamara, Jo Ann Kay (1998). <i>Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns through Two Millennia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+in+Arms%3A+Catholic+Nuns+through+Two+Millennia&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ann+Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Sisters-Arms-Catholic-through-Millennia/dp/0674809858/">Excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien2016" class="citation journal cs1">O’Brien, Anne (2016). "Catholic nuns in transnational mission, 1528–2015". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Global_History" title="Journal of Global History">Journal of Global History</a></i>. <b>11</b> (3): 387–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022816000206">10.1017/S1740022816000206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Catholic+nuns+in+transnational+mission%2C+1528%E2%80%932015&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-408&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022816000206&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Power" title="Eileen Power">Power, Eileen</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalenglishn00poweuoft"><i>Medieval English Nunneries c. 1275 to 1535</i></a>. Cambridge University Press – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+English+Nunneries+c.+1275+to+1535&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalenglishn00poweuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Rebecca (2013). "Le Catholicisme au féminin: Thirty Years of Women's History". <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Reflections" title="Historical Reflections">Historical Reflections</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1): 82–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections&rft.atitle=Le+Catholicisme+au+f%C3%A9minin%3A+Thirty+Years+of+Women%27s+History&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-100&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span> On France, especially research on Catholic nuns by Claude Langlois</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankNichols1987" class="citation book cs1">Shank, Lillian Thomas; Nichols, John A., eds. (1987). <i>Medieval Religious Women: Peaceweavers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Religious+Women%3A+Peaceweavers&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeale2016" class="citation journal cs1">Veale, Ailish (2016). "International and Modern Ideals in Irish Female Medical Missionary Activity, 1937–1962". <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Review" title="Women's History Review">Women's History Review</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 602–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612025.2015.1114330">10.1080/09612025.2015.1114330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148045770">148045770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=International+and+Modern+Ideals+in+Irish+Female+Medical+Missionary+Activity%2C+1937%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=602-618&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612025.2015.1114330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148045770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Veale&rft.aufirst=Ailish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Maria Patricia (2015). "Mobilising Mother Cabrini's educational practice: the transnational context of the London school of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 1898–1911". <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Education">History of Education</a></i>. <b>44</b> (5): 631–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0046760X.2015.1063711">10.1080/0046760X.2015.1063711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148067468">148067468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education&rft.atitle=Mobilising+Mother+Cabrini%27s+educational+practice%3A+the+transnational+context+of+the+London+school+of+the+Missionary+Sisters+of+the+Sacred+Heart+of+Jesus+1898%E2%80%931911&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=631-650&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0046760X.2015.1063711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148067468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Maria+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuns">Nuns</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monasticmatrix.org/">Monastic Matrix: A Scholarly Resource for the Study of Women's Religious Communities 400–1600 C.E.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608154837/http://monasticmatrix.org/">Archived</a> 2007-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429131220/http://www.historyfish.net/anchorites/clay_anchorites.html">Full text + illustrations, <i>The Hermits and Anchorites of England</i> by Rotha Mary Clay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/nuns.html"><i>Nuns of Medieval England</i>, full text + illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225053520/http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/gasquetorders.html"><i>Religious Orders including Female Religious</i>, full text + illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfish.net/shrines/british_shrines.html"><i>Medieval Shrines of British Saints, including sainted women religious</i>, full text + illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11164a.htm">Nuns article</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_13051999_verbi-sponsa_en.html">Instruction on the Contemplative Life and on the Enclosure of Nuns</a> <i>Verbi Sponsa</i> of the Vatican's Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and for Societies of Apostolic Life</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.many-lives.com/lives/buddhist-nun.html">A Biography of a Vajrayana Buddhist Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/nuns.txt">letter To Several Nuns, August 6, 1524</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207220033/http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/nuns.txt">Archived</a> December 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (two reasons life at the convent and vows may be forsaken)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sakyadhita.org/">Sakyadhita <b>–</b> The International Association of Buddhist Women</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistersofcarmel.com/">The Carmelite Sisters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Active_Lutheran_orders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_orders" title="Template:Lutheran orders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheran_orders" title="Template talk:Lutheran orders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran_orders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran orders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Active_Lutheran_orders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active Lutheran orders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men's orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bekenntnisbruderschaft_St._Peter_und_Paul" title="Bekenntnisbruderschaft St. Peter und Paul">Bekenntnisbruderschaft St. Peter und Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Canonicorum_Sancti_Augustini" title="Congregatio Canonicorum Sancti Augustini">Congregatio Canonicorum Sancti Augustini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Michaelsbruderschaft" title="Evangelische Michaelsbruderschaft">Evangelische Michaelsbruderschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochkirchlicher_Apostolat_St._Ansgar" title="Hochkirchlicher Apostolat St. Ansgar">Hochkirchlicher Apostolat St. Ansgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliatenorden" title="Humiliatenorden">Humiliatenorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Crucis" title="Ordo Crucis">Ordo Crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologisk_Oratorium" title="Theologisk Oratorium">Theologisk Oratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St.-Jakobus-Bruderschaft" title="St.-Jakobus-Bruderschaft">St.-Jakobus-Bruderschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogate_Monastery_St._Michael" title="Rogate Monastery St. Michael">Rogate Monastery St. Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women's orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communit%C3%A4t_Casteller_Ring" title="Communität Casteller Ring">Communität Casteller Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_(Lutheran)" title="Daughters of Mary (Lutheran)">Daughters of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Sisterhood_of_Mary" title="Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary">Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebstorf_Abbey" title="Ebstorf Abbey">Ebstorf Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischbeck_Abbey" title="Fischbeck Abbey">Fischbeck Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isenhagen_Abbey" title="Isenhagen Abbey">Isenhagen Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCne_Abbey" title="Lüne Abbey">Lüne Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medingen_Abbey" title="Medingen Abbey">Medingen Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wienhausen_Abbey" title="Wienhausen Abbey">Wienhausen Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsrode_Abbey" title="Walsrode Abbey">Walsrode Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communit%C3%A4t_Christusbruderschaft_Selbitz" title="Communität Christusbruderschaft Selbitz">Communität Christusbruderschaft Selbitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelisch-Lutherische_Gebetsbruderschaft" title="Evangelisch-Lutherische Gebetsbruderschaft">Evangelisch-Lutherische Gebetsbruderschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochkirchliche_St.-Johannes-Bruderschaft" title="Hochkirchliche St.-Johannes-Bruderschaft">Hochkirchliche St.-Johannes-Bruderschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lutheran_Franciscans" title="Order of Lutheran Franciscans">Order of Lutheran Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Sanctae_Birgittae" title="Societas Sanctae Birgittae">Societas Sanctae Birgittae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Trinity" title="Society of the Holy Trinity">Society of the Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Sigma_Psi" title="Beta Sigma Psi">Beta Sigma Psi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_orders_in_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan orders in Lutheranism">Franciscan orders in Lutheranism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_orders_and_communities_of_the_Anglican_Communion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglican_orders" title="Template:Anglican orders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_orders" title="Template talk:Anglican orders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_orders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican orders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_orders_and_communities_of_the_Anglican_Communion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Religious orders and communities of the Anglican Communion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For<br />men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alton_Abbey" title="Alton Abbey">Alton Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Ascended_Christ" title="Brotherhood of the Ascended Christ">Brotherhood of the Ascended Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Brotherhood of Saint Gregory">Brotherhood of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Resurrection" title="Community of the Resurrection">Community of the Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mission_Priests" title="Company of Mission Priests">Company of Mission Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewell Monastery">Ewell Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_orders_in_the_Anglican_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan orders in the Anglican Communion">Franciscan orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Franciscan_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Franciscan Brotherhood">Korean Franciscan Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Francis" title="Little Brothers of Francis">Little Brothers of Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Brotherhood" title="Melanesian Brotherhood">Melanesian Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Oratory of the Good Shepherd">Oratory of the Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Benedict_(Anglican)" title="Order of St Benedict (Anglican)">Benedictine orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Order of the Holy Cross">Order of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Teachers_of_the_Children_of_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of the Teachers of the Children of God (page does not exist)">Order of the Teachers of the Children of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury Priory">Salisbury Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gregory%27s_Abbey,_Three_Rivers" title="St. Gregory's Abbey, Three Rivers">St Gregory's Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Society of the Holy Cross">Society of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St_John_the_Evangelist" title="Society of St John the Evangelist">Society of St John the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_St._Paul_(Anglican)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of St. Paul (Anglican) (page does not exist)">Society of St. Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglican_rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anglican_rose.svg/80px-Anglican_rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anglican_rose.svg/120px-Anglican_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anglican_rose.svg/160px-Anglican_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For<br />women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_nuns_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Augustinian nuns in the Anglican Communion">Augustinian orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Sisters_of_Bethany" title="Benedictine Sisters of Bethany">Benedictine Sisters of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chama_Cha_Mariamu_Mtakatifu" title="Chama Cha Mariamu Mtakatifu">Chama Cha Mariamu Mtakatifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita_che_Zita_Rinoyera" title="Chita che Zita Rinoyera">Chita che Zita Rinoyera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita_che_Zvipo_Zve_Moto" title="Chita che Zvipo Zve Moto">Chita che Zvipo Zve Moto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Sevika_Sangha" title="Christa Sevika Sangha">Christa Sevika Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_All_Hallows" title="Community of All Hallows">Community of All Hallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ_the_King" title="Community of Christ the King">Community of Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Jesus%27_Compassion" title="Community of Jesus' Compassion">Community of Jesus' Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Nazareth">Community of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Andrew" title="Community of St. Andrew">Community of St. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Clare" title="Community of St. Clare">Community of St. Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Denys" title="Community of St. Denys">Community of St. Denys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Francis" title="Community of St. Francis">Community of St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St_John_Baptist" title="Community of St John Baptist">Community of St. John Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Community of St. John the Divine">Community of St. John the Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._John_the_Evangelist" title="Community of St. John the Evangelist">Community of St. John the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Laurence" title="Community of St. Laurence">Community of St. Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Mary" title="Community of St. Mary">Community of St. Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Benedict_(Anglican)" title="Order of St Benedict (Anglican)">Community of St. Mary at the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="Community of St Mary the Virgin">Community of St. Mary the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chama_Cha_Mariamu_Mtakatifu" title="Chama Cha Mariamu Mtakatifu">Community of St. Mary of Nazareth and Calvary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels" title="Community of St Michael and All Angels">Community of St. Michael & All Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_St._Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of St. Paul (page does not exist)">Community of St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_St._Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of St. Peter (page does not exist)">Community of St. Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_St._Peter,_Horbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of St. Peter, Horbury (page does not exist)">Community of St. Peter, Horbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Blessed_Lady_Mary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Blessed Lady Mary (page does not exist)">Community of the Blessed Lady Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Companions_of_Jesus_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Community of the Companions of Jesus the Good Shepherd">Community of the Companions of Jesus the Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Good_Shepherd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Good Shepherd (page does not exist)">Community of the Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Community of the Holy Cross">Community of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Holy_Family" title="Community of the Holy Family">Community of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Holy_Name" title="Community of the Holy Name">Community of the Holy Name (Europe & Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Holy_Name_(Australia)" title="Community of the Holy Name (Australia)">Community of the Holy Name (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Holy Spirit (page does not exist)">Community of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Resurrection_of_Our_Lord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Resurrection of Our Lord (page does not exist)">Community of the Resurrection of Our Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Sacred_Name" title="Community of the Sacred Name">Community of the Sacred Name</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Sacred_Passion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Sacred Passion (page does not exist)">Community of the Sacred Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Servants_of_the_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Servants of the Cross (page does not exist)">Community of the Servants of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Sisters_of_Melanesia" title="Community of the Sisters of Melanesia">Community of the Sisters of Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Church" title="Community of the Sisters of the Church">Community of the Sisters of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Love_of_God" title="Community of the Sisters of the Love of God">Community of the Sisters of the Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Community of the Transfiguration">Community of the Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Visitation_of_Our_Lady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Visitation of Our Lady (page does not exist)">Congregation of the Sisters of the Visitation of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughters of St. Francis">Daughters of St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fikambanan%27ny_Mpanompovavin_l_Jesoa_Kristy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fikambanan'ny Mpanompovavin l Jesoa Kristy (page does not exist)">Fikambanan'ny Mpanompovavin l Jesoa Kristy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_orders_in_the_Anglican_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan orders in the Anglican Communion">Franciscan orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_Abbey" title="Malling Abbey">Malling Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anne_(Anglican)" title="Order of St. Anne (Anglican)">Order of St. Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_St._Anne_at_Bethany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of St. Anne at Bethany (page does not exist)">Order of St. Anne at Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict (Anglican)">Order of St. Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_St._Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of St. Helena (page does not exist)">Order of St. Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Paraclete" title="Order of the Holy Paraclete">Order of the Holy Paraclete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Julian_of_Norwich" title="Order of Julian of Norwich">Order of Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Women_(South_India)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Women (South India) (page does not exist)">Order of Women (South India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Sisterhood of St. John the Divine">Sisterhood of St. John the Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisterhood_of_St._Mary,_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisterhood of St. Mary, Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Sisterhood of St. Mary, Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_of_the_Epiphany" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisterhood of the Epiphany">Sisterhood of the Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_of_the_Holy_Nativity" title="Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity">Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_(Anglican)" title="Sisters of Charity (Anglican)">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_the_Good_Shepherd#Sisters_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Oratory of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_the_Incarnation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisters of the Incarnation (page does not exist)">Sisters of the Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_Jesus_Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisters of Jesus Way (page does not exist)">Sisters of Jesus Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Francis_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of St Francis (Korea)">Sisters of St Francis (Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_All_Saints_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Society of All Saints Sisters of the Poor">Society of All Saints Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Isles" title="Society of Our Lady of the Isles">Society of Our Lady of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Our_Lady_St._Mary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Our Lady St. Mary (page does not exist)">Society of Our Lady St. Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_St._John_the_Divine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of St. John the Divine (page does not exist)">Society of St. John the Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Margaret" title="Society of Saint Margaret">Society of St. Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Franciscan_Servants_of_Jesus_%26_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of the Franciscan Servants of Jesus & Mary">Society of the Franciscan Servants of Jesus & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Korea)" title="Society of the Holy Cross (Korea)">Society of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(Anglican)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of the Holy Trinity (Anglican) (page does not exist)">Society of the Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Precious_Blood" title="Society of the Precious Blood">Society of the Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Advent" title="Society of the Sacred Advent">Society of the Sacred Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Cross" title="Society of the Sacred Cross">Society of the Sacred Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sisters_of_Bethany" title="Society of the Sisters of Bethany">Society of the Sisters of Bethany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Order_of_Preachers" title="Anglican Order of Preachers">Anglican Order of Preachers (Dominican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Glorious_Ascension" title="Community of the Glorious Ascension">Community of the Glorious Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Holy_Transfiguration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Holy Transfiguration (page does not exist)">Community of the Holy Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Servants_of_the_Will_of_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Servants of the Will of God (page does not exist)">Community of the Servants of the Will of God</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_Saint_Luke_(OSB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Companions of Saint Luke (OSB) (page does not exist)">Companions of Saint Luke (OSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_orders_in_the_Anglican_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan orders in the Anglican Communion">Franciscan orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucknell_Abbey" title="Mucknell Abbey">Mucknell Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Order of Christ the Saviour">Order of Christ the Saviour</a> (OCS Dominicans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Benedict_(Anglican)" title="Order of St Benedict (Anglican)">Benedictine orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Mission" title="Society of the Sacred Mission">Society of the Sacred Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Abbey" title="St Mark's Abbey">St Mark's Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Topics closely related to active religious orders: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_religious_orders_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Former religious orders in the Anglican Communion">Former religious orders in the Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consecrated_life_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_consecrated_life" title="Template:Catholic consecrated life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_consecrated_life" title="Template talk:Catholic consecrated life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_consecrated_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic consecrated life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consecrated_life_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">Cenobitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiorrhythmic_monasticism" title="Idiorrhythmic monasticism">Idiorrhythmic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_order_(religious)" title="Second order (religious)">Second orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleric_regular" title="Cleric regular">Cleric regular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">Vows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">Evangelical counsels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vow of poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Vow of chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_profession" title="Religious profession">Profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_silence" title="Vow of silence">Vow of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_Enclosure" title="Vow of Enclosure">Vow of enclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_abbeys_and_priories" title="List of abbeys and priories">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">Chapter house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">Cloister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_monastery" title="Double monastery">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">Refectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">Scriptorium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">Habit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">Clerical clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prioress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioress">Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (Christian)">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">Sister</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">Lay brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(monastery)" title="Porter (monastery)">Porter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Christianity" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolishness_for_Christ" title="Foolishness for Christ">Foolishness for Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">Tonsure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_discernment_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church">Vocational discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">Monastic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_institutes" title="List of religious institutes">List of religious institutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template talk:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Catholic religious institutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male<br />and<br />female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary">Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a> (SV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods" title="Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods">Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis">Sisters of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Peace" title="The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace">The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> 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