Agronomy | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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<option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology 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<option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. 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Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option 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<option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Agronomy</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Agronomy</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal on agronomy and agroecology published monthly online by MDPI. The <a href="https://www.sebp.es/">Spanish Society of Plant Biology (SEBP)</a> is affiliated with <em>Agronomy</em> and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.<br /> <ul> <li><strong><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span></strong>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>High Visibility:</strong> indexed within <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100447811">Scopus</a>, <a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=2073-4395&hide_exact_match_fl=true&utm_source=mjl&utm_medium=share-by-link&utm_campaign=search-results-share-this-journal">SCIE (Web of Science)</a>, <a href="https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?_=1643978670866&f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=Agronomy&search_field=journal_text&sort=date-desc">PubAg</a>, <a href="https://agris.fao.org/">AGRIS</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy/indexing">other databases</a>.</li> <li><strong><strong>Journal Rank: </strong></strong>JCR - Q1 (Plant Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Agronomy and Crop Science)</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.</li> <li><strong>Companion journals for <em>Agronomy</em> include: </strong><em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/seeds">Seeds</a></em>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agrochemicals"><em>Agrochemicals</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/grasses"><em>Grasses</em></a> and <em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/crops">Crops</a></em>.</li> </ul> <div class="notranslate" style="all: initial;"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 3.3 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.7 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/agronomy/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/agronomy/agronomy_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2073-4395 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530169" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530169" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530169" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2814/s1?version=1732634882"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 141 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 1727 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2814/pdf?version=1732634882" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Improving the Microenvironmental of Spring Soybean Culture and Increasing the Yield by Optimization of Water and Nitrogen" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2814">Improving the Microenvironmental of Spring Soybean Culture and Increasing the Yield by Optimization of Water and Nitrogen</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongbo Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weixiong Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenxi Cao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maosong Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fengnian Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuanhang Guo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xingpeng Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122814 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Optimizing water and nitrogen management is an effective measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss and environmental pollution risks. This study aims to quantify the impacts of different water and nitrogen management strategies on the soil microenvironment and yield of spring soybeans in southern <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2814/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Optimizing water and nitrogen management is an effective measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss and environmental pollution risks. This study aims to quantify the impacts of different water and nitrogen management strategies on the soil microenvironment and yield of spring soybeans in southern Xinjiang. In this study, two irrigation quotas were established: W1—36 mm (low water) and W2—45 mm (high water). Three nitrogen application gradients were established: low nitrogen (150 kg·hm<sup>−2</sup>, N1), medium nitrogen (225 kg·hm<sup>−2</sup>, N2), and high nitrogen (300 k kg·hm<sup>−2</sup>, N3). The analysis focused on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community diversity, soybean yield, and soybean quality changes. The results indicate that the activities of nitrate reductase and urease, as well as total nitrogen content, increased with higher irrigation and nitrogen application rates. The W2N3 treatment significantly increased 0.15 to 4.39, 0.18 to 1.04, and 0.31 to 1.73 times. (<i>p </i>< 0.05). Alkaline protease and sucrase activities increased with higher irrigation amounts, while their response to nitrogen application exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease. The W2N2 treatment significantly increased by 0.10 to 0.34 and 0.07 to 1.46 times (<i>p </i>< 0.05). Irrigation significantly affected the soil bacterial community structure, while the coupling effects of water and nitrogen notably influenced soil bacterial abundance (<i>p </i>< 0.05). Increases in irrigation and nitrogen application enhanced bacterial diversity and species abundance. Partial least squares path analysis indicated that water–nitrogen coupling directly influenced the soil microenvironment and indirectly produced positive effects on soybean yield and quality. An irrigation quota of 4500 m<sup>3</sup> hm<sup>−2</sup> and a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm<sup>−2</sup> can ensure soybean yield while enhancing soil microbial abundance. The findings provide insights into the response mechanisms of soil microbial communities in spring soybeans to water–nitrogen management, clarify the relationship between soil microenvironments and the yield and quality of spring soybeans, and identify optimal irrigation and fertilization strategies for high quality and yield. This research offers a theoretical basis and technical support for soybean cultivation in southern Xinjiang. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2814">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/7K81GOIW6B ">Efficient Strategies for the Utilization of Water Resources and Nutrients and Crop Production</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3167 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2813/pdf?version=1732626480" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Combined Application of Balanced Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Improving Crop Yield by Affecting Soil Macroaggregation and Carbon Sequestration" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2813">Combined Application of Balanced Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Improving Crop Yield by Affecting Soil Macroaggregation and Carbon Sequestration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongmei Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bin Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yifei Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lifan Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiarong Song</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tingliang Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2813; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122813">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122813</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Fertilization alters crop yield, soil aggregation, and carbon sequestration potential. However, the specific effects and interactive mechanisms of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate-associated organic carbon (OC), and yield in dryland wheat fields remain poorly understood. Therefore, a field experiment with <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2813/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Fertilization alters crop yield, soil aggregation, and carbon sequestration potential. However, the specific effects and interactive mechanisms of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate-associated organic carbon (OC), and yield in dryland wheat fields remain poorly understood. Therefore, a field experiment with local farmer fertilization (NP), measured and controlled fertilization (NPK), chemical fertilizer plus organic fertilizer (NPKM), chemical fertilizer plus bio-organic fertilizer (NPKB), and no fertilizer (CK) was conducted for 10 years in a semi-arid region of China. We examined the characteristics of crop yield, SOC stock, and soil aggregate under different fertilization methods to explore the carbon sequestration mechanisms associated with increased yield. The results revealed a significant positive linear correlation between carbon sequestration and carbon input, with a carbon sequestration efficiency of 27.4%. Different fertilization treatments increased the proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and significantly improved the water stability of soil aggregates, with the combined application of organic–inorganic fertilizers (NPKM and NPKB treatments) showing the most pronounced effect. A redundancy analysis revealed that carbon input was the most important factor affecting aggregate stability. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that SOC content was enhanced primarily because of the increase in macroaggregate-associated OC and carbon input, which in turn led to higher wheat yields. Our findings indicate that macroaggregate-associated OC and carbon inputs have significant implications for SOC sequestration in dryland fields. Thus, we suggest the integrated application of organic fertilizers with balanced NPK fertilizers to promote SOC accumulation, improve aggregate stability, and enhance crop yield. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2813">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/5535R3RMTV ">Effects of Soil Tillage and Fertilizer Management on Production of Cereal Crops: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2813/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529930"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529930"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529930" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529930" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529930" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g001-550.jpg?1732626568" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529930" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g002-550.jpg?1732626569'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g003-550.jpg?1732626569'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g004-550.jpg?1732626570'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g005-550.jpg?1732626572'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g006-550.jpg?1732626573'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529930-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g007-550.jpg?1732626574'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529930-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g001-550.jpg?1732626568" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Monthly average temperatures and precipitation from September 2013 to June 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g002-550.jpg?1732626569" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Wheat biological yields (<b>a</b>) and grain yields (<b>b</b>) following 10 years of different fertilization treatment. CK (no fertilization), NP (farmer fertilization), NPK (balanced fertilization), NPKM (balanced fertilization + organic fertilizer), NPKB (balanced fertilization + biological organic fertilizer). Note: The solid and dashed lines within the box, lower and upper bounds of the box, and bars extending from the box represent the median and mean values of the data, 25th and 75th percentiles, and minimum and maximum values, respectively. Different lowercase letters denote significant differences at the 5% level among different treatments (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g003-550.jpg?1732626569" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Cumulative carbon inputs under different fertilization treatments. CK (no fertilization), NP (farmer fertilization), NPK (balanced fertilization), NPKM (balanced fertilization + organic fertilizer), NPKB (balanced fertilization + biological organic fertilizer). Different lowercase letters for each exogenous carbon type indicate significant differences at the 5% level among different treatments (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g004-550.jpg?1732626570" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A regression analysis conducted to explore the relationship between annual average carbon sequestration and annual average carbon input. Blue dots in the figure illustrate the scatter plot of carbon input and carbon sequestration across five fertilization treatments with 3 replicates. ** indicating statistical significance at levels of <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g005-550.jpg?1732626572" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Soil aggregates’ organic carbon content (<b>a</b>) and the relative contribution rates of organic carbon from aggregates (<b>b</b>) under various fertilization treatments. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences among various fertilization treatments for the same particle size (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). CK (no fertilization), NP (farmer fertilization), NPK (balanced fertilization), NPKM (balanced fertilization + organic fertilizer), NPKB (balanced fertilization + biological organic fertilizer). Different lowercase letters in each particle size category denote significant differences at the 5% level among different treatments (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g006-550.jpg?1732626573" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>RDA based on aggregate stability, carbon input, sequestration, and aggregate-associated OC content. CK (no fertilization), NP (farmer fertilization), NPK (balanced fertilization), NPKM (balanced fertilization + organic fertilizer), NPKB (balanced fertilization + biological organic fertilizer). MWD, the mean weight diameter; PSA<sub>1</sub>, PSA<sub>2,</sub> and PSA<sub>3</sub> represent the mass proportion of macroaggregates (&gt;0.25 mm), microaggregates (0.25–0.053 mm), and silt–clay fractions (&lt;0.053 mm), respectively; C<sub>input</sub>, carbon inputs; C<sub>seq</sub>, SOC sequestered; LMC, SMC, MIC, and SCF denote the OC content in large macroaggregates, small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and silt–clay fractions, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02813/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02813-g007-550.jpg?1732626574" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) (<b>a</b>) and standardized total effect (<b>b</b>) for the effects of soil, aggregate-associated OC content, and aggregate stability on wheat yield (χ<sup>2</sup> = 3.74, df = 4, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.442, GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.002, RMSEA = 0.001). The arithmetic mean of the content of large and small aggregate-associated OC was denoted as macroaggregate-associated OC (&gt;0.25 mm) in the path model (<b>a</b>), and it was abbreviated as MAOC in panel (<b>b</b>). The red and blue lines represent positive and negative paths, respectively. The thickness of the line reflects the extent of the effect (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2813'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 3090 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2812/pdf?version=1732621966" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Stored Product Insects in a Feed Mill in Greece" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2812">Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Stored Product Insects in a Feed Mill in Greece</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paraskevi Agrafioti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Evagelia Lampiri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Efstathios Kaloudis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marina Gourgouta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas N. Vassilakos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philippos M. Ioannidis</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christos G. Athanassiou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2812; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122812">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122812</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Floor traps were placed in a feed mill in Greece for a period of approx. 13 months to illustrate the relative abundance and distribution of the stored product insects found. More than 20 taxa were found, with most of them belonging to Coleoptera. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2812/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Floor traps were placed in a feed mill in Greece for a period of approx. 13 months to illustrate the relative abundance and distribution of the stored product insects found. More than 20 taxa were found, with most of them belonging to Coleoptera. The most abundant species found were the rice weevil, <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i> (L.), and the granary weevil, <i>Sitophilus granarius</i> (L.), which are common primary colonizers of grains, and the confused flour beetle, <i>Tribolium confusum</i> Jacquelin du Val, and the red flour beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst), which are secondary colonizers that usually occur in processed amylaceous commodities. Interestingly, the highest population densities of all four species were recorded during the same period, with the secondary colonizers slightly preceding the primary colonizers. Although competition among these species has been recorded in previous studies, we found that these four species could coexist during the entire trapping period in the same sampling units, which indicates possible spatial segregation and different colonization patterns in space and time. Our results demonstrate that trapping in storage and processing facilities is an essential component of decision-making regarding stored product pest management strategies in localized applications, and can drastically reduce the need for treating the entire facility. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2812">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Pest_and_Disease_Management">Pest and Disease Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2812/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529878"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529878"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529878" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529878" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529878" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g001-550.jpg?1732622073" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529878" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g002-550.jpg?1732622075'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g003-550.jpg?1732622079'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g004-550.jpg?1732622080'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g005-550.jpg?1732622082'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g006-550.jpg?1732622084'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529878-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g001-550.jpg?1732622073" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The position and the number of traps that were deployed in the feed facility.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2812'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g002-550.jpg?1732622075" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Total number of all individuals found during the trapping period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2812'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g003-550.jpg?1732622079" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Population fluctuation of <span class="html-italic">Tribolium confusum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Tribolium castaneum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Sitohilus oryzae</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Sitophilus granarius</span> during the trapping.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2812'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g004-550.jpg?1732622080" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Spatial distribution of insects on 23rd of March 2022.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2812'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g005-550.jpg?1732622082" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Spatial distribution of insects on 18th of August 2022.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2812'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02812/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02812-g006-550.jpg?1732622084" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Spatial distribution of insects on 2nd of February 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2812'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 400 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2811/pdf?version=1732616942" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impacts of High Temperatures on the Growth and Development of Rice and Measures for Heat Tolerance Regulation: A Review" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2811">Impacts of High Temperatures on the Growth and Development of Rice and Measures for Heat Tolerance Regulation: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianghui Yu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tianyu Du</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ping Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhongtao Ma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xi Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiale Cao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongjin Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ying Zhu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fangfu Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qun Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guodong Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangyan Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiyan Wei</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2811; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122811">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122811</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As one of the world’s principal food crops, rice sustains over half of the global population. With global climate change intensifying, the frequency of extreme high temperatures is increasing, posing significant threats to the growth and development, yield, and quality of rice, thereby <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2811/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As one of the world’s principal food crops, rice sustains over half of the global population. With global climate change intensifying, the frequency of extreme high temperatures is increasing, posing significant threats to the growth and development, yield, and quality of rice, thereby jeopardizing global food security. This study reviews the impacts of high temperatures on rice at different developmental stages and summarizes previous research on heat tolerance cultivation techniques for rice. Currently, to enhance heat tolerance in rice, the following strategies were primarily adopted: (1) the exploration of heat-tolerant genetic resources and breeding of heat-tolerant varieties; (2) cooling through canopy temperature management via enhanced transpiration regulated by water management; (3) the scientific application of fertilizers to promote the accumulation of assimilates in rice; (4) the application of exogenous regulators to bolster the antioxidant capacity of rice. The implementation of these strategies not only helps to ensure rice yield and quality but also provides robust support for addressing the challenges that global warming poses to agricultural production. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2811">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/38K6U867YE ">Adaptation of Crops to the Environment under Climate Change: Physiological and Agronomic Strategies—Volume III</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529738" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529738" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529738" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2810/s1?version=1732615709"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 148 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3470 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2810/pdf?version=1732615708" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Diversity and Function Patterns of Soil Microbial Communities in Native and Invasive Plants Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Qinling Mountains" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2810">Diversity and Function Patterns of Soil Microbial Communities in Native and Invasive Plants Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Qinling Mountains</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinlin Lyu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ming Yue</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenyan Xue</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuchao Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xue Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2810; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122810">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122810</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Soil microbial communities are essential drivers of ecosystem functions, yet the factors shaping their structure and function, particularly at different altitudes and between invasive and native plants, remain insufficiently understood. Using high-throughput Illumina sequencing, we assessed the composition, diversity, impact factors, and functional <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2810/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Soil microbial communities are essential drivers of ecosystem functions, yet the factors shaping their structure and function, particularly at different altitudes and between invasive and native plants, remain insufficiently understood. Using high-throughput Illumina sequencing, we assessed the composition, diversity, impact factors, and functional potential of the microbial communities associated with <i>Galinsoga quadriradiata</i> (an invasive species) and <i>Artemisia lavandulifolia</i> (a native species) across an altitudinal gradient ranging from 896 m to 1889 m in the Qinling Mountains. The results revealed that both plant species and altitude significantly influenced soil bacterial diversity and community structure. <i>Actinobacteriota</i>, <i>Proteobacteria</i>, and <i>Acidobacteriota</i> accounted for higher proportions in the soils of <i>G. quadriradiata</i> and <i>A. lavandulifolia</i>. A linear discriminant analysis showed that the two species hosted distinct microbial communities, with variations driven by species-specific traits and environmental factors. Compared with plant parameters, environmental factors had a greater impact on plant soil bacterial abundance. Functional analysis indicated that <i>A. lavandulifolia</i> soils were more associated with nitrogen cycling processes, while <i>G. quadriradiata</i> soils contributed more to organic matter decomposition. Therefore, invasive and native plants harbored microbial flora with different nutritional preferences and metabolic characteristics. These findings advance our understanding of plant–microbe interactions along altitudinal gradients, and they have practical implications for managing invasive species and supporting ecosystem resilience. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2810">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Soil_Plant_Nutrition">Soil and Plant Nutrition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2810/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529738"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529738"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529738" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529738" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529738" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g001-550.jpg?1732615801" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529738" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g002-550.jpg?1732615802'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g003-550.jpg?1732615804'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g004-550.jpg?1732615805'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g005-550.jpg?1732615806'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g006-550.jpg?1732615808'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g007-550.jpg?1732615809'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529738-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g001-550.jpg?1732615801" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Venn diagram of soil bacteria of <span class="html-italic">G. quadriradiata</span> and <span class="html-italic">A. lavandulifolia</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g002-550.jpg?1732615802" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Sparsity curves of soil bacterial samples at 97% level for <span class="html-italic">G. quadriradiata</span> and <span class="html-italic">A. lavandulifolia</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g003-550.jpg?1732615804" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the bacterial communities between <span class="html-italic">G. quadriradiata</span> and <span class="html-italic">A. lavandulifolia.</span> Note: red circles are for <span class="html-italic">A. lavandulifolia</span>; blue circles are for <span class="html-italic">G. quadriradiata</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g004-550.jpg?1732615805" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla (%) in <span class="html-italic">G. quadriradiata</span> and <span class="html-italic">A. lavandulifolia</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g005-550.jpg?1732615806" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Indicator bacteria with an LDA score of 3 or greater in bacterial communities associated with soil from the two species.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g006-550.jpg?1732615808" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted to identify the relationships between soil bacteria community and environmental or plant factors. Note: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) represent the RDA analysis performed between the soil bacterial communities and environmental factors; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) represent the RDA analysis performed between the soil bacterial communities and plant factors. The red arrow indicates significant correlations; the green arrow indicates insignificant correlations. C, soil organic carbon; N/P/K soil total nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium; C/N, the ratio of C to N; C/P, the ratio of C to P; N/P, the ratio of N to P; Root/Stem/Leaf-C, root/stem/leaf organic carbon; Root/Stem/Leaf-N/P, root/stem/leaf nitrogen/phosphorus.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02810/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02810-g007-550.jpg?1732615809" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Relative abundance of predicted biogeochemical functions in soil bacterial communities of <span class="html-italic">G. quadriradiata</span> and <span class="html-italic">A. lavandulifolia</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2810'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529689" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529689" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529689" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2809/s1?version=1732614657"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 596 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 1996 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2809/pdf?version=1732614656" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sustainable Disease Control of Phytophthora cactorum in a Strawberry Nursery by Adapting the Growing System" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2809">Sustainable Disease Control of <i>Phytophthora cactorum</i> in a Strawberry Nursery by Adapting the Growing System</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Albartus Evenhuis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johanna A. Bac-Molenaar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Khanh Pham</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kirsten A. Leiss</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2809; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122809">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122809</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The Netherlands is one of the most important countries for the production of strawberry transplants in Europe. Regulations for pesticide use and water quality become more strict each year, which is a challenge for this sector. Strawberry plants are grown from tips and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2809/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The Netherlands is one of the most important countries for the production of strawberry transplants in Europe. Regulations for pesticide use and water quality become more strict each year, which is a challenge for this sector. Strawberry plants are grown from tips and raised in trays on a trayfield. One of the main plant diseases in strawberry is caused by <i>Phytophthora cactorum</i>. The dispersal of the disease is facilitated by sporangia and zoospores splashing from the surface of the trayfield onto the transplants in the trays. In this research, we compared, in three consecutive years, the traditional growing system with a new system in which the trays are elevated and splashes from the trayfield reaching the transplants are minimized. In two of the three years, we show that the new growing system without the use of any fungicide against <i>P. cactorum</i> performs as well as or even better than the traditional system with the use of the permitted pesticides. Data about Phytophthora occurring in air samples and in splash water collected at different heights support the hypothesis that the decrease in splash dispersal underlies the success of the elevated trayfield. This shows the potential of re-designing growing systems to become less dependent on pesticide use. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2809">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/0A32Z6V390 ">Phytoalexins, Resistance Inducers, and Sustainable Control Measures in Crop Protection Strategies—2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2809/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529689"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529689"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529689" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529689" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529689" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529689-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g001-550.jpg?1732614802" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529689" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529689-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g002-550.jpg?1732614804'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529689-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g003-550.jpg?1732614806'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529689-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g004-550.jpg?1732614808'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529689-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g005-550.jpg?1732614809'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529689-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g001-550.jpg?1732614802" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Elevated strawberry trayfield system (at the front) consisting of a gutter system, 32 cm above the ground, on which trays were placed containing 28 cups filled with peat and coco coir containing a transplanted strawberry tip each. At the back, the traditional system is shown where trays are placed directly on the trayfield. (<b>b</b>) Trays placed on foil (at the front). Behind that, trays are placed directly on the trayfield without foil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2809'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g002-550.jpg?1732614804" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Crown rot incidence (%) in (<b>a</b>) 2021, (<b>b</b>) 2022, and (<b>c</b>) 2023 in non-inoculated and inoculated plots. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Letters indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 based on ANOVA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2809'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g003-550.jpg?1732614806" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Crown rot incidence in (<b>a</b>) 2021, (<b>b</b>) 2022, and (<b>c</b>) 2023 analyzed over non-inoculated and inoculated plots for the traditional trayfield system with (yes) and without (no) the application of pesticides against <span class="html-italic">P. cactorum</span> in the elevated trayfield system (Height) and the traditional trayfield system with foil (Foil). Data represent mean ± SEM. Letters indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2809'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g004-550.jpg?1732614808" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Crown rot severity in (<b>a</b>) 2021, (<b>b</b>) 2022, and (<b>c</b>) 2023 in non-inoculated and inoculated plots. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Letters indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 based on ANOVA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2809'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02809/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02809-g005-550.jpg?1732614809" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Crown rot severity in (<b>a</b>) 2021, (<b>b</b>) 2022, and (<b>c</b>) 2023 analyzed over non-inoculated and inoculated plots for the traditional trayfield system with (yes) and without (no) the application of pesticides against <span class="html-italic">P. cactorum</span> the elevated trayfield system (Height) and the traditional trayfield system with foil (Foil). Data represent mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2809'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 21330 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2808/pdf?version=1732614083" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modeling Airflow and Temperature in a Sealed Cold Storage System for Medicinal Plant Cultivation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2808">Modeling Airflow and Temperature in a Sealed Cold Storage System for Medicinal Plant Cultivation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sakkarin Wangkahart</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chaiyan Junsiri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aphichat Srichat</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kittipong Laloon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaweepong Hongtong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Phaiboon Boupha</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Somporn Katekaew</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sahassawas Poojeera</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2808; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122808">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122808</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Effective air circulation is crucial for plant growth, requiring adequate airflow and environmental stability. This study utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze airflow patterns in a controlled testing chamber, focusing on how miniature fan placement affects airflow direction and temperature distribution. Ten <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2808/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Effective air circulation is crucial for plant growth, requiring adequate airflow and environmental stability. This study utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze airflow patterns in a controlled testing chamber, focusing on how miniature fan placement affects airflow direction and temperature distribution. Ten case studies were conducted, with the CFD model validated against experimental data collected from six monitoring locations on the plant growth table. Model validation was performed using statistical analyses including coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The validation results showed strong agreement between simulated and experimental data, with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.92 for temperature and 0.89 for airflow velocity. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in both airflow and temperature models at the 0.05 level, with the CFD model validation yielding an RMSE of 2.02 and an average absolute error of 1.17. Among the tested configurations, case M1 achieved the highest air velocity (0.317 m/s) and lowest temperature (27.03 °C), compared to M2 (0.255 m/s, 27.17 °C) and M3 (0.164 m/s, 27.18 °C). The temperature variations between cases significantly impacted cold storage efficiency, with case M1’s superior airflow distribution providing more uniform cooling. These findings offer practical guidelines for optimizing ventilation system design in medicinal plant cultivation facilities, particularly in maintaining ideal storage conditions through strategic fan placement and airflow management. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2808">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/4767RF5968">Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Agro-Ecosystems and Other Anthropogenically Maintained Ecosystems</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2808/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529652"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529652"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529652" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529652" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529652" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g001-550.jpg?1732614231" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529652" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g002-550.jpg?1732614231'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g003-550.jpg?1732614233'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g004-550.jpg?1732614234'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g005-550.jpg?1732614234'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g006-550.jpg?1732614235'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g007-550.jpg?1732614237'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g008-550.jpg?1732614238'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g009-550.jpg?1732614239'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g010-550.jpg?1732614240'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g011-550.jpg?1732614241'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g012-550.jpg?1732614243'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g013-550.jpg?1732614244'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g014-550.jpg?1732614245'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g015-550.jpg?1732614246'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g016-550.jpg?1732614247'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g017-550.jpg?1732614248'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g018-550.jpg?1732614249'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g019-550.jpg?1732614250'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g020-550.jpg?1732614251'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g021-550.jpg?1732614252'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g022-550.jpg?1732614253'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g023-550.jpg?1732614254'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g024-550.jpg?1732614255'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g025-550.jpg?1732614256'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g026-550.jpg?1732614257'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g027-550.jpg?1732614258'><p>Figure 27</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1529652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g028-550.jpg?1732614259'><p>Figure 28</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529652-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g001-550.jpg?1732614231" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A cooling chamber utilized for testing purposes without the installation of a small fan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g002-550.jpg?1732614231" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The experimental chill room is equipped with a small fan strategically installed in multiple locations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g003-550.jpg?1732614233" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Illustrates the positions designated for measuring wind speed and temperature within the refrigerator across all six locations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g004-550.jpg?1732614234" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Creating mesh independence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g005-550.jpg?1732614234" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Verification of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g006-550.jpg?1732614235" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Trends Analysis and Model Accuracy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g007-550.jpg?1732614237" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Results of wind speed measurements in the refrigerator from the model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g008-550.jpg?1732614238" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Temperature Measurements in the Refrigeration Model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g009-550.jpg?1732614239" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Airflow in the refrigerator without a small fan for air circulation (no fan).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g010-550.jpg?1732614240" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Airflow inside the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at the L1 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g011-550.jpg?1732614241" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Airflow inside the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation, installed at the M1 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g012-550.jpg?1732614243" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Airflow inside the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation, installed at the R1 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g013-550.jpg?1732614244" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The airflow inside the refrigerator is enhanced by a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at position L2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g014-550.jpg?1732614245" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>The airflow inside the refrigerator is enhanced by a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at position M2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g015-550.jpg?1732614246" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>The airflow inside the refrigerator is enhanced by a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at position R2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g016-550.jpg?1732614247" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The airflow inside the refrigerator is facilitated by a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at the L3 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g017-550.jpg?1732614248" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The airflow inside the refrigerator is facilitated by a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at the M3 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g018-550.jpg?1732614249" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>The airflow inside the refrigerator is facilitated by a small fan for air circulation, which is installed at the R3 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g019-550.jpg?1732614250" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>The temperature of the air inside the refrigerator without a small fan for air circulation (No Fan).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g020-550.jpg?1732614251" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air inside the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. The small fan is installed at the L1 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g021-550.jpg?1732614252" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air inside the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan is installed at the M1 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g022-550.jpg?1732614253" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air inside the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan is installed at the R1 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g023-550.jpg?1732614254" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air in the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. The small fan is installed at the L2 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g024-550.jpg?1732614255" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air in the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan is installed at the M2 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g025-550.jpg?1732614256" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air in the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan is installed at the R2 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g026-550.jpg?1732614257" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air in the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan was installed at the L3 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g027-550.jpg?1732614258" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>The temperature of the air in the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan was installed at the M3 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02808/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02808-g028-550.jpg?1732614259" title=" <strong>Figure 28</strong><br/> <p>Temperature of the air in the refrigerator with a small fan for air circulation. A small fan was installed at the R3 position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2808'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 2136 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2807/pdf?version=1732612289" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Application of Straw Return with Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Rice Yield in Saline–Sodic Soils by Regulating Rice Organ Ion Concentrations and Soil Leaching Parameters" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2807">The Application of Straw Return with Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Rice Yield in Saline–Sodic Soils by Regulating Rice Organ Ion Concentrations and Soil Leaching Parameters</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tianqi Bai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cheng Ran</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiyue Ma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yue Miao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shangze Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heng Lan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinru Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qinlian Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiang Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiwen Shao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2807; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122807">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122807</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Soil salinization is a severe environmental problem that restricts crop productivity. Straw amendment could increase the fertility of saline–sodic soils by improving soil physical properties and carbon sequestration; however, the chemical mechanism of saline soil improvement via straw reclamation is not clear. This <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2807/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Soil salinization is a severe environmental problem that restricts crop productivity. Straw amendment could increase the fertility of saline–sodic soils by improving soil physical properties and carbon sequestration; however, the chemical mechanism of saline soil improvement via straw reclamation is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer on soil leaching characteristics, rice organ ion concentrations, and yield. Therefore, a soil column leaching experiment was conducted in 2021 in Baicheng, Jilin Province, using two straw application rate treatments (0 and 8 t hm<sup>−2</sup>) and three nitrogen application rate treatments (0, 180, and 360 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>). The results revealed the following: 1. The combination of straw return and nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the soil leachate volume, leachate pH, Na<sup>+</sup> concentration, and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio, thereby reducing Na<sup>+</sup> stress on rice; 2. The application of nitrogen fertilizer during straw return effectively minimized soil nitrogen loss by lowering the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the soil leachate; 3. This combination also reduced plant Na<sup>+</sup> concentrations while increasing plant K<sup>+</sup> concentrations, thus improving the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio in the plants; 4. Straw return with nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhanced rice yield, which increased with higher nitrogen application rates. In summary, the integration of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer not only regulates rice salinity tolerance but also boosts rice yield, presenting a novel approach for improving saline–sodic soils. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2807">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Soil_Plant_Nutrition">Soil and Plant Nutrition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2807/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529590"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529590"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529590" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529590" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529590" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g001-550.jpg?1732612390" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529590" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g002-550.jpg?1732612391'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g003-550.jpg?1732612392'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g004-550.jpg?1732612393'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g005-550.jpg?1732612395'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g006-550.jpg?1732612396'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g007-550.jpg?1732612398'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529590-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g001-550.jpg?1732612390" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Monthly average temperature (°C) and monthly total precipitation (mm) at the test site. Note: MP: monthly total precipitation; MT: monthly average temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g002-550.jpg?1732612391" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Percolation columns used for leaching experiments: illustration of the cross-section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g003-550.jpg?1732612392" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effect of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer application on the soil leachate volume. Note: The S0 treatment denotes the absence of straw return, while the S treatment indicates the presence of straw return. The designations N0, N180, and N360 correspond to nitrogen fertilizer application rates of 0, 180, and 360 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. Different letters signify statistically significant differences among the nitrogen fertilizer application rates (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). The annotations ** represent significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 levels, respectively. Panel (<b>A</b>) depicts the volume dynamics of the leachate in 2021, while panel (<b>B</b>) presents the total volume of the leachate in 2021.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g004-550.jpg?1732612393" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effect of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer application on the pH of soil leachate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g005-550.jpg?1732612395" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effect of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer application on the Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> concentrations and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio in the soil leachate. Note: panel (<b>A</b>) depicts the Na<sup>+</sup> concentration in the leachate, panel (<b>B</b>) depicts the K<sup>+</sup> concentration in the leachate, and panel (<b>C</b>) depicts the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio in the leachate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g006-550.jpg?1732612396" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effect of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer application on the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N concentrations in the soil leachate. Note: panel (<b>A</b>) depicts the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N concentration dynamics in the leachate, while panel (<b>B</b>) depicts the NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N concentration dynamics in the leachate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02807/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02807-g007-550.jpg?1732612398" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Effect of straw return with nitrogen fertilizer application on Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> contents, and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio in different rice organs at the maturity stage. Note: panels (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) depict the Na<sup>+</sup> content in different organs, panels (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) depict the K<sup>+</sup> content in different organs, and panels (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) depict Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio in different organs. S0: straw removal; S: straw return. Different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2807'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3938 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2806/pdf?version=1732606413" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Silver Nanoparticles Reduce Anthracnose Severity and Promote Growth of Bean Plants (Phaseolus vulgaris)" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2806">Silver Nanoparticles Reduce Anthracnose Severity and Promote Growth of Bean Plants (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>)</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandro A. dos Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mateus B. de Freitas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cesar F. Ribeiro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alex Sandro Poltronieri</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marciel J. Stadnik</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2806; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122806">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122806</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the development of <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i>, the progression of anthracnose symptoms, and the growth of common bean plants. For this purpose, the fungal mycelial growth and conidial germination were assessed <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2806/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the development of <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i>, the progression of anthracnose symptoms, and the growth of common bean plants. For this purpose, the fungal mycelial growth and conidial germination were assessed at AgNP concentrations of 0, 10, 30, and 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> after seven days of incubation, as well as at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 30, and 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> after 72 h, respectively. Bean plants of the IPR Uirapuru cultivar were sprayed at the V3 growth stage with AgNPs at 0, 10, 30, or 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, either two days before, on the day of, or two days after inoculation. Conidial germination and appressoria melanization were measured on the leaf discs collected 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation, and disease severity was assessed at 7 and 12 days post-inoculation. Another set of bean plants grown under the same conditions was used to evaluate growth promotion by AgNPs. For this, the plants were sprayed twice (with a seven-day interval), starting at the V3 growth stage, with AgNPs at 0, 10, 30, or 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>. Seven days after the second treatment, plant length and the fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots were measured, and the foliar pigments were quantified. The AgNPs did not reduce mycelial growth but completely inhibited the germination of <i>C. lindemuthianum</i> conidia. The severity of anthracnose decreased with the AgNPs in a dose- and application time-dependent manner, with the highest reduction (90%) observed when applied on the same day as an inoculation at 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>. This was strongly linked to a 70% decline in conidia germination and appressorium melanization on bean leaves. AgNPs at 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> promoted plant growth by increasing the total length by 3%, as well as the fresh weights of bean shoots and roots by 17% and 90%, respectively, but did not affect the content of leaf pigments. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2806">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/U6S22X01Z8 ">Application of Nanomaterials for Diseases and Pest Control in Agriculture</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2806/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529425"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529425"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529425" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529425" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529425" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g001-550.jpg?1732606495" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529425" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g002-550.jpg?1732606496'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g003-550.jpg?1732606498'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g004a-550.jpg?1732606500'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g004b-550.jpg?1732606502'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g005-550.jpg?1732606504'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g006-550.jpg?1732606507'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g007-550.jpg?1732606508'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g008-550.jpg?1732606509'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g009-550.jpg?1732606511'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529425-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g001-550.jpg?1732606495" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Organization of all experiments and analyzed variables. RH: relative humidity; hai: hours after inoculation; and dai: days after inoculation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g002-550.jpg?1732606496" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Germinated conidia of <span class="html-italic">C. lindemuthianum</span> conidia incubated with different concentrations of AgNPs. * Indicates significant difference from control (Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span> test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05). Blue dotted line indicates trend line for the logarithmic model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g003-550.jpg?1732606498" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mycelial growth of <span class="html-italic">C. lindemuthianum</span> at 0 (<b>A</b>,<b>D</b>), 7 (<b>B</b>,<b>E</b>), and 15 (<b>C</b>,<b>F</b>) days after inoculation on culture medium without (control; figures (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>)) or with AgNPs (50 mg.L<sup>−1</sup>; figures (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g004a-550.jpg?1732606500" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of germinated conidia of <span class="html-italic">C. lindemuthianum</span> after inoculation of bean leaves treated two days before inoculation (<b>A</b>), on the day of inoculation (<b>B</b>), and two days after inoculation (<b>C</b>) with different concentrations of AgNPs. Dotted lines indicate trend line for the respective model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g004b-550.jpg?1732606502" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of germinated conidia of <span class="html-italic">C. lindemuthianum</span> after inoculation of bean leaves treated two days before inoculation (<b>A</b>), on the day of inoculation (<b>B</b>), and two days after inoculation (<b>C</b>) with different concentrations of AgNPs. Dotted lines indicate trend line for the respective model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g005-550.jpg?1732606504" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Infective structures of <span class="html-italic">C. lindemuthianum</span> on the first trifoliate leaves of <span class="html-italic">P. vulgaris</span> (common bean) plants subjected to 0 (control; (<b>A</b>)), 10 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> (<b>B</b>), or 50 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> (<b>C</b>) of AgNPs. Arrows indicate melanized appressoria (<b>A</b>), non-melanized appressoria (<b>B</b>), and non-germinated conidia (<b>C</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g006-550.jpg?1732606507" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of melanized appressoria of <span class="html-italic">C. lindemuthianum</span> after inoculation of bean leaves treated two days before inoculation (<b>A</b>), on the day of inoculation (<b>B</b>), and two days after inoculation (<b>C</b>) with different concentrations of AgNPs. Dotted lines indicate trend line for the respective model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g007-550.jpg?1732606508" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Effect of foliar application of AgNPs on the severity of anthracnose 12 days after inoculation in common bean. Treated with 0 (<b>A</b>), 10 (<b>B</b>), 30 (<b>C</b>), or 50 (<b>D</b>) mg·L<sup>−1</sup> of AgNPs at different timings: 2 days before inoculation (2 DB), on the day of inoculation (0 D), or two days after inoculation (2 DAI).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g008-550.jpg?1732606509" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Anthracnose severity at 7 (<b>A</b>) and 12 (<b>B</b>) days after inoculation of bean leaves treated with different concentrations of AgNPs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02806/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02806-g009-550.jpg?1732606511" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Content of chlorophyll <span class="html-italic">a</span> (Chl a), chlorophyll <span class="html-italic">b</span> (Chl b), total chorophyll, and carotenoids of bean plants (<span class="html-italic">P. vulgaris</span>) treated with different concentrations of AgNPs. * Bean plants were subjected to two treatments: the first occurred at V2 and the second, seven days after the first, using water (control group) or different concentrations of AgNPs. At V3, the plants were carefully removed from the substrate for determination of leaf pigments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2806'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529446" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529446" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529446" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2805/s1?version=1732607875"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 231 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 2884 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2805/pdf?version=1732607874" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Leguminous Plants and Microbial Inoculation: An Approach for Biocatalytic Phytoremediation of Tebuthiuron in Agricultural Soil" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2805">Leguminous Plants and Microbial Inoculation: An Approach for Biocatalytic Phytoremediation of Tebuthiuron in Agricultural Soil</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victor Hugo Cruz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno Rafael de Almeida Moreira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thalia Silva Valério</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanca Araujo Frias</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vinícius Luiz da Silva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eduardo Beraldo de Morais</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leandro Tropaldi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Evandro Pereira Prado</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Renato Nallin Montagnolli</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Renato Matos Lopes</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2805; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122805">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122805</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Herbicides are important for weed control but can severely impact ecosystems, causing soil and water contamination, biodiversity loss, and harm to non-target organisms. Tebuthiuron, widely used in sugarcane cultivation, is highly soluble and persistent, posing significant environmental risks. Microbial inoculation has emerged as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2805/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Herbicides are important for weed control but can severely impact ecosystems, causing soil and water contamination, biodiversity loss, and harm to non-target organisms. Tebuthiuron, widely used in sugarcane cultivation, is highly soluble and persistent, posing significant environmental risks. Microbial inoculation has emerged as a sustainable strategy to mitigate such damage. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of <i>Mucuna pruriens</i> and <i>Canavalia ensiformis</i> in tebuthiuron-contaminated soils, enhanced by fungal and bacterial inoculants. <i>Crotalaria juncea</i> served as a bioindicator plant, and <i>Lactuca sativa</i> was used in ecotoxicological bioassays. During a 140-day greenhouse experiment from September 2021 to March 2022, <i>M. pruriens</i> showed faster growth than <i>C. ensiformis</i> in uncontaminated soils but was more affected by tebuthiuron. Bacterial inoculants improved <i>M. pruriens</i> growth under stress, while fungal inoculants mitigated tebuthiuron’s effects on <i>C. ensiformis</i>. <i>C. juncea</i> exhibited high sensitivity to tebuthiuron but grew beyond 100 cm with bacterial inoculants. Ecotoxicological assays showed that bacterial bioaugmentation significantly reduced soil toxicity. Natural attenuation further decreased tebuthiuron toxicity, and prior cultivation of <i>M. pruriens</i> enhanced soil detoxification. This integrated approach combining phytoremediation and bioaugmentation offers a sustainable method to degrade tebuthiuron, foster safer agriculture, and reduce environmental and health risks. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2805">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/8SXZPP7R52 ">Innovations and Obstacles: Microbial Communities in the Journey of Soil Remediation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2805/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529446"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529446"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529446" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529446" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529446" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g001-550.jpg?1732607977" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529446" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g002-550.jpg?1732607979'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g003-550.jpg?1732607981'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g004-550.jpg?1732607982'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g005-550.jpg?1732607983'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g006-550.jpg?1732607985'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g007-550.jpg?1732607986'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g008-550.jpg?1732607988'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529446-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g009-550.jpg?1732607989'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529446-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g001-550.jpg?1732607977" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Summary of the experimental design with the three factors (tebuthiuron, microbial inoculant, and plant species), the five analysis times (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 DAS—days after sowing), and the number of replicates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g002-550.jpg?1732607979" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Kinetic growth of <span class="html-italic">M. pruriens</span> (MP) and <span class="html-italic">C. ensiformis</span> (CE) as potential phytoremediators of the herbicide tebuthiuron (TBT) in soil with fungal (FUNG) or bacterial (BACT) inoculants from the Gompertz model. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Treatments without TBT. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Treatments with TBT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g003-550.jpg?1732607981" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Production of total dry biomass of <span class="html-italic">M. pruriens</span> (MP) and <span class="html-italic">C. ensiformis</span> (CE) in soil associated or not with tebuthiuron (TBT) and/or fungal (FUNG) or bacterial (BACT) inoculants after 70 DAS. Different lowercase letters indicate statistical differences by the Tukey test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g004-550.jpg?1732607982" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Kinetic growth of <span class="html-italic">C. juncea</span> height as bioindicator species in soil with tebuthiuron (TBT) and fungal (FUNG) or bacterial (BACT) inoculants from the Gompertz model. Ref—reference control soil without leguminous plants, inoculants, and tebuthiuron.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g005-550.jpg?1732607983" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Kinetic growth of <span class="html-italic">C. juncea</span> height as bioindicator species in tebuthiuron (TBT) soil with <span class="html-italic">M. pruriens</span> (MP) and <span class="html-italic">C. ensiformis</span> (CE) and fungal (FUNG) or bacterial (BACT) inoculants. Ref—reference control soil without leguminous plants, inoculants, and tebuthiuron. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Treatments without TBT. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Treatments with TBT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g006-550.jpg?1732607985" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Production of total dry biomass of <span class="html-italic">C. juncea</span> in soil associated or not with tebuthiuron (TBT), bacterial (BACT), or fungal (FUNG) inoculants and/or the different plants <span class="html-italic">M. pruriens</span> (MP) and <span class="html-italic">C. ensiformis</span> (CE) after 70 DAS. Ref—reference control soil without leguminous plants, inoculants, and tebuthiuron. Same lowercase letters did not indicate statistical differences by the Tukey test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g007-550.jpg?1732607986" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Kinetic evolution from the Gompertz model of the germination index of <span class="html-italic">L. sativa</span> in ecotoxicity bioassays in soil with tebuthiuron (TBT) and fungal (FUNG) or bacterial (BACT) inoculants from the Gompertz model. Ref—reference control soil without leguminous plants, inoculants, and tebuthiuron.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g008-550.jpg?1732607988" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Kinetic evolution from the Gompertz model of the germination index of <span class="html-italic">L. sativa</span> in ecotoxicity bioassays in tebuthiuron (TBT) soil with <span class="html-italic">M. pruriens</span> (MP) and <span class="html-italic">C. ensiformis</span> (CE) and bacterial (BACT) or fungal (FUNG) inoculants. Ref—reference control soil without leguminous plants, inoculants, and tebuthiuron. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Treatments without TBT. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Treatments with TBT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02805/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02805-g009-550.jpg?1732607989" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Dynamics of random (tebuthiuron) and fixed (leguminous plants—<span class="html-italic">M. pruriens</span> and <span class="html-italic">C. ensiformis</span>; and microbial inoculants—fungal and bacterial) effects on the specific rate of the germination index (GI) of <span class="html-italic">L. sativa</span> in ecotoxicity bioassays.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2805'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529270" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529270" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529270" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2804/s1?version=1732553003"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1983 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 781 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2804/pdf?version=1732553002" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Agronomic Estimation of Lupin (Lupinus pilosus L.) as a Prospective Crop" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2804">Agronomic Estimation of Lupin (<i>Lupinus pilosus </i>L.) as a Prospective Crop</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oren Shelef</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eyal Ben-Simchon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcelo Sternberg</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ofer Cohen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2804; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122804">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122804</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The global dependence on a narrow range of crops poses significant risks to food security, and exploring alternative crops that enhance agrobiodiversity is crucial. <i>Lupinus pilosus</i> L., a wild lupin species native to Israel, represents a promising candidate for domestication due to its <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2804/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The global dependence on a narrow range of crops poses significant risks to food security, and exploring alternative crops that enhance agrobiodiversity is crucial. <i>Lupinus pilosus</i> L., a wild lupin species native to Israel, represents a promising candidate for domestication due to its large seeds and high protein content. This study is the first to evaluate the agronomic potential of <i>L. pilosus</i>, focusing on populations from basalt and limestone soils. We hypothesized that <i>L. pilosus </i>has significant potential as a novel high-protein crop and that its agronomic characteristics vary among geographically distinct populations. We performed a net-house experiment to test these hypotheses, exploring dozens of agronomic traits for each of the 10 accessions originating in wild populations. We found that basalt-origin accessions exhibited 34.2% higher seed weight, while limestone accessions doubled their seed yield when exposed to honeybee pollination. Notably, high-density cultivation did not reduce seed yield, suggesting that <i>L. pilosus</i> could be successfully cultivated under crop-like conditions. Our findings highlight the species’ adaptability to different soil types and its responsiveness to pollination, traits that align with the need for climate-resilient crops. This study presents a significant step forward in the domestication of wild lupins, particularly in regions prone to environmental stressors. Compared to other studies on wild lupin domestication, this research provides new insights into the role of ecology in shaping agronomic traits, emphasizing the unique combination of seed yield and plant traits under diverse growing conditions. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2804">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/agrifood_ii">New Trends in Agri-Food Sector: Environmental, Economic and Social Perspectives, 2nd Volume</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 1668 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2803/pdf?version=1732548478" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Efficient and Accurate Calibration of Discrete Element Method Parameters for Black Beans" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2803">Efficient and Accurate Calibration of Discrete Element Method Parameters for Black Beans</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuezhen Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qinghang Zhai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shihao Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qianwen Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hanmi Zhou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2803; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122803">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122803</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Discrete element parameters of the black bean (BLB) are key to developing high-performance BLB machineries (e.g., seeders and shellers), which are still lacking in previous literature. In this study, the effects of the radius and lifting speed of cylinder-in-cylinder lifting method (CLM) simulations <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2803/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Discrete element parameters of the black bean (BLB) are key to developing high-performance BLB machineries (e.g., seeders and shellers), which are still lacking in previous literature. In this study, the effects of the radius and lifting speed of cylinder-in-cylinder lifting method (CLM) simulations were investigated to efficiently and accurately obtain the repose angle. Discrete element method (DEM) parameters of the BLB were determined by combining the Plackett–Burman Design test, the steepest ascent design test, and the central composite design test. The results show that the measurement moment (i.e., 12 s) of repose angles should be determined when kinetic energy reaches the minimal threshold (1 × 10<sup>−6</sup> J) to efficiently and accurately obtain repose angles; too early or too late a measurement can result in inaccurate repose angles or excessive computation time of the computer, respectively. The lifting speed and cylinder radius affected the lateral displacements of BLBs and came at the cost of higher computation time and memory usage. A lifting speed of 0.015 m s<sup>−1</sup> and a radius of 40 mm of the cylinder were determined in CLM simulations. The static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient between BLBs significantly affected the repose angles. A static friction coefficient of 0.202 and rolling friction coefficient of 0.0104 between BLBs were obtained based on the optimization results. A low relative error (0.74%) and insignificant difference (<i>p </i>> 0.05) between the simulated and measured repose angles were found. The suggested method can be potentially used to calibrate the DEM parameters of BLBs with good accuracy. The results from this study can provide implications for investigating interactions of BLBs and various BLB processing machines and for the efficient and accurate determination of DEM parameters of crop grains. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2803">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Precision_Digital_Agriculture">Precision and Digital Agriculture</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529144" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529144" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529144" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2802/s1?version=1732547402"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 137 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 356 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2802/pdf?version=1732547402" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Alcoholic Fermentation Activators: Bee Pollen Extracts as a New Alternative" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2802">Alcoholic Fermentation Activators: Bee Pollen Extracts as a New Alternative</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Juan Manuel Pérez-González</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>José Manuel Igartuburu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Víctor Palacios</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pau Sancho-Galán</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Jiménez-Cantizano</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Amores-Arrocha</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2802; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122802">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122802</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Searching for natural alternatives to synthetic fermentation activators has led to the study of bee pollen as a natural alcoholic fermentation activator. This study evaluated the potential of different bee pollen extracts (0.25 g/L) as activators in a Palomino Fino grape must. By <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2802/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Searching for natural alternatives to synthetic fermentation activators has led to the study of bee pollen as a natural alcoholic fermentation activator. This study evaluated the potential of different bee pollen extracts (0.25 g/L) as activators in a Palomino Fino grape must. By analysing the composition of each extract, it was possible to identify the specific bee pollen fractions with the highest efficacy for activating alcoholic fermentation. Four extracts were obtained through sequential extraction using various organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water), and their compositions were characterised. The effect of each extract was evaluated by monitoring the viable yeast populations and fermentation kinetics throughout the alcoholic fermentation process, along with the physicochemical and colour characterisation of the white wines obtained. The bee pollen fraction extracted with hexane, which was rich in long-chain fatty acids, significantly increased the maximum yeast populations and improved the fermentation kinetics. However, the extracts rich in polyphenolic compounds exhibited slower fermentation rates. Based on the obtained results, the lipid fraction of bee pollen extracted with hexane may be responsible for its ability to activate alcoholic fermentation. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2802">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/5P089121G4 ">Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Crops—<span class="ui-provider a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak" dir="ltr">2nd Edition</span></a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 1783 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2801/pdf?version=1732546619" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Maize (Zeal mays) and Soybean (Glycine max) Cropping Systems on Weed Infestation and Resource Use Efficiency" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2801">Effect of Maize (<i>Zeal mays</i>) and Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) Cropping Systems on Weed Infestation and Resource Use Efficiency</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aamir Ali</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shoaib Ahmed</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ghulam Mustafa Laghari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abdul Hafeez Laghari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aijaz Ahmed Soomro</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nida Jabeen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2801; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122801">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122801</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Agriculture has consistently improved to meet the needs of a growing global population; however, traditional monoculture farming, while highly productive, is facing challenges such as weed infestation and inefficient resource utilization. Herbicides effectively control weeds. However, their widespread use in weed management has <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2801/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Agriculture has consistently improved to meet the needs of a growing global population; however, traditional monoculture farming, while highly productive, is facing challenges such as weed infestation and inefficient resource utilization. Herbicides effectively control weeds. However, their widespread use in weed management has the potential to contaminate soil and water, endangering the ecosystem by damaging non-target plant and animal species. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different maize and soybean cropping systems on weed infestation and resource utilization. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications consisting of three cropping systems: sole maize (SM), sole soybean (SS), and maize–soybean strip intercropping (MSI). In this study, the main difference between SM, SS, and MSI was the planting density, which was 60,000 (SM), 100,000 (SS), and 160,000 (maize–soybean in MSI). We observed that a higher total leaf area index in MSI resulted in increased soil cover, which reduced the solar radiations for weeds and suppressed the weed growth by 17% and 11% as compared to SS and SM, respectively. Whereas the radiation use efficiency for companion crops in MSI was increased by 39% and 42% compared to SS and SM, respectively. Moreover, the increased soil cover by total leaf area index in MSI also increased the efficiency of water use. Furthermore, our results indicated that reduced weed-crop competition increased the resource use in MSI, which resulted in increased crop yield and land equivalent ratio (LER 1.6). Eventually, this resulted in reduced inputs and increased land productivity. Therefore, we suggest that MSI should be adopted in resource-limiting conditions with higher weed infestation as it can simultaneously promote ecological balance and improve agricultural output, thereby reducing the environmental effects of traditional cropping systems. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2801">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Weed_Science_Weed_Management">Weed Science and Weed Management</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1528999" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1528999" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1528999" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2800/s1?version=1732541772"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1388 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 9335 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2800/pdf?version=1732541771" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Profiles to Evaluate the Response Mechanisms of Carex adrienii to Shade Conditions" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2800">Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Profiles to Evaluate the Response Mechanisms of <i>Carex adrienii</i> to Shade Conditions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shumin Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhong Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuang Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuemei Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shihui Zou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhijian Tan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiao Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sheng Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lijiao Ai</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shunzhao Sui</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2800; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122800">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122800</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <i>Carex </i>is a type of herbaceous plant with high application value, playing an important role in the urban periphery. Due to its unique morphology and ecological characteristics, <i>Carex</i> is widely used in various fields, such as landscaping, ecological restoration and soil and water <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2800/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <i>Carex </i>is a type of herbaceous plant with high application value, playing an important role in the urban periphery. Due to its unique morphology and ecological characteristics, <i>Carex</i> is widely used in various fields, such as landscaping, ecological restoration and soil and water conservation, which help to maintain the balance of the ecosystem. In order to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of shade tolerance in <i>Carex</i>, transcriptome and metabolome sequencing were performed on the leaves of the shade = tolerant species <i>Carex adrienii </i>E. G. Camus. under 80% shade and no shade conditions. Compared to control group (CK), the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll <i>a</i>, chlorophyll <i>b</i> and total carotenoid content in the <i>C. adrienii</i> leaves of the shading treatment were significantly upregulated. The antioxidant enzyme activity of the leaves, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), were also remarkably upregulated in the shading treatment groups. In addition, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of the leaves were reduced, and the intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (Ci) of the leaves was increased under shade. The transcriptome identified 5056 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the metabolome identified 889 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in three treated samples. The integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses results showed that the DEGs and DAMs were enriched in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis synthesis pathways. The ABA content of the <i>C. adrienii</i> leaves was significantly increased under shade. Therefore, the shading conditions led to changes in chlorophyll and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as the accumulation of flavonoids in <i>C. adrienii</i>, both of which were achieved by regulating genes involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis molecular networks. Our results provide new knowledge for the molecular response and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of <i>C. adrienii </i>to shade stress, and valuable genetic resources for <i>C. adrienii</i> shade tolerance molecular breeding. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2800">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Horticultural_Floricultural_Crops">Horticultural and Floricultural Crops</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 1352 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2799/pdf?version=1732537348" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Water Retainer® During Seedling Period on Bioactive Components of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2799">Effect of Water Retainer<sup>®</sup> During Seedling Period on Bioactive Components of Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>)</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rita Adél Tömösközi-Farkas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ágnes Molnár-Mondovics</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Barbara Ildikó Schmidtné Szantner</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2799; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122799">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122799</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As a result of climate change, drought and the unequal distribution of rainfall is a worldwide problem. Drought stress on plants affects not only the yield, but also the amount and ratio of bioactive components in tomato fruit. The aim of the present <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2799/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As a result of climate change, drought and the unequal distribution of rainfall is a worldwide problem. Drought stress on plants affects not only the yield, but also the amount and ratio of bioactive components in tomato fruit. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of a new soil biodegradable water-retention agent (Water and Soil’s Water Retainer<sup>®</sup>, Water and Soil Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) containing natural ingredients during the seedling period and under different irrigation conditions on the product volume, dry matter content and on some characteristic secondary metabolites in tomato fruits. The study was conducted to screen four different irrigation and soil treatment combination treatments for production and quality characteristics (polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, vitamin C) to check the effect of seedling-stage stress on the tomato yield and bioactive components. Significant differences were found among the treatment and the cultivation seasons for the phytochemical content of fruits. The average yield and BRIX value did not change as a result of the Water Retainer<sup>®</sup> compared to the irrigated samples, but the amount of lycopene, Vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and total polyphenol content increased significantly with the use of the Water Retainer<sup>®</sup>. In the two cultivation seasons, the highest concentration of lycopene and Vitamin C (114.30 ± 3.18 μg.g<sup>−1</sup> and 338.10 ± 13.70 μg.g<sup>−1</sup> fwt, respectively) was determined in fruits of 50% irrigation + 1.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup> WR<sup>®</sup>-treated plants. The highest measured antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content were 21.54 ± 0.17 mMTr/kg and 504 ± 44 mg GAE/kg, respectively, in the same treated samples. We found that seedlings exposed to drought stress, and after planting, when grown under ideal conditions in the field, can be distinguished from each other, despite the fact that there was only a difference between their cultivation during the seedling period. This may prove that rehydration is not sufficient to completely restore the metabolomic processes of stressed plants. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2799">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/DXF1P3382T ">Physiological Traits of Plants Under Irrigation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2799/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528937"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528937"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528937" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528937" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528937" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528937-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g001-550.jpg?1732537441" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528937" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528937-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g002-550.jpg?1732537443'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528937-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g003-550.jpg?1732537444'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528937-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g004-550.jpg?1732537445'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528937-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g001-550.jpg?1732537441" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Meteorological data (precipitation, daily minimum, maximum, and average temperature, soil humidity, and soil temperature) in Season 1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2799'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g002-550.jpg?1732537443" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Meteorological data (precipitation, daily minimum, maximum, and average temperature, soil humidity, and temperature) in Season 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2799'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g003-550.jpg?1732537444" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Canonical discriminant analysis results based on the evaluation of the data of cultivation and bioactive components in 2019 and 2020.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2799'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02799/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02799-g004-550.jpg?1732537445" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The results of the canonical discriminant analysis based on the two-year evaluation of the harvest data (<b>a</b>) and the amount of bioactive components (<b>b</b>) in the groups treated in different ways (1: 100% irrigation; 2: 50% irrigation + 1.5% WR<sup>®</sup>; 3: 50% irrigation + 2% WR<sup>®</sup>; 4: 50% irrigation).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2799'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2767 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2798/pdf?version=1732615978" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Impact of Applying Different Fertilizers on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ammonia Volatilization from Northeast Spring Corn" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2798">The Impact of Applying Different Fertilizers on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ammonia Volatilization from Northeast Spring Corn</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaikuo Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Longfei Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mei Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ping Gong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yan Xue</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuchao Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhijie Wu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lili Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2798; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122798">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122798</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) volatilization by improving fertilization methods to increase crop yield is beneficial for the green and sustainable development of agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of farmer practice fertilization (FP), nutrient expert optimized fertilization <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2798/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) volatilization by improving fertilization methods to increase crop yield is beneficial for the green and sustainable development of agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of farmer practice fertilization (FP), nutrient expert optimized fertilization (NE—optimized fertilizer usage and time), the application of stable compound fertilizer (SF), and the application of controlled-release coated urea (CRU) on greenhouse gases, NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization, and corn yield through field experiments set up in the corn planting area in western Liaoning Province. The results showed that compared with FP treatment, NE could significantly reduce NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization by 28% and increase N<sub>2</sub>O release by 41%. Compared with FP treatment, SF could significantly reduce NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization by 48.54%, N<sub>2</sub>O release by 38.54%, CO<sub>2</sub> release by 13.96%, global warming potential (GWP) by 16.60%, and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) by 27.23%, and could significantly increase corn yield by 15.86%. Compared with FP treatment, CRU could significantly reduce NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization by 63.46%, CO<sub>2</sub> release by 11.98%, GWP by 10.73%, and GHGI by 13.77%, while increasing N<sub>2</sub>O release by 6.71%. Overall, NE, SF, and CRU treatments all showed better effects than FP treatment in increasing corn yield or reducing NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization and GHG emissions. Among them, SF treatment demonstrated superior performance over NE and CRU treatments in terms of NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization, corn yield, and GHGI. Therefore, the application of stable compound fertilizer is the optimal choice for corn planting in western Liaoning, with broad application prospects. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2798">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/35GD2H5M0H ">Effect of Fertilizer Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Carbon Sequestration</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2798/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528825"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528825"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528825" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528825" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528825" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528825-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g001-550.jpg?1732616040" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528825" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528825-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g002-550.jpg?1732616041'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528825-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g003-550.jpg?1732616042'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528825-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g004-550.jpg?1732616043'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528825-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g001-550.jpg?1732616040" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Static chamber and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) volatilization field device diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2798'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g002-550.jpg?1732616041" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effects of different treatments on N<sub>2</sub>O (<b>A</b>) and CO<sub>2</sub> (<b>B</b>) flux during the corn-growing season (mean ± SE). FP: conventional fertilization; NE: nutrient expert optimized fertilization; SF: stable compound fertilizer; CRU: controlled-release-coated urea. The same apply below.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2798'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g003-550.jpg?1732616042" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effects of different treatments on N<sub>2</sub>O (<b>A</b>) and CO<sub>2</sub> (<b>B</b>) accumulation during the corn-growing season (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters within treatments indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2798'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02798/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02798-g004-550.jpg?1732616043" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effects of different treatments on NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization flux (<b>A</b>) and accumulation (<b>B</b>) during the corn-growing season (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters within treatments indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2798'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1528682" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1528682" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1528682" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2797/s1?version=1732526513"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2972 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 2307 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2797/pdf?version=1732526512" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Synergistic Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch Using Bacillus velezensis ZY1 and Chemical Bactericides" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Essay</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2797">Synergistic Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch Using <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> ZY1 and Chemical Bactericides</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haoyu Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sheng Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maihemuti Mijiti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tingchang Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Guan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuwen Yang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2797; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122797">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122797</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is a devastating disease caused by <i>Acidovorax citrulli</i>, severely impacting the watermelon and melon industries and leading to significant economic losses. Currently, researchers have not identified any commercial melon varieties with high resistance to BFB, and farmers primarily <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2797/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is a devastating disease caused by <i>Acidovorax citrulli</i>, severely impacting the watermelon and melon industries and leading to significant economic losses. Currently, researchers have not identified any commercial melon varieties with high resistance to BFB, and farmers primarily rely on chemical agents for prevention and control. However, the extensive use of these agents contributes to increased drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria, making it essential to develop environmentally friendly control methods. To explore the feasibility of combining the <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> ZY1 strain with chemical agents for BFB management, we assessed the efficacy of 10 bactericides and the ZY1 strain against <i>Acidovorax citrulli.</i> The results show that Prothioconazole, Zhongsheng Tetramycin Solution, Streptomycin Sesquisulfate, Tetramycin, Zhongshengmycin, and ZY1 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the growth of <i>Acidovorax citrulli</i>. We determined the biocompatibility of the bactericides with the ZY1 strain using the plate confrontation method and the flat counting method. Zhongsheng Tetramycin Solution, Zhongshengmycin, and Kasugamycin exhibited good compatibility with the ZY1 strain. Additionally, we established the optimal compounding ratio of the bactericide and ZY1 using the Horsfall method. Among these, Zhongshengmycin demonstrated the best performance when combining its efficacy against <i>Acidovorax citrulli</i> with its biocompatibility with the ZY1 strain. The combination of Zhongshengmycin and ZY1 at a volume ratio of 5:5 significantly inhibited <i>Acidovorax citrulli</i>, exhibiting a clear synergistic effect with a synergy index (<i>I</i><sub>R</sub>) value of 1.542. Field tests conducted over 21 days in Beijing greenhouses, Hainan Field facility greenhouses, and Xinjiang showed that the control efficacy of the Zhongshengmycin and ZY1 combination (89.23%) significantly surpassed that of the single agent Zhongshengmycin (80.35%) and the biocontrol bacterium ZY1 (72.12%). Notably, the application rate of Zhongshengmycin in the mixture was only half that of the single agent, resulting in a significant reduction in chemical usage. The combination of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> ZY1 and Zhongshengmycin not only decreases chemical usage but also significantly enhances control efficacy compared to using Zhongshengmycin alone. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2797">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Pest_and_Disease_Management">Pest and Disease Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2797/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528682"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528682"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528682" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528682" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528682" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g001-550.jpg?1732526580" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528682" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g002-550.jpg?1732526581'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g003a-550.jpg?1732526583'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g003b-550.jpg?1732526584'><p>Figure 3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g004-550.jpg?1732526585'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g005-550.jpg?1732526586'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1528682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g006-550.jpg?1732526586'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528682-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g001-550.jpg?1732526580" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Inhibitory effects of ten chemical agents tested against <span class="html-italic">A. citrulli</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g002-550.jpg?1732526581" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Results of pslb65 inhibition via <span class="html-italic">Bacillus velezensis</span> ZY1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g003a-550.jpg?1732526583" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Determination of <span class="html-italic">Bacillus velezensis</span> ZY1 compatibility with tested bactericides.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g003b-550.jpg?1732526584" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Determination of <span class="html-italic">Bacillus velezensis</span> ZY1 compatibility with tested bactericides.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g004-550.jpg?1732526585" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Control effects of chemical agents and <span class="html-italic">Bacillus velezensis</span> ZY1 on BFB in greenhouses. Note: Disease index and control effects are presented as means ± standard error of at least three independent experiments. Data within each column with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g005-550.jpg?1732526586" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Control effects of chemical agents and <span class="html-italic">Bacillus velezensis</span> ZY1 on BFB in the fields of Hainan province. Note: Disease index and control effects are presented as means ± standard error of at least three independent experiments. Data within each column with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02797/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02797-g006-550.jpg?1732526586" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Control effects of chemical agents and <span class="html-italic">Bacillus velezensis</span> ZY1 on BFB in the fields of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Note: Disease index and control effects are presented as means ± standard error of at least three independent experiments. Data within each column with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2797'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 10794 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2796/pdf?version=1732526210" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Improved YOLOv7-Tiny for the Detection of Common Rice Leaf Diseases in Smart Agriculture" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2796">Improved YOLOv7-Tiny for the Detection of Common Rice Leaf Diseases in Smart Agriculture</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fuxu Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jing Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xingcheng Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sinuo Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongze Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingli Cao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Songhong Wei</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2796; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122796">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122796</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Rapid and accurate detection of rice foliar diseases is essential for yield prediction and food security. This study proposes a multi-size rice leaf disease detection model, YOLOv7-tiny, for fast and accurate detection of rice leaf diseases. The MobileNetV3 lightweight network is introduced to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2796/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Rapid and accurate detection of rice foliar diseases is essential for yield prediction and food security. This study proposes a multi-size rice leaf disease detection model, YOLOv7-tiny, for fast and accurate detection of rice leaf diseases. The MobileNetV3 lightweight network is introduced to replace the backbone network of YOLOv7-tiny, which reduces the size of the model parameters and improves the extraction capability of features of different sizes; the RCS-OSA is used to replace the original ELAN-1 module, which improves the extraction capability of interlayer features; the TSCODE detector head is designed to enhance the extraction capability of the model for small targets; and the MPDIoU loss function is used to improve the model’s convergence speed and effect. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of ofYOLOv7-TMRTM is 97.9%, and compared with the baseline YOLOv7-tiny model, the accuracy of leaf spot detection is improved for different sizes and types of small target detection results, the YOLOv7-TMRTM model improves mAP0.5 by 4.4%, recall by 4.7% and precision by 8.8% compared to YOLOv7-tiny. The comparison with Faster RCNN, SSD, YOLOv4, YOLOv5s, YOLOv8s, and other mainstream target detection models shows that this method greatly solves the field environment. The problem of small spots and fuzzy edges of photographed rice diseases provides a basis for intelligent management of diseases in the field, which in turn promotes food security in China. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2796">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/agronomy/sections/Pest_and_Disease_Management">Pest and Disease Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2796/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528671"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528671"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528671" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528671" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528671" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g001-550.jpg?1732526340" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528671" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g002-550.jpg?1732526341'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g003-550.jpg?1732526342'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g004-550.jpg?1732526345'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g005-550.jpg?1732526349'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g006-550.jpg?1732526350'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g007-550.jpg?1732526351'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g008-550.jpg?1732526352'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g009-550.jpg?1732526353'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g010-550.jpg?1732526354'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g011-550.jpg?1732526355'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g012-550.jpg?1732526355'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g013-550.jpg?1732526357'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g014-550.jpg?1732526360'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g015-550.jpg?1732526361'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g016-550.jpg?1732526365'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1528671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g017-550.jpg?1732526370'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528671-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g001-550.jpg?1732526340" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>On-site collection of rice disease data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g002-550.jpg?1732526341" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Rice leaf disease samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g003-550.jpg?1732526342" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Partial data enhancement picture. (<b>a</b>) translation; (<b>b</b>) rotation; (<b>c</b>) color vibrance; (<b>d</b>) adjusting brightness; (<b>e</b>) cutout.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g004-550.jpg?1732526345" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Structural diagram of the YOLOv7-tiny model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g005-550.jpg?1732526349" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Display of the detection results of rice blast disease.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g006-550.jpg?1732526350" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>YOLOv7-TMRTM structure diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g007-550.jpg?1732526351" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The network structure of the MobileNetV3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g008-550.jpg?1732526352" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Activation function images for H-sigmoid and H-switch.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g009-550.jpg?1732526353" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the time-consuming layer structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g010-550.jpg?1732526354" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>RCS assumption diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g011-550.jpg?1732526355" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The RCS-OSA structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g012-550.jpg?1732526355" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>TSCODE Structure Diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g013-550.jpg?1732526357" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>MPDIoU position relationships.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g014-550.jpg?1732526360" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Effect diagram of rice disease detection before and after model improvement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g015-550.jpg?1732526361" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Loss comparison between before and after improved models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g016-550.jpg?1732526365" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Target detection results of different sizes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02796/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02796-g017-550.jpg?1732526370" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Feature visualization heat.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2796'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1528651" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1528651" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1528651" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2795/s1?version=1732525781"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 3942 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 1829 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2795/pdf?version=1732525780" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Genomic Prediction of Kernel Water Content in a Hybrid Population for Mechanized Harvesting in Maize in Northern China" data-journal="agronomy"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4395/14/12/2795">Genomic Prediction of Kernel Water Content in a Hybrid Population for Mechanized Harvesting in Maize in Northern China</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ping Luo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruisi Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lin Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Houwen Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongjun Yong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Runze Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenzhe Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fei Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingshun Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianfeng Weng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Degui Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhiqiang Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jienan Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenwei Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinlong Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ke Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuecai Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junjie Fu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinhai Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Zhuanfang Hao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Zhiyong Ni</strong></span><a href="#" class="show-full-author-list"><i class="material-icons">add</i> Show full author list </a><a href="#" class="hide-full-author-list"><i class="material-icons">remove</i> Hide full author list </a> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Agronomy</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 2795; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122795">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122795</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Genomic prediction enables rapid selection of maize varieties with low kernel water content (KWC), facilitating the development of mechanized maize harvesting and reducing costs. This study evaluated and characterized the KWC and grain yield (GY) of hybrid maize in northern China and used <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2795/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Genomic prediction enables rapid selection of maize varieties with low kernel water content (KWC), facilitating the development of mechanized maize harvesting and reducing costs. This study evaluated and characterized the KWC and grain yield (GY) of hybrid maize in northern China and used genomic prediction to identify superior hybrid combinations with low kernel water content at maturity (MKWC) and high GY adapted to northern China. A total of 285 hybrids obtained from single crosses of 34 inbred lines from Stiff Stalk and Non-Stiff Stalk heterotic groups were used for genomic prediction of KWC and GY. We tested 20 different statistical prediction models considering additive effects and evaluating the impact of dominance and epistasis on prediction accuracy. Employing 10-fold cross-validation, it showed that the average prediction accuracy ranged drastically from 0.386 to 0.874 across traits and models. Eight linear statistical methods displayed a very similar prediction accuracy for each trait. The average prediction accuracy of machine learning methods was lower than that of linear statistical methods for KWC-related traits, but the random forest model had a high prediction accuracy of 0.510 for GY. When genetic effects were incorporated into the prediction model, the prediction accuracy for each trait was improved. Overall, the model with dominant and epistatic effects (G:AD(AA)) performed best. For the same number of markers, predictions using trait-specific markers resulted in higher prediction accuracy than randomly selected markers. When the number of trait-specific SNPs was set to 100, the prediction accuracy of GY increased by 33.27%, from 0.406 to 0.541. Out of all the 561 potential hybrids, the TOP 30 hybrids selected by genomic prediction would lead to a 1.44% decrease in MKWC compared with Xianyu335, a hybrid with a fast kernel water dry-down, and these hybrids also had higher GY simultaneously. Our results confirm the value of genomic prediction for hybrid breeding low MKWC suitable for maize mechanized harvesting in northern China. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of genomic prediction to optimize maize hybrid breeding, enhancing efficiency and providing insights into genotype-accuracy relationships. The findings offer new strategies for hybrid design and advancing mechanized harvesting in northern China. <a href="/2073-4395/14/12/2795">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/agronomy/special_issues/6K69B2QY00 ">Maize Germplasm Improvement and Innovation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2795/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528651"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528651"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528651" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528651" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528651" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528651-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02795/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02795-g001-550.jpg?1732525867" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528651" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528651-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02795/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02795-g002-550.jpg?1732525869'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528651-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02795/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02795-g003-550.jpg?1732525870'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528651-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02795/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02795-g001-550.jpg?1732525867" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Phenotypic variation distribution, phenotypic analysis, and temperature and humidity calibration chart. Distribution of MKWC in four environments (<b>A</b>). Correlation analysis of the MKWC among HLJ, JL, LN, XJ, and MKWC_BLUP (<b>B</b>). The correlation coefficient between each pair of environments was calculated. The bar shows the value of the correlation coefficient. The frequency distribution of MKWC_BLUP value in 285 hybrid maize (<b>C</b>). Temperature and humidity distribution of sampling environment (<b>D</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2795'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02795/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02795-g002-550.jpg?1732525869" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The SNP marker datasets and prediction accuracy. Manhattan plots for MKWC were obtained from MLM GWAS methods (<b>A</b>). The comparison of −log<sup>10</sup>(<span class="html-italic">P</span>) value of SNPs (MKWC) from ts_SNPs dataset and random_SNPs dataset (<b>B</b>). Prediction accuracy was obtained using different SNP datasets to predict MKWC, HKWC, DR, and GY (<b>C</b>–<b>F</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2795'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/agronomy/agronomy-14-02795/article_deploy/html/images/agronomy-14-02795-g003-550.jpg?1732525870" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of predicted breeding values of 561 hybrid combinations. Bar chart showing the predicted 30 hybrids with the lowest MKWC compared to the remaining hybrids (<b>A</b>) and the predicted breeding values of HKWC, DR, and GY obtained for these 30 hybrids were also compared to the rest of the hybrids (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>). P values were calculated from a two-tailed Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test. The Figure’s dashed line indicates the breeding values for the control Xianyu335.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4395/14/12/2795'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=agronomy&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/agronomy"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/agronomy-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="agronomy-logo" title="Agronomy" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width 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show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item news-item no-border"> <span class="text-information">15 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/agronomy/announcements/9772">Prof. Dr. A. Douglas Kinghorn Appointed Chair of the 2024 Tu Youyou Award Committee</a> <a href="/journal/agronomy/announcements/9772"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/9772.jpeg?1732615622" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">13 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/agronomy/announcements/9750"><em>Agronomy</em> | Feature Papers in the Section “Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience”</a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">13 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/agronomy/announcements/9749"><em>Agronomy</em> | Feature Papers in the Section “Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering”</a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item UI_NewsAnnounce"> <a class="bold" href="/journal/agronomy/announcements">More News & Announcements...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topics</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/topics/proposal"> Propose a Topic </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Agriculture</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Agronomy</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Crops</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Foods</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Plants</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/QTH8J7JF79"> The Future of Farming in a Changing World: From Physiology to Technology </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Giuseppe Ferrara, Olaniyi Amos Fawole<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 1 December 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Agronomy</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Horticulturae</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">IJPB</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Life</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Plants</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/O679S06XXY"> Effects of Climate Change on Viticulture (Grape) </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Arif Atak, Andreia Figueiredo, Inmaculada Pascual, Fermin Morales<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 December 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Agronomy</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Crops</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Forests</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Horticulturae</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Plants</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/VU4C90DGOH"> Plants Nutrients, 2nd Volume </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Georgia Ntatsi, Maurizio Badiani<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 January 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Agronomy</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Applied Microbiology</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">IJMS</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Microorganisms</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Plants</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/6NLXJ495FP"> The XIX SEFIN Congress and 2nd Spanish-Portuguese Congress on Beneficial Plant-Microorganism Interactions (BeMiPlant) </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Jose Maria Vinardell, Beatriz Ramos Solano, Juan Sanjuán, Isabel V. 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Weston, Ilias Travlos<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Agronomy</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/agronomy/topical_collections/Scion_Rootstock_Horticultural"> Scion-Rootstock Interaction in Horticultural Crops: Physiological and Agronomic Implications </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editors: Youssef Rouphael, Giuseppe Colla, Marios Kyriacou<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Agronomy</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/agronomy/topical_collections/propagation_plants"> Propagation and Conservation of Horticultural Plants: In Vitro and In Vivo </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editors: Samir C. 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