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href="#Interference_with_pacemakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Interference with pacemakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_with_pacemakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arc welding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldadura_per_arc" title="Soldadura per arc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Soldadura per arc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obloukov%C3%A9_sva%C5%99ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Obloukové svařování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obloukové svařování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarkeevitus" title="Kaarkeevitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaarkeevitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ηλεκτροσυγκόλληση τόξου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτροσυγκόλληση τόξου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldadura_por_arco" title="Soldadura por arco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soldadura por arco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arku_bidezko_soldadura" title="Arku bidezko soldadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arku bidezko soldadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوشکاری با قوس الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوشکاری با قوس الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%81%AC_%EC%9A%A9%EC%A0%91" title="아크 용접 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아크 용접" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="आर्क वेल्डन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्क वेल्डन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolu%C4%8Dno_zavarivanje" title="Elektrolučno zavarivanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektrolučno zavarivanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_listrik" title="Las listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Las listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Электрпісіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрпісіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimpalan_arka" title="Kimpalan arka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimpalan arka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booglassen" title="Booglassen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Booglassen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%BA%B6%E6%8E%A5" title="アーク溶接 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーク溶接" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buesveising" title="Buesveising – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buesveising" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электрическая дуговая сварка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрическая дуговая сварка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arc welding" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolu%C4%8Dno_zavarivanje" title="Elektrolučno zavarivanje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektrolučno zavarivanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolu%C4%8Dno_zavarivanje" title="Elektrolučno zavarivanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektrolučno zavarivanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarihitsaus" title="Kaarihitsaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarihitsaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="การเชื่อมอาร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเชื่อมอาร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_kayna%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ark kaynağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ark kaynağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Електродугове зварювання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електродугове зварювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%A7%E7%84%8A" title="電弧焊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電弧焊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422937#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welding process</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg/200px-GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg/300px-GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg/400px-GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">Gas metal arc welding</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm/220px--Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru,_India.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru,_India.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm/Man_welding_a_metal_structure_in_a_newly_constructed_house_in_Bengaluru%2C_India.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Man welding a metal structure in a newly constructed house in Bengaluru, India</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arc welding</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> process that is used to join <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> to metal by using <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals, when cool, result in a binding of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a <a href="/wiki/Welding_power_supply" title="Welding power supply">welding power supply</a> to create an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> between a metal stick ("<a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a>") and the base material to melt the metals at the point of contact. Arc welding power supplies can deliver either <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct</a> (DC) or <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating</a> (AC) current to the work, while consumable or non-consumable electrodes are used. </p><p>The welding area is usually protected by some type of <a href="/wiki/Shielding_gas" title="Shielding gas">shielding gas</a> (e.g. an inert gas), vapor, or slag. Arc welding processes may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed in the late part of the 19th century, arc welding became commercially important in shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it remains an important process for the fabrication of steel structures and vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_supplies">Power supplies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg/220px-Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg/330px-Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg/440px-Ranger_250_GXT_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption>Engine driven welder capable of AC/DC welding</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welding_generator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Welding_generator.jpg/250px-Welding_generator.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Welding_generator.jpg/375px-Welding_generator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Welding_generator.jpg/500px-Welding_generator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>A diesel powered welding generator (the electric generator is on the left) as used in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To supply the electrical energy necessary for arc welding processes, a number of different power supplies can be used. The most common classification is constant <a href="/wiki/Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">current</a> power supplies and constant <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> power supplies. In arc welding, the voltage is directly related to the length of the arc, and the current is related to the amount of heat input. Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies. This is important because in manual welding, it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate. Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current, and as a result, are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding. In these processes, arc length is kept constant, since any fluctuation in the distance between the wire and the base material is quickly rectified by a large change in current. For example, if the wire and the base material get too close, the current will rapidly increase, which in turn causes the heat to increase and the tip of the wire to melt, returning it to its original separation distance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under normal arc length conditions, a constant current power supply with a stick electrode operates at about 20 volts.<sup id="cite_ref-mem_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mem-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The direction of current used in arc welding also plays an important role in welding. Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In general, the positively charged <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> will have a greater heat concentration (around 60%).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Note that for stick welding in general, DC+ polarity is most commonly used. It produces a good bead profile with a higher level of penetration. DC− polarity results in less penetration and a higher electrode melt-off rate. It is sometimes used, for example, on thin sheet metal in an attempt to prevent burn-through."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "With few exceptions, electrode-positive (reversed polarity) results in deeper penetration. Electrode-negative (straight polarity) results in faster melt-off of the electrode and, therefore, faster deposition rate."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-consumable electrode processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current (DC), as well as alternating current (AC). With direct current however, because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds, while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternating current rapidly moves between these two, resulting in medium-penetration welds. One disadvantage of AC, the fact that the arc must be re-ignited after every zero crossing, has been addressed with the invention of special power units that produce a <a href="/wiki/Square_wave" title="Square wave">square wave</a> pattern instead of the normal <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>, eliminating low-voltage time after the zero crossings and minimizing the effects of the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duty_cycle#Electrical_and_electronics" title="Duty cycle">Duty cycle</a> is a welding equipment specification which defines the number of minutes, within a 10-minute period, during which a given arc welder can safely be used. For example, an 80 A welder with a 60% duty cycle must be "rested" for at least 4 minutes after 6 minutes of continuous welding.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to observe duty cycle limitations could damage the welder. Commercial- or professional-grade welders typically have a 100% duty cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumable_electrode_methods">Consumable electrode methods</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shielded_metal_arc_welding" title="Shielded metal arc welding">Shielded metal arc welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">Gas metal arc welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flux-cored_arc_welding" title="Flux-cored arc welding">Flux-cored arc welding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Submerged_arc_welding" title="Submerged arc welding">Submerged arc welding</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg/250px-SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg/375px-SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg/500px-SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Shielded metal arc welding</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most common types of arc welding is <a href="/wiki/Shielded_metal_arc_welding" title="Shielded metal arc welding">shielded metal arc welding</a> (SMAW), which is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMAW) or stick welding. An electric current is used to strike an arc between the base material and a consumable electrode rod or <i>stick</i>. The electrode rod is made of a material that is compatible with the base material being welded and is covered with a flux that gives off vapors that serve as a shielding gas and provide a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from atmospheric contamination. The electrode core itself acts as filler material, making a separate filler unnecessary. The process is very versatile, requiring little operator training and inexpensive equipment. However, weld times are rather slow, since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the residue from the flux, must be chipped away after welding.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though specialty electrodes have made possible the welding of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and other metals. The versatility of the method makes it popular in a number of applications including repair work and construction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">Gas metal arc welding</a> (GMAW), commonly called <i>MIG</i> (for <i>metal/inert-gas</i>), is a semi-automatic or automatic welding process with a continuously fed consumable wire acting as both electrode and filler metal, along with an inert or semi-inert shielding gas flowed around the wire to protect the weld site from contamination. Constant voltage, direct current power source is most commonly used with GMAW, but constant <a href="/wiki/Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a> alternating current are used as well. With continuously fed filler electrodes, GMAW offers relatively high welding speeds; however the more complicated equipment reduces convenience and versatility in comparison to the SMAW process. Originally developed for welding <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> and other non-ferrous materials in the 1940s, GMAW was soon economically applied to <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steels</a>. Today, GMAW is commonly used in industries such as the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry">automobile industry</a> for its quality, versatility and speed. Because of the need to maintain a stable shroud of shielding gas around the weld site, it can be problematic to use the GMAW process in areas of high air movement such as outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flux-cored_arc_welding" title="Flux-cored arc welding">Flux-cored arc welding</a> (FCAW) is a variation of the GMAW technique. FCAW wire is actually a fine metal tube filled with powdered flux materials. An externally supplied shielding gas is sometimes used, but often the flux itself is relied upon to generate the necessary protection from the atmosphere. The process is widely used in construction because of its high welding speed and portability. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Submerged_arc_welding" title="Submerged arc welding">Submerged arc welding</a> (SAW) is a high-productivity welding process in which the arc is struck beneath a covering layer of granular flux. This increases arc quality, since contaminants in the atmosphere are blocked by the flux. The slag that forms on the weld generally comes off by itself and, combined with the use of a continuous wire feed, the weld deposition rate is high. Working conditions are much improved over other arc welding processes since the flux hides the arc and no smoke is produced. The process is commonly used in industry, especially for large products.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the arc is not visible, it is typically automated. SAW is only possible in the 1F (flat fillet), 2F (horizontal fillet), and 1G (flat groove) positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-consumable_electrode_methods">Non-consumable electrode methods</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">Gas tungsten arc welding</a> (GTAW), or <i>tungsten/inert-gas</i> (TIG) welding, is a manual welding process that uses a non-consumable electrode made of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, an inert or semi-inert gas mixture, and a separate filler material. Especially useful for welding thin materials, this method is characterized by a stable arc and high quality welds, but it requires significant operator skill and can only be accomplished at relatively low speeds. It can be used on nearly all weldable metals, though it is most often applied to <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> and light metals. It is often used when quality welds are extremely important, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>, aircraft and marine applications.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related process, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_arc_welding" title="Plasma arc welding">plasma arc welding</a>, also uses a tungsten electrode but uses <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma gas</a> to make the arc. The arc is more concentrated than the GTAW arc, making transverse control more critical and thus generally restricting the technique to a mechanized process. Because of its stable current, the method can be used on a wider range of material thicknesses than can the GTAW process and is much faster. It can be applied to all of the same materials as GTAW except <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>; automated welding of stainless steel is one important application of the process. A variation of the process is <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">plasma cutting</a>, an efficient steel cutting process.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other arc welding processes include <a href="/wiki/Atomic_hydrogen_welding" title="Atomic hydrogen welding">atomic hydrogen welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_arc_welding" title="Carbon arc welding">carbon arc welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroslag_welding" title="Electroslag welding">electroslag welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrogas_welding" title="Electrogas welding">electrogas welding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stud_arc_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Stud arc welding">stud arc welding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corrosion_issues">Corrosion issues</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">Hydrogen embrittlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">Galvanic corrosion</a></div> <p>Some materials, notably high-strength steels, aluminum, and titanium alloys, are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a>. If the electrodes used for welding contain traces of moisture, the water decomposes in the heat of the arc and the liberated hydrogen enters the lattice of the material, causing its brittleness. Stick electrodes for such materials, with special low-hydrogen coating, are delivered in sealed moisture-proof packaging. New electrodes can be used straight from the can, but when moisture absorption may be suspected, they have to be dried by baking (usually at 450 to 550 °C or 840 to 1,020 °F) in a drying oven. Flux used has to be kept dry as well.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Austenitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austenitic">austenitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> are prone to <a href="/wiki/Intergranular_corrosion" title="Intergranular corrosion">intergranular corrosion</a>. When subjected to temperatures around 700 °C (1,300 °F) for too long a time, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> reacts with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> in the material, forming <a href="/wiki/Chromium_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium carbide">chromium carbide</a> and depleting the crystal edges of chromium, impairing their corrosion resistance in a process called <a href="/wiki/Sensitization_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitization effect">sensitization</a>. Such sensitized steel undergoes corrosion in the areas near the welds where the temperature-time was favorable for forming the carbide. This kind of corrosion is often termed weld decay. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Knifeline_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Knifeline attack">Knifeline attack</a> (KLA) is another kind of corrosion affecting welds, impacting steels stabilized by <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>. Niobium and <a href="/wiki/Niobium_carbide" title="Niobium carbide">niobium carbide</a> dissolves in steel at very high temperatures. At some cooling regimes, niobium carbide does not precipitate, and the steel then behaves like unstabilized steel, forming chromium carbide instead. This affects only a thin zone several millimeters wide in the very vicinity of the weld, making it difficult to spot and increasing the corrosion speed. Structures made of such steels have to be heated in a whole to about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), when the chromium carbide dissolves and niobium carbide forms. The cooling rate after this treatment is not important.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filler metal (electrode material) improperly chosen for the environmental conditions can make them <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-sensitive as well. There are also issues of <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a> if the electrode composition is sufficiently dissimilar to the materials welded, or the materials are dissimilar themselves. Even between different grades of nickel-based stainless steels, corrosion of <a href="/wiki/Welding_joint" title="Welding joint">welded joints</a> can be severe, despite that they rarely undergo galvanic corrosion when mechanically joined.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_issues">Safety issues</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welding_Safety.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Welding_Safety.JPG/220px-Welding_Safety.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Welding_Safety.JPG/330px-Welding_Safety.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Welding_Safety.JPG/440px-Welding_Safety.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Welding safety checklist</figcaption></figure> <p>Welding can be a dangerous and unhealthy practice without the proper precautions; however, with the use of new technology and proper protection the risks of injury or death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat,_fire,_and_explosion_hazard"><span id="Heat.2C_fire.2C_and_explosion_hazard"></span>Heat, fire, and explosion hazard</h3></div> <p>Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, the risk of burns from heat and <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> is significant. To prevent them, <a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">welders</a> wear <a href="/wiki/Protective_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective clothing">protective clothing</a> in the form of heavy <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a> and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat, flames, and sparks. The use of compressed gases and flames in many welding processes also pose an explosion and fire risk; some common precautions include limiting the amount of oxygen in the air and keeping combustible materials away from the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_damage">Eye damage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Viking_Helmet.jpg/220px-Viking_Helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Viking_Helmet.jpg/330px-Viking_Helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Viking_Helmet.jpg/440px-Viking_Helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Auto darkening welding hood with 90 × 110 mm cartridge and 3.78 × 1.85 in viewing area</figcaption></figure> <p>Exposure to the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called <a href="/wiki/Arc_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc eye">arc eye</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> causes inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> and can burn the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a> of the eyes. <a href="/wiki/Welding_goggles" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding goggles">Welding goggles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welding_helmet" title="Welding helmet">helmets</a> with dark face plates—much darker than those in <a href="/wiki/Sunglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunglass">sunglasses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting#Safety" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">oxy-fuel goggles</a>—are worn to prevent this exposure. In recent years, new helmet models have been produced featuring a face plate which automatically self-darkens electronically.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect bystanders, transparent welding curtains often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhaled_matter">Inhaled matter</h3></div> <p>Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulate</a> matter. Processes like flux-cored arc welding and shielded metal arc welding produce <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> containing particles of various types of <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxicity</a> of the fumes, with smaller particles presenting a greater danger. Additionally, many processes produce various gases (most commonly carbon dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, but others as well) that can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_safety">Electrical safety</h3></div> <p>While the open-circuit voltage of an arc welding machine may be only a few tens of volts up to about 120 volts, even these low voltages can present a hazard of electric shock for the operators. Locations such as ship's hulls, storage tanks, metal structural steel, or in wet areas are usually at earth ground potential and operators may be standing or resting on these surfaces during operating of the electric arc. Welding machines operating off AC power distribution systems must isolate the arc circuit from earth ground to prevent insulation faults in the machine from exposing operators to high voltage. The return clamp of the welding machine is located near to the work area, to reduce the risk of stray current traveling a long way to create heating hazards or electric shock exposure, or to cause damage to sensitive electronic devices.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welding operators are careful to install return clamps so that welding current cannot pass through the bearings of electric motors, conveyor rollers, or other rotating components, which would cause damage to bearings. Welding on electrical buswork connected to <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> presents a danger of the low welding voltage being "stepped up" to much higher voltages, so extra grounding cables may be required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interference_with_pacemakers">Interference with pacemakers</h3></div> <p>Certain welding machines which use a high frequency alternating current component have been found to affect pacemaker operation when within 2 meters of the power unit and 1 meter of the weld site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Forge_welding" title="Forge welding">Forge welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance welding">Resistance welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxyfuel_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyfuel welding">Oxyfuel welding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">Gas tungsten arc welding</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benardos_N.N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Benardos_N.N.jpg/130px-Benardos_N.N.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Benardos_N.N.jpg/195px-Benardos_N.N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Benardos_N.N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Benardos" title="Nikolay Benardos">Nikolay Benardos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While examples of <a href="/wiki/Forge_welding" title="Forge welding">forge welding</a> go back to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, arc welding did not come into practice until much later. </p><p>In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> discovered the short pulsed electric arcs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anders_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anders-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independently, a Russian physicist named <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vladimirovich_Petrov" title="Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov">Vasily Petrov</a> discovered the continuous electric arc in 1802<sup id="cite_ref-anders_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anders-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shea,_W.R._27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea,_W.R.-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently proposed its possible practical applications, including welding.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arc welding was first developed when <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Benardos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Benardos">Nikolai Benardos</a> presented arc welding of metals using a carbon electrode at the <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_of_Electricity,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="International Exposition of Electricity, Paris">International Exposition of Electricity, Paris</a> in 1881, which was patented together with <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Olszewski" title="Stanisław Olszewski">Stanisław Olszewski</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, French electrical inventor <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_M%C3%A9ritens" title="Auguste de Méritens">Auguste de Méritens</a> also invented a carbon arc welding method, patented in 1881, which was successfully used for welding <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advances in arc welding continued with the invention of metal electrodes in the late 19th century by a Russian, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Slavyanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Slavyanov">Nikolai Slavyanov</a> (1888), and an American, <a href="/wiki/C._L._Coffin" class="mw-redirect" title="C. L. Coffin">C. L. Coffin</a>. Around 1900, A. P. Strohmenger released in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> a coated metal electrode which gave a more stable arc. In 1905, Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mitkevich" title="Vladimir Mitkevich">Vladimir Mitkevich</a> proposed the usage of three-phase electric arc for welding. In 1919, alternating current welding was invented by C. J. Holslag but did not become popular for another decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Cary-5-6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cary-5-6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competing welding processes such as <a href="/wiki/Resistance_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance welding">resistance welding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxyfuel_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyfuel welding">oxyfuel welding</a> were developed during this time as well;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both, especially the latter, faced stiff competition from arc welding especially after metal coverings (known as <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a>) for the electrode, to stabilize the arc and shield the base material from impurities, continued to be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Weman-26_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weman-26-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg/190px-Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg/285px-Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg/380px-Arc_welding_part_of_an_anti-tank_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>A young woman arc welding in a munitions factory in Australia in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, welding started to be used in <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> in Great Britain in place of <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">riveted</a> steel plates. The Americans also became more accepting of the new technology when the process allowed them to repair their ships quickly after a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> attack in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> at the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arc welding was first applied to aircraft during the war as well, and some German airplane fuselages were constructed using this process.<sup id="cite_ref-LE-1.1.5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-1.1.5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, the British shipbuilder <a href="/wiki/Cammell_Laird" title="Cammell Laird">Cammell Laird</a> started construction of a merchant ship, the <i>Fullagar</i>, with an entirely welded hull;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was launched in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s, major advances were made in welding technology, including the 1920 introduction of automatic welding in which electrode wire was continuously fed. Shielding gas became a subject receiving much attention as scientists attempted to protect welds from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittleness</a> were the primary problems and the solutions that developed included the use of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> as welding atmospheres.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following decade, further advances allowed for the welding of reactive metals such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. This, in conjunction with developments in automatic welding, alternating current, and fluxes fed a major expansion of arc welding during the 1930s and then during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LE-1.1-6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-1.1-6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the middle of the century, many new welding methods were invented. <a href="/wiki/Submerged_arc_welding" title="Submerged arc welding">Submerged arc welding</a> was invented in 1930 and continues to be popular today. In 1932, a Russian, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Khrenov" title="Konstantin Khrenov">Konstantin Khrenov</a> successfully implemented the first <a href="/wiki/Underwater_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater welding">underwater electric arc welding</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">Gas tungsten arc welding</a>, after decades of development, was finally perfected in 1941 and <a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">gas metal arc welding</a> followed in 1948, allowing for fast welding of non-<a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> materials but requiring expensive shielding gases. Using a consumable electrode and a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> atmosphere as a shielding gas, it quickly became the most popular metal arc welding process. In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Flux-cored_arc_welding" title="Flux-cored arc welding">flux-cored arc welding</a> process debuted in which the self-shielded wire electrode could be used with automatic equipment, resulting in greatly increased welding speeds. In that same year, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_arc_welding" title="Plasma arc welding">plasma arc welding</a> was invented. <a href="/wiki/Electroslag_welding" title="Electroslag welding">Electroslag welding</a> was released in 1958 and was followed by its cousin, <a href="/wiki/Electrogas_welding" title="Electrogas welding">electrogas welding</a>, in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_welding_processes" title="List of welding processes">List of welding processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">Gas metal arc ("MIG"/"MAG") welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">Tungsten inert gas ("TIG") welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_welding" title="Robot welding">Robot welding</a> – use of mechanized programmable tools, which completely automate a welding process by both performing the weld and handling the part<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensors_for_arc_welding" title="Sensors for arc welding">Sensors for arc welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weld_quality_assurance" title="Weld quality assurance">Weld quality assurance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, pp. 246–249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mem-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mem_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.millerwelds.com/resources/article-library/selecting-a-constant-current-cc-dc-welder-for-training-purposes">"Selecting a Constant Current (CC) DC Welder for Training Purposes"</a>. Miller Electric Mfg. LLC. 1 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Selecting+a+Constant+Current+%28CC%29+DC+Welder+for+Training+Purposes&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.millerwelds.com%2Fresources%2Farticle-library%2Fselecting-a-constant-current-cc-dc-welder-for-training-purposes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canteach.candu.org/Content%20Library/20053426.pdf">"Welding Metallurgy: Arc Physics and Weld Pool Behaviour"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canteach</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canteach&rft.atitle=Welding+Metallurgy%3A+Arc+Physics+and+Weld+Pool+Behaviour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanteach.candu.org%2FContent%2520Library%2F20053426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnelectric.com/en-us/support/welding-solutions/Pages/polarity-for-smaw.aspx">"DC vs. AC Polarity for SMAW"</a>. <i>Lincoln Electric</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Electric&rft.atitle=DC+vs.+AC+Polarity+for+SMAW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnelectric.com%2Fen-us%2Fsupport%2Fwelding-solutions%2FPages%2Fpolarity-for-smaw.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnelectric.com/en-us/support/process-and-theory/Pages/understanding-polarity-detail.aspx">"AC/DC: Understanding Polarity"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AC%2FDC%3A+Understanding+Polarity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnelectric.com%2Fen-us%2Fsupport%2Fprocess-and-theory%2FPages%2Funderstanding-polarity-detail.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln_Electric1994">Lincoln Electric 1994</a>, p. 5.4.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeman2003">Weman 2003</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What does welder "duty cycle" mean? <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.zena.net/htdocs/FAQ/dutycycle.shtml">http://www.zena.net/htdocs/FAQ/dutycycle.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeman2003">Weman 2003</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln_Electric1994">Lincoln Electric 1994</a>, p. 5.4.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeman2003">Weman 2003</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeman2003">Weman 2003</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeman2003">Weman 2003</a>, pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phx-international.com/moisture_article.html">Drive Off Moisture and Get Better Welds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060315092327/http://www.phx-international.com/moisture_article.html">Archived</a> March 15, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://httd.njuct.edu.cn/MatWeb/corrosie/c_iga.htm">Intergranular Corrosion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421214659/http://httd.njuct.edu.cn/matweb/corrosie/c_iga.htm">Archived</a> 2006-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keytometals.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=160">Galvanic Corrosion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, pp. 52–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohsonline.com/articles/2005/10/through-a-glass-darkly.aspx">"Through a Glass, Darkly -"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Through+a+Glass%2C+Darkly+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohsonline.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F10%2Fthrough-a-glass-darkly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, pp. 42, 49–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. 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D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anders-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anders_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anders_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anders, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc785757/">"Tracking down the origin of arc plasma science-II. early continuous discharges"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 1060–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITPS...31.1060A">2003ITPS...31.1060A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPS.2003.815477">10.1109/TPS.2003.815477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11047670">11047670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Plasma+Science&rft.atitle=Tracking+down+the+origin+of+arc+plasma+science-II.+early+continuous+discharges&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1060-9&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11047670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPS.2003.815477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ITPS...31.1060A&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc785757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Дуговой разряд" [electric arc], <bdi lang="ru">Большая советская энциклопедия</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i>] (in Russian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarev1999" class="citation cs2">Lazarev, P.P. (December 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufn.ru/ufn99/ufn99_12/Russian/r9912h.pdf">"Historical essay on the 200 years of the development of natural sciences in Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Russian)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Physics-Uspekhi" title="Physics-Uspekhi">Physics-Uspekhi</a></i>, <b>42</b> (1247): 1351–1361, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhyU...42.1247L">1999PhyU...42.1247L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FPU1999v042n12ABEH000750">10.1070/PU1999v042n12ABEH000750</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250892442">250892442</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211173732/http://ufn.ru/ufn99/ufn99_12/Russian/r9912h.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics-Uspekhi&rft.atitle=Historical+essay+on+the+200+years+of+the+development+of+natural+sciences+in+Russia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1247&rft.pages=1351-1361&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250892442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FPU1999v042n12ABEH000750&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhyU...42.1247L&rft.aulast=Lazarev&rft.aufirst=P.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufn.ru%2Fufn99%2Fufn99_12%2FRussian%2Fr9912h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shea,_W.R.-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shea,_W.R._27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea1983" class="citation book cs1">Shea, William R., ed. (1983). <i>Nature mathematized: historical and philosophical case studies in classical modern natural philosophy</i>. Dordrecht: Reidel. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1402-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1402-2"><bdi>978-90-277-1402-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+mathematized%3A+historical+and+philosophical+case+studies+in+classical+modern+natural+philosophy&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Reidel&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1402-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903379.html">"Encyclopedia.com. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography"</a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com.+Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830903379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070057/http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf">"Beginnings of submerged arc welding"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beginnings+of+submerged+arc+welding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.is.gliwice.pl%2FPDF%2F2014%2F03%2F02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouldcroft1973" class="citation book cs1">Houldcroft, P. T. (1973) [1967]. "Chapter 3: Flux-Shielded Arc Welding". <i>Welding Processes</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05341-9"><bdi>978-0-521-05341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Flux-Shielded+Arc+Welding&rft.btitle=Welding+Processes&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05341-9&rft.aulast=Houldcroft&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cary-5-6-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cary-5-6_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weman-26-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weman-26_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeman2003">Weman 2003</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202185802/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772840-2,00.html">"Weld It!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 1941-12-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772840-2,00.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Weld+It%21&rft.date=1941-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C772840-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LE-1.1.5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LE-1.1.5_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln_Electric1994">Lincoln Electric 1994</a>, pp. 1.1–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnecmanadon.com/about/timeline.php">Royal Naval & World Events time line</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/me480/Lecture/W03/CS2/CaseStudyShips.html">Case Studies on Shipbuilding</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203133252/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/me480/Lecture/W03/CS2/CaseStudyShips.html">Archived</a> February 3, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LE-1.1-6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LE-1.1-6_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln_Electric1994">Lincoln Electric 1994</a>, pp. 1.1–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryHelzer2005">Cary & Helzer 2005</a>, p. 9</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryHelzer2005" class="citation cs2">Cary, Howard B.; Helzer, Scott C. (2005), <i>Modern Welding Technology</i>, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-113029-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-113029-6"><bdi>978-0-13-113029-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Welding+Technology&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-113029-6&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Howard+B.&rft.au=Helzer%2C+Scott+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalpakjianSchmid2001" class="citation cs2">Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven R. (2001), <i>Manufacturing Engineering and Technology</i>, Prentice-Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-36131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-36131-5"><bdi>978-0-201-36131-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-201-36131-5&rft.aulast=Kalpakjian&rft.aufirst=Serope&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Steven+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln_Electric1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Electric" title="Lincoln Electric">Lincoln Electric</a> (1994), <i>The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding</i>, Cleveland, Ohio: Lincoln Electric, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99949-25-82-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-99949-25-82-7"><bdi>978-99949-25-82-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Procedure+Handbook+of+Arc+Welding&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Lincoln+Electric&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-99949-25-82-7&rft.au=Lincoln+Electric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeman2003" class="citation cs2">Weman, Klas (2003), <i>Welding processes handbook</i>, New York: CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1773-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-1773-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welding+processes+handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1773-6&rft.aulast=Weman&rft.aufirst=Klas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+welding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASM_International_(society)" title="ASM International (society)">ASM International</a> (2003). <i>Trends in Welding Research</i>. Materials Park, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>: ASM International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-780-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87170-780-2">0-87170-780-2</a></li> <li>Blunt, Jane and Nigel C. Balchin (2002). <i>Health and Safety in Welding and Allied Processes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: Woodhead. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85573-538-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85573-538-5">1-85573-538-5</a>.</li> <li>Hicks, John (1999). <i>Welded Joint Design</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Industrial Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-3130-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8311-3130-6">0-8311-3130-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/video/2007-116d/">Arc Flash Awareness</a> video (25:39) from U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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arc welding">Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_arc_welding" title="Plasma arc welding">Plasma (PAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shielded_metal_arc_welding" title="Shielded metal arc welding">Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_arc_welding" title="Submerged arc welding">Submerged (SAW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_welding_processes" title="List of welding processes">Other processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_resistance_welding" title="Electric resistance welding">Electric resistance (ERW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_welding" title="Electron-beam welding">Electron-beam 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