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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Medium+%28website%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Medium+%28website%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012–2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012–2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>2012–2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012–2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2017–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_information_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_information_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>User information and features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-User_information_and_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle User information and features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-User_information_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Users</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Partner Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tag_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tag_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tag system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tag_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_and_corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_and_corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Board and corporate governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Board_and_corporate_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Board and corporate governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Board_and_corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Board_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Board members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_use_of_holacracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_use_of_holacracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Former use of holacracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_use_of_holacracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_censorship_of_Medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_censorship_of_Medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government censorship of Medium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_censorship_of_Medium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government censorship of Medium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_censorship_of_Medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Software architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medium (website)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ميديام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميديام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(sayt)" title="Medium (sayt) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Medium (sayt)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="مدیوم (سایت) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدیوم (سایت)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(plataforma)" title="Medium (plataforma) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medium (plataforma)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(sitio_web)" title="Medium (sitio web) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medium (sitio web)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(retejo)" title="Medium (retejo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medium (retejo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_(%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87)" title="مدیوم (وبگاه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیوم (وبگاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(site_web)" title="Medium (site web) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Medium (site web)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%97%84_(%EC%9B%B9%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8)" title="미디엄 (웹사이트) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미디엄 (웹사이트)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F)" title="मीडियम (वेबसाइट) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीडियम (वेबसाइट)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(situs_web)" title="Medium (situs web) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Medium (situs web)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(sito_web)" title="Medium (sito web) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medium (sito web)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98)" title="מדיום (אתר אינטרנט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדיום (אתר אינטרנט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium" title="Medium – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medium" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(online_platform)" title="Medium (online platform) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medium (online platform)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(Web%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9)" title="Medium (Webサービス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Medium (Webサービス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(nettsted)" title="Medium (nettsted) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Medium (nettsted)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium" title="Medium – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Medium" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(witryna_internetowa)" title="Medium (witryna internetowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medium (witryna internetowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(site)" title="Medium (site) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medium (site)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium" title="Medium – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Medium" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(faqe_interneti)" title="Medium (faqe interneti) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Medium (faqe interneti)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium" title="Medium – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medium" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium" title="Medium – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Medium" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99)" title="Medium (網站) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Medium (網站)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16186120#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Online publishing platform</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Medium</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medium_(website)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Medium_%28website%29_logo.svg/250px-Medium_%28website%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Medium_%28website%29_logo.svg/375px-Medium_%28website%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Medium_%28website%29_logo.svg/500px-Medium_%28website%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of business</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English (specific publications can be in Spanish, French, and other languages)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area served</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">A Medium Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)" title="Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Evan Williams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">CEO</th><td class="infobox-data">Tony Stubblebine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">Products</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Online publication">Online publication</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Services</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog_publishing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog publishing system">Blog publishing system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">Publisher</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">179 (June 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com">medium<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Required to publish and write articles, some articles not behind the paywall are free</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">August 15, 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-08-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Native client(s) on</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Medium</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">online publishing platform</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)" title="Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a> and launched in August 2012. It is owned by <i>A Medium Corporation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform is an example of <a href="/wiki/Social_journalism" title="Social journalism">social journalism</a>, having a hybrid collection of amateur and professional people and publications, or exclusive blogs or publishers on Medium,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is regularly regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog host</a>. </p><p>Williams, who previously co-founded <a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially developed Medium as a means to publish writings and documents longer than Twitter's 140-character (now 280-character) maximum. </p><p>In March 2021, Medium announced a change in its publishing strategy and business model, reducing its own publications and increasing support of independent writers.<sup id="cite_ref-nytmarch2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytmarch2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012–2016"><span id="2012.E2.80.932016"></span>2012–2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2012–2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evan Williams, Twitter co-founder and former CEO, created Medium to encourage users to create posts longer than the then 140-character limit of Twitter. When it launched in 2012, Williams stated, "There's been less progress toward raising the quality of what's produced."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 2013, Williams reported there were 30 full-time staff working on the platform,<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a vacancy for a "Storyteller" role,<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it was taking "98 percent" of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August, Williams reported that the site was still small, although he was still optimistic about it, saying "We are trying to make it as easy as possible for people who have thoughtful things to say".<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium aims to optimize the time visitors spend reading the site (1.5 million hours in March 2015), as opposed to maximizing the size of its audience.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Williams criticized the standard web traffic metric of <a href="/wiki/Unique_visitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Unique visitors">unique visitors</a> as "a highly volatile and meaningless number for what we're trying to do".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the company, as of May 2017, Medium.com had 60 million unique monthly readers.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium maintained an editorial department staffed by full-time editors and writers, had several others signed on as contractors, and served as a publisher for several publications. <a href="/wiki/Matter_(magazine)" title="Matter (magazine)">Matter</a> operated from Medium Headquarters in San Francisco and was nominated for a 2015 <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards" title="National Magazine Awards">National Magazine Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magazine_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazine-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2015, Medium made deep cuts to its editorial budget forcing layoffs at dozens of publications hosted on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several publications left the platform. </p><p>In 2017, Medium introduced <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> content accessible only to subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Medium began paying authors based on how much users expressed their appreciation for it through a <a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">like button</a> which each user could activate multiple times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formula for compensation was soon adapted to also include the amount of time readers spent reading, in addition to the use of the like button.<sup id="cite_ref-Ha_2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ha_2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium has brought in revenue through <a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">native advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsorship</a> of some article series.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medium gained several new publishers to host their content on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an aborted attempt to introduce advertising to the site, leading to Medium cutting its staff by 50 employees in January 2017 and closing offices in New York and Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams explained that "we had started scaling up the teams to sell and support products that were, at best, incremental improvements on the ad-driven publishing model", but that, instead, Medium was aiming for a "new [business] model for writers and creators to be rewarded, based on the value they're creating for people".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the company had raised $134 million in investment from venture capital firms and Williams himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Medium acquired the rich media embedding platform Embedly, a provider of content integration services for numerous websites, including Medium itself.<sup id="cite_ref-vb20160802_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb20160802-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year there were 7.5 million posts published on the platform, and 60 million readers used medium.com.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017–present"><span id="2017.E2.80.93present"></span>2017–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2017–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2017, Medium announced a membership program for $5 per month, offering access to "well-researched explainers, insightful perspectives, and useful knowledge with a longer shelf life", with authors being paid a flat amount per article.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the sports and pop culture website <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)" title="The Ringer (website)">The Ringer</a></i> and the technology blog <i><a href="/wiki/Backchannel_(blog)" title="Backchannel (blog)">Backchannel</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a> publication, left Medium. Backchannel, which left Medium for <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> in June, said Medium was "no longer as focused on helping publications like ours profit."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2017, Williams reaffirmed Medium was not planning to pursue <a href="/wiki/Banner_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner advertising">banner advertising</a> as part of their revenue model and was instead exploring <a href="/wiki/Micropayments" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropayments">micropayments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gratuity" title="Gratuity">gratuities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patronage#Journalism" title="Patronage">patronage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ha_2017_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ha_2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, Medium announced that it had acquired the social-based ebook company Glose.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2021, Medium acquired browser-based graphic design tool Projector. Projector's team joined Medium and Projector was shut down in 2022. Projector co-founder and CEO Trevor O'Brien became Medium's chief product officer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2021, Medium also acquired audio-based learning platform Knowable.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium employees announced their intent to form a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> with <a href="/wiki/CODE-CWA" title="CODE-CWA">CODE-CWA</a> in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Medium Workers Union, 70% of eligible employees have <a href="/wiki/Card_check" title="Card check">signed union cards</a>, representing workers in editorial, engineering, design and product departments.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 11, they asked management for <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary recognition">voluntary recognition</a> of their union.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 1, the company announced that the Medium Workers Union had fallen one vote short of the number needed for union recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-nytmarch2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytmarch2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the leadup to the unionization campaign, Medium hired the union-busting firm Kauff McGuire & Margolis and the CEO Evan Williams led small discussion groups in which he urged employees not to join the union.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 12, 2022, the company announced that Ev Williams would be stepping down as CEO and transitioning to chairman of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-EvWillMediumStepDownNYT2022_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvWillMediumStepDownNYT2022-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tony Stubblebine, chief executive of Coach.me, took over as CEO of Medium on July 20, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-tc-12jul2022_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-12jul2022-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medium-12jul2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medium-12jul2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 11, 2022, Stubblebine announced a layoff of 29 staff members.<sup id="cite_ref-medstaff-11aug2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medstaff-11aug2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_information_and_features">User information and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: User information and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Users">Users</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Users"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medium does not publish official user stats on its website. According to US blogs, the platform had about 60 million monthly visitors in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-venturebeat.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venturebeat.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the total numbers of users was about 25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-venturebeat.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venturebeat.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform">Platform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The platform software provides a full <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> user interface when editing online, with various options for formatting provided as the user edits over <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">rich text format</a>. </p><p>Once an entry is posted, it can be recommended and shared by other people, in a similar manner to Twitter.<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posts can be <a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">upvoted</a> in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, and content can be assigned a specific theme, in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>. </p><p>In August 2017, Medium replaced their Recommend button with a "clap" feature, which readers can click multiple times to signify how much they enjoyed the article. Medium announced that payment to authors will be weighted based on how many "claps" they receive.<sup id="cite_ref-verge-22aug2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-22aug2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Users can create a new account using a <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> account. Users may also sign up using an e-mail address, when they are signing up using the mobile app of Medium.com.<sup id="cite_ref-Medium_Login_FAQ_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medium_Login_FAQ-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memberships">Memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medium offers users subscriptions to become a member for a $5 monthly or $50 yearly fee. With a Medium membership, access to "exclusive content, audio narrations of popular stories, and an improved bookmark section" is enabled.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_Program">Partner Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Partner Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Medium Partner Program is Medium's compensation program for its writers. Partner Program writers are paid based on how deeply Medium members read their work. As members read longer, writers earn more. Medium distributes a portion of each member's subscription fee to the writers they read most each month.<sup id="cite_ref-Medium_Login_FAQ_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medium_Login_FAQ-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from 1 May 2024, Medium banned <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a>-generated content from enacting paywalls and receiving payouts via Partner Program.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tag_system">Tag system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tag system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posts on Medium are sorted by topic rather than by writer, unlike most blogging platforms, including Williams' earlier <a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform uses a system of "claps" (formerly "recommendations"), similar to "likes" on Facebook, to upvote the best articles and stories, called the Tag system, and divides the stories into different categories to let the audiences choose.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cuepoint" redirects here. For audio engineering term, see <a href="/wiki/Cue_(audio)" title="Cue (audio)">Cue (audio)</a>.</div> <p>"Publications" on Medium are shared spaces with a homepage on Medium's website that carry articles and blog posts, like a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles published or saved on it can be assigned <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editors</a>, and can be saved as drafts. </p> <ul><li>Medium acquired science and technology website <a href="/wiki/Matter_(magazine)" title="Matter (magazine)"><i>Matter</i></a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Cuepoint</i>, Medium's music publication, is edited by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shecter" title="Jonathan Shecter">Jonathan Shecter</a>, a music industry entrepreneur and co-founder of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Source_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Source (magazine)">The Source</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It publishes essays on artists, trends, and releases, written by Medium community contributors, major record executives, and music journalists,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, who contributed his <i>Expert Witness</i> <a href="/wiki/Capsule_review" title="Capsule review">capsule review</a> column.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuepoint was started in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medium also published a technology publication called <a href="/wiki/Backchannel_(blog)" title="Backchannel (blog)"><i>Backchannel</i></a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Steven Levy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <i>Backchannel</i> was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2016, Medium hired the founder of the publication Human Parts, which focused on personal stories.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 23, 2016, it was announced that Medium had reached a deal to host the new <a href="/wiki/Bill_Simmons" title="Bill Simmons">Bill Simmons</a> website, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)" title="The Ringer (website)">The Ringer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2017 it left Medium for <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Medium acquired Bay Area website <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Italic" title="The Bold Italic">The Bold Italic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2019, Medium launched seven new publications: GEN (politics, power, and culture), OneZero (tech and science), Marker (business), Elemental (health and wellness), Focus (productivity), Zora (women of color) and Level (men of color).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Medium launched <i>Momentum</i>, whose subjects are anti-racism and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board_and_corporate_governance">Board and corporate governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Board and corporate governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_members">Board members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Board members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of June 2020, Medium's board members were:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)" title="Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a></li> <li>Josh Elman of <a href="/wiki/Greylock_Partners" title="Greylock Partners">Greylock Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Horowitz" title="Ben Horowitz">Ben Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick" title="Colin Kaepernick">Colin Kaepernick</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_use_of_holacracy">Former use of holacracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Former use of holacracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medium initially used <a href="/wiki/Holacracy" title="Holacracy">holacracy</a> as its structure of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, they moved away from holacracy because they reported difficulty coordinating large-scale projects, dissatisfaction with the required record-keeping, and poor public perception of holacracy.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reviewing the service at its launch in 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> enjoyed some of the collections that had been created, particularly a collection of nostalgic photographs created by Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>'s Drew Olanoff suggested the platform might have taken its name from being a "medium"-sized platform in between Twitter and full-scale blogging platforms such as Blogger.<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> welcomed the platform's affordance of <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licensing for user content,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a feature demonstrated in a Medium project with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Domain_Review" title="The Public Domain Review">The Public Domain Review</a></i>—an interactive online edition of <i>Alice's Adventures In Wonderland</i>, annotated by a dozen Carroll scholars, allowing free <a href="/wiki/Remixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Remixes">remixes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and Creative Commons licensed text and art resources, with reader-supplied commentaries and artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 2013 the service suffered criticism from writers, with some confused about exactly what it is expected to provide.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Nieman_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieman Lab">Nieman Lab</a> article chronicling Medium's first seven years described the site as having "undergone countless pivots", becoming "an endless thought experiment into what publishing on the internet could look like".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_censorship_of_Medium">Government censorship of Medium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government censorship of Medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2016, Medium received a take-down notice from the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Communications_and_Multimedia_Commission" title="Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission">Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission</a> (MCMC) for one of the articles published by the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Report" title="Sarawak Report">Sarawak Report</a>. The <i>Sarawak Report</i> had been hosting its articles on Medium since July 2015, when its own website was blocked by the Malaysian government. It had reported allegations that money linked to a state investment fund, <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad">1Malaysia Development Berhad</a> (1MDB), ended up in Prime Minister Najib Razak's bank accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium's legal team responded to the commission with a request for a copy of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission's official statement that the post was untrue, for information on which parts of the article were found false, and for information on whether the dispute has been raised in court. The site declined to take the content down until directed to do so by an order from a court of competent jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, on January 27, 2016, all content on Medium was made unavailable for Internet users in Malaysia. </p><p>The ban has been lifted as of 18 May 2018, with the MCMC stating the ban lift was because "there was no reason (to block the website)" as the 1MDB report has been made public by the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of June 2017, Medium has been blocked in Egypt along with more than 60 media websites in a crackdown by the Egyptian government.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of blocked sites also includes <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Arabic website and <a href="/wiki/Mada_Masr" title="Mada Masr">Mada Masr</a>. Medium was made available again in late 2022 as of November 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2016, Medium was blocked in mainland China after information from the leaked <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> was published on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Albanian Audiovisual Media Authority blocked Medium in Albania from April 19 to 21, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 2020, Medium was reported to have been blocked by some ISPs in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roskomnadzor" title="Roskomnadzor">Roskomnadzor</a> blocked Medium website and all its subdomains in the Russian Federation on May 31, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_architecture">Software architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Software architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medium's initial <a href="/wiki/Technology_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology stack">technology stack</a> relied on a variety of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">AWS</a> services including <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">EC2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">S3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront" title="Amazon CloudFront">CloudFront</a>. Originally, it was written in <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> and the text editor that Medium users wrote blog posts with was based on <a href="/wiki/TinyMCE" title="TinyMCE">TinyMCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, the blogging platform's technology stack included AWS services, including <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Block_Store" title="Amazon Elastic Block Store">EBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Relational_Database_Service" title="Amazon Relational Database Service">RDS</a> for Aurora, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Route_53" title="Amazon Route 53">Route 53</a>; its image server was written in <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, and the main app servers were still written in Node.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substack" title="Substack">Substack</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For difficulties in coordination between departments in the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_structure" title="Corporate structure">corporate structure</a>, see <a href="#CITEREFBort2017">Bort (2017)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medium_(website)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medium+platform+blocked+in+Russia&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterfax.com%2Fnewsroom%2Ftop-stories%2F91087%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedium+%28website%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackshare.io/medium/the-stack-that-helped-medium-scale-to-2-6-millennia-of-reading-time">"The Stack That Helped Medium Scale To 2.6 Millennia Of Reading Time - Medium | StackShare"</a>. <i>StackShare</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220810/https://stackshare.io/medium/the-stack-that-helped-medium-scale-to-2-6-millennia-of-reading-time">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StackShare&rft.atitle=The+Stack+That+Helped+Medium+Scale+To+2.6+Millennia+Of+Reading+Time+-+Medium+%7C+StackShare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstackshare.io%2Fmedium%2Fthe-stack-that-helped-medium-scale-to-2-6-millennia-of-reading-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedium+%28website%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackshare.io/medium/medium-com">"Medium.com tech stack"</a>. <i>StackShare</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422104102/https://stackshare.io/medium/medium-com">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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