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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Босуэлл, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Босуэлл, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Boswell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Boswell, see <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Boswell (disambiguation)">John Boswell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Boswell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Boswell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/John_Boswell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Eastburn Boswell</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1947-03-20</span>)</span>March 20, 1947<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 24, 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-12-24)</span> (aged 47)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Jeb Boswell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data">Jerone Hart (1970–1994)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century</i> (1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Constable" title="Giles Constable">Giles Constable</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jocelyn_Hillgarth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jocelyn Hillgarth (page does not exist)">Jocelyn Hillgarth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Nigel_Hillgarth" class="extiw" title="ca:Jocelyn Nigel Hillgarth">ca</a>]</span></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Stacey" title="Robin Stacey">Robin Stacey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Christianity and homosexuality</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity,_Social_Tolerance,_and_Homosexuality" title="Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality">Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</a></i> (1980)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Same-Sex_Unions_in_Pre-Modern_Europe" title="Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe">Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe</a></i> (1994)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hexter" title="Ralph Hexter">Ralph Hexter</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Eastburn Boswell</b> (March 20, 1947 – December 24, 1994) was an American historian and a full professor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Many of Boswell's studies focused on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and homosexuality">religion and homosexuality</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Christianity and homosexuality</a>. Much of his work addressed the history of marginalized groups, particularly in the context of religion and sexuality. </p><p>His first book, <i>The Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century</i>, appeared in 1977. In 1994, Boswell's fourth book, <i><a href="/wiki/Same-Sex_Unions_in_Pre-Modern_Europe" title="Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe">Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe</a></i>, was published. He died that same year from <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>-related complications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boswell was born on March 20, 1947, in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, the son of Colonel Henry Boswell Jr. and Catharine Eastburn Boswell. He earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dunlap_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunlap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his PhD at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> before being hired to teach at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A medieval <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a>, Boswell spoke or read several Scandinavian languages, <a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a>, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, early and modern Russian, <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, Arabic, Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunlap_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunlap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boswell received his doctorate in 1975 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> history faculty, where his colleagues included <a href="/wiki/John_Morton_Blum" title="John Morton Blum">John Morton Blum</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Jaroslav Pelikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Holborn_Gray" title="Hanna Holborn Gray">Hanna Holborn Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)" title="Michael Howard (historian)">Michael Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Donald Kagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_R._Lamar" title="Howard R. Lamar">Howard R. Lamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Jonathan Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Winks" title="Robin Winks">Robin Winks</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cronon" title="William Cronon">William Cronon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund Morgan</a>. Boswell was made professor in 1982, and A. Whitney Griswold Professor of History in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-dunlap_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunlap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Royal Treasure</i> (1977) is a detailed historical study of the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> in the 14th century. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwEAZNdJ-J4">"Jews, Gay People, and Bicycle Riders"</a> – a public lecture by Boswell at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> on 25 April 1986, videotaped for "Nothing to Hide," a weekly LGBTQ program on WYOU Community TV</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity,_Social_Tolerance,_and_Homosexuality" title="Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality">Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</a></i> (1980) is a work which, according to <a href="/wiki/George_Chauncey" title="George Chauncey">George Chauncey</a> et al. (1989), "offered a revolutionary interpretation of the Western tradition, arguing that the Roman Catholic Church had not condemned gay people throughout its history, but rather, at least until the twelfth century, had alternately evinced no special concern about homosexuality or actually celebrated love between men." The book won a <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-nba1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nba1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Book_Award" title="Stonewall Book Award">Stonewall Book Award</a> in 1981, but Boswell's thesis was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Johansson" title="Warren Johansson">Warren Johansson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_R._Dynes" title="Wayne R. Dynes">Wayne R. Dynes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lauritsen" title="John Lauritsen">John Lauritsen</a>, who believed that he had attempted to whitewash the historic crimes of the Christian Church against gay men.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Kindness of Strangers: Child Abandonment in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance</i> (1988) is a scholarly study of the widespread practice of abandoning unwanted children and the means by which society tries to care for them. The title, as Boswell states in the Introduction, is inspired by a puzzling phrase Boswell had found in a number of documents: <i>aliena misericordia</i>, which might at first seem to mean "a strange kindness", is better translated "the kindness of strangers," echoing the line "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers" from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Same-Sex_Unions_in_Pre-Modern_Europe" title="Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe">The Marriage of Likeness: Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe</a></i> (New York: Villard, 1994) argues that the <i><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">adelphopoiia</a></i> liturgy was evidence that the attitude of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominational_positions_on_homosexuality" title="List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality">Christian church towards homosexuality</a> has changed over time, and that early <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> did on occasion accept same-sex relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rites of so-called "same-sex union" (Boswell's proposed translation) occur in ancient prayer-books of both the western and eastern churches. They are rites of <i><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">adelphopoiesis</a></i>, literally <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for the making of brothers. Boswell stated that these should be regarded as sexual unions similar to marriages. Boswell made many detailed translations of these rites in <i>Same-Sex Unions</i>, and stated that one mass <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">gay wedding</a> occurred only a couple of centuries ago in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, the cathedral seat of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> as Bishop of Rome. This aspect of Boswell's text has drawn significant scholarly debate, with critics contending that these rites represented adoption or fraternity rather than sexual unions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boswell pointed out such evidence as an <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergius_and_Bacchus" title="Sergius and Bacchus">Sergius and Bacchus</a> (at St. Catherine's on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>), and drawings, such as one he interprets as depicting the wedding feast of <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Emperor Basil I</a> to his "partner", John. Boswell sees <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as fulfilling the role of the "pronubus" or in modern parallel, best man.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boswell's methodology and conclusions have been disputed by many historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Brundage, professor of history and law at the University of Kansas, observed that "the mainstream reaction was that he raised some interesting questions, but hadn't proved his case."<sup id="cite_ref-dunlap_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunlap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish historian and journalist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Duffy_(journalist)" title="Jim Duffy (journalist)">Jim Duffy</a>, in his "Rite and Reason" column in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>, praised Boswell's work.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh LGBT historian <a href="/wiki/Norena_Shopland" title="Norena Shopland">Norena Shopland</a>, in <i>Forbidden Lives</i>, examines a number of translations of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>'s extract from the third book of <i><a href="/wiki/Topographia_Hiberniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographia Hiberniae">Topographia Hiberniae</a></i>, "A proof of the iniquity (of the Irish) and a novel form of marriage". Shopland shows how all translations currently being used were originally made before homosexuality was legal, and so reflect those times. She includes evidence supporting Boswell's translation of "marriage" and not, as others claim "a treaty".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faith_and_sexuality">Faith and sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Faith and sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boswell was a Roman Catholic, having converted from the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> of his upbringing at the age of 15. He was a practicing Roman Catholic throughout his life, maintaining his faith while expressing disagreement with the Church's teachings on homosexuality. Although he was orthodox in most of his beliefs, he strongly disagreed with his church's stated opposition to homosexual behavior and relationships. He was partnered with Jerone Hart for some twenty years until his death. Hart and Boswell are buried together at <a href="/wiki/Grove_Street_Cemetery" title="Grove Street Cemetery">Grove Street Cemetery</a>, New Haven, Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boswell compares the <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">constructionist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> positions to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nominalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominalist">nominalist</a> dichotomy. He also lists three types of sexual <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomies</a>: </p> <ul><li>All or most humans are polymorphously sexual... external accidents, such as socio-cultural pressure, legal sanctions, religious beliefs, historical or personal circumstances determine the actual expression of each person's sexual feelings.</li> <li>Two or more sexual categories, usually, but not always based on sexual object choice.</li> <li>One type of sexual response [is] normal... all other variants abnormal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boswell died of complications from <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> in the Yale infirmary<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New Haven, Connecticut, on December 24, 1994, aged 47. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (December 2022)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Boswell#Legacy:_CLAGS_formation_and_John_Boswell" title="Talk:John Boswell">disputed</a></i>]</sup> </p><ul><li>During the late 1980s, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s writings led to the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructivist">social constructivist</a> view of human sexuality which emphasised the historical and cultural specificity of sexual identities such as 'heterosexual' and 'homosexual'. Despite Boswell's friendly relations with Foucault, he remained adamantly opposed to the French theorist's views, which he characterised as a reemergence of medieval <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a>, and defended his own striking <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a> in the face of changing academic fashions.</li> <li>Since his death, Boswell's work has been critiqued by some medievalists and queer theorists, who argue that applying modern concepts of sexuality to pre-modern societies risks anachronism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several other scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Terry_Castle" title="Terry Castle">Terry Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Vanita" title="Ruth Vanita">Ruth Vanita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Rictor Norton</a>, have followed in Boswell's footsteps, building up the field of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> studies (as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>), and proposing that categorizations of humans by sexual predilection much predate the 19th century (where Foucault and his followers place it), both in the West (as in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i>) and in other cultures (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2006, Boswell was named with online resources as an LGBT History Month Icon.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> announced in late April 2021 that an academic building would be renamed in Boswell's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boswell Hall includes the departments of Gender, Sexuality, & Women's Studies and Sociology. Additionally, William & Mary's LGBTQ+ interdisciplinary scholarship program is named in his honor.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Boswell#CLAGS_formation,_in_relation_to_legacy_of_John_Boswell" title="Talk:John Boswell">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century</i> (1977)–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/boswell/contents.htm">Online</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity,_Social_Tolerance,_and_Homosexuality" title="Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality">Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century</a></i> (1980) — winner of the National Book Award,<sup id="cite_ref-nba1981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nba1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226067117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226067117">978-0226067117</a></li> <li><i>Rediscovering Gay History: Archetypes of Gay Love in Christian History</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Homosexuality in the Priesthood and the Religious Life</i> (1991) (co-author)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Same-Sex_Unions_in_Pre-Modern_Europe" title="Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe">Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe</a></i> (1994), Villard Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43228-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43228-0">0-679-43228-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bray" title="Alan Bray">Alan Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer theology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-paper-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paper_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paper_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> This was the 1981 <a href="/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_National_Book_Award#History" title="List of winners of the National Book Award">award for hardcover History</a> <br />From 1980 to 1983 in <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award#History" title="National Book Award">National Book Award history</a> there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Nonfiction#nonfiction_categories" title="National Book Award for Nonfiction">several nonfiction subcategories</a> including General Nonfiction. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1981 History.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dunlap-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunlap_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunlap_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunlap_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunlap_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1994" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Dunlap" title="David W. Dunlap">Dunlap, David W.</a> (25 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/25/obituaries/john-e-boswell-47-historian-of-medieval-gay-culture-dies.html">"John E. Boswell, 47, Historian Of Medieval Gay Culture, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140527185054/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/25/obituaries/john-e-boswell-47-historian-of-medieval-gay-culture-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+E.+Boswell%2C+47%2C+Historian+Of+Medieval+Gay+Culture%2C+Dies&rft.date=1994-12-25&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F12%2F25%2Fobituaries%2Fjohn-e-boswell-47-historian-of-medieval-gay-culture-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamensky1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Kamensky" title="Jane Kamensky">Kamensky, Jane</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPfEWBfwk0C&pg=PA120">"Fighting (over) Words: Speech, Power, and the Moral Imagination in American History"</a>. In Fox, Richard Wightman; <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Westbrook_(historian)" title="Robert B. Westbrook (historian)">Westbrook, Robert B.</a> (eds.). <i>In Face of the Facts: Moral Inquiry in American Scholarship</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052162133X" title="Special:BookSources/052162133X"><bdi>052162133X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fighting+%28over%29+Words%3A+Speech%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Moral+Imagination+in+American+History&rft.btitle=In+Face+of+the+Facts%3A+Moral+Inquiry+in+American+Scholarship&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=052162133X&rft.aulast=Kamensky&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCbPfEWBfwk0C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nba1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nba1981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nba1981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1981">"National Book Awards – 1981"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>. Retrieved 2012-04-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726092201/http://www.pinktriangle.org.uk/lib/hic/">"Homosexuality, Intolerance, and Christianity"</a>. <i>The Pink Triangle Trust Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinktriangle.org.uk/lib/hic/">the original</a> on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pink+Triangle+Trust+Library&rft.atitle=Homosexuality%2C+Intolerance%2C+and+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinktriangle.org.uk%2Flib%2Fhic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816043309/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.html">"People with a History: An Online Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans* History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a></i>. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.html">the original</a> on August 16, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Sergius and Bacchus patron homosexual.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blessing+Same-Sex+Unions%3A+The+Perils+of+Queer+Romance+and+the+Confusions+of+Christian+Marriage&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-226-41033-1&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblessingsame_jord_2005_000_7860512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Duffy_(journalist)" title="Jim Duffy (journalist)">Duffy, Jim</a> (August 11, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiangays.com/marriage/rite.shtml">"CHRISTIANGAYS.COM: When Marriage Between Gays Was a Rite"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027230128/http://www.christiangays.com/marriage/rite.shtml">Archived</a> 2006-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shopland, Norena. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+E.+Boswell%2C+47%2C+Historian+Of+Medieval+Gay+Culture%2C+Dies&rft.date=1994-12-25&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F12%2F25%2Fobituaries%2Fjohn-e-boswell-47-historian-of-medieval-gay-culture-dies.html%3Fscp%3D2%26sq%3Djohn%2520boswell%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paglia; Boswell Reviews, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, July 17, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Johansson" title="Warren Johansson">Warren Johansson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Percy">William A. Percy</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalists.net/2011/05/08/homosexuality-in-the-middle-ages/">Homosexuality in the Middle Ages</a></i>, "Medievalist.net", 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2016" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Rictor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ"><i>Myth of the Modern Homosexual</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474286923" title="Special:BookSources/9781474286923"><bdi>9781474286923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+of+the+Modern+Homosexual&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474286923&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Rictor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkTqDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span> The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm"><i>A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009191518/http://www.lgbthistorymonth.com/john-boswell">"John Boswell"</a>. <i>LGBT History Month</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgbthistorymonth.com/john-boswell">the original</a> on October 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LGBT+History+Month&rft.atitle=John+Boswell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgbthistorymonth.com%2Fjohn-boswell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423152731/https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2021/wm-campus-structures-named-for-trailblazing-alumni.php">"W&M campus structures named for trailblazing alumni"</a>. <i>William & Mary</i>. April 23, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2021/wm-campus-structures-named-for-trailblazing-alumni.php">the original</a> on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary&rft.atitle=W%26M+campus+structures+named+for+trailblazing+alumni&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wm.edu%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2021%2Fwm-campus-structures-named-for-trailblazing-alumni.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Boswell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boswell, John (1989, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304002205/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf">"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories"</a>, <i>Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past</i>, Chauncey et al., eds. New York: Meridian, New American Library, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-01067-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-01067-5">0-452-01067-5</a>.</li> <li>Chauncey et al., eds (1989). "Introduction", <i>Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past</i> (1990), New York: Meridian, New American Library, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-01067-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-01067-5">0-452-01067-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Boswell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Boswell"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">John Boswell</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.html">PEOPLE WITH A HISTORY: John Boswell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/sykeon-adelpho.html">The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon (7th Century) </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/boswell/contents.htm"><i>Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yamp.org/Profiles/JohnBoswell">YAMP: John Boswell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235121/http://yamp.org/Profiles/JohnBoswell">Archived</a> 2019-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1974">John Boswell Papers (MS 1974).</a> Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Nonfiction" title="National Book Award for Nonfiction">National Book Award for Hardcover History</a> </b><br />1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Peter J. Powell</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Leyland" title="Winston Leyland">Winston Leyland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b> <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Book_Award" title="Stonewall Book Award">Stonewall Book Award</a> </b><br />1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">J. R. Roberts</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vito_Russo" title="Vito Russo">Vito Russo</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmKcCkWPppj77qd7RkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131635026">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78000144">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12017502d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12017502d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Boswell, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV023777">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1477192">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX847188">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074919423">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810654962805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007280426405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058599481306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14753627">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/131635026.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028313437">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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