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<li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_to_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_to_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1970s to 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_to_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Competition segments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competition_segments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competition segments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competition_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rhythm dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Free dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinued_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinued_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Discontinued segments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinued_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compulsory_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Compulsory dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Original dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Competition elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rules and regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_and_regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules and regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Falls_and_interruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falls_and_interruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Falls and interruptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falls_and_interruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice dance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysdans" title="Ysdans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ysdans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="الرقص على الجليد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرقص على الجليد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdans" title="Isdans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isdans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eistanz" title="Eistanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eistanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4tants" title="Jäätants – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jäätants" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_sobre_hielo" title="Danza sobre hielo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danza sobre hielo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="رقص روی یخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقص روی یخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_sur_glace" title="Danse sur glace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danse sur glace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%84%EC%8B%B1" title="아이스 댄싱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이스 댄싱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बर्फ नृत्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्फ नृत्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansa_es" title="Dansa es – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dansa es" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_su_ghiaccio" title="Danza su ghiaccio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danza su ghiaccio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಐಸ್‌ ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸಿಂಗ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಸ್‌ ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸಿಂಗ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Мұз үстіндегі би – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұз үстіндегі би" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9gt%C3%A1nc" title="Jégtánc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jégtánc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="الرقص على الجليد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الرقص على الجليد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="हिउँ नृत्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिउँ नृत्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="アイスダンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスダンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdans" title="Isdans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isdans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary_taneczne" title="Pary taneczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pary taneczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a_no_gelo" title="Dança no gelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dança no gelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Спортивные танцы на льду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спортивные танцы на льду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing" title="Ice dancing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ice dancing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tance_na_%C4%BEade" title="Tance na ľade – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tance na ľade" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4tanssi" title="Jäätanssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jäätanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdans" title="Isdans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isdans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasayaw_sa_yelo" title="Pagsasayaw sa yelo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsasayaw sa yelo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பனி சறுக்கு நடனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனி சறுக்கு நடனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz_dans%C4%B1" title="Buz dansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buz dansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Спортивні танці на льоду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спортивні танці на льоду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E8%88%9E" title="冰舞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰舞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dancing&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice dancing">Ice dancing</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Discipline of figure skating that draws from ballroom dancing</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Ice dance</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg/220px-Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg/330px-Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg/440px-Minenkov_and_Moiseeva_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ice dance in 1976, its first year as an official Olympic sport (<a href="/wiki/Irina_Moiseeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Irina Moiseeva">Irina Moiseeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Minenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Minenkov">Andrei Minenkov</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Duos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Figure_skate" title="Figure skate">Figure skates</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Part of the Winter Olympics from <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics">1976</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ice dance</b> (sometimes referred to as <b>ice dancing</b>) is a discipline of <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> that historically draws from <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballroom dancing">ballroom dancing</a>. It joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="World Figure Skating Championships">World Figure Skating Championships</a> in 1952, and became a <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> medal sport in 1976. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a> (ISU), the governing body of figure skating, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ice dance, like <a href="/wiki/Pairs_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Pairs skating">pair skating</a>, has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate <a href="/wiki/Waltzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltzes">waltzes</a>, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Haines" title="Jackson Haines">Jackson Haines</a>, known as "the Father of Figure Skating",<sup id="cite_ref-blakemore_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakemore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions on the ice became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local skating clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England. </p><p>The first national competitions occurred in England, Canada, the U.S., and Austria during the 1930s. The first international ice dance competition took place as a special event at the <a href="/wiki/1950_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1950 World Figure Skating Championships">World Championships in 1950</a> in London. British ice dance teams dominated the sport throughout the 1950s and 1960s, then Soviet teams up until the 1990s. Ice dance was formally added to the <a href="/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1952 World Figure Skating Championships">1952 World Figure Skating Championships</a>; it became an Olympic sport in 1976. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an attempt by ice dancers, their coaches, and choreographers to move ice dance away from its ballroom origins to more theatrical performances. The ISU pushed back by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, ice dance lost much of its integrity as a sport after a series of judging scandals, which also affected the other figure skating disciplines. There were calls to suspend the sport for a year to deal with the dispute, which seemed to affect ice dance teams from North America the most. Teams from North America began to dominate the sport starting in the early 2000s. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_figure_skating_season" title="2010–11 figure skating season">2010–11 figure skating season</a>, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_dance" title="Compulsory dance">compulsory dance</a> (CD), the <a href="/wiki/Original_dance" title="Original dance">original dance</a> (OD), and the <a href="/wiki/Free_dance_(ice_dance)" title="Free dance (ice dance)">free dance</a> (FD). In 2010, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new <a href="/wiki/Short_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Short dance">short dance</a> (SD) segment to the competition schedule. In 2018, the ISU voted to rename the short dance to the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_dance" title="Rhythm dance">rhythm dance</a> (RD). </p><p>Ice dance has required elements that competitors must perform and that make up a well-balanced ice dance program. They include the dance <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_lifts" title="Figure skating lifts">lift</a>, the dance <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_spins" title="Figure skating spins">spin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Step_sequence" title="Step sequence">step sequence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twizzle" title="Twizzle">twizzles</a>, and choreographic elements. These must be performed in specific ways, as described in published communications by the ISU, unless otherwise specified. Each year the ISU publishes a list specifying the points that can be deducted from performance scores for various reasons, including falls, interruptions, and violations of the rules concerning time, music, and clothing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_Haines2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jackson_Haines2.jpg/220px-Jackson_Haines2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jackson_Haines2.jpg/330px-Jackson_Haines2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Jackson_Haines2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Jackson Haines, the "father of figure skating"<sup id="cite_ref-blakemore_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakemore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ice dance, like <a href="/wiki/Pair_skating" title="Pair skating">pair skating</a>, has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate <a href="/wiki/Waltzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltzes">waltzes</a>, marches, and other social dances together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003xiv,_102_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003xiv,_102-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, ice dance began with late 19th-century attempts by the Viennese and British to create ballroom-style performances on ice skates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003221_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003221-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, figure skating historian James Hines argues that ice dance had its beginnings in hand-in-hand skating, a short-lived but popular discipline of figure skating in England in the 1890s; many of the positions used in modern ice dance can be traced back to hand-in-hand skating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines200636_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines200636-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing, so unlike modern ice dance, skaters tended to keep both feet on the ice most of the time, without the "long and flowing edges associated with graceful figure skating".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006120_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1800s, American <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Haines" title="Jackson Haines">Jackson Haines</a>, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating to Europe. He taught people in Vienna how to dance on the ice, both singly and with partners. Capitalizing on the popularity of the waltz in Vienna, Haines introduced the American waltz, a simple four-step sequence, each step lasting one beat of music, repeated as the partners moved in a circular pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-blakemore_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakemore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1880s, it and the Jackson Haines waltz, a variation of the American waltz, were among the most popular ice dances. Other popular ice dance steps included the <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">mazurka</a>, a version of the Jackson Haines waltz developed in Sweden, and the three-step waltz, which Hines considers "the direct predecessor of ice dancing in the modern sense".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006120_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-step waltz, which was done around the perimeter of the ice rink, was first skated in 1894 in Paris and within a few years became a craze throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxxii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxxii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, the three-step waltz, called the English waltz in Europe, became the standard for waltzing competitions. It was first skated in Paris in 1894; Hines states that it was responsible for the popularity of ice dance in Europe. The three-step waltz was easy and could be done by less skilled skaters, although more experienced skaters added variations to make it more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006121_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006121-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines200661_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines200661-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other steps, the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_figure_skating_terms#K" title="Glossary of figure skating terms">killian</a> and the ten-step, survived into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines200661_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines200661-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006122_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ten-step, which became the fourteen-step, was first skated by Franz Schöller in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-hines2006-122_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hines2006-122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the 1890s, combined and hand-in-hand skating moved skating away from basic figures to the continuous movement of ice dancers around an ice rink. Hines insists that the popularity of skating waltzes, which depended upon the speed and flow across the ice of couples in dance positions and not just on holding hands with a partner, ended the popularity of hand-in-hand skating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006119_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006119-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hines writes that Vienna was "the dancing capital of Europe, both on and off skates"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006122_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the 19th century; by the end of the century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006121_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006121-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killian, first skated in 1909 by Austrian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Schreiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Schreiter (page does not exist)">Karl Schreiter</a>, was the last ice dance invented before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> still being done as of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006123_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006123-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg/220px-Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg/330px-Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg/440px-Eva_Romanov%C3%A1_and_Pavel_Roman_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eva_Romanov%C3%A1" title="Eva Romanová">Eva Romanová</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Roman" title="Pavel Roman">Pavel Roman</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests in the ten-step, the fourteen-step, and the killian, which were the only three dances used in competition until the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003221_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003221-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006124_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England, and new and more difficult set-pattern dances, which later were used in compulsory dances during competitions, were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003222_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003222-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hines, the development of new ice dances was necessary to expand upon the three dances already developed; three British teams in the 1930s—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_van_der_Wyden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik van der Wyden (page does not exist)">Erik van der Wyden</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Keats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Keats (page does not exist)">Eva Keats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Wilkie" title="Reginald Wilkie">Reginald Wilkie</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daphne_B._Wallis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daphne B. Wallis (page does not exist)">Daphne B. Wallis</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Dench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Dench (page does not exist)">Robert Dench</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Stewart" title="Rosemarie Stewart">Rosemarie Stewart</a>—created one-fourth of the dances used in <a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a> (ISU) competitions by 2006. In 1933, the Westminster Skating Club conducted a competition encouraging the creation of new dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006123–124_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006123–124-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the mid-1930s, national organizations began to introduce skating proficiency tests in set-pattern dances, improve the judging of dance tests, and oversee competitions. The first national competitions occurred in England in 1934, Canada in 1935, the U.S. in 1936, and Austria in 1937. These competitions included one or more compulsory dances, the original dance, and the free dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003222_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003222-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011102_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1930s, ice dancers swelled memberships in skating clubs throughout the world, and in Hines' words "became the backbone of skating clubs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006124_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ISU began to develop rules, standards, and international tests for ice dance in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003223_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003223-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first international ice dance competition occurred as a special event during the <a href="/wiki/1950_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1950 World Figure Skating Championships">1950 World Figure Skating Championships</a> in London; <a href="/wiki/Lois_Waring" title="Lois Waring">Lois Waring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_McGean" title="Michael McGean">Michael McGean</a> of the U.S. won the event, much to the embarrassment of the British, who considered themselves the best ice dancers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006173–174_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006173–174-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second event was planned the following year, at the <a href="/wiki/1951_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1951 World Figure Skating Championships">1951 World Championships</a> in Milan; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(figure_skater)" title="Jean Westwood (figure skater)">Jean Westwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Demmy" title="Lawrence Demmy">Lawrence Demmy</a> of Great Britain came in first place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006174_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006174-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice dance, with the CD and FD segments, was formally added to the <a href="/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1952 World Figure Skating Championships">World Championships in 1952</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003223_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003223-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westwood and Demmy won that year, and went on to dominate ice dance, winning the next four World Championships as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011102_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006174_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006174-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British teams won every world ice dance title through 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011120_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eva_Romanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Romanova">Eva Romanova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Roman" title="Pavel Roman">Pavel Roman</a> of Czechoslovakia were the first non-British ice dancers to win a world title, in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxxi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxxi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_to_1990s">1970s to 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s to 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ice dance became an Olympic sport in 1976; <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Pakhomova" title="Lyudmila Pakhomova">Lyudmila Pakhomova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Gorshkov_(figure_skater)" title="Aleksandr Gorshkov (figure skater)">Alexandr Gorshkov</a> from the Soviet Union were the first gold medalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003223_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003223-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxvi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxvi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets dominated ice dance during most of the 1970s, as they did in pair skating. They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006217–218_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006217–218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, British dancers <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Torvill" title="Jayne Torvill">Jayne Torvill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dean" title="Christopher Dean">Christopher Dean</a>, who Hines calls "the greatest ice dancers in the history of the sport",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006240_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006240-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> briefly interrupted Soviet domination of ice dance by winning a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">Olympic Games in Sarajevo</a>. Their free dance to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro" title="Boléro">Boléro</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been called "probably the most well known single program in the history of ice dance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003228_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003228-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hines asserts that Torvill and Dean, with their innovative choreography, dramatically altered "established concepts of ice dancing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006239_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006239-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg/220px-Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg/330px-Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg/440px-Jayne_Torvill_and_Christopher_Dean_-_Dancing_on_Ice_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torvill_and_Dean" title="Torvill and Dean">Torvill and Dean</a> performing in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1970s, there was a movement in ice dance away from its ballroom roots to a more theatrical style. The top Soviet teams were the first to emphasize the dramatic aspects of ice dance, as well as the first to choreograph their programs around a central theme. They also incorporated elements of <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> techniques, especially "the classic ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Pas_de_deux" title="Pas de deux">pas de deux</a></i> of the high-art instance of a man and woman dancing together".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003228_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003228-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They performed as predictable characters, included body positions that were no longer rooted in traditional ballroom holds, and used music with less predictable rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003228_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003228-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russell_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ISU pushed back during the 1980s and 1990s by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing, especially in the free dance. The restrictions introduced during this period were designed to emphasize skating skills rather than the theatrical and dramatic aspects of ice dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003239–240_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003239–240-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hostilerules_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hostilerules-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kestnbaum argues that there was a conflict in the ice dance community between social dance, represented by the British, the Canadians, and the Americans, and theatrical dance represented by the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003244_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKestnbaum2003244-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the historic and traditional cultural school of ice dance prevailed, but in 1998 the ISU reduced penalties for violations and relaxed rules on technical content, in what Hines describes as a "major step forward"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006242_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006242-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in recognizing the move towards more theatrical skating in ice dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006242_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006242-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Olympics</a>, while ice dance was struggling to retain its integrity and legitimacy as a sport, writer Jere Longman reported that ice dance was "mired in controversies",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including bloc voting by the judges that favored European dance teams. There were even calls to suspend the sport for a year to deal with the dispute, which seemed to impact ice dance teams from North America the most. A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics_figure_skating_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal">controversy at the 2002 Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Olympics_Figure_Skating_Dance_-_Tessa_VIRTUE_-_Scott_MOIR_-_Gold_Medal_-_8302a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010_Olympics_Figure_Skating_Dance_-_Tessa_VIRTUE_-_Scott_MOIR_-_Gold_Medal_-_8302a.jpg/220px-2010_Olympics_Figure_Skating_Dance_-_Tessa_VIRTUE_-_Scott_MOIR_-_Gold_Medal_-_8302a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010_Olympics_Figure_Skating_Dance_-_Tessa_VIRTUE_-_Scott_MOIR_-_Gold_Medal_-_8302a.jpg/330px-2010_Olympics_Figure_Skating_Dance_-_Tessa_VIRTUE_-_Scott_MOIR_-_Gold_Medal_-_8302a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/2010_Olympics_Figure_Skating_Dance_-_Tessa_VIRTUE_-_Scott_MOIR_-_Gold_Medal_-_8302a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Canadian ice dancers <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Virtue" title="Tessa Virtue">Tessa Virtue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Moir" title="Scott Moir">Scott Moir</a> are the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.</figcaption></figure> <p>The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> in Vancouver by Canadians <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Virtue" title="Tessa Virtue">Tessa Virtue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Moir" title="Scott Moir">Scott Moir</a> and Americans <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Davis" title="Meryl Davis">Meryl Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_White_(figure_skater)" title="Charlie White (figure skater)">Charlie White</a>. The Canadian ice dance team won the first Olympic ice dance gold medal for North America, and the Americans won the silver. Russians <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Domnina" title="Oksana Domnina">Oksana Domnina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Shabalin" title="Maxim Shabalin">Maxim Shabalin</a> won bronze, but it was the first time Europeans had not won a gold medal in the history of ice dance at the Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. began to dominate international competitions in ice dance; at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Olympics</a> in Sochi, Davis and White won the Olympic gold medal.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">Olympics</a> in Pyeongchang, Virtue and Moir became the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history after winning the gold medal there.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Papadakis" title="Gabriella Papadakis">Gabriella Papadakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Cizeron" title="Guillaume Cizeron">Guillaume Cizeron</a> of France won the Olympic gold medal; they went on to win the gold medal at the World championships a few months later, ending the North American domination on ice dance. Papadakis and Cizeron broke the world record at both events.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Caroline Silby, a consultant with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating" title="U.S. Figure Skating">U.S. Figure Skating</a>, ice dance teams and pair skaters have the added challenge of strengthening partnerships and ensuring that teams stay together for several years; unresolved conflict between partners can often cause the early break-up of a team. Silby further asserts that the early demise or break-up of a team is often caused by consistent and unresolved conflict between partners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilby201892_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilby201892-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both ice dancers and pairs skaters face challenges that make conflict resolution and communication difficult: fewer available boys for girls to partner with; different priorities regarding commitment and scheduling; differences in partners' ages and developmental stages; differences in family situations; the common necessity of one or both partners moving to train at a new facility; and different skill levels when the partnership is formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilby201892–93_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilby201892–93-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silby estimates that the lack of effective communication within dance and pairs teams is associated with a six-fold increase in the risk of ending their partnerships. Teams with strong skills in communication and conflict resolution, however, tend to produce more successful medalists at national championship events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilby201893_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilby201893-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_segments">Competition segments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Competition segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_figure_skating_season" title="2010–11 figure skating season">2010–2011 figure skating season</a>, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Dance">compulsory dance</a> (CD), the <a href="/wiki/Original_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Dance">original dance</a> (OD), and the <a href="/wiki/Free_dance_(ice_dance)" title="Free dance (ice dance)">free dance</a> (FD). In 2010, after many years of pressure from the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) to restructure competitive ice dance to follow the other figure skating disciplines, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new short dance segment to the competition schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-sdfsc_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdfsc-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the then-president of the ISU, <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Cinquanta" title="Ottavio Cinquanta">Ottavio Cinquanta</a>, the changes were also made because "the compulsory dances were not very attractive for spectators and television".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new ice dance competition format was first included in the 2010–2011 season, incorporating just two segments: the short dance (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_dance" title="Rhythm dance">rhythm dance</a>, or RD in 2018) and the free dance.<sup id="cite_ref-sdfsc_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdfsc-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm_dance">Rhythm dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rhythm dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_dance" title="Rhythm dance">Rhythm dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg/220px-Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg/330px-Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg/440px-Madison_Chock_%26_Evan_Bates_2022_Skate_America_Free_Dance_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madison_Chock" title="Madison Chock">Madison Chock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bates" title="Evan Bates">Evan Bates</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>The RD is the first segment performed in all junior and senior ice dance competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, senior skaters no longer had to include a pattern dance; instead they were judged for performing a choreographic rhythm section, which was evaluated as a choreographic element.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RD must also include a short six-second <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_lifts" title="Figure skating lifts">lift</a>, a set of <a href="/wiki/Twizzle" title="Twizzle">twizzles</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Step_sequence" title="Step sequence">step sequence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sdfsc_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdfsc-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gif_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gif-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rhythms and themes of the RD are determined by the ISU prior to the start of each new season.<sup id="cite_ref-sdfsc_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdfsc-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gif_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gif-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RD should be "developed through skating skill and quality", instead of through "non-skating actions such as sliding on one knee"<sup id="cite_ref-S&P/ID_2022-142_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&P/ID_2022-142-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or through the use of toe steps (which should only be used to reflect the dance's character and the music's nuances and underlining rhythm).<sup id="cite_ref-S&P/ID_2021-139_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&P/ID_2021-139-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RD must have a duration of two minutes and fifty seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-80_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-80-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first RD in international competitions was performed by U.S. junior ice dancers <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Cannuscio" title="Anastasia Cannuscio">Anastasia Cannuscio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_McManus" title="Colin McManus">Colin McManus</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix" title="2010–11 ISU Junior Grand Prix">2010 Junior Grand Prix Courchevel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American ice dancers <a href="/wiki/Madison_Chock" title="Madison Chock">Madison Chock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bates" title="Evan Bates">Evan Bates</a> hold the highest RD score of 93.91, which they achieved at the <a href="/wiki/2023_ISU_World_Team_Trophy_in_Figure_Skating" title="2023 ISU World Team Trophy in Figure Skating">2023 World Team Trophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isu-progress-D-RD_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isu-progress-D-RD-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_dance">Free dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Free dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_dance_(ice_dance)" title="Free dance (ice dance)">Free dance (ice dance)</a></div> <p>The free dance (FD) takes place after the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_dance" title="Rhythm dance">rhythm dance</a> in all junior and senior ice dance competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISU defines the FD as "the skating by the couple of a creative dance program blending dance steps and movements expressing the character/rhythm(s) of the dance music chosen by the couple".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU2022-143_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU2022-143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FD must have combinations of new or known dance steps and movements, as well as required elements.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU2022-143_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU2022-143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program must "utilize the full ice surface,"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and be well-balanced. It must contain required combinations of elements (<a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_spins#Pair_skating" title="Figure skating spins">spins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_dance_lifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice dance lifts">lifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Step_sequence" title="Step sequence">steps</a>, and movements), and choreography that express both the characters of the competitors and the music chosen by them. It must also display the skaters' "excellent skating technique"<sup id="cite_ref-ISU2022-143_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU2022-143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and creativity in expression, concept, and arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-danceformat2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danceformat2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FD's choreography must reflect the music's accents, nuances, and dance character, and the ice dancers must "skate primarily in time to the rhythmic beat of the music and not to the melody alone".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU2022-143_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU2022-143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For senior ice dancers, the FD must have a duration of four minutes; for juniors, 3.5 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-danceformat2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danceformat2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Madison_Chock" title="Madison Chock">Madison Chock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bates" title="Evan Bates">Evan Bates</a> hold the highest FD score of 138.41 points, which they achieved at the <a href="/wiki/2023_ISU_World_Team_Trophy_in_Figure_Skating" title="2023 ISU World Team Trophy in Figure Skating">2023 World Team Trophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinued_segments">Discontinued segments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discontinued segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compulsory_dance">Compulsory dance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compulsory dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_dance_(ice_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory dance (ice dance)">Compulsory dance (ice dance)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Cup_of_China_ice-dance_Faiella-Scali01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2009_Cup_of_China_ice-dance_Faiella-Scali01.jpg/180px-2009_Cup_of_China_ice-dance_Faiella-Scali01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2009_Cup_of_China_ice-dance_Faiella-Scali01.jpg/270px-2009_Cup_of_China_ice-dance_Faiella-Scali01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/2009_Cup_of_China_ice-dance_Faiella-Scali01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federica_Faiella" title="Federica Faiella">Federica Faiella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scali" title="Massimo Scali">Massimo Scali</a> perform their compulsory dance at the <a href="/wiki/2009_Cup_of_China" title="2009 Cup of China">2009 Cup of China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 2010, the compulsory dance (CD) was the first segment performed in ice dance competitions. The teams performed the same pattern around two circuits of the rink, one team after another, using the same step sequences and the same standardized tempo chosen by the ISU before the beginning of each season.<sup id="cite_ref-skateamerica_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skateamerica-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CD has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_figures" title="Compulsory figures">compulsory figures</a>; competitors were "judged for their mastery of fundamental elements".<sup id="cite_ref-skateamerica_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skateamerica-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in ice dance history, the CD contributed 60% of the total score.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201112_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201112-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="2010 World Figure Skating Championships">2010 World Championships</a> was the last event to include a CD (the Golden Waltz); <a href="/wiki/Federica_Faiella" title="Federica Faiella">Federica Faiella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scali" title="Massimo Scali">Massimo Scali</a> from Italy were the last ice dance team to perform a CD in international competition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_dance">Original dance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Original dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Original_dance" title="Original dance">Original dance</a></div> <p>The OD or OSP (Original Set Pattern) was first added to ice dance competitions in 1967 (1983 in WC and 1984 in Olympics). It was called the "original set pattern dance"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201191_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201191-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1990, when it became known simply as the "original dance". The OD remained the second competition segment (sandwiched between the CD and the free dance) until the end of the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_figure_skating_season" title="2009–10 figure skating season">2009–2010 season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201112_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201112-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice dancers were able to create their own routines, but they had to use a set rhythm and type of music which, like the compulsory dances, changed every season and was selected by the ISU in advance. The timing and interpretation of the rhythm were considered to be the most important aspects of the routine, and were worth the highest proportion of the OD score. The routine had a two-minute time limit and the OD accounted for 30% of the overall competition score.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the highest OD score of 70.27 points, achieved at the 2010 World Championships.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_elements">Competition elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Competition elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Competition_elements_in_ice_dance" title="Competition elements in ice dance">Competition elements in ice dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg/220px-2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg/330px-2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lilah_Fear" title="Lilah Fear">Lilah Fear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gibson_(figure_skater)" title="Lewis Gibson (figure skater)">Lewis Gibson</a> perform a Curve dance lift.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ISU announces the list of required elements in the rhythm dance and free dance , and each element's specific requirements, each year. The following elements may be included: the dance lift, the dance spin, the step sequence, turn sequences (which include <a href="/wiki/Twizzle" title="Twizzle">twizzles</a> and one-foot turn sequences), and choreographic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Dance lift</b>: "a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained there and set down on the ice".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-130_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-130-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISU permits any rotation, position, and changes of position during a dance lift.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-130_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-130-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance lifts are delineated from pair lifts to ensure that ice dance and pair skating remain separate disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-hostilerules_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hostilerules-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the judging system changed from the <a href="/wiki/6.0_system" title="6.0 system">6.0 system</a> to the <a href="/wiki/ISU_Judging_System" title="ISU Judging System">ISU Judging System</a>, dance lifts became more "athletic, dramatic and exciting".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Dance spin</b>: "a spin skated by the Couple together in any hold".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-129_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-129-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is "performed on the spot around a common axis on one foot with or without change(s) of foot by one or both partners".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-129_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-129-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Step sequence</b>: "a series of prescribed or un-prescribed steps, turns and movements".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Turn sequences</b>: a set of <a href="/wiki/Twizzle" title="Twizzle">twizzles</a> and a one foot turns sequence, or "Specified Turns performed on one foot by each partner simultaneously, in Hold or separately".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-129_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-129-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Choreographic elements</b>: "a listed or unlisted movement or series of movement(s) as specified" by the ISU.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_regulations">Rules and regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rules and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skaters must execute the prescribed elements at least once; any extra or unprescribed elements will not be counted in their score. In 1974, the ISU published the first judges' handbook for ice dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxv_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011xxv-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violations in ice dance include falls and interruptions, time, music, and clothing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falls_and_interruptions">Falls and interruptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Falls and interruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to ice dancer and commentator <a href="/wiki/Tanith_Belbin_White" title="Tanith Belbin White">Tanith White</a>, unlike in other disciplines wherein skaters can make up for their falls in other elements, falls in ice dance usually mean that the team will not win. White argues that falls are rare in ice dance, and since falls constitute interruptions, they tend to have large deductions because the mood of their program's theme is broken.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcolympics_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcolympics-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISU defines a fall as the "loss of control by a Skater with the result that the majority of his/her own body weight is on the ice supported by any other part of the body other than the blades; e.g. hand(s), knee(s), back, buttock(s) or any part of the arm".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISU defines an interruption as "the period of time starting immediately when the Competitor stops performing the program or is ordered to do so by the Referee, whichever is earlier, and ending when the Competitor resumes his performance".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted during a U.S. national competition including 58 ice dancers recorded an average of 0.97 injuries per athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ice dance, teams can lose one point for every fall by one partner, and two points if both partners fall. If there is an interruption while performing their program, ice dancers can lose one point if it lasts more than ten seconds but not over twenty seconds. They can lose two points if the interruption lasts twenty seconds but not over thirty seconds, and three points if it lasts thirty seconds but not more than forty seconds. They can lose five points if the interruption lasts three or more minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-18_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teams can also lose points if a fall or interruption occurs during the beginning of an elevating moment in a dance lift, or as the man begins to lift the woman.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can lose an additional five points if the interruption is caused by an "adverse condition" up to three minutes before the start of their program.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges penalize ice dancers one point up to every five seconds for ending their pattern dances too early or too late. Dancers can also be penalized one point for up to every five seconds "in excess of [the] permitted time after the last prescribed step" (their final movement and/or pose) in their pattern dances. If they start their programs between one and thirty seconds late, they can lose one point.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-18_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can complete these programs within plus or minus ten seconds of the required times; if they cannot, judges can deduct points for finishing their program up to five seconds too early or too late. If they begin skating any element after their required time (plus the required ten seconds they have to begin), they earn no points for those elements. If the program's duration is "thirty (30) seconds or more under the required time range, no marks will be awarded".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-80_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-80-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a team performs a dance lift that exceeds the permitted duration, judges can deduct one point.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-19-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White argues that deductions in ice dance, in the absence of a fall or interruption, are most often due to "extended lifts",<sup id="cite_ref-nbcolympics_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcolympics-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or lifts that last too long.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcolympics_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcolympics-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All programs in each discipline of figure skating must be skated to music.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISU has allowed vocals in the music used in ice dance since the 1997–1998 season,<sup id="cite_ref-coleporter_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleporter-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most likely because of the difficulty in finding suitable music without words for certain genres.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violations against the music requirements have a two-point deduction, and violations against the dance tempo requirements have a one-point deduction.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-19-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the quality or tempo of the music the team uses in their program is deficient, or if there is a stop or interruption in their music, for any reason, they must stop skating when they become aware of the problem "or at the acoustic signal of the Referee",<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-19-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whichever occurs first. If any problems with the music happens within 20 seconds after they have begun their program, the team can choose to either restart their program or to continue from the point where they have stopped performing. If they decide to continue from the point where they stopped, they are continued to be judged at that point onward, as well as their performance up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-19-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If any of the mentioned problems occurs over 20 seconds after the start of their program, the team can resume their program from the point of the interruption or at the point immediately before an element, if the interruption occurred at the entrance to or during the element. The element must be deleted from the team's score and the team can repeat the deleted element when they resume their program. No deductions are made for interruptions caused by music deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ISU provides the following definitions of musical terms used in the scoring of ice dance:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">Beat</a></b> – "A <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">note</a> defining the regular recurring divisions of a piece of music."</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a></b> – "The speed of music in Beats or Measures per minute."</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></b> – "The regularly repeated pattern of accented and unaccented Beats which gives the music its character."</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Measure_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure (music)">Measure</a></b> (Bar) – "A unit of music which is defined by the periodic recurrence of the accent. Such units are of equal number of Beats."</li> <li><b>Strong Beat</b> – "The first Beat of the Measure or group of two Measures supporting the skating count of the Rhythm."</li> <li><b>Weak Beat</b> – "For Rhythms with a skating count on two Measures, the first Beat of the second Measure."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clothing worn by ice dancers at all international competitions must be "modest, dignified and appropriate for athletic competition—not garish or theatrical in design".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-79-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules about clothing tend to be more strict in ice dance; Juliet Newcomer from U.S. Figure Skating has speculated limits in the kind of costumes ice dancers chose were pushed farther during the 1990s and early 2000s than in the other disciplines, resulting in stricter rules.<sup id="cite_ref-fashion_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashion-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clothing can, however, reflect the character of ice dancers' chosen music. Their costumes must not "give the effect of excessive nudity inappropriate for the discipline".<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-79-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All men must wear trousers. Female ice dancers must wear skirts or trousers. Accessories and props on the costumes of both dancers are not allowed. The decorations on costumes must be "non-detachable";<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-79-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> judges can deduct one point per program if part of the competitors' costumes or decorations fall on the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-18_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is a costume or prop violation, the judges can deduct one point per program. Judges penalize ice dance teams with a deduction to their scores if these guidelines are not followed, although exceptions to these clothing and costume restrictions may be announced by the ISU.<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_2022-79-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costume deductions, however, are rare. According to Newcomer, by the time skaters get to a national or world championship, they have received enough feedback about their costumes and are no longer willing to risk losing points.<sup id="cite_ref-fashion_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashion-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Skating Society published a description and explanation of figures for hand-in-hand skating in 1836, well before it became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines2006119_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2006119-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_figure_skating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2019 figure skating season">2018–2019 season</a>, due to the change in grade of execution scores from −3 to +3 to −5 to +5, all statistics started from zero and all previous scores were listed as "historical".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The use of vocals was expanded to all disciplines starting in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-coleporter_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleporter-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S&P/ID 2022, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blakemore-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blakemore_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakemore_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakemore_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communication+No.+2393%3A+Ice+Dance&rft.place=Lausanne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=International+Skating+Union&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.org%2Finside-isu%2Fisu-communications%2Fcommunications%2F25800-isu-communication-2393%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISU No. 2403, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISU_2022-19-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-19_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S&P/ID 2022, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S&P/ID 2022, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coleporter-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coleporter_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coleporter_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2014" class="citation news cs1">Hersh, Philip (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-music-lyrics-figure-skating-spt-1024-20141023-column.html">"Figure Skating Taking Cole Porter Approach: Anything Goes"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316113755/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-music-lyrics-figure-skating-spt-1024-20141023-column.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Figure+Skating+Taking+Cole+Porter+Approach%3A+Anything+Goes&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fsports%2Finternational%2Fct-music-lyrics-figure-skating-spt-1024-20141023-column.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarey2014" class="citation news cs1">Clarey, Christopher (18 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/19/sports/olympics/rhapsody-in-blue-or-rap-skating-will-add-vocals.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rhapsody in Blue' or Rap? Skating Will Add Vocals"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707185102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/19/sports/olympics/rhapsody-in-blue-or-rap-skating-will-add-vocals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Rhapsody+in+Blue%27+or+Rap%3F+Skating+Will+Add+Vocals&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft.aulast=Clarey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F19%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Frhapsody-in-blue-or-rap-skating-will-add-vocals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S&P/ID 2022, pp. 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S&P/ID 2022, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISU_2022-79-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISU_2022-79_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S&P/ID 2022, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fashion-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fashion_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fashion_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2016" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Nancy (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/01/21/figure-skating-fashion-rules">"What Not to Wear: The Rules of Fashion on the Ice"</a>. <i>MPR News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210055916/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/01/21/figure-skating-fashion-rules">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=What+Not+to+Wear%3A+The+Rules+of+Fashion+on+the+Ice&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2Ffigure-skating-fashion-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice_dancing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice dancing">Ice dancing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/25476-isu-communication-2371/file">"Communication No. 2371: Ice Dance"</a> (PDF). (ISU No. 2371) International Skating Union. 2 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020526/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/25476-isu-communication-2371/file">Archived</a> from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2024.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/isu-communications/communications/25943-isu-communication-2403/file">"Communication No. 2403: Summary of Results of Mail Voting on Proposals in Replacement of the 58th Ordinary Congress 2021".</a> Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2024 (ISU No. 2403).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2006" class="citation book cs1">Hines, James R. (2006). <i>Figure Skating: A History</i>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07286-4"><bdi>978-0-252-07286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Figure+Skating%3A+A+History&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07286-4&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2011" class="citation book cs1">Hines, James R. (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6859-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Figure+Skating&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6859-5&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestnbaum2003" class="citation book cs1">Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). <i>Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning</i>. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819566411" title="Special:BookSources/0819566411"><bdi>0819566411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+on+Ice%3A+Figure+Skating+and+Cultural+Meaning&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0819566411&rft.aulast=Kestnbaum&rft.aufirst=Ellyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilby2018" class="citation book cs1">Silby, Caroline (2018). "Mental Skills Training: Psychological Considerations of Performance". In Vescovi, Jason D.; VanHeest, Jaci L. (eds.). <i>The Science of Figure Skating</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315387741-7">10.4324/9781315387741-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22986-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22986-0"><bdi>978-1-138-22986-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mental+Skills+Training%3A+Psychological+Considerations+of+Performance&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Figure+Skating&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85-97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315387741-7&rft.isbn=978-1-138-22986-0&rft.aulast=Silby&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-regulations-rules/file">"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022"</a>. (S&P/ID 2022) International Skating Union. 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2024.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_dance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcCj0xfO3H8">free skate to <i>Boléro</i></a>, 1984 Olympics</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Figure_skating" title="Template talk:Figure skating"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Figure_skating" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Figure skating"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Figure_skating" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union (ISU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_figure_skating" title="International figure skating">National federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_World_Standings_and_Season%27s_World_Ranking" title="ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking">World Standings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_records_and_statistics" title="Figure skating records and statistics">Records and statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitive<br />skating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_figure_skating_terms" title="Glossary of figure skating terms">Glossary of terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_figure_skating" title="History of figure skating">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skate" title="Figure skate">Figure skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_rink" title="Figure skating rink">Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_club" title="Figure skating club">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_competition" title="Figure skating competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_season" title="Figure skating season">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Judging_System" title="ISU Judging System">ISU Judging System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6.0_system" title="6.0 system">6.0 system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_skating" title="Single skating">Single skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_skating" title="Pair skating">Pair skating</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ice dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_skating" title="Four skating">Four skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_figures" title="Compulsory figures">Compulsory figures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demise_and_revival_of_compulsory_figures" title="Demise and revival of compulsory figures">Demise and revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_figures" title="Special figures">Special figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_program_(figure_skating)" title="Short program (figure skating)">Short program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_skating" title="Free skating">Free skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_dance" title="Compulsory dance">Compulsory dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_dance" title="Original dance">Original dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_dance" title="Rhythm dance">Rhythm dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_dance_(ice_dance)" title="Free dance (ice dance)">Free dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles, pairs <br /> and ice dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Figure skating at the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="World Figure Skating Championships">World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="European Figure Skating Championships">European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="Four Continents Figure Skating Championships">Four Continents Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating" title="ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating">Grand Prix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final" title="Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final">Final</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Challenger_Series" title="ISU Challenger Series">Challenger Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_World_Team_Trophy_in_Figure_Skating" title="ISU World Team Trophy in Figure Skating">World Team Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure skating at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="World Junior Figure Skating Championships">World Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix" title="ISU Junior Grand Prix">Junior Grand Prix</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_Final" title="ISU Junior Grand Prix Final">Final</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronized skating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISU_World_Synchronized_Skating_Championships" title="ISU World Synchronized Skating Championships">World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_World_Junior_Synchronized_Skating_Championships" title="ISU World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships">World Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Junior_World_Challenge_Cup" title="ISU Junior World Challenge Cup">Junior World Challenge Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISU_Synchronized_Skating_Challenger_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISU Synchronized Skating Challenger Series (page does not exist)">Challenger Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements<br />and other<br />moves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Required elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreographic_sequence" title="Choreographic sequence">Choreographic sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_spiral_(figure_skating)" title="Death spiral (figure skating)">Death spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_jumps" title="Figure skating jumps">Jumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_lifts" title="Figure skating lifts">Lifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_spins" title="Figure skating spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_sequence" title="Step sequence">Step sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twizzle" title="Twizzle">Twizzle turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_elements_in_ice_dance" title="Competition elements in ice dance">Competition elements in ice dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jumps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axel_jump" title="Axel jump">Axel jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_jump" title="Euler jump">Euler jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_jump" title="Flip jump">Flip jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_jump" title="Loop jump">Loop jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_jump" title="Lutz jump">Lutz jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salchow_jump" title="Salchow jump">Salchow jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_loop_jump" title="Toe loop jump">Toe loop jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_jump" title="Quadruple jump">Quadruple jump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upright_spin" title="Upright spin">Upright spin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Layback_spin" title="Layback spin">Layback spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biellmann_spin" title="Biellmann spin">Biellmann spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit_spin" title="Sit spin">Sit spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_spin" title="Camel spin">Camel spin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steps, turns<br />and basic strokes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_turn" class="mw-redirect" title="Three turn">Three turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracket_turn" title="Bracket turn">Bracket turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_turn" title="Choctaw turn">Choctaw turn</a> (S<span class="nowrap"> </span>step)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_turn" title="Counter turn">Counter turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(figure_skating)" title="Crossover (figure skating)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loop_turn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loop turn (page does not exist)">Loop turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_turn" title="Mohawk turn">Mohawk turn</a> (C<span class="nowrap"> </span>step)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_turn" title="Rocker turn">Rocker turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflip_(figure_skating)" title="Backflip (figure skating)">Backflip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moves in the field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besti_squat" title="Besti squat">Besti squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantilever_(figure_skating)" title="Cantilever (figure skating)">Cantilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroblading" title="Hydroblading">Hydroblading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_Bauer_(element)" title="Ina Bauer (element)">Ina Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_spirals" title="Figure skating spirals">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_eagle_(figure_skating)" title="Spread eagle (figure skating)">Spread eagle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />skating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_show" title="Ice show">Ice shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_theatre" title="Ice theatre">Ice theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Professional_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="World Professional Figure Skating Championships">World Professional Figure Skating Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_figure_skating" title="Adult figure skating">Adult figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_figure_skating" title="Doping in figure skating">Doping in figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_changes_in_figure_skating" title="Country changes in figure skating">Country changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(figure_skating)" title="Grand Slam (figure skating)">Grand Slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_and_cry" title="Kiss and cry">Kiss and cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Figure Skating Hall of Fame">World Figure Skating Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Figure_Sport_Society" title="World Figure Sport Society">World Figure Sport Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figure_skaters_(men%27s_singles)" title="List of figure skaters (men's singles)">Figure skaters (men)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figure_skaters_(women%27s_singles)" title="List of figure skaters (women's singles)">Figure skaters (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figure_skaters_(pair_skating)" title="List of figure skaters (pair skating)">Figure skaters (pairs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figure_skaters_(ice_dance)" title="List of figure skaters (ice dance)">Figure skaters (ice dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_figure_skating" title="List of Olympic venues in figure skating">Olympic venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figure_skating_competitions" title="List of figure skating competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_scores_in_figure_skating" title="List of highest scores in figure skating">Highest scores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_historical_scores_in_figure_skating" title="List of highest historical scores in figure skating">Highest historical scores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_junior_scores_in_figure_skating" title="List of highest junior scores in figure skating">Highest junior scores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_historical_junior_scores_in_figure_skating" title="List of highest historical junior scores in figure skating">Highest historical junior scores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film & TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blades_of_Glory" title="Blades of Glory">Blades of Glory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cutting_Edge" title="The Cutting Edge">The Cutting Edge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Princess" title="Ice Princess">Ice Princess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinning_Out" title="Spinning Out">Spinning Out</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuri_on_Ice" title="Yuri on Ice">Yuri on Ice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Chill" title="Zero Chill">Zero Chill</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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