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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Fumerton</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1949-10-07</span>) </span>October 7, 1949<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 75)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Phenomenalism</i> (1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a>, J. Van Cleve<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">value theory</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>metaepistemological scepticism</li><li>principle of inferential justification</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Anthony Fumerton</b> (born October 7, 1949)<sup id="cite_ref-CV2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> with research interests in <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">value theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been cited as an influential expert on the position of "metaepistemological scepticism".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his B.A. in philosophy from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 1971 and his M.A. and PhD from <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in 1973 and 1974, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-CV2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been the F. Wendell Miller Professor of Philosophy at the University of Iowa since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fumerton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fumerton has argued for a classical <a href="/wiki/Internalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalist">internalist</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundationalism</a> in which foundationally justified beliefs are justified non-inferentially.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Fumerton believes that for a belief to be non-inferentially justified, it must be justified by <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_by_acquaintance" title="Knowledge by acquaintance">direct acquaintance</a> with facts and the correspondence between those facts and the belief in question.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fumerton's foundationalism is classical or "old-fashioned" in that it claims that foundationally justified beliefs are beliefs about one's states of mind rather than beliefs about the external world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this fact, Fumerton has argued that we cannot have the philosophical assurance required for knowledge about the external world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has argued that whilst <a href="/wiki/Externalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalist">externalist</a> theories of justification provide non-inferentially justified beliefs about the external world, these justifications are "philosophically unsatisfying" and cannot provide philosophical assurance for beliefs about the external world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given these arguments, Fumerton thinks that there is no philosophically satisfying account of how we could know about the external world, a view known as "metaepistemological scepticism".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also argued for a "principle of inferential justification" that states that for a subject <i>S</i> to be justified in believing a proposition <i>P</i> on the basis of another proposition <i>E</i>, <i>S</i> must be justified in believing that <i>E</i> and they must be justified in believing that <i>E</i> makes <i>P</i> probable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In philosophical inquiry into the nature of rationality, Fumerton has been credited by Richard Foley with formulating a problem that Foley calls "Fumerton's puzzle".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A theory of rationality attempts to provide the conditions <i>C</i> under which a belief or decision is rational.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fumerton's puzzle arises when candidate conditions are met, but an agent rationally believes that they are not met. Assuming that the agent believes that <i>C</i> must be met for their belief or decision to be rational, then in this case they would rationally believe that their belief or decision is irrational even though it satisfies the conditions <i>C</i>. When paired with the idea that it is irrational to have a belief or make a decision if one rationally believes that it is irrational, this implies that a belief or decision can be irrational even if <i>C</i> are satisfied. But this means that <i>C</i> are not sufficient conditions for rationality, implying that finding such conditions is impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fumerton's puzzle can also occur when the conditions are not met, but an agent rationally believes that they are. In such a case, the agent would rationally believe that their belief or decision is rational. However, the agent's rational belief that their belief or decision is rational seems sufficient to make them rational even if <i>C</i> is not satisfied. This implies that <i>C</i> are not necessary conditions for a belief or decision to be rational.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fumerton defended <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body dualism">mind-body dualism</a> in his book <i>Knowledge, Thought and the Case for Dualism</i>, published in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fumerton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Foundationalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 2022.</li> <li><i>A Consequentialist Defense of Libertarianism. </i><a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, 2021.</li> <li><i>Knowledge, Thought and the Case for Dualism</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2013.</li> <li><i>An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Theory and Applications</i>, co-edited with Diane Jeske. <a href="/wiki/Broadview_Press" title="Broadview Press">Broadview Press</a>, 2012.</li> <li><i>Philosophy Through Film</i>, co-edited with Diane Jeske. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, 2009.</li> <li><i>The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill</i>, with Wendy Donner. Blackwell Publishing, 2009.</li> <li><i>Epistemology</i>. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.</li> <li><i>Realism and The Correspondence Theory of Truth.</i> Boston: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.</li> <li><i>Metaepistemology and Skepticism</i>. Boston: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.</li> <li><i>Reason and Morality: A Defense of the Egocentric Perspective.</i> Ithaca, N.Y<i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1990<i>.</i></li> <li><i>Metaphysical and Epistemological Problems of Perception.</i> Lincoln and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, 1985.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fumerton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20126618">"Doctoral Dissertations, 1974"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_Metaphysics" title="The Review of Metaphysics">The Review of Metaphysics</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1): 166–189. 1974. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6632">0034-6632</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20126618">20126618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Metaphysics&rft.atitle=Doctoral+Dissertations%2C+1974&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=166-189&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20126618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0034-6632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20126618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Fumerton Curriculum Vitae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clas.uiowa.edu/philosophy/people/richard-fumerton">available via The University of Iowa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDePaul2015" class="citation book cs1">DePaul, Michael R. (2015). "Richard Fumerton". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Audi, Robert</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Dictionary_of_Philosophy" title="The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy">The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</a></i> (Third ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 397–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05750-9"><bdi>978-1-139-05750-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Fumerton&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=397-398&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05750-9&rft.aulast=DePaul&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser2011" class="citation book cs1">Visser, Daniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Thinking about Law</i></a>. Siber Ink. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920025-80-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920025-80-9"><bdi>978-1-920025-80-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+about+Law&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Siber+Ink&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-920025-80-9&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vwlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clas.uiowa.edu/philosophy/people/richard-fumerton">"Richard Fumerton | Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts & Sciences"</a>. <i>The University of Iowa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=Richard+Fumerton+%7C+Department+of+Philosophy+%7C+College+of+Liberal+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclas.uiowa.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fpeople%2Frichard-fumerton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchardRanalli2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Pritchard, Duncan</a>; Ranalli, Chris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/RANOMS.pdf">"On Metaepistemological Scepticism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Michael Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann, Michael</a>; Coppenger, Brett (eds.). <i>Intellectual Assurance: Essays on Traditional Epistemic Internalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <q>Since at least the mid-1990s, there has been a wave of 'anti-externalist' replies to externalist responses to scepticism. Richard Fumerton has been one of the most influential figures in this wave, and alongside Barry Stroud his contributions to this debate are the most well-known. Indeed, one often finds Fumerton and Stroud being jointly identified as defenders of a position known as 'metaepistemological scepticism'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Metaepistemological+Scepticism&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Assurance%3A+Essays+on+Traditional+Epistemic+Internalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Ranalli%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FRANOMS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulugeta2016" class="citation web cs1">Mulugeta, Mikael (2016-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.uiowa.edu/2016/01/talking-political-philosophy-and-freedom">"Talking political philosophy and freedom"</a>. <i>Iowa Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Now&rft.atitle=Talking+political+philosophy+and+freedom&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Mulugeta&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnow.uiowa.edu%2F2016%2F01%2Ftalking-political-philosophy-and-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/richard-fumerton">"Richard Fumerton"</a>. <i>Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Richard+Fumerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fpeople%2Frichard-fumerton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFumerton2010" class="citation book cs1">Fumerton, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4Wt5F_hC3AC&pg=PA139">"Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles: Richard Fumerton"</a>. In Dancy, Jonathan; Sosa, Ernest; Steup, Matthias (eds.). <i>A Companion to Epistemology</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 139–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3900-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3900-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-3900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twenty+Epistemological+Self-profiles%3A+Richard+Fumerton&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Epistemology&rft.pages=139-143&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3900-7&rft.aulast=Fumerton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4Wt5F_hC3AC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Gordon (2003). "Resurrecting Old–Fashioned Foundationalism". <i>Philosophical Books</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 53–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0149.00281">10.1111/1468-0149.00281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8051">0031-8051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Books&rft.atitle=Resurrecting+Old%E2%80%93Fashioned+Foundationalism&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0149.00281&rft.issn=0031-8051&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanalli2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Ranalli, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/RANMSC.pdf"><i>Meta-Epistemological Scepticism: Criticisms and a Defence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Edinburgh">The University of Edinburgh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Meta-Epistemological+Scepticism%3A+Criticisms+and+a+Defence&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=The+University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ranalli&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FRANMSC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley1990" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Richard (1990). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/oom/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=&rft.imuse_id=jpr_1990_0015_0109_0113&svc_id=info:www.pdcnet.org/collection">"Fumerton's Puzzle"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Philosophical Research</i>. <b>15</b>: 109–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjpr_1990_10">10.5840/jpr_1990_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-8364">1053-8364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philosophical+Research&rft.atitle=Fumerton%27s+Puzzle&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=109-113&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fjpr_1990_10&rft.issn=1053-8364&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Foom%2Fservice%3Furl_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3D%26rft.imuse_id%3Djpr_1990_0015_0109_0113%26svc_id%3Dinfo%3Awww.pdcnet.org%2Fcollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley1991" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Richard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27759255">"Audi on Practical Reasoning"</a>. <i>Behavior and Philosophy</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 59–72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-8348">1053-8348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27759255">27759255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Audi+on+Practical+Reasoning&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-72&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27759255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1053-8348&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27759255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ye, Ru (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048402.2014.955862">"Fumerton's Puzzle for Theories of Rationality"</a>. <i>Australasian Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>93</b> (1): 93–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048402.2014.955862">10.1080/00048402.2014.955862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8402">0004-8402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171046040">171046040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Fumerton%27s+Puzzle+for+Theories+of+Rationality&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-108&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171046040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-8402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048402.2014.955862&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00048402.2014.955862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYetter-Chappell,_Helen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yetter-Chappell, Helen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/pq/article-abstract/66/263/435/2460891">"Knowledge, Thought, and the Case for Dualism"</a>. <i>The Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>66</b> (263): 435–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpq%2Fpqv053">10.1093/pq/pqv053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Knowledge%2C+Thought%2C+and+the+Case+for+Dualism&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=263&rft.pages=435-438&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpq%2Fpqv053&rft.au=Yetter-Chappell%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpq%2Farticle-abstract%2F66%2F263%2F435%2F2460891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fumerton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2014" class="citation conference cs1">Foley, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southalabama.edu/orangebeachepistemology/Fumerton.pdf"><i>Some Features of Richard Fumerton's Philosophical Views</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southalabama.edu/orangebeachepistemology/pastworkshops.html">6th Annual Orange Beach Epistemology Workshop</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Some+Features+of+Richard+Fumerton%27s+Philosophical+Views&rft.pub=University+of+South+Alabama&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southalabama.edu%2Forangebeachepistemology%2FFumerton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Fumerton" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent dualism">Emergent dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Cartesian dualism">Non-Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate dualism">Predicate dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomistic dualism">Thomistic dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Almeder" title="Robert F. Almeder">Robert F. Almeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Beauregard" title="Mario Beauregard">Mario Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Dilley" title="Frank B. Dilley">Frank B. Dilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beloff" title="John Beloff">John Beloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Stephen_Evans" title="C. Stephen Evans">C. Stephen Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Fumerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brie_Gertler" title="Brie Gertler">Brie Gertler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Goetz" title="Stewart Goetz">Stewart Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hart" title="W. D. Hart">W. D. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hasker" title="William Hasker">William Hasker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Francis_Kelly" title="Edward Francis Kelly">Edward Francis Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Landesman" title="Charles Landesman">Charles Landesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._J._Lowe_(philosopher)" title="E. J. Lowe (philosopher)">E. J. Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David._H._Lund" title="David. H. Lund">David. H. Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Madell" title="Geoffrey Madell">Geoffrey Madell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Moreland" title="J. P. Moreland">J. P. Moreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denyse_O%27Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin" title="Martine Nida-Rümelin">Martine Nida-Rümelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_B._Rae" title="Scott B. Rae">Scott B. Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_N._Robinson" title="Daniel N. Robinson">Daniel N. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_D._Roelofs" title="Howard D. Roelofs">Howard D. Roelofs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Robinson" title="Howard Robinson">Howard Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Schwartz" title="Jeffrey M. Schwartz">Jeffrey M. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taliaferro" title="Charles Taliaferro">Charles Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Unger" title="Peter Unger">Peter Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Yandell" title="Keith Yandell">Keith Yandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">Dualism (Indian philosophy)</a></li> <li><a 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