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href="#Amenemhat_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Amenemhat II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amenemhat_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senusret_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senusret_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Senusret II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senusret_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senusret_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senusret_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Senusret III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senusret_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amenemhat_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amenemhat_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Amenemhat III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amenemhat_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amenemhat_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amenemhat_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Amenemhat IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amenemhat_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sobekneferu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sobekneferu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Sobekneferu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sobekneferu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_literature_refined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egyptian_literature_refined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient Egyptian literature refined</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_literature_refined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/12de_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="12de Dinastie van Egipte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="12de Dinastie van Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="الأسرة المصرية الثانية عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأسرة المصرية الثانية عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_ikinci_s%C3%BClal%C9%99_(Misir)" title="On ikinci sülalə (Misir) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="On ikinci sülalə (Misir)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp_T%C4%93-12_%C3%94ng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Ai-ki̍p Tē-12 Ông-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p Tē-12 Ông-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Дванадесета династия на Древен Египет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дванадесета династия на Древен Египет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIvet_tierniezh_Henegipt" title="XIIvet tierniezh Henegipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIIvet tierniezh Henegipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_XII_d%27Egipte" title="Dinastia XII d'Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia XII d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._dynastie" title="12. dynastie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="12. dynastie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Dynastie" title="12. Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="12. Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8E" title="Δωδέκατη δυναστεία Φαραώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δωδέκατη δυναστεία Φαραώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_XII_de_Egipto" title="Dinastía XII de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía XII de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_XII._dinastia" title="Egiptoko XII. dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko XII. dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="دودمان دوازدهم مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان دوازدهم مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="XIIe dynastie égyptienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XIIe dynastie égyptienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_dinast%C3%ADa_exipcia" title="XII dinastía exipcia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="XII dinastía exipcia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%9C12%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="이집트 제12왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 제12왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_kedua_belas_Mesir" title="Dinasti kedua belas Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti kedua belas Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3lfta_konungs%C3%A6ttin" title="Tólfta konungsættin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tólfta konungsættin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_dinastia_egizia" title="XII dinastia egizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XII dinastia egizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="השושלת השתים עשרה של מצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת השתים עשרה של מצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეგვიპტის მეთორმეტე დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტის მეთორმეტე დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._dinasztia" title="XII. dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XII. dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дванаесетта египетска династија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дванаесетта египетска династија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ملوك الاسره المصريه الاتناشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملوك الاسره المصريه الاتناشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_dynastie_van_Egypte" title="12e dynastie van Egypte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="12e dynastie van Egypte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E7%AC%AC12%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="エジプト第12王朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト第12王朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._egyptiske_dynasti" title="12. egyptiske dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="12. egyptiske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_dynastia" title="XII dynastia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XII dynastia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_dinastia_eg%C3%ADpcia" title="XII dinastia egípcia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="XII dinastia egípcia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_XII-a_Dinastie_Egiptean%C4%83" title="A XII-a Dinastie Egipteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A XII-a Dinastie Egipteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="XII династия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XII династия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvanajsta_egip%C4%8Danska_dinastija" title="Dvanajsta egipčanska dinastija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dvanajsta egipčanska dinastija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дванаеста египатска династија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дванаеста египатска династија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvanaesta_dinastija_Egipta" title="Dvanaesta dinastija Egipta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dvanaesta dinastija Egipta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptin_12._dynastia" title="Egyptin 12. dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egyptin 12. dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptens_tolfte_dynasti" title="Egyptens tolfte dynasti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egyptens tolfte dynasti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எகிப்தின் பன்னிரண்டாம் வம்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எகிப்தின் பன்னிரண்டாம் வம்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์ที่สิบสองแห่งอียิปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ที่สิบสองแห่งอียิปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_%C4%B0kinci_Hanedan" title="On İkinci Hanedan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="On İkinci Hanedan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%94%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Дванадцята династія єгипетських фараонів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дванадцята династія єгипетських фараонів" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1991 BC – 1802 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty,_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art,_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of a statue of Amenemhat III 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich"><img alt="Fragment of a statue of Amenemhat III 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg/250px-Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg/375px-Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg/500px-Upper_part_of_a_statue_of_Amenemhat_III._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1800_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Fragment of a statue of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a><br />12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC<br />State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich<br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itjtawy" title="Itjtawy">Itjtawy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1991 BC </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 1802 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">dynasties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">All years are <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Pre-dynastic period</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> I</td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150–2890</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> II</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2890–2686</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> III</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2686–2613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2613–2498</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> V</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2498–2345</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2345–2181</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> spurious</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2181–2160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2160–2130</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> X</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2130–2040</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Early <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2134–2061</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Late <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2061–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelfth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1991–1803</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1803–1649</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1705–1690</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1674–1535</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1660–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1650–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1580–1549</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1549–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1292–1189</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1189–1077</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1069–945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 945–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 837–728</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Nubian</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–653</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 672–525</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty<br />(1st Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 525–404</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 404–398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 398–380</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 380–343</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty<br />(2nd Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 343–332</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Thirty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 332–305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 305–30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fourth Dynasty<br />(Roman Pharaohs)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 30 BC – 313 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh#History" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fifth Dynasty</a><br />(<i>speculated</i>)</div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 379 AD – 641 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs">List of pharaohs by period and dynasty</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periodization of ancient Egypt</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Twelfth Dynasty</b> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> (<b>Dynasty XII</b>) is a series of rulers reigning from 1991–1802 BC (190 years),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="These dates are marked to the pharaohs, and differ from stelae, without attribution (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at what is often considered to be the apex of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (Dynasties XI–XIV). The dynasty periodically expanded its territory from the <a href="/wiki/Nile_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile delta">Nile delta</a> and valley South beyond the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">second cataract</a> and East into <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. </p><p>The Twelfth Dynasty was marked by relative stability and development. It has a notably well recorded history for the period. Its first pharaoh was <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> and its final was <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty is the most stable of any period before the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin Royal Canon</a> gives 213 years (1991–1778 BC). <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> stated that it was based in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, but from contemporary records it is clear that the first king of this dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a>, moved its capital to a new city named "Amenemhat-itj-tawy" ("Amenemhat the Seizer of the Two Lands"), more simply called, <a href="/wiki/Itjtawy" title="Itjtawy">Itjtawy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of Itjtawy has not been discovered yet, but it is thought to be near the <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a>, probably near the royal graveyards at <a href="/wiki/El-Lisht" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Lisht">el-Lisht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The order of its rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty is well known from several sources: two lists recorded at temples in <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> and one at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, as well as lists derived from Manetho's work. A recorded date during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> can be correlated to the <a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequently, many events during this dynasty frequently can be assigned to a specific year. However, scholars now have expressed skepticism in the usefulness of the referred date, due to the fact that location affects observation of the Sothic cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_de_Mieroop-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egypt underwent various developments under the Twelfth Dynasty, including the reorganization of the kingdoms administration and agricultural developments in the Fayyum. The Twelfth Dynasty was also responsible for significant expansion of Egyptian borders, with campaigns pushing into Nubia and the Levant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Twelfth Dynasty is often considered the apex of Egypt's Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom spans the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth</a> dynasties, but some scholars only consider the 11th and 12th dynasties to be part of the Middle Kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Dynasty XII Kings of Egypt </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:110px">Nomen (personal name)</th> <th style="width:120px">Prenomen (throne name)</th> <th style="width:120px"><a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus-name</a></th> <th style="width:50px">Image</th> <th style="width:120px">Date</th> <th style="width:120px">Pyramid</th> <th style="width:200px">Queen(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></td> <td>Sehetepibre</td> <td>Wehemmesu</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amenhet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Amenhet.jpg/100px-Amenhet.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Amenhet.jpg/150px-Amenhet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Amenhet.jpg/200px-Amenhet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></td> <td>1991 – 1962 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Amenemhet I">Pyramid of Amenemhet I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neferitatjenen" title="Neferitatjenen">Neferitatjenen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> (Sesostris I)</td> <td>Kheperkare</td> <td>Ankhmesut</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg/100px-Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg/150px-Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg/200px-Statue_Senusret_I_Petrie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1209" /></a></span></td> <td>1971 – 1926 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_I" title="Pyramid of Senusret I">Pyramid of Senusret I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neferu_III" title="Neferu III">Neferu III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></td> <td>Nubkhaure</td> <td>Hekenemmaat</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amenemhat_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amenemhat_II.jpg/100px-Amenemhat_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amenemhat_II.jpg/150px-Amenemhat_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amenemhat_II.jpg/200px-Amenemhat_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="2440" /></a></span></td> <td>1929 – 1895 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Pyramid" title="White Pyramid">White Pyramid</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaneferu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaneferu (page does not exist)">Kaneferu</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Keminub" title="Keminub">Keminub</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> (Sesostris II)</td> <td>Khakheperre</td> <td>Seshemutawy</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg/100px-Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg/150px-Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg/200px-Statue_Senusret_II_Lille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span></td> <td>1897 – 1878 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II" title="Pyramid of Senusret II">Pyramid</a> at<br /><a href="/wiki/El-Lahun" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Lahun">El-Lahun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khenemetneferhedjet_I" title="Khenemetneferhedjet I">Khenemetneferhedjet I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nofret_II" title="Nofret II">Nofret II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Itaweret" title="Itaweret">Itaweret</a>?<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khnemet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khnemet (page does not exist)">Khnemet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> (Sesostris III)</td> <td>Khakaure</td> <td>Netjerkheperu</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senwosret_III,_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg/100px-Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg/150px-Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg/200px-Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td> <td>1878 – 1839 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_III" title="Pyramid of Senusret III">Pyramid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meretseger_(queen)" title="Meretseger (queen)">Meretseger</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neferthenut" title="Neferthenut">Neferthenut</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khnemetneferhedjet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khnemetneferhedjet II">Khnemetneferhedjet II</a> (Weret)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sithathoriunet" title="Sithathoriunet">Sithathoriunet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></td> <td>Nimaatre</td> <td>Aabau</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amenemhet_III,_basalto,_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amenemhet_III%2C_basalto%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG/100px-Amenemhet_III%2C_basalto%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amenemhet_III%2C_basalto%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG/150px-Amenemhet_III%2C_basalto%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amenemhet_III%2C_basalto%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG/200px-Amenemhet_III%2C_basalto%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_del_XIX_sec._ac._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></td> <td>1860 – 1814 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pyramid">Black Pyramid</a>; Pyramid at <a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aat_(queen)" title="Aat (queen)">Aat</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetepi_(queen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hetepi (queen) (page does not exist)">Hetepi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khenemetneferhedjet_III" title="Khenemetneferhedjet III">Khenemetneferhedjet III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></td> <td>Maakherure</td> <td>Kheperkheperu</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmmenemesIV(Front)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AmmenemesIV%28Front%29-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/100px-AmmenemesIV%28Front%29-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AmmenemesIV%28Front%29-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/150px-AmmenemesIV%28Front%29-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AmmenemesIV%28Front%29-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/200px-AmmenemesIV%28Front%29-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2286" /></a></span></td> <td>1815 – 1806 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mazghuna_pyramid" title="Southern Mazghuna pyramid">Southern Mazghuna pyramid</a> (conjectural)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a></td> <td>Sobekkare</td> <td>Merytre</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Sobekneferu_(Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg/100px-Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg/150px-Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg/200px-Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td> <td>1806 – 1802 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mazghuna_pyramid" title="Northern Mazghuna pyramid">Northern Mazghuna pyramid</a> (conjectural)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Known rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amenemhat_I">Amenemhat I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amenemhat I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a>, who may have been <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">vizier</a> to the last king of <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty XI">Dynasty XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a>. His armies campaigned south as far as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cataract" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Cataract">Second Cataract</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile</a> and into southern <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. As a part of his militaristic expansion of Egypt, Amenemhat I ordered the construction of multiple military forts in Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornung-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reestablished diplomatic relations with the Canaanite state of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> and Hellenic rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. He was the father of Senusret I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senusret_I">Senusret I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Senusret I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first ten years of his reign, <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> ruled as a coregent alongside his father, Amenemhat I. He continued his fathers campaigns into Nubia, expanding Egyptian control to the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Third Cataract</a> of the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornung-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to pursuing militaristic expansion, Senusret I was also responsible for internal growth within Egypt. As king, he initiated a considerable amount of building projects across Egypt, including pyramids in <a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a>, a temple at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> and oversaw the renovation of the kingdoms major temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_de_Mieroop-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amenemhat_II">Amenemhat II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Amenemhat II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/220px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/330px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/440px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Senwosret_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Senwosret II">Senwosret II</a>. It functioned as a divine guardian for the <a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">imiut</a>, and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike his predecessors, <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> was king during a time of peace. Under his reign, trade boomed with other states in Asia, the Mediterranean, and Africa. He built his mortuary complex near Memphis at Dahshur.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornung-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senusret_II">Senusret II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senusret II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Faiyum_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Faiyum_map.jpg/220px-El_Faiyum_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Faiyum_map.jpg/330px-El_Faiyum_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Faiyum_map.jpg/440px-El_Faiyum_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the north of Egypt, with the Fayyum highlighted in the black square.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> also reigned during a time of peace. He was the first king to develop the Fayyum Basin for agricultural production. This development was complex, requiring the digging of several canals and the draining of a lake in order to maximize the Fayyum’s agricultural output. The Middle Kingdom development of the Fayyum later became the basis for the Ptolemaic and Roman efforts that turned the region into the bread basket of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornung-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty,_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art,_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg/220px-Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg/330px-Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg/440px-Head_of_Senusret_III_with_youthful_features._12th_Dynasty%2C_c._1870_BC._State_Museum_of_Egyptian_Art%2C_Munich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Head of Senusret III with youthful features, 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC, State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Sobekneferu_(Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Statue_of_Sobekneferu_%28Berlin_Egyptian_Museum_14475%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Sobekneferu was the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_Abkau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stele_of_Abkau.jpg/170px-Stele_of_Abkau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stele_of_Abkau.jpg/255px-Stele_of_Abkau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stele_of_Abkau.jpg/340px-Stele_of_Abkau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="7952" /></a><figcaption>Stele of Abkau dates to the 12th Dynasty</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senusret_III">Senusret III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senusret III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finding <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> had grown restive under the previous rulers, Senusret sent punitive expeditions into that land. As a part of his effort to subdue Nubia, he ordered the construction of several new fortresses as well as the expansion of existing ones along the border with Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also sent an expedition into the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Senusret III's military career contributed to his prestige during the New Kingdom, as he was regarded as a warrior king and even revered as a god in Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_de_Mieroop-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Senusret III’s significant internal developments was the centralization of administrative power in the kingdom, which replaced the nome system with three large administrative districts that encompassed all of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornung-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amenemhat_III">Amenemhat III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amenemhat III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senusret's successor <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> reaffirmed his predecessor's foreign policy. However, after Amenemhat, the energies of this dynasty were largely spent, and the growing troubles of government were left to the dynasty's last ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>, to resolve. Amenemhat was remembered for the mortuary temple at <a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a> that he built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amenemhat_IV">Amenemhat IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amenemhat IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> succeeded his father, Amenemhat III, and ruled for approximately nine years. At the time of his death, Amenemhat IV had no apparent heir, leading to Sobekneferu’s ascension to the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sobekneferu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>, a daughter of Amenemhat III, was the first known woman to become king of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_de_Mieroop-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was left with the unresolved governmental issues that are noted as arising during her father's reign when she succeeded Amenemhat IV, thought to be her brother, half brother, or step brother.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, she became the heir to the throne because her older sister, <a href="/wiki/Neferuptah" title="Neferuptah">Neferuptah</a>, who would have been the next in line to rule, died at an early age. Sobekneferu was the last king of the twelfth dynasty. There is no record of her having an heir. She also had a relatively short nearly four year reign and the next dynasty began with a shift in succession, possibly to unrelated heirs of Amenemhat IV.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Egyptian_literature_refined">Ancient Egyptian literature refined</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian literature refined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several famous works of Egyptian literature originated from the 12th Dynasty. Perhaps the best known work from this period is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Sinuhe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of Sinuhe">The Story of Sinuhe</a></i>, of which <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> copies dating as late as the New Kingdom have been recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the existing literature pertaining to the 12th Dynasty are propagandistic in nature. The <i><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Neferti" title="Prophecy of Neferti">Prophecy of Neferti</a></i> establishes a revisionist account of history that legitimizes Amenemhat I’s rule. Written during the reign of Amenemhat I, described a sage’s prophecy given to the 4th Dynasty King Snefru that predicted a destructive civil war. It writes that the sage, Neferti, prophesied that a great king named Ameny (Amenemhat I) would lead a united Egypt out of this tumultuous period.<sup id="cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work also mentions Amenemhat I's mother being from<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Elephantine Egyptian nome <a href="/wiki/Ta-Seti" title="Ta-Seti">Ta-Seti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars in recent years have argued that Amenemhat I's mother was of Nubian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other known works attributed to the 12th Dynasty include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dispute_between_a_man_and_his_Ba" title="Dispute between a man and his Ba">Dispute Between a Man and his Ba</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complaints_of_Khakheperraseneb" title="Complaints of Khakheperraseneb">Complaints of Khakheperre-sonb</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Instructions_of_Amenemhat" title="Instructions of Amenemhat">Instructions of Amenemhat</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eloquent_Peasant" title="The Eloquent Peasant">The Eloquent Peasant</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:12th_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:12th dynasty of Egypt">12th dynasty of Egypt</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execration_texts" title="Execration texts">Execration texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ancient Egypt">History of Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_Dorothea1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Arnold" title="Dorothea Arnold">Arnold, Dorothea</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5344656">"Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes"</a>. <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. <b>26</b>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: 5–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512902">10.2307/1512902</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512902">1512902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191398579">191398579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=Amenemhat+I+and+the+Early+Twelfth+Dynasty+at+Thebes&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=5-48&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191398579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1512902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1512902&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Dorothea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5344656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=092jP1lBhtoC&pg=PA159"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280458-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D092jP1lBhtoC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Parker, Richard A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caeno.org/_Nabonassar/pdf/Parker_Sothic%20dating_si.pdf">"The Sothic Dating of the Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sothic+Dating+of+the+Twelfth+and+Eighteenth+Dynasties&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Honor+of+George+R.+Hughes&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaeno.org%2F_Nabonassar%2Fpdf%2FParker_Sothic%2520dating_si.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_de_Mieroop-2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_de_Mieroop-2011_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011" class="citation book cs1">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). <i>A history of ancient Egypt</i>. Blackwell history of the ancient world (1. publ ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6071-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-6071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chichester&rft.series=Blackwell+history+of+the+ancient+world&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6071-1&rft.aulast=Van+de+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornung-1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornung-1999_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornung1999" class="citation book cs1">Hornung, Erik (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrcpd"><i>History of Ancient Egypt: Translated by David Lorton</i></a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1342-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-1342-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrcpd">10.3366/j.ctvxcrcpd</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Translated+by+David+Lorton&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrcpd%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1342-7&rft.aulast=Hornung&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrcpd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864">"Guardian Figure"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Guardian+Figure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F543864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2014" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Alan B., ed. (2014). <i>A companion to ancient Egypt</i>. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World (Paperback ed.). Malden, Mass.: Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78514-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78514-0"><bdi>978-1-118-78514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78514-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodson, Hilton, <i>The Complete Royal Families of Egypt</i>, 2004, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryholt, <i>The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period</i> (1997), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litchteim-2024-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litchteim-2024_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitchteim2024" class="citation book cs1">Litchteim, Miriam (March 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqc6j1s"><i>Ancient Egyptian Literature</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvqc6j1s">10.2307/j.ctvqc6j1s</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97361-9"><bdi>978-0-520-97361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature&rft.pages=872&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvqc6j1s&rft.isbn=978-0-520-97361-9&rft.aulast=Litchteim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvqc6j1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Then a king will come from the South, Ameny, the justified, by name, son of a woman of Ta-seti, child of Upper Egypt"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/kingship-power-and-legitimacy-in-ancient-egypt/beginning-of-the-twelfth-dynasty/5935C3DF9B4552CCE8AD67124B1E0BA0">"The Beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty"</a>. <i>Kingship, Power, and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt: From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom</i>. Cambridge University Press: 138–160. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108914529.006">10.1017/9781108914529.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108914529" title="Special:BookSources/9781108914529"><bdi>9781108914529</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242213167">242213167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kingship%2C+Power%2C+and+Legitimacy+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+From+the+Old+Kingdom+to+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.atitle=The+Beginning+of+the+Twelfth+Dynasty&rft.pages=138-160&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242213167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108914529.006&rft.isbn=9781108914529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fkingship-power-and-legitimacy-in-ancient-egypt%2Fbeginning-of-the-twelfth-dynasty%2F5935C3DF9B4552CCE8AD67124B1E0BA0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ammenemes himself was not a Theban but the son of a woman from Elephantine called Nofret and a priest called Sesostris (‘The man of the Great Goddess’).",<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1994" class="citation book cs1">Grimal, Nicolas (1994). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell+%28July+19%2C+1994%29&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Senusret, a commoner as the father of Amenemhet, his mother, Nefert, came from the area Elephantine."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Clayton2006" class="citation book cs1">A. Clayton, Peter (2006). <i>Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Pharaohs%3A+The+Reign-by-Reign+Record+of+the+Rulers+and+Dynasties+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=A.+Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Amenemhet I was a commoner, the son of one Sen- wosret and a woman named NEFRET, listed as prominent members of a family from ELEPHANTINE Island."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Margaret (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Facts on File Library of World History)</i>. Facts on File. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt+%28Facts+on+File+Library+of+World+History%29&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In a literary source, The Prophecy of Neferty, the origin of the king from the common people of Upper Egypt with a mother from the very south of Egypt"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1991" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Dorothea (1991). "Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes". <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. <b>26</b>: 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512902">10.2307/1512902</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512902">1512902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=Amenemhat+I+and+the+Early+Twelfth+Dynasty+at+Thebes&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1512902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1512902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This opens up several questions about the role of the elite families of Elephantine at the end of the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty, especially taking into account that Amenemhat I’s mother came from that region, according to the Prophecy of Neferti"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez_SerranoSánchez_León2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jiménez Serrano, Alejandro; Sánchez León, Juan Carlos (2015). "A Forgotten Governor Of Elephantine During The Twelfth Dynasty: Ameny". <i>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. <b>101</b>. The Egypt Exploration Society: 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Forgotten+Governor+Of+Elephantine+During+The+Twelfth+Dynasty%3A+Ameny&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez+Serrano&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Juan+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"but also openly admitted the king’s humble origin. Without mentioning her name, Neferti simply stated that the king’s mother was a woman from the first Upper Egyptian nome (tA-sty)."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Josephson2009" class="citation book cs1">A. Josephson, Jack (2009). <i>Offerings to the Discerning Eye</i>. Brill. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offerings+to+the+Discerning+Eye&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=A.+Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the fact that the mother of Ammenemes I, whose name appears to have been Nefert, was a native of the nome of Elephantine"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Hayes1961" class="citation book cs1">C. Hayes, William (1961). <i>The Middle Kingdom in Egypt. Internal History from the Rise of the Heracleopolitans to the Death of Ammenemes III</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Kingdom+in+Egypt.+Internal+History+from+the+Rise+of+the+Heracleopolitans+to+the+Death+of+Ammenemes+III&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=C.+Hayes&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The mother of Amenemhet was apparently named Nefert and was a native of the nome, or province, of Elephantine"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/amenemhet-i">"Amenemhet I"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amenemhet+I&rft.btitle=encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Famenemhet-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>General History of Africa Volume II - Ancient civilizations of Africa (ed. G Moktar)</i>. UNESCO. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa+Volume+II+-+Ancient+civilizations+of+Africa+%28ed.+G+Moktar%29&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=UNESCO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2021" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Keith W. (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-021-09453-7">"Critique of the "Black Pharaohs" Theme: Racist Perspectives of Egyptian and Kushite/Nubian Interactions in Popular Media"</a>. <i>African Archaeological Review</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 695–712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-021-09453-7">10.1007/s10437-021-09453-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9842">1572-9842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238718279">238718279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Critique+of+the+%22Black+Pharaohs%22+Theme%3A+Racist+Perspectives+of+Egyptian+and+Kushite%2FNubian+Interactions+in+Popular+Media&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695-712&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238718279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-9842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10437-021-09453-7&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10437-021-09453-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobban2021" class="citation book cs1">Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (10 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRUYEAAAQBAJ&dq=amenemhat+textual+evidence+nubian+mother&pg=PA28"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ancient Nubia</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538133392" title="Special:BookSources/9781538133392"><bdi>9781538133392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Nubia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021-04-10&rft.isbn=9781538133392&rft.aulast=Lobban&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRUYEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Damenemhat%2Btextual%2Bevidence%2Bnubian%2Bmother%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2018" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Ellen (6 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jyRgDwAAQBAJ&dq=Amenemhat+I+%22nubian+origin%22&pg=PA72"><i>Ancient Egyptian Imperialism</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3677-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-3677-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Imperialism&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3677-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjyRgDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAmenemhat%2BI%2B%2522nubian%2Borigin%2522%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2021" class="citation book cs1">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). <i>A history of ancient Egypt</i> (Second ed.). Chichester: Wiley. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119620877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119620877"><bdi>978-1119620877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1119620877&rft.aulast=Van+de+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2017" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Joann (2017). <i>The story of Egypt : the civilization that shaped the world</i> (First paperback ed.). New York: Pegasus Books. pp. Chapter 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1681774565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1681774565"><bdi>978-1681774565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Egypt+%3A+the+civilization+that+shaped+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+12&rft.edition=First+paperback&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1681774565&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Joann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stuart Tyson (8 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jeh/11/1-2/article-p113_6.xml">"Ethnicity: Constructions of Self and Other in Ancient Egypt"</a>. <i>Journal of Egyptian History</i>. <b>11</b> (1–2): 113–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18741665-12340045">10.1163/18741665-12340045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-1665">1874-1665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203315839">203315839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Egyptian+History&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%3A+Constructions+of+Self+and+Other+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=113-146&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203315839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-1665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18741665-12340045&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Tyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjeh%2F11%2F1-2%2Farticle-p113_6.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelfth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Egyptian dynasties">Dynasty of Egypt</a> </b><br />1991 − 1802 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719639#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009005152">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007540758205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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