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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dechreuadau'r_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dechreuadau'r_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dechreuadau'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dechreuadau'r_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig_yn_y_dwyrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig_yn_y_dwyrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y dwyrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig_yn_y_dwyrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iwstinian_I_a'i_olynwyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iwstinian_I_a'i_olynwyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iwstinian I a'i olynwyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iwstinian_I_a'i_olynwyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraclius_a'i_olynwyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraclius_a'i_olynwyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heraclius a'i olynwyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraclius_a'i_olynwyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y_nawfed_a'r_ddegfed_ganrif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_nawfed_a'r_ddegfed_ganrif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Y nawfed a'r ddegfed ganrif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y_nawfed_a'r_ddegfed_ganrif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterth_yr_ymerodraeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterth_yr_ymerodraeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anterth yr ymerodraeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterth_yr_ymerodraeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dirywiad_a'r_adferiad_Komnenaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dirywiad_a'r_adferiad_Komnenaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dirywiad a'r adferiad Komnenaidd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dirywiad_a'r_adferiad_Komnenaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y_Bedwaredd_Groesgad_ac_anrheithio_Caergystennin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_Bedwaredd_Groesgad_ac_anrheithio_Caergystennin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Y Bedwaredd Groesgad ac anrheithio Caergystennin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y_Bedwaredd_Groesgad_ac_anrheithio_Caergystennin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cwymp_yr_Ymerodraeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cwymp_yr_Ymerodraeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cwymp yr Ymerodraeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cwymp_yr_Ymerodraeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwylliant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwylliant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Diwylliant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwylliant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gweler hefyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 165 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Bizantium" title="Keurajeuën Bizantium - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Bizantium" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Бизантие Империэ - Circaseg Gorllewinol" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бизантие Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Circaseg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bisantynse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinisches_Reich" title="Byzantinisches Reich - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Byzantinisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="ቢዛንታይን መንግሥት - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢዛንታይን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizant%C3%ADn" title="Imperio Bizantín - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Bizantín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis_Rice" title="Constantinopolis Rice - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية البيزنطية - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البيزنطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإمبراطورية لبيزنطية - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية لبيزنطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه بيزنطيه - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه بيزنطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Bizant%C3%ADn" title="Imperiu Bizantín - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Bizantín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Bizans imperiyası - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="بیزانس ایمپیراتورلوغو - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیزانس ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Византия империяһы - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Византия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinischs_Reich" title="Byzantinischs Reich - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Byzantinischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizant%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bizantėjė - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bizantėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subangan_na_Imperyong_Romano" title="Subangan na Imperyong Romano - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Subangan na Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Візантыя - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Візантыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бізантыйская імпэрыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бізантыйская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византийска империя - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Византийска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman_ar_Reter" title="Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantijsko Carstvo - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bizantijsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Византиин эзэнтэ гүрэн - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Византиин эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient" title="Imperi Romà d'Orient - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Византийн импери - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Византийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidlakang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Sidlakang Imperyong Romano - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sidlakang Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بیزەنتی - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بیزەنتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Bizans İmperiyası - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bizans İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Byzantská říše - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Byzantská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Висанти - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Висанти" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Byzantinske_Rige" title="Det Byzantinske Rige - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Byzantinske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinisches_Reich" title="Byzantinisches Reich - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Byzantinisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Bizansi" title="İmperatoriya Bizansi - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Bizansi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizanca_imperio" title="Bizanca imperio - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizanca imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_bizantino" title="Imperio bizantino - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio bizantino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants" title="Bütsants - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bütsants" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizantziar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="امپراتوری بیزانس - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری بیزانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantin_valtakunta" title="Bysantin valtakunta - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bysantin valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants" title="Bütsants - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bütsants" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Byzantinska ríkið - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Byzantinska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uastr%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Rik" title="Uaströömsk Rik - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uaströömsk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantynske_Ryk" title="Byzantynske Ryk - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Byzantynske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Bhios%C3%A1ntach" title="An Impireacht Bhiosántach - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Bhiosántach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_byzanten" title="Ampir byzanten - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir byzanten" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Impireachd_Bheasantian" title="An t-Impireachd Bheasantian - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Impireachd Bheasantian" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizantino" title="Imperio Bizantino - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_visant%C3%ADno" title="Mburuvi visantíno - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi visantíno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बायझँटीन साम्राज्य - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बायझँटीन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Rumawa" title="Daular Rumawa - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Rumawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng_L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2_Ti-koet" title="Tûng Lò-mâ Ti-koet - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הביזנטית - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Samrajya" title="Byzantine Samrajya - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Byzantine Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycantinske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Bycantinske mócnarstwo - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bycantinske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_Birodalom" title="Bizánci Birodalom - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բյուզանդական կայսրություն - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բիւզանդական Կայսրութիւն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բիւզանդական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_roman_de_oriente" title="Imperio roman de oriente - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio roman de oriente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Bisantino" title="Imperio a Bisantino - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Bisantino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizancana_Imperio" title="Bizancana Imperio - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bizancana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%B3mverska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Austrómverska keisaradæmið - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austrómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero bizantino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="東ローマ帝国 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantiin_Empaya" title="Bizantiin Empaya - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bizantiin Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Bizantin" title="Kakaisaran Bizantin - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიის იმპერია - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9%C9%A9zant%C9%9B_ampiiri" title="Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Шығыс Рим империясы - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығыс Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬೈಝೆಂಟೈನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಝೆಂಟೈನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="동로마 제국 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_B%C3%AEzans%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Bîzansê - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Bîzansê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Besontin" title="Emperoureth Besontin - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Besontin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Византия империясы - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Византия империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Romanum Orientale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizantino" title="Imperio Bizantino - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византий империя - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Византий империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Bizantian" title="Impero Bizantian - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Bizantian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijns_Riek" title="Byzantijns Riek - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Byzantijns Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Bizantin" title="Imper Bizantin - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Bizantin" title="Imper Bizantin - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantija" title="Bizantija - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bizantija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumromas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Austrumromas impērija - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumromas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Bizantina" title="Empira Bizantina - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Bizantina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kakaisaran Romawi Timur - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Византија - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Византын эзэнт гүрэн - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Византын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बायझेंटाईन साम्राज्य - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायझेंटाईन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Byzantium" title="Empayar Byzantium - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Byzantium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%BCantini" title="Biżantini - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Biżantini" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Ampério Bizantino - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘိုင်ဇန်တိုင်း အင်ပါယာ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိုင်ဇန်တိုင်း အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بیزانس - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیزانس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Bizantino" title="Impero Bizantino - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiensch_Riek" title="Byzantiensch Riek - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Byzantiensch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiense_Riek" title="Byzantiense Riek - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Byzantiense Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाइजान्टिन साम्राज्य - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाइजान्टिन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बैजन्ताइन साम्राज्य - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बैजन्ताइन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Byzantijnse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromarriket" title="Austromarriket - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austromarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østromerriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF" title="ବିଜାଣ୍ଟିନୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜାଣ୍ଟିନୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Византияйы импери - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Византияйы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਬੇਜ਼ਨਟਾਇਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਜ਼ਨਟਾਇਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Bizantin" title="Impire Bizantin - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Bizanty%C5%84skie" title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman_d%27Orient" title="Imperi Roman d'Orient - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطینی سلطنت - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بازنطینی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρωμανίαν - Ponteg" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρωμανίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Ponteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="د بیزانس سترواکي - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بیزانس سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_bizantin" title="Imperi bizantin - Románsh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi bizantin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Románsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman_de_R%C4%83s%C4%83rit" title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%C3%A3ria_Roman%C3%A3_ditu_Apirit%C3%A3" title="Amirãria Romanã ditu Apiritã - Aromaneg" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amirãria Romanã ditu Apiritã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Bizzandine" title="'Mbere Bizzandine - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Mbere Bizzandine" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византия - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Византия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Візантьска ріша - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Візантьска ріша" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Византия Империята - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Византия Империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_bizantinu" title="Impèriu bizantinu - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu bizantinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%A8riu_bizzantinu" title="Mpèriu bizzantinu - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu bizzantinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطيني سلطنت - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بازنطيني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantsko Carstvo - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bizantsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Byzantská ríša - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byzantská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantinsko_cesarstvo" title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysant_v%C3%A4ldikodde" title="Bysant väldikodde - Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bysant väldikodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbiraadooriyada_Biizantiin" title="Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Bizantine" title="Perandoria Bizantine - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Bizantine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Византија - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinska_riket" title="Bysantinska riket - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bysantinska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Bizanti" title="Ufalme wa Bizanti - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Bizanti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பைசாந்தியப் பேரரசு - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைசாந்தியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Имперотурии Бизонс - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Бизонс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิไบแซนไทน์ - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิไบแซนไทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizanti%C3%BDa_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Wizantiýa imperiýasy - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wizantiýa imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Silangang Imperyong Romano - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Silangang Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizans İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Византия империясе - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Византия империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Візантійська імперія - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візантійська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطینی سلطنت - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بازنطینی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantiya_imperiyasi" title="Vizantiya imperiyasi - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vizantiya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_bizantin" title="Inpero bizantin - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero bizantin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantijan_imperii" title="Vizantijan imperii - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vizantijan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đế quốc Đông La Mã - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Đông La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantyns_Ryk" title="Byzantyns Ryk - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Byzantyns Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Bizantino" title="Imperyo Bizantino - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拜占庭帝国 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拜占庭帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერია - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביזאנטישע אימפעריע - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביזאנטישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_R%C3%B3m%C3%B9_Ap%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%A0o%C3%B2r%C3%B9n" title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Rómù Apáìlàoòrùn - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Rómù Apáìlàoòrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_Riek" title="Byzantijnse Riek - Zêlandeg" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Byzantijnse Riek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zêlandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tang Lô-má Tè-kok - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="拜占庭帝國 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拜占庭帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (dim tudalen ar gael) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&oldid=13306679" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&id=13306679&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Fysantaidd"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12544" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Ailgyfeiriad o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG/250px-ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG/375px-ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG/500px-ByzantineEmpireGE.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd ar ei heithaf tua 550. Y tiriogaethau mewn porffor yw'r rhai a ail-goncwerwyd yn nheyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Iwstinian_I" title="Iwstinian I">Iwstinian I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</b> yw'r enw a roddir ar ran ddwyreiniol yr <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth Rufeinig">Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</a> ar ôl i'r ymerodraeth fawr honno'n ymrannu'n dderfynol. Fe'i gelwir yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd am ei bod yn cael ei llywodraethu o ddinas hynafol <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> a elwid yn <i>Fysantiwm</i> yn <a href="/wiki/Groeg" class="mw-disambig" title="Groeg">Roeg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> yw ei henw heddiw, dinas mwyaf <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Twrci</a> ar lannau'r <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" title="Bosphorus">Bosporus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dechreuadau'r_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"><span id="Dechreuadau.27r_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"></span>Dechreuadau'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Dechreuadau'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Dechreuadau'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae'n anodd dweud pryd daeth <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig">yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</a> i ben a phryd dechreuodd yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd. Rhannodd yr ymerodr <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> yr ymerodraeth yn ddwy ran, yr Ymerodraeth Ddwyreinol a'r Ymerodraeth Orllewinol, am bwrpasau gweinyddol, yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>. Gellir dyddio'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd o deyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Cystennin_I" title="Cystennin I">Cystennin I</a>, yr ymerodr Cristnogol cyntaf, a symudodd y <a href="/wiki/Prifddinas" title="Prifddinas">brifddinas</a> i Gaergystennin. Gellir hefyd ei dyddio i deyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>; lladdwyd ef yn ymladd yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Gothiaid" title="Gothiaid">Gothiaid</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Adrianople_(378)" title="Brwydr Adrianople (378)">Mrwydr Adrianople</a> yn <a href="/wiki/378" title="378">378</a>, ac mae'r flwyddyn hon yn un o'r dyddiadau traddodiadol ar gyfer dechrau <a href="/wiki/Yr_Oesoedd_Canol" title="Yr Oesoedd Canol">yr Oesoedd Canol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> a <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosiws I</a> oedd yr ymerodron olaf i reoli'r cyfan o'r ymerodraeth, gorllewin a dwyrain. </p><p>Mae eraill yn dadlau bod yr ymerodraeth Fysantaidd wedi ddechrau mor hwyr ag yn oes <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (a wnaeth yr <a href="/wiki/Groeg" class="mw-disambig" title="Groeg">iaith Roeg</a> yn iaith swyddogol), ac mae arbenigwyr arian bath yn ei gyfri o ddiwygiad ariannol <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(ymerawdwr)" title="Anastasius I (ymerawdwr)">Anastasius I</a> yn <a href="/wiki/498" title="498">498</a>. Dylid cofio, fodd bynnag, mai term a ddefnyddir gan haneswyyr diweddar yw "yr Ymerodraeth Fystantaidd", ac mai fel "yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig" y byddai ei thrigolion yn ei hystyried hyd ei diwedd yn 1453. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg/169px-Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg/254px-Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg/339px-Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Y <i>Palaiologos</i>, symbol ymerodron diweddar Caergystennin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig_yn_y_dwyrain">Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y dwyrain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y dwyrain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y dwyrain"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daeth <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> yn ymerawdwr Rhufain yn <a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>, a gwnaeth newidiadau mawr yn nhrefn rheoli'r ymerodraeth. Sefydlodd y Tetrarchiaeth, oedd yn rhannu'r ymerodraeth yn bedwar. Yn rheoli'r rhannau hyn yr oedd dau Awgwstws, sef Diocletian ei hun a Maximinus, a dau "Cesar", <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> a <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>. Roedd Diocletian, fel Awgwstws y dwyrain, yn gyfrifol am <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus">Aifft</a>; Galerius yn gyfrifol am y <a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a> heblaw Thracia, Maximinus fel Awgwstws y gorllewin yn rheoli <a href="/wiki/Italia" class="mw-disambig" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Affrica_(talaith_Rufeinig)" title="Affrica (talaith Rufeinig)">Affrica</a>, a'r Cesar Constantius Chlorus yn gyfrifol am Gâl a Phrydain. Roedd pob Awgwstws i fod i ymddeol ar ôl 20 mlynedd, gyda'r ddau Gesar yn dod yn Awgwstws yn eu lle. Ar <a href="/wiki/1_Mai" title="1 Mai">1 Mai</a> <a href="/wiki/305" title="305">305</a> ymddeolodd Dioclecian a Maximianus yn ôl y cynllun; y tro cyntaf i ymerawdwr Rhufeinig ymddeol yn wirfoddol. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/200px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/300px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/400px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cystennin Fawr, sylfaenydd <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ar farwolaeth Constantius, yn <a href="/wiki/Efrog" title="Efrog">Efrog</a> ar <a href="/wiki/25_Gorffennaf" title="25 Gorffennaf">25 Gorffennaf</a> <a href="/wiki/306" title="306">306</a>, cyhoeddodd ei lengoedd ei fab <a href="/wiki/Cystennin_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystennin Fawr">Cystennin</a> yn Awgwstws. Yn ystod y deunaw mlynedd nesaf bu Cystennin yn brwydro, yn gyntaf i ddiogelu ei safle fel cyd-ymerawdwr ac yn nes ymlaen i uno’r ymerodraeth. Ym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Pont_Milvius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Pont Milvius (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mrwydr Pont Milvius</a> (<a href="/wiki/312" title="312">312</a>) enillodd fuddugoliaeth derfynol yn y gorllewin, ac ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Adrianople" class="mw-disambig" title="Brwydr Adrianople">Mrwydr Adrianople</a> ( <a href="/wiki/323" title="323">323</a>) gorchfygodd ymerawdwr y dwyrain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Licinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licinius (dim tudalen ar gael)">Licinius</a>, a dod yn unig ymerawdwr (<i>Totius orbis imperator</i>). </p><p>Dywedir i Cystennin gael gweledigaeth cyn brwydr Pont Milvius. Gwelodd groes o flaen yr haul, yn darogan ei fuddugoliaeth. Wedi’r frwydr cymerodd arwydd Cristnogol, y ‘’Crismon’’ , fel baner. Credir i’w fam, Helena, oedd o deulu Cristionogol, gael dylanwad mawr arno. Yn 325 bu Cystennin yn gyfrifol am alw <a href="/wiki/Cyngor_Cyntaf_Nicaea" title="Cyngor Cyntaf Nicaea">Cyngor Cyntaf Nicea</a> a wnaeth y grefydd Gristionogol yn gyfreithlon yn yr ymerodraeth am y tro cyntaf. Er hynny ni chafodd ei fedyddio yn Gristion ei hun nes oedd ar ei wely angau. Ail-sefydlodd Cystennin ddinas Bysantiwm fel <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> (<i>Constantini-polis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> heddiw. </p><p>O <a href="/wiki/375" title="375">375</a> ymlaen, roedd tri ymerawdwr yn rheoli darnau o'r ymerodraeth: <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentinian II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Valentinian II</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gratian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>. Pan laddwyd <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Adrianople" class="mw-disambig" title="Brwydr Adrianople">Mrwydr Adrianople</a> yn <a href="/wiki/378" title="378">378</a>, penododd Gratian <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosiws</a> yn ei le fel <i>cyd-awgwstws</i> yn y dwyrain. Lladdwyd Gratian mewn gwrthryfel yn <a href="/wiki/383" title="383">383</a>, a bu farw Valentinian II yn <a href="/wiki/392" title="392">392</a>, gan adael Theodosiws yn unig ymerawdwr. Teyrnasodd Theodosiws hyd <a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a>; ef oedd yr ymerawdwr olaf i deyrnasu dros yr ymerodraeth gyfan. Gwnaeth <a href="/wiki/Cristionogaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristionogaeth">Gristionogaeth</a> yn grefydd swyddogol yr ymerodraeth. </p><p>Dilynwyd Theodosiws gan ei ddau fab, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Augustus_Honorius" title="Flavius Augustus Honorius">Honorius</a> yn y gorllewin ac <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> yn y dwyrain, ac ni chafodd y ddau ran eu had-uno eto. Erbyn hyn roedd y <a href="/wiki/Fisigothiaid" title="Fisigothiaid">Fisigothiaid</a> dan eu brenin <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> yn bygwth yr ymerodraeth. Yn <a href="/wiki/401" title="401">401</a> gwnaeth gytundeb ag Arcadius a'i galluogodd i arwain ei fyddin tua'r gorllewin. Ym mis Awst <a href="/wiki/410" title="410">410</a> cipiodd ddinas <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a> a'i hanrheithio, y tro cyntaf i'r ddinas gael ei chipio gan elyn ers <a href="/wiki/390_CC" title="390 CC">390 CC</a>. </p><p>Cynhaliwyd <a href="/wiki/Cyngor_Chalcedon" title="Cyngor Chalcedon">Cyngor Chalcedon</a> dan nawdd yr ymerawdwr <a href="/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus">Marcianus</a> (450 - 457) yn ninas <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> yng ngorllewin <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a> yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/451" title="451">451</a>. Dyma'r pedwaredd cyngor eglwysig i gael ei gynnal gan yr <a href="/wiki/Eglwys" title="Eglwys">Eglwys</a> gynnar. Ynddo comdemniwyd dysgeidiaeth <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoffysyddiaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoffysyddiaeth (dim tudalen ar gael)">monoffysyddiaeth</a>, sy'n honni fod natur ddynol Crist wedi ei llwyr lyncu gan ei natur ddwyfol. Y ddysgeidiaeth a dderbyniwyd gan y Cyngor oedd "dwy natur mewn un person". Ynyswyd rhai o'r eglwysi dwyreiniol, <a href="/wiki/Eglwysi%27r_tri_cyngor" title="Eglwysi'r tri cyngor">Eglwysi'r tri cyngor</a>, mewn canlyniad, gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Goptaidd" title="Yr Eglwys Goptaidd">yr Eglwys Goptaidd</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">yr Aifft</a>. Roedd y rhain yn credu mewn un natur, a bu ymryson rhwng y Monoffisiaid a'r Chalcedoniaid yn nodwedd o hanes yr ymerodraeth am y ddwy ganrif nesaf. </p><p>Daeth <a href="/wiki/Leo_I" title="Leo I">Leo I</a> yn ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/457" title="457">457</a>, yr olaf o gyfres o ymerodron a osodwyd ar yr orsedd gan y cadfridog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaniaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alaniaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alanaidd</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspar (dim tudalen ar gael)">Aspar</a>. Gwnaeth Leo gynghrair a'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawriaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isawriaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Isawriaid</a>, gan briodi ei ferch i'w harweinydd Tarasicodissa, a olynodd Leo fel yr ymerawdwr <a href="/wiki/Zeno" class="mw-disambig" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> yn ddiweddarach. Trwy'r cynghrair yma, gallodd ddod yn rhydd o reolaeth Aspar. Bu'n ymladd llawer yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Gothiaid" title="Gothiaid">Gothiaid</a> dwyreiniol a'r <a href="/wiki/Hyniaid" title="Hyniaid">Hyniaid</a> a dechreuodd ymgyrch yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Fandaliaid" title="Fandaliaid">Fandaliaid</a> yn <a href="/wiki/468" title="468">468</a>, ond fe'i gorchfygwyd oherwydd brad ei frawd-yng-nghyfraith <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basiliscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basiliscus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Basiliscus</a>. </p><p>Pan fu farw yn <a href="/wiki/474" title="474">474</a>, olynwyd ef <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Leo II</a>, mab ei ferch Ariadne a'i gadfridog <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(ymerawdwr)" title="Zeno (ymerawdwr)">Zeno</a>. Bu farw Leo II yn ddiweddarach y flwyddyn honno, a daeth Zeno yn ymerawdwr ar ei ben ei hun. Nid oedd yn boblogaidd gyda'r bobl, oherwydd mai tramorwr a ystyrid yn farbariad ydoedd. Bu gwrthryfel yn ei erbyn, a'i gorfododd i ffoi i <a href="/wiki/Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, a daeth <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basiliscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basiliscus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Basiliscus</a> yn ymerawdwr yn 475. Fodd bynnag, aeth Basiliscus yn amhoblogaidd yn fuan, a gallodd Zeno ddychwelyd y flwyddyn wedyn, ac alltudio Basiliscus i <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. </p><p>Roedd sefyllfa ymerodraeth y gorllewin wedi dirywio'n raddol yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/5g" class="mw-redirect" title="5g">5g</a>. Yn <a href="/wiki/455" title="455">455</a>, llofruddiwyd dau ymerawdwr, a bu un arall farw mewn terfysg. Ar <a href="/wiki/4_Medi" title="4 Medi">4 Medi</a> <a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a> diorseddwyd yr ymerawdwr Rhufeinig yn y gorllewin, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, gan <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, pennaeth yr Heruli. Bu raid i Zeno dderbyn hyn am y tro, ond llwyddodd i drefnu cytundeb heddwch a <a href="/wiki/Geiseric" title="Geiseric">Geiseric</a>, a roddodd ddiwedd ar ymosodiadau y <a href="/wiki/Fandaliaid" title="Fandaliaid">Fandaliaid</a>. Bu raid iddo dalu i arweinwyr yr <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothiaid" title="Ostrogothiaid">Ostrogothiaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_Fawr" title="Theodoric Fawr">Tewdrig Fawr</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodoric_Strabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodoric Strabo (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tewdrig Strabo</a>, i'w cadw rhag ymosod ar Gaergystennin. Yn ddiweddarach, daeth Tewdrig yn frenin yr holl Ostrogothiaid wedi marwolaeth Tewdrig Strabo, ond cafodd Zeno wared ohono o'r dwyrain trwy ei berswadio i ymosod ar Odoacer yn <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">yr Eidal</a>. Bu farw Zeno ar <a href="/wiki/9_Ebrill" title="9 Ebrill">9 Ebrill</a> <a href="/wiki/491" title="491">491</a>, a dewisodd ei weddw, Ariadne, <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a> fel ei olynydd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iwstinian_I_a'i_olynwyr"><span id="Iwstinian_I_a.27i_olynwyr"></span>Iwstinian I a'i olynwyr</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Iwstinian I a'i olynwyr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Iwstinian I a'i olynwyr"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Justinian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Justinian.jpg/220px-Justinian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Justinian.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Iwstinian I; <a href="/wiki/Mos%C3%A4ig" title="Mosäig">mosäig</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Daeth <a href="/wiki/Iwstinian_I" title="Iwstinian I">Iwstinian I</a> yn ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/527" title="527">527</a>, ond mae'n bosibl ei fod eisoes yn rheoli'r ymerodraeth yn rhan olaf teyrnasiad ei ewythr, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinus_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justinus I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Justinus I</a> (518–527). Yn <a href="/wiki/532" title="532">532</a>, diogelodd Iwstinian ei ffin ddwyreiniol trwy wneud cytundeb heddwch a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khosrau_I,_brenin_Persia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khosrau I, brenin Persia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Khosrau I, brenin Persia</a>. Yr un flwyddyn bu terfysgoedd Nika yng Nghaergystennin; dywedir i'r rhain arwain at farwolaeth 30,000 o'r trigolion. </p><p>Dechreuodd Iwstinian ymgyrch i geisio adennill y tiriogaethau a gollwyd yn y gorllewin. Penododd y cadfridog <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> yn arweinydd ymgyrch yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Fandaliaid" title="Fandaliaid">Fandaliaid</a> yng Ngogledd Affrica rhwng <a href="/wiki/533" title="533">533</a> a <a href="/wiki/534" title="534">534</a>. Ym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Ad_Decimum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Ad Decimum (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mrwydr Ad Decimum</a> (<a href="/wiki/13_Medi" title="13 Medi">13 Medi</a> <a href="/wiki/533" title="533">533</a>) gerllaw <a href="/wiki/Carthago" title="Carthago">Carthago</a>, gorchfygodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelimer (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gelimer</a>, brenin y Fandaliaid. Enillodd fuddugoliaeth arall ym mrwydr Ticameron, ac ildiodd Gelimer tua dechrau <a href="/wiki/534" title="534">534</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/535" title="535">535</a> gyrrwyd Belisarius ar ymgyrch i geisio adennill tiriogaethau'r Ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y gorllewin. Glaniodd yn yr <a href="/wiki/Eidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidal">Eidal</a>, oedd ym meddiant yr <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothiaid" title="Ostrogothiaid">Ostrogothiaid</a> a chipiodd ddinas <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a> yn <a href="/wiki/536" title="536">536</a>, yna symudodd tua'r gogledd i gipio <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> yna yn <a href="/wiki/540" title="540">540</a> <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, prifddinas yr Ostrogothiaid. Dywedir i'r Ostrogothiaid gynnig derbyn Belisarius fel Ymerawdwr y Gorllewin; cymerodd yntau arno dderbyn y cynnig a defnyddio'r cyfle i gymeryd brenin yr Ostrogothiaid yn garcharor. Yn ddiweddarach galwyd ef o'r Eidal i wynebu ymgyrch Bersaidd yn <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/541" title="541">541</a> -<a href="/wiki/542" title="542">542</a>). </p><p>Dychwelodd Belisarius i'r Eidal yn <a href="/wiki/544" title="544">544</a>, lle roedd y sefyllfa wedi newid yn fawr, a'r Ostrogothiaid dan eu brenin newydd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Totila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Totila (dim tudalen ar gael)">Totila</a> wedi adfenniannu gogledd yr Eidal, yn cynnwys Rhufain. Llwyddodd Belisarius i ail-gipio Rhufain am gyfnod, ond roedd yr ymerawdwr yn amau ei deyrngarwch, a galwyd ef yn ôl o'r Eidal, gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narses (dim tudalen ar gael)">Narses</a> yn cymryd ei le. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Aya_sofya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Aya_sofya.jpg/200px-Aya_sofya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Aya_sofya.jpg/300px-Aya_sofya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Aya_sofya.jpg/400px-Aya_sofya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Hagia Sophia</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn ystod teyrnasiad Iwstinian yr adeiladwyd eglwys <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> rhwng <a href="/wiki/532" title="532">532</a> a <a href="/wiki/537" title="537">537</a> yng Nghaergystennin, a ystyrir yn un o gampweithiau pensaernïaeth Fysantaidd. Y penseiri oedd dau Roegwr, Antemios o Tralles ac Isidoros o Miletus. Bu Iwstinian hefyd yn gyfrifol am ail-ysgrifennu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfraith_Rhufain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfraith Rhufain (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cyfraith Rhufain</a>, y <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Juris_Civilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus Juris Civilis (dim tudalen ar gael)">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> sy'n parhau i fod yn sylfaen y gyfraith sifil mewn llawer o wledydd. Rhoddwyd diwedd ar gynlluniau mwyaf uchelgeisiol Iwstinian gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla_Iwstinian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pla Iwstinian (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bla Iwstinian</a>, yn ôl pob tebyg <a href="/wiki/Y_Pla_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Pla Du">y Pla Du</a>, a darawodd yr ymerodraeth yn y <a href="/wiki/540au" title="540au">540au</a> cynnar gan achosi nifer fawr o farwolaethau. Cafodd Iwstinian ei hun y pla, ond roedd ef yn un o'r ychydig a lwyddodd i wella ohono. Ceir hanes y cyfnod yng ngwaith yr hanesydd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procopius (dim tudalen ar gael)">Procopius</a>. </p><p>Olynwyd Iwstinian gan <a href="/wiki/Justinus_II" title="Justinus II">Justinus II</a>, mab ei chwar Vigilantia. Bu ef yn llawer llai llwyddiannus fel ymerawdwr; cipiwyd yr Eidal gan y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardiaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombardiaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Lombardiaid</a> yn <a href="/wiki/568" title="568">568</a>, bu'n ymladd yn aflwyddiannus yn erbyn yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afariaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afariaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Afariaid</a> a chollodd Syria i'r Persiaid. Erbyn diwedd ei deyrnasiad roedd yn dioddef o afiechyd meddyliol. </p><p>Dyrchafwyd <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II" title="Tiberius II">Tiberius II</a> Cystennin, oedd yn gyfaill i Justinus, yn gyd-ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/574" title="574">574</a> ar gyngor yr ymerodres Sophia, a bu'n rheoli'r ymerodraeth ar y cyd a hi hyd ar farwolaeth Justinus, pan ddaeth yn ymerawdwr ar ei ben ei hun. Gorchfygodd y Persiaid yn <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, a diogelwyd tiriogaethau'r ymerodraeth yn <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica">Gogledd Affrica</a>. Ni allodd atal y <a href="/wiki/Slafiaid" title="Slafiaid">Slafiaid</a> rhag ymosod ar y <a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a>. Enwodd ei fab-yng-nghyfraith, <a href="/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius">Mauricius</a>, fel ei olynydd ychydig cyn ei farwolaeth yn <a href="/wiki/582" title="582">582</a>; roedd sibrydion ei fod wedi ei wenwyno. </p><p>Eifeddodd Mauricius yr ymerodraeth ar gyfnod anodd, gyda thrafferthion ariannol, yr angen i dalu arian i aral yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afariaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afariaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Afariaid</a> rhag ymosod a'r rhyfel yn erbyn Persia yn parhau. Gorchfygodd y Persiaid ger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dara (dim tudalen ar gael)">Dara</a> yn <a href="/wiki/586" title="586">586</a>. Ddwy flynedd yn ddiweddarach, bu rhyfel catref ym Mhersia, a rhoddodd Mauricius fenthyg byddin i roi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chosroes_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chosroes II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chosroes II</a> ar yr orsedd. Enillodd rannau o <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> yn gyfnewid am ei gymorth. Wedi cael heddwch ar ei ffin ddwyreiniol, bu Mauricius yn ymladd yn y Balcanau, gan ad-ennill <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singidunum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singidunum (dim tudalen ar gael)">Singidunum</a> oddi wrth yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afariaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afariaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Afariaid</a> yn <a href="/wiki/592" title="592">592</a>; ac enillodd ei gadfridog Priscus gyfres o fuddugoliaethau yn <a href="/wiki/593" title="593">593</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/602" title="602">602</a>, gorchymynodd yr ymerawdwr fod ei fyddin i dreulio'r gaeaf tu hwnt i <a href="/wiki/Afon_Donaw" title="Afon Donaw">Afon Donaw</a>, a dechreuodd gwrthryfel dan arweiniad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phocas (dim tudalen ar gael)">Phocas</a>. Bu terfysg yng Nghaergystennin, a chymerwyd Mauricius yn garcharor wrth iddo geisio ffoi. Llofruddiwyd ef ar <a href="/wiki/27_Tachwedd" title="27 Tachwedd">27 Tachwedd</a>, 602; dywedir i'w dri mab gael eu lladd o flaen ei lygaid yn gyntaf. Cyhoeddwyd Phocas yn ymerawdwr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraclius_a'i_olynwyr"><span id="Heraclius_a.27i_olynwyr"></span>Heraclius a'i olynwyr</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Heraclius a'i olynwyr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Heraclius a'i olynwyr"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg/250px-Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg/375px-Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg/500px-Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Yr ymerawdwr Heraclius yn derbyn gwrogaeth Khosrau, brenin Persia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Achubodd Khosrau, brenin Persia, y cyfle i ddiddymu ei gytundeb a Mauricius ac ail-gipio <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Roedd Phocas yn amhoblogaidd a bu nifer o gynllwynion yn ei erbyn. Yn y diwedd, diorseddwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> yn <a href="/wiki/610" title="610">610</a>. Ymosododd y Persiaid ar <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a>, gan gipio <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> a <a href="/wiki/Jeriwsalem" title="Jeriwsalem">Jeriwsalem</a> a dwyn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y_Wir_Groes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y Wir Groes (dim tudalen ar gael)">y Wir Groes</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. Llwyddodd Heraclius i ddinistrio'r fyddin Bersaidd ger <a href="/wiki/Ninefeh" title="Ninefeh">Ninefeh</a> yn <a href="/wiki/627" title="627">627</a>, a dychwelyd y Wir Groes i Jeriwsalem yn <a href="/wiki/629" title="629">629</a>. Roedd yr ymladd wedi gwanhau yr ymerodraeth Fysantaidd a'r Persiaid fel ei gilydd, gan ei gwneud yn anodd iddynt wrthsefyll y byddinoedd <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabaidd</a> a ymosododd arnynt yn y blynyddoedd nesaf. Gorchfygwyd y Bysantiaid gan yr Arabiaid ym Mrwydr Yarmuk yn <a href="/wiki/636" title="636">636</a>, tra syrthiodd Ctesiphon iddynt yn <a href="/wiki/634" title="634">634</a>. </p><p>Heraclius oedd yr ymerawdwr cyntaf i ddefnyddio'r teitl Groeg <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basileus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basileus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Basileus</a></i> (Βασιλεύς) yn lle'r teitl <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a> traddodiadol <i>Augustus</i>, a dechreuwyd defnyddio Groeg yn lle Lladin mewn dogfennau swyddogol. Roedd llawer o ddadleuon diwinyddol rhwng y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoffysyddiaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoffysyddiaeth (dim tudalen ar gael)">Monoffisiaid</a> a'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcedoniaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalcedoniaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chalcedoniaid</a>, ac awgrymodd Heraclius gyfaddawd, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheletiaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotheletiaeth (dim tudalen ar gael)">monotheletiaeth</a>, a gyhoeddwyd mewn dogfen a roddwyd ar narthex eglwys Hagia Sophia yn 638. Erbyn hyn roedd yr Arabiaid wedi cipio Syria a Palesteina, a syrthiodd <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">yr Aifft</a> iddynt yn 642. </p><p>Llwyddodd Heraclius i sefydlu brenhinllin yr Heracliaid, a barhaodd hyd 711. Olynwyd ef gan ei fab, a fu'n farw'n fuan wedyn, yna gan ei ŵyr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constans II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Constans II</a>. Llofruddiwyd ef yn <a href="/wiki/668" title="668">668</a>, a daeth ei fab, <a href="/wiki/Cystennin_IV" title="Cystennin IV">Cystennin IV</a> i'r orsedd. Yn <a href="/wiki/670" title="670">670</a>, cipiodd yr Arabiaid Benrhyn Cyzicus ac yn <a href="/wiki/674" title="674">674</a> gosodasant ddinas Caergystennin ei hun dan warchae. Gorfodwyd hwy i godi'r gwarchae ac encilio yn <a href="/wiki/678" title="678">678</a>, yn rhannol oherwydd arf newydd oedd wedi ei ddyfeisio gan y pensaer a mathenategydd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallinikos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kallinikos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Kallinikos</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2n_Groegaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tân Groegaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tân Groegaidd</a> a roddodd fantais fawr i'r ymerodraeth. Bu farw Cystennin yn <a href="/wiki/685" title="685">685</a>, ac olynwyd ef gan ei fab, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwstinian_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwstinian II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Iwstinian II</a>. Cafodd ef nifer o fuddugoliaethau dros yr Arabiaid ar y cychwyn, ond yn ddiweddarach collwyd <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> iddynt yn <a href="/wiki/691" title="691">691</a> a <a href="/wiki/Carthago" title="Carthago">Carthago</a> yn <a href="/wiki/697" title="697">697</a>. </p><p>Yn raddol, collwyd gafael ar diriogaethau yn y dwyrain a'r gorllewin. Yn <a href="/wiki/717" title="717">717</a> daeth <a href="/wiki/Leo_III" title="Leo III">Leo III</a> i'r orsedd. Bu Leo yng ngwasanaeth yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwstinian_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwstinian II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Iwstinian II</a>, yna apwyntiwyd ef yn <i>stratēgos</i> y thema Atolig gan yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastasios_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastasios II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Anastasios II</a>. Pan ddiorseddwyd Anastasios II, gwnaeth Leo gynghrair ag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artabasdos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artabasdos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Artabasdus</a>, <i>stratēgos</i> y theme Armeniac, yn erbyn yr ymerawdwr newydd, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodosios_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodosios III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Theodosios III</a>. Meddiannodd Leo Gaergystennin a dod yn ymerawdwr yn 717. </p><p>Yn fuan wedyn daeth Caergystennin dan warchae gan fyddin Arabaidd Ummayad o 80,000 o wŷr wedi eu gyrru gan y <a href="/wiki/Califf" title="Califf">Califf</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (dim tudalen ar gael)">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik</a>. Llwyddodd Leo i amddiffyn y ddinas, a bu raid i'r Arabiaid encilio. Yn ddiweddarach enillodd Leo nifer o fuddugoliaethau dros yr Arabiaid, yn enwedig Brwydr Akroinon yn <a href="/wiki/740" title="740">740</a>. Bu hefyd yn gyfrifol am ddiwygiadau cymdeithasol, gan droi'r <a href="/wiki/Taeog" title="Taeog">taeogion</a> yn ddosbarth o denantiaid rhyddion. </p><p>Cefnogai Leo yr eiconoclastiaeth, oedd yn gwrthwynebu'r defnydd o ddelwau mewn addoliad. Rhwng 726 a 729 cyhoeddodd nifer o orchymynion yn gwahardd y defnydd o ddeilau ac eiconau. Bu cryn dipyn o wrthwynebiad i hyn. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Solidus-Irene-sb1599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus-Irene-sb1599.jpg/300px-Solidus-Irene-sb1599.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus-Irene-sb1599.jpg/450px-Solidus-Irene-sb1599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Solidus-Irene-sb1599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Darn arian <i>solidus</i> gyda delw Irene</figcaption></figure> <p>Adferwyd y defnydd o eiconau mewn addoliad gan yr ymerodres <a href="/wiki/Irene_(ymerodres)" title="Irene (ymerodres)">Irene</a> (797-802). Ganed Irene yn <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a>, a daethwwyd a hi i Gaergystennin fel merch amddifad gan yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystennin_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystennin V (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cystennin V</a>. Yn 769 priododd fab Cystennin V, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo IV (dim tudalen ar gael)">Leo IV</a>. Yn 771 cafodd Irene a Leo fab, a ddaeth yn ymerawdwr fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystennin_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystennin VI (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cystennin VI</a> pan fu farw Leo IV yn <a href="/wiki/780" title="780">780</a>. Oherwydd ei oed, gweithredai Irene fel rheolwr y deyrnas. Llwyddodd i orchfygu nifer o wrthryfeloedd yn ei herbyn, a bu'n ymladd yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Ffranciaid" title="Ffranciaid">Ffranciaid</a>, a gipiodd <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> a <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> yn 788, ac yn erbyn y Califfiaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abbasaidd</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mahdi">Al-Mahdi</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harun_al-Rashid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harun al-Rashid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Harun al-Rashid</a>. </p><p>Wrth i Gystennin VI ddod yn hŷn, daeth yn anfodlon fod y grym yn nwylo ei fam. Bu gwrthryfel yn <a href="/wiki/790" title="790">790</a>, pan gyhoeddodd milwyr y gard Armenaidd Cystennin fel unig ymerawdwr. Yn <a href="/wiki/797" title="797">797</a> cymerodd Irene ei mab yn garcharor, a'i ddallu. Bu farw o'i anafiadau rai dyddiau'n ddiweddarach. Nid oedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pab_Leo_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pab Leo III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pab Leo III</a> yn barod i gydnabold merch fel rheolwr, ac yn <a href="/wiki/800" title="800">800</a> coronodd <a href="/wiki/Siarlymaen" title="Siarlymaen">Siarlymaen</a> fel <a href="/wiki/Ymerawdwr_Gl%C3%A2n_Rhufeinig" title="Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig">Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig</a>. Gwaethygodd hyn y berthynas rhwng yr <a href="/wiki/Eglwys_Gatholig" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglwys Gatholig">Eglwys Gatholig</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Eglwys_Uniongred" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglwys Uniongred">Eglwys Uniongred</a>, er y dywedir i Irene gynnig priodi Siarlymaen. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/802" title="802">802</a>, bu cynllwyn yn ei herbyn, a daeth <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikephoros I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Nikephoros I</a> yn ymerawdwr. Alltudiwyd Irene i ynys <a href="/wiki/Lesvos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesvos">Lesvos</a>, lle gorfodwyd hi i ennill ei chynhaliaeth trwy nyddu. Bu farw y flwyddyn wedyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y_nawfed_a'r_ddegfed_ganrif"><span id="Y_nawfed_a.27r_ddegfed_ganrif"></span>Y nawfed a'r ddegfed ganrif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Y nawfed a'r ddegfed ganrif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Y nawfed a'r ddegfed ganrif"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dechreuodd sefyllfa'r ymerodraeth wella o ganlyniadau i newidiau a wnaed yn ystod teyrnasiad yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihangel_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihangel III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mihangel III</a> (842–867) gyda chymorth cynghorydd ei wraig, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoktistos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoktistos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Theoktistos</a>, a wnaeth lawr i wella'r sefyllfa economaidd. Dilynwyd ef ar yr orsedd gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basileios_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basileios I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Basileios I</a> (867–886), sylfaenydd y frenhinllin Facedonaidd. Erbyn hyn roedd yr eiconoclastiaeth wedi gwanhau yn fawr, felly roedd llai o ymryson crefyddol. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg/220px-SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg/330px-SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg/440px-SimeonTheGreatAntonoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Simeon, ymerawdwr Bwlgaria, o flaen muriau Caergystennin</figcaption></figure> <p>Dechreuodd rhyfel rhwng yr ymerodraeth a <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I,_ymerawdwr_Bwlgaria" title="Simeon I, ymerawdwr Bwlgaria">Simeon I, ymerawdwr Bwlgaria</a> pan ymyrrodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo VI (dim tudalen ar gael)">Leo VI</a> a marsiandïwyr Bwlgaraidd yn yr ymerodraeth. Ymosododd Simeon ar y Bysantiaid, gan ennill buddugoliaeth fawr, ond bu raid iddo encilio i ddelio ag ymosodiad gan y Magyar. Cytunwyd i gadoediad yn <a href="/wiki/895" title="895">895</a>. Gorchfygodd Simeon y Magyar yn <a href="/wiki/896" title="896">896</a>, cyn ymosod ar y Bysantiaid eto a'u gorchfygu ym Mrwydr Bulgarophygon. Gosododd Gaergystennin dan warchae, ond llwyddodd Leo VI i amddiffyn y ddinas, yn rhannol trwy roi arfau i garcharorion Arabaidd i ymnladd yn erbyn y Bwlgariaid. Gwnaed cytundeb heddwch, gyda'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd yn talu teyrnged flynyddol i Simeon. </p><p>Pan fu farw Leo VI yn <a href="/wiki/912" title="912">912</a>, gwrthododd ei frawd Alexander, oedd yn rhaglaw dros fab Leo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystennin_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystennin VII (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cystennin VII</a>, dalu'r deyrnged flynyddol. Ymosododd Simeon ar yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd eto, gan obeithio gwireddu ei uchelgais o gipio Caergystennin. Bu farw Alexander yn <a href="/wiki/913" title="913">913</a>, a bu terfysgoedd yng Nghaergystennin. Perswadidwyd Simeon i wneud cytundeb heddwch gan y Patriarch Nicholas; cytunwyd i dalu'r deyrned a bod Cystennin VII i briodi un o ferched Simeon, a fyddai'n cael ei gydnabod yn swyddogol gan y Patriarch fel Ymerawdwr Bwlgaria. </p><p>Bu rhyfel arall rhwng Simeon a'r Bysantiaid yn <a href="/wiki/917" title="917">917</a>, pan ymosododd byddin Fysantaidd dan Leo Phokas ar Fwlgaria. Gorchfygodd Simeon hwy ym Mrwydr Anchialos, gan ladd nifer mawr ohonynt. Yn dilyn y frwydr yma, aeth y cadfridog <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos">Romanos Lekapenos</a> i Gaergystennin, lle roedd yr ymerodres <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoe_Karvounopsina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoe Karvounopsina (dim tudalen ar gael)">Zoe Karvounopsina</a> yn rheoli ar ran yr ymerawdwr ieuanc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystennin_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystennin VII (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cystennin VII</a>. Llwyddodd Romanos i ennill grym oddi wrth Zoe a'i chefnogwr Leo Phokas, ac yn mis Mai 919 priododd ei ferch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena_Lekapene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helena Lekapene (dim tudalen ar gael)">Helena Lekapene</a> a Chystennin. Ym mis Rhagfyr <a href="/wiki/920" title="920">920</a> cyhoeddwyd Romanos yn gyd-ymerawdwr fel <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I" title="Romanos I">Romanos I Lekapenos</a>, gan ddod yn rheolwr yr ymerodraeth. Parhaodd yr ymladd yn erbyn y Bwlgariaid am rai blynyddoedd, Simeon yn cipio <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> yn <a href="/wiki/921" title="921">921</a>. Cyfarfu Simeon a Romanos yn <a href="/wiki/924" title="924">924</a> a gwnaed cytundeb heddwch. </p><p>Wedi marwolaeth Simeon yn 927, gwnaed cytundeb heddwch a'r Bwlgariaid a barhaodd am ddeugain mlynedd. Gyrrodd Romanos ei gadfridog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Kourkouas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Kourkouas (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ioan Kourkouas</a> i ymgyrchu yn y dwyrain yn erbyn llinach yr <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>, ac enillodd Ioan frwydr bwysig ym Melitene yn 934, gan gipio'r ddinas. Yn 941 ymosodwyd ar Gaergystennin gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rus_Kiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rus Kiev (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rus Kiev</a>, ond gorchfygwyd hwy gan Ioan Kourkouas ac yn <a href="/wiki/944" title="944">944</a> gwnaed cytundeb heddwch ag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_I,_tywysog_Kiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor I, tywysog Kiev (dim tudalen ar gael)">Igor I, tywysog Kiev</a>. Yn 943 bu Kourkouas yn ymgyrchu yng ngogledd <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, a bu'n gwarchae ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa,_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Edessa</a> yn 944. </p><p>Yn ei henaint, aeth Romanos i boeni am farn ddwyfol oherwydd iddo gymeryd yr orsedd oddi wrth Cystennin VII. Roedd ei feibion, Steffan a Cystennin, yn poeni y byddai Romanos yn gadael i Gystennin VII ei olynu yn hytach na hwy, ac yn Rhagfyr <a href="/wiki/944" title="944">944</a> cymerasant eu tad i'r ddalfa a'i orfodi i fynd yn fynach ar Ynysoedd y Tywysogion. Fodd bynnag, roedd pobl Caergystennin o blaid Cystennin VII, a gyrrwyd hwythau i alltudiaeth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anterth_yr_ymerodraeth">Anterth yr ymerodraeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Anterth yr ymerodraeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Anterth yr ymerodraeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Basilios_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/220px-Basilios_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/330px-Basilios_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/440px-Basilios_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Basileios II, llun mewn llawysgrif o'r <a href="/wiki/11g" class="mw-redirect" title="11g">11g</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bu farw'r ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Romanos II</a> yn 963, pan nad oedd ei fab hynaf ond pump oed. Ail-briododd ei wraig, Theophano, ag un o gadfridogion Romanos, a ddaeth yn ymerawdwr fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikephoros II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Nikephoros II</a> Phokas. Llofruddiwyd Nikephoros yn 969, a daeth cadfridog arall, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_I_Tzimiskes" title="Ioan I Tzimiskes">Ioan I Tzimiskes</a>, yn ymerawdwr. Erbyn iddo ef farw ar <a href="/wiki/10_Ionawr" title="10 Ionawr">10 Ionawr</a>, <a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a>, roedd mab hynaf Romanos II yn ddigon hen i ddod i'r orsedd fel <a href="/wiki/Basileios_II" title="Basileios II">Basileios II</a>. </p><p>Roedd Basileios yn filwr galluog, a bu'n ymladd llawer yn erbyn yr Arabiaid, oedd yn gwarchae ar <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> ac yn bygwth <a href="/wiki/Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. Enillodd Basileios nifer o fwydrau yn eu herbyn yn <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> yn 995, gan anrheithio dinasoedd cyn belled a <a href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a> ac ychwanegu'r rhan fwyaf o Syria at yr ymerodraeth. Bu'n ymladd llawer yn erbyn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuil,_ymerawdwr_Bwlgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuil, ymerawdwr Bwlgaria (dim tudalen ar gael)">Samuil, ymerawdwr Bwlgaria</a> hefyd, gan warchae ar Sredets (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>) yn 986. Methodd gipio'r ddinas, a gorchfygwyd ef ym Mrwydr Trayanovi Vrata ar y ffordd yn ôl i Thrace. Collwyd <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> i'r Bwlgariaid am gyfnod, ond gallodd Basileios ei hennill yn ôl yn 1001 - 1002. Cipiodd <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> yn 1003 a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durazzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durazzo (dim tudalen ar gael)">Durazzo</a> yn 1005. Ar <a href="/wiki/29_Gorffennaf" title="29 Gorffennaf">29 Gorffennaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/1014" title="1014">1014</a>, enillodd Basileios fuddugoliaeth fawr dros y Bwlgariaid ym Mrwydr Kleidion. Dywedir iddo gymeryd 15,000 o garcharorion, a dallu 99 o bob cant ohonynt. Ildiodd Bwlgaria yn derfynol yn 1018, ac yn ddiweddarach ildiodd y <a href="/wiki/Serbiaid" title="Serbiaid">Serbiaid</a> hefyd, gan ddod â ffin yr ymerodraeth at <a href="/wiki/Afon_Donaw" title="Afon Donaw">Afon Donaw</a> am y tro cyntaf mewn pedair canrif. Bu hefyd yn ymladd yn erbyn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khazar (dim tudalen ar gael)">Khazar</a>, a chipiodd dde y <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> oddi wrthynt. </p><p>Yn ddiweddarach, bu'n ymladd yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persiaid</a>, gan ennill <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> yn ôl i'r ymerodraeth am y tro cyntaf ers dwuy ganrif. Concrwyd rhan o dde <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">yr Eidal</a> hefyd, a phan fu Basileios farw ar <a href="/wiki/15_Rhagfyr" title="15 Rhagfyr">15 Rhagfyr</a> <a href="/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a>, roedd ar ganol cynllunio ymgyrch i ad-ennill ynys <a href="/wiki/Sicilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilia">Sicilia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dirywiad_a'r_adferiad_Komnenaidd"><span id="Dirywiad_a.27r_adferiad_Komnenaidd"></span>Dirywiad a'r adferiad Komnenaidd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Dirywiad a'r adferiad Komnenaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Dirywiad a'r adferiad Komnenaidd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG/200px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG/300px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG/400px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Diptych o Romanus IV Diogenes ac Eudocia Macrembolitissa, yn cael eu coroni gan Grist (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyhaeddodd <a href="/wiki/Y_Sgism_Fawr" title="Y Sgism Fawr">y Sgism Fawr</a>, ymraniad yr <a href="/wiki/Eglwys_Uniongred_Ddwyreiniol" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglwys Uniongred Ddwyreiniol">Eglwys Uniongred Ddwyreiniol</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Eglwys_Gatholig" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglwys Gatholig">Eglwys Gatholig</a> oddi wrth ei gilydd, ei uchafbwynt cyntaf yn <a href="/wiki/1054" title="1054">1054</a> pan ysgymunwyd y patriarch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerularius,_patriarch_Caergystennin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerularius, patriarch Caergystennin (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cerularius</a> o Gaergystennin (<a href="/wiki/1043" title="1043">1043</a> - <a href="/wiki/1058" title="1058">1058</a>) gan y Pab am iddo feirniadu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwyryfdod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwyryfdod (dim tudalen ar gael)">gwyryfdod</a> fynachaidd orfodol y Gorllewin a defnyddio bara heb ei godi yn yr offeren fel arferion <a href="/wiki/Heresi" title="Heresi">hereticaidd</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/1068" title="1068">1068</a> daeth <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV" title="Romanos IV">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> yn gyd-ymerawdwr gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihangel_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihangel VII (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mihangel VII</a>, Konstantios Doukas, ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Doukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos Doukas (dim tudalen ar gael)">Andronikos Doukas</a>, ond ganddo ef yr oedd y pwer. Ymladdodd dair ymgyrch lwyddiannus yn erbyn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrciaid_Seljuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twrciaid Seljuk (dim tudalen ar gael)">Twrciaid Seljuk</a>, gan eu gyrru tu draw i <a href="/wiki/Afon_Ewffrates" title="Afon Ewffrates">Afon Ewffrates</a> yn 1068 - 1069. Yn 1071 dechreuodd ymgyrch arall yn erbyn dinas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malazgirt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malazgirt (dim tudalen ar gael)">Manzikert</a>. Wedi rhai llwyddiannau ar y dechrau, gorchfygwyd Romanos ym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Manzikert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Manzikert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mrwydr Manzikert</a> ar <a href="/wiki/26_Awst" title="26 Awst">26 Awst</a>, <a href="/wiki/1071" title="1071">1071</a>. Cymerwyd Romanos yn garcharor gan y Swltan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alp_Arslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alp Arslan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alp Arslan</a>. Rhyddhawyd ef yn gyfnewid am dâl sylweddol. </p><p>Cymerodd gelynion Romanos yng Nghaergystennin fantais ar hyn i gynllwynio yn ei erbyn. Ymosodwyd arno gan Cystennin ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Doukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos Doukas (dim tudalen ar gael)">Andronikos Doukas</a>, meibion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Doukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Doukas (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ioan Doukas</a>. Gosodwyd gwarchae arno mewn caer yn <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, ac ildiodd Romanos gan addo encilio i fynachlog. Dallwyd ef ar <a href="/wiki/29_Mehefin" title="29 Mehefin">29 Mehefin</a>, <a href="/wiki/1072" title="1072">1072</a>) a'i alltudio i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ynys_Proti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ynys Proti (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ynys Proti</a>. Bu farw o'i glwyfau yn fuan wedyn. </p><p>Tua 1081, ymosododd y <a href="/wiki/Normaniaid" title="Normaniaid">Normaniaid</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> ar ardal Dyrrhachium. Pan gynullwyd y fyddin i'w gwrthwynebu, perswadiwyd <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a>, nai y cyn-ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_I_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac I Komnenos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Isaac I Komnenos</a>, i ymuno â chynllwyn yn erbyn yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikephoros III (dim tudalen ar gael)">Nikephoros III</a>, a chyhoeddwyd ef yn ymerawdwr gan ei filwyr. Cipiodd y fyddin ddinas Caergystennin ar <a href="/wiki/1_Ebrill" title="1 Ebrill">1 Ebrill</a> 1081, gan orfodi Nikephoros III i ymddeol i fynachlog, a daeth Alexios ym ymerawdwr fel Alexios I. </p><p>Bu raid i Alexios ymladd yn barhaus yn ystod ei deyrnasiad o 37 mlynedd. Cipiwyd <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrhachium</a> gan <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> a'i fab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohemund_I,_brenin_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohemund I, brenin Antioch (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bohemund</a>). Llwyddodd Alexios i oresgyn y perygl, yn rhannol trwy roi 360,000 o ddarnau aur i Harri IV, yr Ymerawdwr Glan Rhufeinig, i ymosos ar y Normaniaid yn <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">yr Eidal</a>. Bu Alexios hefyd yn ymladd yn <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, yn erbyn gwrthryfel y sectau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogomil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogomil (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bogomil</a> a'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pawliciaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pawliciaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pawliciaid</a>, a bu ymosodiadau gan y Pecheneg. Gyda chymorth y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumaniaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumaniaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cumaniaid</a> llwyddodd Alexios i orchfygu'r Pechenegs yn Levounion yn Thrace yn <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a>. </p><p>Gyrrodd Alexios lysgenhadon at y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pab_Urbanus_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pab Urbanus II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pab Urbanus II</a> i ofyn am gymorth yn erbyn y Twrciaid. Ei fwriad oedd cael milwyr hur o'r gorllewin, ond yn ddiweddarach y flwyddyn honno, pregethodd y Pab yr angen am Groesgad, a dechreuodd <a href="/wiki/Y_Groesgad_Gyntaf" title="Y Groesgad Gyntaf">y Groesgad Gyntaf</a>. Pan gyrhaeddodd prif fyddin y croesgadwyr i Gaergystennin, llwyddodd Alexios i'w defnyddio i ennill nifer o diriogaethau yn ôl i'r ymerodraeth. Ildiodd <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicea</a> i'r ymerawdwr yn 1097, ac wedi buddugoliaeth ym Mrwydr Dorylaeum, adfeddiannodd ran helaeth o orllewin Asia Leiaf. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:JohnIIcomnenus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JohnIIcomnenus.jpg/200px-JohnIIcomnenus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JohnIIcomnenus.jpg/300px-JohnIIcomnenus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/JohnIIcomnenus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Ioan II Komnenos</figcaption></figure> <p>Dilynwyd Alexios gan ei fab <a href="/wiki/Ioan_II_Komnenos" title="Ioan II Komnenos">Ioan II Komnenos</a>, a deyrnasodd hyd <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>. Heblaw bod yn enwog am ei dduwioldeb ac am ei gyfiawnder, roedd Ioan yn gadfridog galluog, a pharhaodd waith ei dad i adfer yr ymerodraeth yn dilyn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Manzikert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Manzikert (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brwydr Manzikert</a>, hanner canrif ynghynt. Arweiniodd ymgyrchoedd yn erbyn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecheneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecheneg (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pecheneg</a> yn y <a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a> ac yn erbyn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrcu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twrcu (dim tudalen ar gael)">Twrciaid</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a>. Llwyddodd i ad-ennill llawer o'r tiriogaethau a gollwyd i'r Twrciaid, gan ymestyn ffin yr ymerodraeth o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afon Büyük Menderes (dim tudalen ar gael)">Afon Maeander</a> yn y gorllewin cyn belled a <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tarsus" title="Tarsus">Tarsus</a> yn y gorllewin. Arweiniodd fyddin Gristnogol oedd yn cynnwys gwladwriaethau'r croesgadwt i <a href="/wiki/Palesteina" title="Palesteina">Balesteina</a>, ond bu raid iddo encilio pan wrthododd y croesgadwyr ymladd. </p><p>Olynydd Ioan oedd ei bedwerydd mab, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, fu'n ymgyrchu yn y dwyrain a'r gorllewin. Gwnaeth gynghrair a <a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_Jeriwsalem" title="Teyrnas Jeriwsalem">Theyrnas Jeriwsalem</a> a gyrrodd lynges fawr i gymeryd rhan mewn ymosodiad ar <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">yr Aifft</a>. Ymestynnodd ei awdurdod dros wladwriaethau'r croesgadwyr, gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raynald,_Tywysog_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raynald, Tywysog Antioch (dim tudalen ar gael)">Raynald, Tywysog Antioch</a> ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric,_brenin_Jeriwsalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalric, brenin Jeriwsalem (dim tudalen ar gael)">Amalric, brenin Jeriwsalem</a> yn gwneud cytundebau oedd yn cydnabod ei awdurdod. Gyrrodd fyddin i'r Eidal yn <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>, ond bu raid iddi encilio oherwydd anghydfod gyda'i gyngheiriaid. Ymosododd ar Deyrnas <a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a> yn 1167, gan orchfygu'r Hwngariaid ym Mrwydr Sirmium. Erbyn 1168 roedd bron y cyfan o arfordir dwyreiniol y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Adriatig" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Adriatig">Môr Adriatig</a> yn nwylo'r ymerodraeth. Gwnaeth nifer o gytundebau a'r Pab ac a theyrnasoedd Cristionogol y gorllewin, a llwyddodd i sicrhau fod byddinoedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ail_Groesgad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yr Ail Groesgad (dim tudalen ar gael)">yr Ail Groesgad</a> yn mynd trwy ei diriogaethau heb drafferth. Yn y dwyrain, gorchfygwyd ef gan y Twrciaid ym Mrwydr Myriokephalon yn 1176, ond llwyddodd ei gadfridog, Ioan Vatatzes, i adfer y sefyllfa. </p><p>Wedi marwolaeth Manuel, dechreuodd grym yr ymerodraeth edwino. Dilynwyd ef ar yr orsedd gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexius_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexius II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alexius II</a> Komnenos (<a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a> - <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>) ac (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronicus_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronicus I (dim tudalen ar gael)">Andronicus I</a> Komnenos (<a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a> - <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>), yr olaf o frenhinllin y Konmeniaid. Daeth <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_II_Angelus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac II Angelus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Isaac II Angelus</a> yn ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a> ond diorseddwyd ef yn <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y_Bedwaredd_Groesgad_ac_anrheithio_Caergystennin">Y Bedwaredd Groesgad ac anrheithio Caergystennin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Y Bedwaredd Groesgad ac anrheithio Caergystennin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Y Bedwaredd Groesgad ac anrheithio Caergystennin"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg/300px-ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg/450px-ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg/600px-ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2649" /></a><figcaption>Cipio dinas Caergystennin gan y croesgadwyr yn 1204.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bwriad <a href="/wiki/Y_Bedwaredd_Groesgad" title="Y Bedwaredd Groesgad">y Bedwaredd Groesgad</a> (<a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a> - <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>) oedd cipio <a href="/wiki/Jeriwsalem" title="Jeriwsalem">Jeriwsalem</a> oddi wrth luoedd <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, gan ymosod trwy <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">yr Aifft</a>. Yn <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a> daeth <a href="/wiki/Pab_Innocentius_III" title="Pab Innocentius III">Pab Innocentius III</a> yn Bab, a dechreuodd bregethu'r angen am groesgad arall. Gyda chymorth pregethu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulk_o_Neuilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulk o Neuilly (dim tudalen ar gael)">Fulk o Neuilly</a>, codwyd byddin o groesgadwyr. Etholwyd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thibaut_III,_Cownt_Champagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thibaut III, Cownt Champagne (dim tudalen ar gael)">Thibaut III, Cownt Champagne</a> yn arweinydd yn 1199, ond bu ef farw yn 1200 a chymerwyd ei le gan Eidalwr, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boniface_o_Montferrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boniface o Montferrat (dim tudalen ar gael)">Boniface o Montferrat</a>. Gyrrodd yr arweinwyr lysgenhadon at <a href="/wiki/Fenis" title="Fenis">Fenis</a> a <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genova</a> i geisio trefnu llongau, a chytunodd Fenis i gludo'r croesgadwyr. </p><p>Cychwynnodd y mwyafrif o'r croesgadwyr o Fenis yn Hydref 1202; y rhan fwyaf ohonynt o <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a>. Cychwynnodd rhai o borthladdoedd eraill, megis <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> a <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genova</a>. Roedd Fenis wedi gofyn am 85,000 o farciau arian am eu cludo, ond dim ond 51,000 y gallai'r croesgadwyr ei dalu. Oherwydd hyn, roedd gwŷr Fenis yn chwilio am gyfle i ad-ennill eu colledion ariannol. Yn dilyn yr ymosodiadau ar dramorwyr yng Nghaergystennin yn 1182, roedd marsiandïwyr Fenis wedi eu gorfodi i adael y ddinas. Oherwydd hyn, roedd y Fenetiaid a'u <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doge (dim tudalen ar gael)">Doge</a></i> Dandolo yn elyniaethus i Gaergystennin. Awgrymodd Dandolo y dylai'r croesgadwyr dalu'r gweddill o'u dyled trwy ymosod ar borthladd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zadar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zadar (dim tudalen ar gael)">Zara</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zadar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zadar (dim tudalen ar gael)">Zadar</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> heddiw), oedd yn rhan o'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd. </p><p>Daeth y croesgadwyr i gysylltiad a'r tywysog Bysantaidd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexius_IV_Angelus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexius IV Angelus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alexius Angelus</a>, mab yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_II_Angelus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac II Angelus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Isaac II Angelus</a> oedd wedi ei ddiorseddu'n ddiweddar. Roedd Alexius yn alltud yn llys <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_o_Swabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip o Swabia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Philip o Swabia</a>, a chynigiodd arian a milwyr i'r croesgadwyr pe baent yn ymosod ar Gaergystennin, diorseddu'r ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexius_III_Angelus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexius III Angelus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alexius III Angelus</a> a rhoi Isaac II yn ôl ar yr orsedd. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Byzantium1204.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Byzantium1204.png/270px-Byzantium1204.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Byzantium1204.png/405px-Byzantium1204.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Byzantium1204.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Ymerodraeth Nicea, yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodraeth_Ladin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymerodraeth Ladin (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ymerodraeth Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Trebizond" title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond">Ymerodraeth Trebizond</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Unbennaeth_Epirus" title="Unbennaeth Epirus">Unbennaeth Epirus</a> yn 1204.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyrhaeddodd y croesgadwyr ddinas Caergystennin, oedd a phoblogaeth o 150,000 yr adeg yma, gyda garsiwn o 30,000. Cipiwyd <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysopolis (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chrysopolis</a>, cyn iddynt ymosod ar Gaergystennin ei hun. Llosgwyd rhan o'r ddinas a ffôdd Alexios III. Dychwelwyd Isaac II i'r orsedd gyda'i fab Alexius yn gyd-ymerawdwr fel Alexios IV. Cafodd Alexios drafferth i godi'r arian yr oedd wedi ei addo i'r croesgadwyr, a bu raid dinistrio llawer o eiconau i gael yr aur a'r arian ohonynt. Gwaethygodd y berthynas rhwng trigolion Caergystennin a'r croesgadwyr, a bu tân arall a losgodd ran helaeth o'r ddinas. Gwrthryfelodd Alexius Ducas, a diorseddodd Alexios IV a'i ladd, gan ddod i'r orsedd ei hun fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexius_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexius V (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alexius V</a>; bu farw Isaac yn fuan wedyn. </p><p>Mynnodd y croesgadwyr a'r Fenetiaid fod yr ymerawdwr newydd yn cadw at y cytundeb a'i ragflaenydd, ond gwrthododd. Ymosododd y croesgadwyr ar y ddinas eto, ac ar <a href="/wiki/12_Ebrill" title="12 Ebrill">12 Ebrill</a> <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>, cipiwyd y ddinas wedi ymladd ffyrnig. Anrheithiwyd Caergystennin yn llwyr; dywedir i werth 900,000 o farciau arian gael ei gymeryd o'r ddinas. </p><p>Gosododd y croesgadwyr Baldwin o Fflandrys ar yr orsedd, a rhannwyd yr Ymerodraeth. Y pwysicaf o'r rhannau oedd <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Nicea" title="Ymerodraeth Nicea">Ymerodraeth Nicea</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_I_Lascaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore I Lascaris (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tewdwr Lascaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Trebizond" title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond">Ymerodraeth Trebizond</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Unbennaeth_Epirus" title="Unbennaeth Epirus">Unbennaeth Epirus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cwymp_yr_Ymerodraeth">Cwymp yr Ymerodraeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Cwymp yr Ymerodraeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Cwymp yr Ymerodraeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/180px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/270px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/360px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Arfbais ymerodron Brenhinllin Palaiologos</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn fuan ar ôl marwolaeth yr ymerawdwr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_II_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore II Laskaris (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tewdwr II Doukas Laskaris</a>, llywodraethwr <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Nicea" title="Ymerodraeth Nicea">Ymerodraeth Nicea</a>, yn <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>, daeth <a href="/wiki/Mihangel_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Mihangel VIII Palaiologos">Mihangel VIII Palaiologos</a> yn raglaw dros yr ymerawdwr ieuanc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_IV_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan IV Laskaris (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ioan IV Doukas Laskaris</a>, yna yn <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a> yn gyd-ymerawdwr. Ar <a href="/wiki/25_Gorffennaf" title="25 Gorffennaf">25 Gorffennaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>, llwyddodd cadfridog Mihangel VIII, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_Strategopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios Strategopoulos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Alexios Strategopoulos</a>, i ennill dinas <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> yn ôl oddi wrth olynwyr y croesgadwyr, gan ail-greu'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd. Yn Awst yr un flwyddyn, dallwyd Ioan IV, a'i yrru i fynachlog. </p><p>Llwyddodd Mihangel VIII i orchfygu Epirus, a bu llawer o ymladd yn erbyn y gelynion oedd yn ei hamgylchynu, ond roedd yr ymerodraeth wedi ei gwanychu'n fawr gan ddigwyddiadau'r blynyddoedd cynt. Parhaodd yr ymladd dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_II_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Andronikos II</a> a'i ŵyr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_III_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos (dim tudalen ar gael)">Andronikos III</a>, ond roeddynt yn gorfod dibynnu'n drwm ar filwyr hur. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Byzantium1430.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Byzantium1430.JPG/220px-Byzantium1430.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Byzantium1430.JPG/330px-Byzantium1430.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Byzantium1430.JPG/440px-Byzantium1430.JPG 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd (coch) erbyn 1430.</figcaption></figure> <p>Erbyn hyn yr <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth Ottoman">Ymerodraeth Ottoman</a> oedd y bygythiad mwyaf i'r Bysantiaid. Collwyd y rhan fwyaf o <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a>, ac yn 1354 dinistriwyd y gaer yn <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> gan ddaergryn, gan alluogi'r Twrciaid i groesi i Ewrop. Enillasant fuddugolaeth ym Mrwydr Kosova a daethant i reoli'r rhan fwyaf o'r Balcanau. Collwyd mwy o diriogaethau, a gostyngodd poblogaeth Caergystennin yn sylweddol iawn. </p><p>Ar <a href="/wiki/2_Ebrill" title="2 Ebrill">2 Ebrill</a>, <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>, gosododd byddin y Swltan Ottomanaidd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mehmed II</a> ddinas Caergystennin dan warchae. Wedi gwarchae o ddau fis, syrthiodd y ddinas ar <a href="/wiki/29_Mai" title="29 Mai">29 Mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>. Yr olaf a welwyd o'r ymerawdwr olaf, <a href="/wiki/Cystennin_XI" title="Cystennin XI">Cystennin XI</a> Palaiologos, oedd cip arno taflu ei regalia ymerodrol i ffwrdd ac ymuno yn yr ymladd wedi i'r gelyn ddod dros y muriau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diwylliant">Diwylliant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Diwylliant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Diwylliant"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_Ymerodron_Bysantaidd" title="Rhestr Ymerodron Bysantaidd">Rhestr Ymerodron Bysantaidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&oldid=13306679">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd&oldid=13306679</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Categori:Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 18 Tachwedd 2024, am 08:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. 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