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The rate of growth of the fireball depends on the actual yield , and so does the maximum\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA76\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA103","page_number":"103","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e marked t , through t , the pressure in the blast wave has not fallen below atmospheric , but in the \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e marked t 。 it is seen that at some distance behind the shock front the overpressure has a negative value . In this region\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA103\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e will , of course , be different , in accordance with the data in Table 3.11 . 3.13 When the shock front reaches the given point , both the overpressure and the dynamic pressure increase almost immediately from zero to their\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA107\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA115","page_number":"115","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e . Such \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e have been prepared for various blast wave properties , e.g. , peak overpressure , peak dynamic pressure , time of arrival , and positive phase duration , and will be presented and discussed later ( § 3.63 et seq\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA115\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e showing the variation of the instantaneous ( peak ) reflected pressure , with the peak incident overpressure , for normal incidence , is included in Fig . 3.49 . 3.51 The equations in §3.49 give the peak values of the various\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA124\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.53 which are for several indicated values of the peak overpressure . The time in this figure is normalized with respect to the duration of the dynamic pressure positive phase which is somewhat longer than that for the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA125\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e , such as those shown in Fig . 3.52 . The positive phase over- pressure impulse ( per unit area ) , I , may then be represented mathe- matically by I 1 = S \u0026quot; p ( t ) dt , 0 where p ( t ) may be expressed analytically for low\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA126\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e showing how the various properties of the blast wave at the surface change with increasing distance from the detonation in the case of a 1 - kiloton nuclear ex- plosion . Then , with the aid of the scaling laws , the values for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA127\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e of the various air blast wave properties are given here to supplement the general discussion already presented . These \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e show the varia- tion of peak overpressure , peak dynamic pressure , arrival time , and positive phase\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA130\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.66 . The approximate range of the over- pressure which may be expected under varying atmospheric conditions is indicated by the broken \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e ; the pressures will be higher than average if there is an inversion , i.e.\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA132\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.71b are partic- ularly applicable in the Mach region where an essentially vertical shock front moving radially strikes a reflecting surface such as the front wall of a structure ( see Fig . 4.08 ) . THE PRECURSOR 3.72\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA133\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.66 show the variation of peak overpressure and peak dynamic pressure with distance for a 1 KT surface burst in a standard sea - level atmosphere . Scaling . For yields other than 1 KT , the range to which a given peak\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA134\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA135","page_number":"135","snippet_text":"... 4,000 10,000 20,000 DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO ( FEET ) Peak overpressure and peak dynamic pressure for 1 - kiloton surface burst . The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.67a show peak overpressures on TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BLAST WAVE PHENOMENA 135.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA135\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.67a show peak overpressures on the ground in the high - pressure range as a function of distance from ground zero and height of burst for a 1 KT burst in a standard sea - level atmosphere . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA136\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.67b show peak overpressures on. 700 600 HEIGHT OF BURST ( FEET ) 500 400 200 300 100 50 30 PSI MACH REGION 100 200 300 700 800 400 500 600 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO ( FEET ) 1,400 1,500 3,000\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA137\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.67b show peak overpressures on the ground in the low - pressure range as a function of distance from ground zero and height of burst for a 1 KT burst in a standard sea - level atmosphere . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA138\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.68 show the horizontal component. 3,000 2 PSI HEIGHT OF BURST ( FEET ) 2,000 6 4 REGULAR REFLECTION REGION DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO ( FEET ) Figure 3.67b . Peak overpressures on the ground for 1 - kiloton burst ( low\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA139\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.68 show the horizontal component of peak dynamic pressure on the ground as a function of distance from ground zero and height of burst for a 1 KT burst in a standard sea - level atmosphere . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA140\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA141","page_number":"141","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 3.69 show the duration on. 700 HEIGHT OF BURST ( FEET ) 600 1 500 400 300 20 30 8 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO ( FEET ) 1,200 1,000 HEIGHT OF BURST\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA141\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e are considered appropriate for nearly - ideal surface conditions . Scaling . The required relationships are d di h - t = W1 / 3 , hi ti - where d1 , h1 , and t1 are the distance from ground zero , the height of burst , and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA142\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. 1,600 1,400 200 0.40 ( 0.49 ) SEC The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 3.70 a and b give. 1,200 1,000 HEIGHT OF BURST ( FEET ) 800 0.20 600 ( 0.34 ) 400 0.15 0.10 ( 0.33 ) ( 0.25 ) 0.25 ( 0.35 ) 0.30 ( 0.39 ) 0.35 ( 0.43 ) 0 200 400 600\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA143\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA144","page_number":"144","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 3.70 a and b give the time of arrival of the blast wave on the ground as a function of distance from ground zero and height of burst for a 1 KT burst in a standard sea - level atmosphere . The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA144\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA146","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e apply to a wave front striking a reflecting surface , such as a wall of a structure . Pr ( a ) = reflected blast wave overpressure for any given angle of inci- dence ( psi ) . 20 α = initial peak incident overpressure ( psi )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA146\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e for various air blast parameters presented earlier apply to nearly - ideal surface conditions . These \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e are considered to be the most representative for general use . However , it should be noted that empirical data obtained\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA148\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e presented in Chapter III . The aircraft are considered to be parked in the open at random orien- tation with respect to the point of burst . It should be mentioned that the data are based on tests in which aircraft were exposed\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA167\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA170","page_number":"170","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Chapter III , it is possible to determine the radii of damage for various yields and heights of burst . DAMAGE - DISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS 4.58 By combining the information collected after the explosions in Japan and the data\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA170\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCURVES\u003c/b\u003e 4.78 The procedures whereby the \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e showing the air blast loading as a function of time may be derived are given below . The methods presented are for the following four relatively simple shapes : ( 1 ) closed box - like\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA181\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA183","page_number":"183","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e for the front face can thus be determined , as in Fig . 4.81 . 4.82 ( b ) Average Loading on Sides and Top . - Although loading commences immediately after the blast wave strikes the front face , i.e. , at t = 0 , the sides and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA183\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA186","page_number":"186","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e , as derived from Figs . 4.81 and 4.83 , respectively . The difference indicated by the shaded region is then transferred to the right - hand diagram to give the net pressure . The net loading is necessary for determining the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA186\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e must be considered for both the exterior and interior of the structure . 4.86 ( a ) Average Loading on Front Face . - The outside loading is computed in the same manner as that used for a closed structure , except that S is\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA187\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA188","page_number":"188","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e are depicted in Fig . 4.88 . PRESSURE 1 0 2L U U L OUTSIDE + Cdq 2U 2U TIME INSIDE p P ( 1- 12/41 ) L 2U L t + 2U Figure 4.88 . Average side and top loading of partially open box - like structure . 4.89 ( c ) Average Loading on\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA188\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e to be developed are those for arched structures with a semicircular cross section . The results can be applied to a cylindrical structure , since it consists of two such semicylinders with identical loading on each half . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA191\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA277","page_number":"277","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCurves\u003c/b\u003e showing variation with energy yield of the diameter and depth of the crater from a surface burst in dry soil , together with a correction factor for hard rock , are given toward the end of this chapter ( see Fig . 6.48 ) . 6.10\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA277\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA290","page_number":"290","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e for a burst depth of 150 W0.3 feet is explained in §6.50 . ) The plots are based on the scaling law given in §6.09 , namely , that the crater diameter and depth scale as W13 . Various soil characteristics , particularly , the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA290\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA291","page_number":"291","snippet_text":"... to 47 W0.3 feet and the initially melted rock , which was converted to 623539 0-62-20 ( Text continued on page 295. ) The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.48 give the values of TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND BURSTS 291.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA291\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA292","page_number":"292","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e represent the range in crater dimensions from a surface burst to the ( approxi- mate ) maximum value for an underground burst . A factor of 0.8 is used as a multiplier for estimating crater dimen- sions in rock , e.g. , granite\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA292\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA293","page_number":"293","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.49 give the estimated. CRATER DIMENSION ( FEET ) 7 103 7 -DEPTH OF BURST 150 W 0.3 FEET SURFACE BURST 4 RADIUS + - DEPTH RADIUS 2 102 བ DEPTH Figure 6.48 . Apparent crater dimensions for bursts at the surface and at a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA293\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA294","page_number":"294","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e indicate the reasonable range of variations to be expected under apparently similar conditions . For rock , e.g. , sandstone or granite , the multiplication factor of 0.8 should be used to obtain the crater dimensions . The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA294\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA301","page_number":"301","snippet_text":"... in connection with the example based on the use of Fig . 6.73 . ( Text continued on p . 303. ) The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.73 show the peak water TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS 301 Technical Aspects of Underwater Explosions_.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA301\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA302","page_number":"302","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.73 show the peak water overpressure , the energy per unit area , the impulse per unit area , and the time constant ( defined in § 6.75 ) as a function of distance ( slant range ) from a 1 - kiloton\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA302\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA304","page_number":"304","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.78 has been derived for a 1 - kiloton underwater explosion . The overpressures obtained from this \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e will be lower than observed from a surface burst , but greater than those from a deeper burst in water . As a rough\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA304\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA305","page_number":"305","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e based on theoretical considerations and the available measurements is included in Fig . 6.79 ; it gives a ... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.81 . The values are for a burst less than 15 feet deep and for one on the bottom in water 50 feet\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA305\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA306","page_number":"306","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e , it is found that 300 psi occurs at 0.39 mile from a 1 KT explosion . Therefore , for a 30 KT weapon , the peak overpres- sure of 300 psi occurs at 0.39X301 / 3 = 0.39X3.1 = 1.2 miles . Answer . PEAK WATER OVERPRESSURE ( PSI ) 2\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA306\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA307","page_number":"307","snippet_text":"... EXPLOSION ( STATUTE MILES ) Figure 6.77 . Peak water overpressure for a 1 - kiloton explosion at mid - depth in water 66 feet deep . 623539 0-62-21 The \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.78 gives the peak air TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS 307.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA307\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA308","page_number":"308","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.78 gives the peak air overpressure at the surface for a 1 KT explosion in shallow water as a function of the distance from surface zero . Scaling . The distance at which a given peak air\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA308\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA309","page_number":"309","snippet_text":"... ZERO ( STATUTE MILES ) Figure 6.78 . Peak air overpressure at surface for a 1 - kiloton shallow underwater explosion . The lower \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.79 shows the approximate TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS 309.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA309\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA310","page_number":"310","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in the figure the scaled depth is 85 feet and for the upper \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e it is more than 400 feet . For scaled water depths less than 85 feet , i.e. , actual depths less than 85W1 / 4 feet , the estimated maximum wave height is propor\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA310\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA311","page_number":"311","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.79 must be used . From the \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e , the maximum wave height at 4 miles from a 1 KT explosion is 2.4 feet . Therefore , for a 30 KT ... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.81 give the depth , TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS 311.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA311\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA312","page_number":"312","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 6.81 give the depth , diameter , and lip height of the underwater crater as functions of yield . The results are for a burst less than 15 feet deep and for one on the bottom in 50 feet of water for a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA312\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA332","page_number":"332","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e for 5 calories per square centimeter of thermal radiation . The intersection point is seen to correspond to a distance of over 11 miles from the explosion and this is the range over which fires may be started as a direct result of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA332\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA343","page_number":"343","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 7.62 gives a rough idea of how the prob- ability of fire spread , expressed as a percentage , depends upon the average distance between buildings in a city . The results will be dependent , to some extent , upon the types\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA343\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA351","page_number":"351","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e , decreases greatly as the tem- perature is decreased . 7.80 An important aspect of Fig . 7.79 is the change in location of the \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e with temperature ; in other words , the spectrum of the radiant energy varies with the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA351\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA356","page_number":"356","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e is drawn of the scaled power , i.e. , P / Pmax , versus the scaled time , i.e. , t / tmax , where Pmax is the maximum value of the thermal power , cor- responding to the temperature maximum in the second pulse , and tmax is the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA356\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA357","page_number":"357","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 7.91 present some features of special interest . As is to be expected , the thermal power ( or rate of emission of radiant energy ) of the fireball rises to a maximum , just as does the temperature in the second\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA357\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA358","page_number":"358","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 7.91 show the variation with the scaled time , t / tmax , of the scaled fireball power , P / Pmax ( left ordinate ) and of the percent of the total thermal energy emitted , E / Etot ( right ordinate )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA358\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA362","page_number":"362","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e is for a visibility of 50 miles and 5 grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air and the other is for a visibility of 10 miles and 10 grams of water vapor per cubic meter . The data may be considered to be reliable up to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA362\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA378","page_number":"378","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 710 SCALING FACTOR 40 T 20 10 བ 7 4 2 SCALING FACTOR 104 1 2 4 7 10 20 40 KT KT 70 100 KT 200 400 700 1 2 MT 4 7 10 20 MT MT Figure 8.27b . Scaling factor for initial gamma - radiation dose . 378 INITIAL NUCLEAR RADIATION.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA378\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA379","page_number":"379","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. 8.28 The method of using the \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 8.27a and 8.27b may be illustrated by determining from them the initial gamma - radiation dose received at a distance of 1,700 yards from a 100 - kiloton air burst . From\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA379\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA383","page_number":"383","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e have been developed , as shown in Fig . 8.38 . These give the \u0026quot; dose transmission factor , \u0026quot; i.e. , the ... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e for concrete , this is seen to correspond to a thickness or 45 inches , i.e. , 3 feet 9 inches . 8.40 In a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA383\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA386","page_number":"386","snippet_text":"... ( SECONDS ) Figure 8.43 . Percentage of initial gamma - radiation dose received as function of time for 20 - kiloton and 5 - megaton air bursts . \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e represents the rate of delivery at a distance of 386 INITIAL NUCLEAR RADIATION.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA386\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA387","page_number":"387","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e represents the rate of delivery at a distance of 1,000 yards from a 20 - kiloton air burst and the ... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 8.43 show that for a weapon of high energy the gamma radiation may be emitted more slowly\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA387\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA391","page_number":"391","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e which purports to indicate the variation of the integrated neutron flux with distance must represent a compromise ; it obviously cannot be correct for all situations which may arise . It is with this limitation in mind that the \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA391\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA418","page_number":"418","snippet_text":"... in the early fallout can be obtained from the continuous \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 9.16a and b , in which the ratio of the approximate exposure dose rate ( in r / hr , 10 7 1 4 2 7 4 2 10-1 7 418 RESIDUAL NUCLEAR RADIATION AND FALLOUT.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA418\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA420","page_number":"420","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 9.16a ( or the data in Table 9.19 ) , it is seen that at 15 hours after the explosion , the ratio of the actual dose rate to the reference value is 0.040 ... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs 420 RESIDUAL NUCLEAR RADIATION AND FALLOUT.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA420\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA421","page_number":"421","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. of this reference value and the decay \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 9.16a and b , it is possible to estimate the ... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 9.16a , are 0.23 and 0.033 , with respect to the unit - time reference dose rate . Hence , the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA421\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA422","page_number":"422","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 9.20 . It gives the total dose received from early fallout , between 1 minute and any other specified time after the explosion , in terms of the unit - time reference dose rate . 9.21 To illustrate the application of Fig\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA422\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA423","page_number":"423","snippet_text":"... 2 4 7 103 TIME AFTER EXPLOSION ( HOURS ) \u003cb\u003eCurve\u003c/b\u003e for determining total dose from early fallout at various times after explosion . Figure 9.20 . shown in Table 9.22 . The infinity dose is essentially SOURCES OF RESIDUAL RADIATION 423.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA423\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA425","page_number":"425","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e . Nevertheless , it is possible to obtain from Fig . 9.25 approximate dose rates , which are within 25 percent of the theoretical decay values of Figs . 9.16 a and b for the first 200 days after the nuclear detonation . 9.26 To\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA425\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA428","page_number":"428","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e representing a time of stay of 2 hours . The corresponding reading on the vertical scale , which gives the multi- plying factor to convert R1 to the required total dose , is seen to be 0.19 . Hence , the total dose received is\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA428\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA430","page_number":"430","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e representing a time of stay of 2 hours . The multiplying factor for the dose rate at the time of entry , as read from the vertical scale , is seen to be 1.9 . Hence , the total dose received is 1.9X5 9.5 roentgens . Answer . ( b )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA430\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA432","page_number":"432","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e and tables given above have been ad- justed to include the contribution of such isotopes , e.g. , uranium- 237 and -239 and neptunium - 239 and -240 . In the period from 20 hours to 2 weeks after the burst , depending to some\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA432\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA446","page_number":"446","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 9.71 a and b illustrate this behavior ; they show the variation with time of the dose rate and the dose from fallout at points 35 and 150 miles downwind from a 5 - megaton surface burst . Both the dose rate and the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA446\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA447","page_number":"447","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e given earlier in the chapter ( Figs . 9.16 a and b and Fig . 9.20 ) it is then possible to estimate dose rates and total doses from fallout at any given time for a specified distance downwind from the burst point . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA447\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA451","page_number":"451","snippet_text":"... on logarithmic graph paper and reading downwind distances corre- sponding to the desired contour value from the resulting smooth \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e . 623539 0-62-30 9.80 Both the idealized 15 - mile - per - IDEALIZED FALLOUT PATTERNS 451.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA451\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA459","page_number":"459","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 9.16a and b or of equivalent data . However , it is inadvisable to depend entirely on these estimates because of the uncertainties men- tioned above . Moreover , even if the decay \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e could be relied completely\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA459\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA463","page_number":"463","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e given earlier in this chapter , are recorded in Table 9,105 . TABLE 9.105 CALCULATED RADIATION DOSES AT TWO LOCATIONS IN RONGE- LAP ATOLL FROM FALLOUT FOLLOWING THE MARCH 1 , 1954 TEST AT BIKINI Accumulated dose in this period\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA463\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA480","page_number":"480","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e shows the varia- tion of the relative activity of the deposited material with distance along the downwind fallout axis ; it has a steep slope because the particles spread farther and farther from the axis , and so cover larger\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA480\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA481","page_number":"481","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The second \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e indicates the percentage of the longer lived activity that might be deposited within 1,000 miles of locations on the down- wind fallout axis . The idealized \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e are based on the assump- tions of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA481\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA488","page_number":"488","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Figs . 9.16 a and b , which repre- sent the decrease in dose rate due to gamma radiation from radio ... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e may be used to estimate dose rates from fallout at these times . 9.171 During the interval in which the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA488\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA491","page_number":"491","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e gives approximate values of the attenua- tion factor for early fallout radiation as a function of altitude . It applies in particular to a uniformly contaminated area that is large compared to the altitude of the aircraft . If the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA491\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA495","page_number":"495","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e give the times required for particles of different sizes to fall to earth from various initial altitudes . The density of the fallout material is taken to be 2.5 grams per cubic centimeter , which is roughly that of dry sand\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA495\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA512","page_number":"512","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 10.29 . 10.30 The lifetime of the electrons produced in the D - region is not known with any ... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e show only the electron densities produced by the nuclear explosion and do not include the ionization caused\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA512\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA518","page_number":"518","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 10.29 , it is possible to determine the time history of the ionization produced by the initial nuclear radiation and the thermal radiation from a 1 - megaton fission explosion taking place at various altitudes . However\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA518\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA526","page_number":"526","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e of the earth . Such systems , as well as those involving line - of - sight stations below the ionosphere , are essentially unaffected by nuclear bursts which disturb the ionosphere . They might be disrupted for a short time by a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA526\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA535","page_number":"535","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 10.82 . These \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e give approximate electron densities produced by the initial nuclear radiation at various horizontal dis- tances at a height ( H ) of 45 miles for a 1 - megaton weapon detonated at various altitudes\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA535\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA542","page_number":"542","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 10.48a were obtained in this manner , for a 1 - megaton fission yield explosion . 10.95 For a megaton burst in the 40- to 70 - mile altitude range , it is assumed that the cloud rises to a height of over 100 miles and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA542\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA561","page_number":"561","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 11.42 give the velocities as a function of range for a 1 - kiloton explosion assuming ( 1 ) a surface burst and ( 2 ) air burst conditions which yield the maximum range for each velocity . In order to deter- mine the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA561\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA562","page_number":"562","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. The \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Fig . 11.42 give the velocity attained after 10 feet displacement of ( a ) 0.1- to 10 - gram pieces of double - strength window glass ( acceleration coefficient 0.72 sq ft / lb ) and ( b ) a 165 - pound\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA562\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA571","page_number":"571","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e , two particular assump- tions have been made . First , it is supposed that the explosion occurs in the air at such a height that the atmospheric pressure is not very greatly different from that at sea level . For a surface burst\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA571\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA572","page_number":"572","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e representing the second - degree burn formation . The value on the horizontal ( distance ) scale corresponding to this point is seen to be 4 miles . Hence , it may be expected that , for a 100 - kiloton explosion , moderate second\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA572\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA581","page_number":"581","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e showing the ex- posure doses of initial gamma rays ( in roentgens ) and of neutrons ( in neutrons per square ... \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e NUCLEAR RADIATION INJURY 581.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA581\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA582","page_number":"582","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. for a 1 - kiloton air burst . A \u003cb\u003ecurve\u003c/b\u003e giving the total biological dose , obtained by adding the ... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e shows that near the explosion center the neutron dose is the greater of the two . However , with increasing\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA582\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA638","page_number":"638","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e in Chapter III , to determine approximately how far from ground zero the respective degrees of damage would be experienced for air bursts of various yields . The height of burst is assumed to be such as to maximize the area of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA638\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA702","page_number":"702","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCURVE\u003c/b\u003e : The representation by means of a graph of the decrease of radioactivity with respect to time . DECONTAMINATION : The reduction or removal of contaminating radio- active material from a structure , area , object , or person\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA702\u0026vq=curves"},{"page_id":"PA718","page_number":"718","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecurves\u003c/b\u003e , 3.67-3.70 Breakaway , 2.110 fireball radius , 2.117 time , 2.116 Bridges , damage , see Damage Buildings , damage , see Damage Burns , 7.35 , 7.95-7.97 , 8.06 , 11.02 , 11.14 , 11.45-11.76 , 12.10 , 12.31 , see also Casualties\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA718\u0026vq=curves"}],"search_query_escaped":"curves"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>