CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" class="js-disabled wpn- wpn-aviewfromthebridge wpn-wordpress wpn-ltr wpn-en-us wpn-child-theme wpn-multisite wpn-blog-39 wpn-y2024 wpn-m12 wpn-d01 wpn-h02 wpn-sunday wpn-logged-out wpn-singular wpn-singular-post wpn-singular-post-1849 wpn-single-1849 wpn-msie wpn-primary-active wpn-secondary-inactive wpn-subsidiary-inactive"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=2.5,user-scalable=yes"> <title>Inside Inside Out : A view From the Bridge</title> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name="access" content="Yes" /> <meta name="WT.cg_n" content="nature.com staff blogs" /> <meta name="WT.cg_s" content="A view From the Bridge" /> <script> document.getElementsByTagName('html')[0].className += ' js-enabled'; </script>    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nexus.ensighten.com/npg/Bootstrap.js"></script> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/search/executeSearch" /> <link title="nature.com" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/opensearch.xml" /> <link title="nature.com" rel="search" type="application/sru+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/request" /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.w.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="A view From the Bridge » Feed" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="A view From the Bridge » Comments Feed" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="A view From the Bridge » Inside Inside Out Comments Feed" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/07/30/inside-inside-out/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=4.9.25"}}; !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(!p||!p.fillText)return!1;switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])?!1:!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([55358,56760,9792,65039],[55358,56760,8203,9792,65039])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/staffblogs-source/view/builds/staffblogs-source/6gk8xqk.css" />   <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wpn-nature-section-css-css" href="https://blogs.nature.com/staffblogs-source/view/builds/staffblogs-source/section.css?ver=4.9.25" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wpn-staffblogs-css-css" href="https://blogs.nature.com/wp-content/themes/npg-staff-blogs/css/site.css?ver=20058" type="text/css" media="all" /> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.nature.com/staffblogs-source/view/builds/staffblogs-source/wo308z5.js?ver=1'></script> <link rel='https://api.w.org/' href='https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/wp-json/' /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/07/30/inside-inside-out/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/?p=1849' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F&format=xml" /> <script type="text/javascript"><![CDATA[//><!]]></script> <style type="text/css">#header { background: #666 url(https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/files/theme/a-view-from-the-bridge-header.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; }</style></head>      <body class="blogs-nature-com"> <div id="constrain">  <div class="cleared" id="constrain-header"> <header> <div id="foreword" class="constrain cleared"> <nav> <h1 id="top" class="home"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/">nature.com</a> </h1> <p class="sitemap"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex">Sitemap</a> </p> <ul class="right"><li class="login"><a href="https://idp.nature.com/login/natureuser/?target=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F%3Fcookie-test%3D0">Log In</a></li><li class="register"><a href="https://idp.nature.com/register/natureuser">Register</a></li></ul> </nav> </div>  <div id="header" class="constrain"> <hgroup> <h1><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/">A view From the Bridge</a></h1> <h2>Nature's Books and Arts blog</h2> </hgroup><form method="get" action="http:" id="header-search" class="search-form"> <fieldset> <label for="header-keyword">Search</label> <input type="search" id="header-keyword" name="sp-q" value="" class="txt" maxlength="200"/> <button type="submit" id="header-search-submit">Go</button> <a href="http:">Advanced search</a> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div id="breadcrumbs" class="constrain"> <nav> <ul id="sub-navigation" class="clear"><li class="first parent parent-1 next-parent"><a href="https://www.nature.com/">Nature.com Blogs</a></li><li class="parent parent-2 next-current"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/">Blog</a></li><li class="current"><span>Post</span></li></ul> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div id="constrain-content" class="cleared">  <div id="content" class="col article-template hfeed wpn-content">  <article> <div id="wpn-post-1849" class="hentry wpn-post wpn-publish wpn-post-1 wpn-odd wpn-author-barbara-kiser wpn-has-excerpt wpn-category-arts wpn-category-neuroscience wpn-category-psychology"> <header> <nav><div id="wpn-top-links" class="top-links cleared"><ul class="wpn-prev-next-article"> <li class="prev wpn-ellipsis"><div><span class="wpn-nav-label">Previous post</span><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/07/29/graphene-structures-at-the-cutting-edge/" rel="prev">Graphene structures at the cutting edge</a></div></li> <li class="next wpn-ellipsis"><div><span class="wpn-nav-label">Next post</span><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/08/07/a-scintillating-shortlist-for-the-royal-society-prize/" rel="next">A scintillating shortlist for the Royal Society prize</a></div></li> </ul></div></nav><p class="article-type">A view From the Bridge</p><h1 class='wpn-post-title entry-title article-heading'><a href='https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/07/30/inside-inside-out/'>Inside <em>Inside Out</em></a></h1><p class="wpn-byline"><time datetime="2015-07-30T12:46:17+01:00" pubdate><span class="published"><abbr class="value" title="2015-07-30">July 30, 2015 </abbr>|<abbr class="value" title="2015-07-30"> 12:46 pm</abbr></span></time><span class="divider"> | </span>Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/author/barbara-kiser/" title="Barbara Kiser">Barbara Kiser</a></span><span class="divider"> | </span><span class="category"><span class="before">Category: </span><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/arts/" rel="tag">Arts</a>, <a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/neuroscience/" rel="tag">Neuroscience</a>, <a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/psychology/" rel="tag">Psychology</a></span> </p> </header> <section> <div class="wpn-entry-content content"> <p><b><i>Posted on behalf of Kerri Smith</i></b></p> <div id="attachment_1863" style="width:620px" class="wpn-caption alignleft"><a class="wpn-image-link" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/files/2015/07/open-uri20150608-27674-1wlsqii_0f3c9d73.jpeg"><img class="size-large wp-image-1863 wpn-image" title="open-uri20150608-27674-1wlsqii_0f3c9d73" alt="Joy and Sadness, two of the personified emotions in Pixar's Inside Out." src="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/files/2015/07/open-uri20150608-27674-1wlsqii_0f3c9d73-1024x570.jpeg" width="620" height="345" srcset="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/files/2015/07/open-uri20150608-27674-1wlsqii_0f3c9d73-1024x570.jpeg 1024w, https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/files/2015/07/open-uri20150608-27674-1wlsqii_0f3c9d73-300x167.jpeg 300w, https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/files/2015/07/open-uri20150608-27674-1wlsqii_0f3c9d73.jpeg 1580w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /></a><div class="wpn-caption-text"><p class="caption">Joy and Sadness, two of the personified emotions in Pixar’s Inside Out.</p><p class="credit">Disney/Pixar</p></div> </div> <p>Moving emotional journeys are the stock-in-trade of animation studio <a href="https://www.pixar.com/">Pixar</a>. In their <a href="https://toystory.disney.com/"><i>Toy Story</i> trilogy</a>, released in 1995, 1999 and 2010, little Andy’s toys compete for his affections as his family move, threatening to leave them behind. In the 2009 <a href="https://www.pixar.com/features_films/UP"><i>Up</i></a>, even the opening sequence — a poignant recap of the elderly protagonist’s life story – had audiences blubbing.<i> </i></p> <p>In<b> </b><i>Inside Out</i>, now on general release, it is the emotions – personified – that themselves go on a journey. The feelings of 11-year-old Riley are characters (Joy, Sadness, Anger, Disgust and Fear) lodged in a neuroscientifically improbable ‘Headquarters’ reminiscent of Rene Descartes’ pineal gland — the brain area where he imagined mind governed body. This volatile crew rev into action when Riley’s parents move the family from Minnesota to San Francisco, where she faces the first big challenges of an easy life: finding new friends, getting used to a new home and school.</p> <p>As Riley navigates these changes, the narrative is driven by the interplay between her emotions – particularly Joy and Sadness — and their adventures in the wild kingdom of Riley’s psyche. Joy had had the upper hand in Riley’s life to date; the central message is of the crucial role of Sadness in forming Riley’s character as she makes the bitter-sweet transition from child to teen and beyond. The adventures of Joy and Sadness form a counterpoint to Riley’s as each navigates a thrilling narrative of lost and found<b>.</b></p> <p>The colours of emotions drench this film: golden for Joy and green for Disgust, for instance. They tint<b> </b>Riley’s experiences, which are delivered to HQ like bowling balls, and thence dispatched to be enshrined in memory or forever forgotten. Many travel along tubes to long-term storage, a maze of high shelves resembling the folds of cortex when seen from above. “Let’s get those memories down to long-term!” trumpets Joy, as Riley falls asleep at the end of a happy day. I found this a compelling portrayal of <a href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14467.html">memory processing</a>: neuroscientists know that memories spend a little time in the hippocampus, where they are made, before some are shuttled to the cortex for long-term storage.</p> <h3>Memory in the mind’s eye</h3> <p>Likewise, when Riley recalls one positive memory and it is projected onto a ‘mind’s eye’ screen for her emotions in HQ to see, Sadness reaches up to re-colour it. It is well-established that <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150500">memories can be rendered malleable by being recalled</a>, and then altered by new experience before being stored again.</p> <p>A handful of experiences become core memories, each powering a different aspect of Riley’s personality. Others tumble to a dark chasm where they dissolve in wisps of dust. Forgetting isn’t always this passive – remembering <a href="https://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v18/n4/full/nn.3973.html">competing facts can cause other related information to be forgotten</a>, for instance, and forgetting can be beneficial, freeing up processing power for new memories.</p> <p>Five emotions are quite enough for <i>Inside Out</i>’s writers to be getting on with, but there is some debate in psychology over how many we really have. American psychologist <a href="https://www.paulekman.com/">Paul Ekman</a>, one of the film’s scientific consultants, would have liked to see upwards of 20; others argue that there can be no more than 4. I would have been interested in seeing Surprise and Embarrassment, but perhaps the latter will play a greater part in <i>Inside Out 2: The Teenage Years</i>. <b></b></p> <p>The physical appearance of the emotions was unsurprising: Anger is a bright-red cube, Sadness a blue blob with a frumpy jumper, and Joy an elfin figure who left little particles of yellow glitter floating in her wake. But each had their own emotional range. Joy was sometimes sad, and often worried about Riley. Was this Pixar giving us a lesson on how our own emotions can blend, or could they not make the narrative work with relentlessly one-note characters? </p> <p>There are some witty asides aimed at adults. While travelling on the Train of Thought, for instance, Joy knocks over two boxes and spills their contents. “All these Facts and Opinions look the same!” she cries, trying to shovel them back in.</p> <p>The brain’s fleshy chasms and labyrinthine neuronal libraries are an inspired choice for a filmic landscape. In Pixar’s treatment, brain are transformed into psychedelic fairgrounds (‘Imaginationland’) and dark, terrifying gulfs (the ‘Unconscious’)<b>.</b> But even with this stiff competition, our three-pound lumps of squidgy pinkness are still more exotic, surprising and mysterious. As we learn more about how we processes and react to the complexities of our world, there will surely be plenty more to inspire Pixar. </p> <p> <b>Kerri Smith is Nature’s podcast editor. She tweets @minikerri.</b></p> <p> </p> <p><b>For <i>Nature’</i>s full coverage of science in culture, visit </b><a href="https://www.nature.com/news/booksandarts"><b>www.nature.com/news/booksandarts</b></a><b>.</b></p> </div> </section> <div class="wpn-entry-meta"> <aside> <div class="article-tools cleared"> <h2 class="hidden">Article tools</h2> <ul id="wpn-share-post-1849" class="wpn-entry-user-actions"> <li class="wpn-entry-comment-link"><a class="comments-link" href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/07/30/inside-inside-out/#comments" title="Comment on Inside Inside Out">1 Comment</a></li> <li class="sendtofriend"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/tell-a-friend?id=1849">Email</a></li> <li class="print"><a id="print-link" class="track" href="javascript:window.print();">Print</a></li> <li class="wpn-share-bookmark"> <h3 class="toggle-bookmarking-links">Share/bookmark</h3> <div id="bookmarking-links" class="bookmarking-popup"> <ul class="bookmarking" id="wpn-share-post-1849"> <li class="facebook"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F">Facebook</a></li> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/?status=Inside+%3Cem%3EInside+Out%3C%2Fem%3E+https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F">Twitter</a></li> <li class="delicious"><a href="http://del.icio.us/post?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F&title=Inside+%3Cem%3EInside+Out%3C%2Fem%3E">Delicious</a></li> <li class="digg"><a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F&title=Inside+%3Cem%3EInside+Out%3C%2Fem%3E">Digg</a></li> <li class="googleplus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F">Google+</a></li> <li class="linkedin"><a href="http://linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F&title=Inside+%3Cem%3EInside+Out%3C%2Fem%3E">LinkedIn</a></li> <li class="reddit"><a href="http://reddit.com/s/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F">Reddit</a></li> <li class="stumbleupon"><a href="http://stumbleupon.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F&title=Inside+%3Cem%3EInside+Out%3C%2Fem%3E">StumbleUpon</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div><nav><div id="wpn-bottom-links" class="top-links cleared"><ul class="wpn-prev-next-article"> <li class="prev wpn-ellipsis"><div><span class="wpn-nav-label">Previous post</span><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/07/29/graphene-structures-at-the-cutting-edge/" rel="prev">Graphene structures at the cutting edge</a></div></li> <li class="next wpn-ellipsis"><div><span class="wpn-nav-label">Next post</span><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2015/08/07/a-scintillating-shortlist-for-the-royal-society-prize/" rel="next">A scintillating shortlist for the Royal Society prize</a></div></li> </ul></div></nav> </div> </article>  <section> <div class="section expanded cleared" id="comments"> <h1 class="section-heading toggle">Comments</h1> <div class="content">  <ol class="wpn-comment-list comments ugc cleared"> <li id="comment-465" class="wpn-comment wpn-byuser wpn-comment-author-richard-brown wpn-even wpn-thread-even wpn-depth-1 wpn-user-richard-brown wpn-has-avatar box"> <article> <img alt='Richard Brown' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c126ffcd08ec78ad3f74ce9d3dfcd6ed?s=80&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c126ffcd08ec78ad3f74ce9d3dfcd6ed?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo' height='80' width='80' /> <div class="wpn-comment-meta wpn-upper"><p class="datetime"><time datetime="2015-08-27T07:29:38+01:00" pubdate><abbr class="published" title="2015-08-27T07:29:38+0100">August 27, 2015 7:29 am</abbr></time></p><p class="moderation"> <a class="report" href="?action=report&comment=465#comment-465">Report this comment</a> </p> </div><dl> <dt><span class="comment-author vcard"><cite class="fn">Richard Brown</cite> said: </span></dt> <dd><p> I’ve seen this movie and in my opinion Inside out is one of Pixars best animated movies from the past 5 years or so (I didn’t really get the Frozen hype). Really interesting article by the way. <a href=“<a href="https://www.hotellist.ro/blog/author/camelia/”>Richard" rel="nofollow">https://www.hotellist.ro/blog/author/camelia/”>Richard</a> Brown </a></p> </dd> </dl><div class="wpn-comment-meta wpn-lower"> </div>  </article> </li> </ol>  <ol class="after-comments"><div id="wp-temp-form-div"> <p class="must-log-in">You need to <a href="https://idp.nature.com/login/natureuser/?target=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Faviewfromthebridge%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Finside-inside-out%2F%3Fcookie-test%3D0">log in</a> or <a href="https://idp.nature.com/register/natureuser">register</a> to comment.</p> </div></ol> </div> </div></section>  </div> <div class="col" id="extranav"> <div id="wpn-primary" class="wpn-id-primary sidebar aside"> <div id="wpn-about-blog" class="current-issue-box"><div class="wrap"><h1 class="wpn-archived wpn-expander">About this blog</h1> <div>A View from the Bridge is the blog for Books and Arts, culture hub of the top international science journal Nature. Here you’ll find essays on the nexus of science and the arts, reviews of relevant books and exhibitions, musings on science fiction and much, much more. To explore the whole of Books and Arts content, see <a href="https://www.nature.com/news/booksandarts">nature.com/booksandarts</a>. <b>Barbara Kiser, Books and Arts Editor</b></div></div><ul class="footer col2 clear"><li class="ealert"><a href="https://www.nature.com/nams/svc/myaccount/show/alerts">E-alert</a></li><li class="rss"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/feed/">RSS</a></li></ul></div><div id="submit-box"> <a href="https://blogs.nature.com/">nature.com blogs home</a> </div> <div id="wpn-hybrid-categories-2" class="wpn-widget wpn-categories wpn-"><h2 class="box-heading">Categories</h2><ul class="xoxo categories"><li class="cat-item cat-item-33"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/acoustics/" >Acoustics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-95"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/agriculture/" >Agriculture</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-41"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/apiculture/" >Apiculture</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-83"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/arboriculture/" >Arboriculture</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-43"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/archaeology/" >Archaeology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-49"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/artificial-intelligence/" >Artificial intelligence</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/arts/" >Arts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-37"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/astronomy/" >Astronomy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1390391"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/astrophysics/" >Astrophysics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-53"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/bio-imaging/" >Bio-imaging</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-93"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/business/" >Business</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1391797"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/cartography/" >Cartography</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-15"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/chemistry/" >Chemistry</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-132293"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/climate-change/" >Climate change</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-396155"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/communication/" >Communication</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-55"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/computer-science/" >Computer science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-17"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/conservation-science/" >Conservation science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-627775"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/culture/" >Culture</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-677541"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/design/" >Design</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-71"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/development/" >Development</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-812187"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/ecology/" >Ecology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-63"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/education/" >Education</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-701771"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/energy/" >Energy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-29"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/engineering/" >Engineering</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-81"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/entomology/" >Entomology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1604667"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/environmental-sciences/" >Environmental sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-77"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/evolution/" >Evolution</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-73"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/genetics/" >Genetics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-39"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/genomics/" >Genomics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/geology/" >Geology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-728545"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/government/" >Government</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-85"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/history-of-science/" >History of science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-31"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/innovation/" >Innovation</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-89"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/interdisciplinarity/" >Interdisciplinarity</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-47"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/lab-life/" >Lab life</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-35"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/marine-science/" >Marine science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-67"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/materials-science/" >Materials science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-75"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/mathematics/" >Mathematics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-25"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/medical-research/" >Medical research</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-19"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/medical-science/" >Medical science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2088811"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/microbiology/" >Microbiology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-11"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/military-science/" >Military science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-27"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/molecular-gastronomy/" >Molecular gastronomy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-69"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/nano-engineering/" >Nano-engineering</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-936359"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/natural-history/" >Natural history</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-65"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/neuroscience/" >Neuroscience</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-87"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/ornithology/" >Ornithology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-61"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/palaeontology/" >Palaeontology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/physics/" >Physics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-57"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/planetary-sciences/" >Planetary sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-9"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/plant-sciences/" >Plant sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-21"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/psychology/" >Psychology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-314395"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/publishing/" >Publishing</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/robotics/" >Robotics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-51"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/scholarly-impact/" >Scholarly impact</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-45"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/science-fiction/" >Science fiction</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-91"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/social-sciences/" >Social sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-545341"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/society/" >Society</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-602897"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/space/" >Space</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-545355"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/sustainability/" >Sustainability</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-81471"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/technology/" >Technology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/uncategorized/" >Uncategorized</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2720305"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/category/women-in-science/" >Women in science</a></li></ul></div><div id="wpn-npg-natureblogs-links-widget-2" class="wpn-widget wpn-npg-natureblogs-links-widget wpn-"><h2 class="box-heading">All nature.com blogs</h2>