CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sheba - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6617f711-82ff-4be2-a11f-962bae899936","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sheba","wgTitle":"Sheba","wgCurRevisionId":1283516679,"wgRevisionId":1283516679,"wgArticleId":69270,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Sabaean-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Ge'ez-language text","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","275 disestablishments","States and territories established in the 10th century BC","States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century","Sheba","Ancient peoples","Arabian Peninsula","Hebrew Bible places","Sabaeans","Quranic places","Book of Genesis","History of South Arabia","Former kingdoms","Ancient Arab peoples","Semitic-speaking peoples","Tribes of Arabia","Yemeni tribes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sheba","wgRelevantArticleId":69270,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["sysop"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Sabaeans","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Sheba","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q216068","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yemen_100_BC.svg/1200px-Yemen_100_BC.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yemen_100_BC.svg/800px-Yemen_100_BC.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="747"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yemen_100_BC.svg/640px-Yemen_100_BC.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="597"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sheba - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheba"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheba"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sheba rootpage-Sheba skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sheba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sheba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sheba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sheba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formative_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formative_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formative period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formative_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Sabaean_kingdom_(8th_—_1st_centuries_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Sabaean_kingdom_(8th_—_1st_centuries_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First Sabaean kingdom (8th — 1st centuries BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Sabaean_kingdom_(8th_—_1st_centuries_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Era_of_the_mukarribs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_the_mukarribs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Era of the <i>mukarribs</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_the_mukarribs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_of_the_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_the_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Era of the kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_the_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Sabaean_kingdom_(1st_–_3rd_centuries_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Sabaean_kingdom_(1st_–_3rd_centuries_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Second Sabaean kingdom (1st – 3rd centuries CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Sabaean_kingdom_(1st_–_3rd_centuries_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conquests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conquests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquests_of_Karib'il_Watar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquests_of_Karib'il_Watar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conquests of Karib'il Watar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquests_of_Karib'il_Watar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>African conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Urban centers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Urban_centers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Urban centers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Urban_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Marib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sirwah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirwah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sirwah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirwah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The king</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Writing schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Islamic tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_and_Yemenite_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_and_Yemenite_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ethiopian and Yemenite tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_and_Yemenite_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A3" title="مملكة سبأ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة سبأ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99ba_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Səba dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səba dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="শেবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শেবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Сәба батшалығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәба батшалығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сабейскае царства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабейскае царства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D)" title="སེ་བ། (གསུང་རབ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་བ། (གསུང་རབ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Sab%C3%A0" title="Regne de Sabà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Sabà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabejci" title="Sabejci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sabejci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_(Antike)" title="Saba (Antike) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saba (Antike)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Saba" title="Reino de Saba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Saba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_%C5%9Ceba" title="Reĝlando Ŝeba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Ŝeba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabako_Erresuma" title="Sabako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sabako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="سبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Saba" title="Royaume de Saba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Saba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Saba" title="Reino de Saba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Saba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="시바 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시바 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabejsko_kraljevstvo" title="Sabejsko kraljevstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sabejsko kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Saba" title="Kerajaan Saba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Saba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Saba" title="Regno di Saba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Saba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%90" title="שבא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="საბის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_(Arabia)" title="Saba (Arabia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saba (Arabia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szab%C3%A1" title="Szabá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A3" title="مملكة سبأ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة سبأ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%90%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="シバ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シバ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reialme_de_Saba" title="Reialme de Saba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reialme de Saba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="مملکت سبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت سبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Saba" title="Królestwo Saba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Saba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Sab%C3%A1" title="Reino de Sabá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Sabá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сабейское царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сабейское царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabsko_kraljestvo" title="Sabsko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sabsko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сабејско краљевство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сабејско краљевство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabejsko_kraljevstvo" title="Sabejsko kraljevstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sabejsko kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_kuningaskunta" title="Saban kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saban kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сабейське царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сабейське царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="مملکت سبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت سبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="示巴王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="示巴王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216068#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sheba" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sheba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sheba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sheba" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sheba" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&oldid=1283516679" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sheba&id=1283516679&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSheba"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSheba"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sheba&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheba" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216068" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#full" title="This article is protected until April 4, 2025 at 00:25 UTC, due to editing disputes"><img alt="Page protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Full-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Full-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Full-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Full-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Full-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Full-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabaeans&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient South Arabian kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sabaeans" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sheba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sheba (disambiguation)">Sheba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Sheba<br /> Kingdom of Saba</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩪𐩨𐩱</span> (<a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a>) <br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سبأ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">~1000 BCE–275 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabaen_kingdom%E2%80%99s_coat_of_arms_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Sheba Saba"><img alt="Emblem of Sheba Saba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sabaen_kingdom%E2%80%99s_coat_of_arms_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Sabaen_kingdom%E2%80%99s_coat_of_arms_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sabaen_kingdom%E2%80%99s_coat_of_arms_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Sabaen_kingdom%E2%80%99s_coat_of_arms_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Sabaen_kingdom%E2%80%99s_coat_of_arms_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></div> <div>Emblem</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_100_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sheba in blue in South Arabia"><img alt="Map of Sheba in blue in South Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yemen_100_BC.svg/250px-Yemen_100_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yemen_100_BC.svg/375px-Yemen_100_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yemen_100_BC.svg/500px-Yemen_100_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Sheba in blue in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#South_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">South Arabian polytheism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Society">Sabaeans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">Mukarrib</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">list of rulers</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 730–710 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yatha%27_Amar_Watar" title="Yatha' Amar Watar">Yatha' Amar Watar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 620–600 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 120–130 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Il%C4%ABshara%E1%B8%A5_Ya%E1%B8%A5%E1%B8%8Dub_I" title="Ilīsharaḥ Yaḥḍub I">Ilīsharaḥ Yaḥḍub I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">~1000 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">275 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>South Arabia</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><br /><b>Horn of Africa</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/60px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Yemen" title="Category:History of Yemen">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of Yemen</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/250px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/330px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace,_Seiyun_(2286710698).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/83px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/125px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/166px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/105px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/158px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/210px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baran_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/120px-Baran_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/250px-Baran_Temple.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Awsan" title="Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Saba'</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 275 CE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 290 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Kingdom of Qatabān</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 AD</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ma%27in" title="Ma'in">Kingdom of Ma'in</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Kingdom of Ḥimyar</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 525 CE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen#Kingdom_of_Aksum_(520_–_570_CE)" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Axumite Yemen</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 517</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570 </span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian Yemen</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 630 </span>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Islamic_State" title="First Islamic State">First Islamic State</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 622</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 632</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadid dynasty</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Najahid_dynasty" title="Najahid dynasty">Najahid dynasty</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #eeffe8; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdids</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid dynasty</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #eeffe8; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirid state</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri State</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern history</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Ottoman Eyalet</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Qasimid state</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Ottoman vilayet</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1967–1990)</span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1962–1990)</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Unified Yemen</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1990-present)</span></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Socotra" title="Portuguese Socotra">Portuguese Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Yemen" title="Template talk:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sheba</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Saba</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an ancient <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> kingdom in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-British_Museum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Museum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose inhabitants were known as the <i>Sabaeans</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the tribe of Sabaʾ which, for much of the 1st millennium BCE, were indissociable from the kingdom itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians agree that the heartland of the Sabaean civilization was located in the region around <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirwah" title="Sirwah">Sirwah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023299_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023299-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some periods, they expanded to much of what is now modern-day Yemen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, in modern-day Eritrea and Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023348,_350_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023348,_350-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spoken language of the Sabaeans was <a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-munro-hay2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-hay2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sabaeans founded the Kingdom of Saba in the late second or first millennium BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023332_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023332-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered by South Arabians and the first Abyssinian kingdoms to be the birthplace of South Arabian civilization, and whose name carried prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200256–57_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200256–57-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Sabaean kingdom lasted from the 8th to the 1st centuries BCE. This kingdom can be divided into the <i><a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">mukarrib</a></i> period, where Saba reigned supreme over South Arabia, and the kingly period, a long period of decline to the neighbouring kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27in" title="Ma'in">Ma'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, ultimately ending when a newer neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a>, annexed them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saba was originally confined to the region of <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a> (its capital) and its surroundings. At its height, it encompassed much of southwest Arabia, before eventually declining to the regions of Marib. Saba re-emerged from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. In this time, a secondary capital was founded at <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, which has become the capital of Yemen today. Around 275 CE, the Saba civilization permanently came to an end after another annexation by <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saba existed alongside several neighboring kingdoms in ancient South Arabia. To their north was the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ma%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ma'in">Kingdom of Ma'in</a>, and to their east was the <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Kingdom of Qataban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Kingdom of Hadhramaut</a>. The Sabaeans, like the other Yemenite kingdoms of their time, were involved in the extremely lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, especially including <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They left behind many inscriptions in the monumental <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a> as well as numerous documents in the related cursive <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabūr" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabūr script</a>. They also interacted with the societies in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> where they left numerous traces, including inscriptions and temples that date back to the <a href="/wiki/Sabean_colonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabean colonization of Africa">Sabaean colonization of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This kingdom came to play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and appears in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (not to be confused with the Quranic <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> has raised questions of historicity, although recent research indicates that Saba was involved in the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">incense trade</a> as early in its history as the time of Solomon.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditions about Saba particularly feature in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and is also asserted as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, who is left unnamed in Jewish texts but is known as <i>Makeda</i> in Ethiopian texts and as <i>Bilqīs</i> in Arabic texts. According to the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Sheba was the home of <a href="/wiki/Tharbis" title="Tharbis">Princess Tharbis</a>, who is said to have been the wife of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> before he married <a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Islamic exegetes</a> identified Sheba with the <a href="/wiki/People_of_Tubba" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Tubba">People of Tubba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannon2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannon2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_inscriptions" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions">Pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions</a></div> <p>The Sabaic language was written down in the Sabaic script as early as the 11th or 10th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2020338_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2020338-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sabaic tradition has left behind a sizable epigraphic record. Of the 12,000 corresponding <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient South Arabian inscriptions">Ancient South Arabian inscriptions</a>, 6,500 of them are in Sabaic. The region first sees a continuous record of epigraphic documentation in the 8th century BCE, which lasts until the 9th century CE, long after the fall of the Sabaean kingdom and covering a time range of about a millennium and a half and constituting the main source of information about the Sabaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023303_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023303-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Arabian civilization may be the only civilization that can be reconstructed from epigraphic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201613_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201613-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>External information about the Sabaeans comes first from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian Cuneiform">Akkadian cuneiform</a> texts starting in the 8th century BCE. Less important are brief reports from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> about correspondence between <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>. While the story is of debatable historicity, knowledge of the Sabaeans as merchant peoples indicates that some level of trade between the regions was underway in this time. After the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, South Arabia became a hub of trade routes linking the broader geopolitical realm with India. As such, information about the region begins to appear among Greco-Roman observers and information becomes more concrete. The most important accounts about South Arabia are from <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, an anonymous first-century seafarming manual called the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> concerning the politics and topography of South Arabian coasts, the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> by <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023308–311_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023308–311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history of Yemen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formative_period">Formative period</h3></div> <p>The formative phase of the Sabaeans, or the period prior to the emergence of urban cultures in South Arabia, can be placed the latter part of the 2nd millennium BCE, and was completed by the 10th century BCE, where a fully developed script appears in combination with the technological prowess to construct complex architectural complexes and cities. There is some debate as to the degree to which the movement out of the formative phase was channeled by endogenous processes, or the transfer or technologies from other centers, perhaps via trade and immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023330–332_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023330–332-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200257–58_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200257–58-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the Sabaeans were part of "communities" (called <i>shaʿbs</i>) on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sayhad_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayhad desert">Sayhad desert</a>. Very early, at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the political leaders of this tribal community managed to create a huge commonwealth of shaʿbs occupying most of South Arabian territory and took on the title "<a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">Mukarrib</a> of the Sabaeans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev19962–3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev19962–3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BronzeManNashqum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BronzeManNashqum.jpg/170px-BronzeManNashqum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BronzeManNashqum.jpg/255px-BronzeManNashqum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BronzeManNashqum.jpg/340px-BronzeManNashqum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawter_%27Atht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawter 'Atht (page does not exist)">Hawter 'Atht</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A)" class="extiw" title="ar:هوتر عثت (تمثال برونزي)">ar</a>]</span> found in <a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda%27,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bayda', Yemen">Al-Baydā'</a> (ancient Nashqum, Kingdom of Saba'), 6th–5th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the Sabaean Kingdom is uncertain and is a point of disagreement among scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023330_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023330-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with estimates placing it around 1200 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the 10th century BCE at the latest,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023332_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023332-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a period of flourishing that only begins from the 8th century BCE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the polity had been established, Sabaean kings referred to themselves by the title <a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">Mukarrib</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Sabaean_kingdom_(8th_—_1st_centuries_BCE)"><span id="First_Sabaean_kingdom_.288th_.E2.80.94_1st_centuries_BCE.29"></span>First Sabaean kingdom (8th — 1st centuries BCE)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Era_of_the_mukarribs">Era of the <i>mukarribs</i></h4></div> <p>The first major phase of the Sabaean civilization lasted between the 8th and 1st centuries BCE. For centuries, Saba dominated the political landscape in South Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202222_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202222-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8th century is when the first stone inscriptions appear, and when leaders are already being called by the title <a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">Mukarrib</a> ("federator"). Due to this convention, this era can also be called the "Mukarrib period". The title <i>mukarrib</i> was more prestigious than that of <i>mlk</i> ("king") and was used to refer to someone that extended hegemony over other tribes and kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saba reached the height of its powers between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE. In particular, the great conquests of <a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar</a> extended their territory to <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> in the southwest, and eastward from that point along the coast until the western foothills of the Hadhramaut plateau. Saba reigned supreme over South Arabia, and Karib'il established diplomatic contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>n emperor <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>. This territorial range by a South Arabian kingdom would not be seen again until <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a> achieved it over 1,100 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023346–347_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023346–347-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karib'il's success is reflected by the dynastic succession of four rulers from his lineage, including sons, grandson, and great-grandons, a rare occurrence in the face of the rarity of dynastic succession in ancient South Arabian culture. The next time this would be seen was six centuries later in Qataban.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022148_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022148-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Era_of_the_kings">Era of the kings</h4></div> <p>After the 6th century BCE, Saba was unable to maintain its supremacy over South Arabia in the face of the expanding adjacent powers of <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> militarily, and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27in" title="Ma'in">Ma'in</a> economically, leading it contract back to its core territory around <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirwah" title="Sirwah">Sirwah</a>. Sabaean leaders reverted to use of the title <i>malik</i> ("king") instead of <i>mukarrib</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline began soon after the end of the reign of Karib'il Watar. While Karib'il established hegemony over the Jawf, his immediate successors only consolidated their power over some of its former city-states (including <a href="/wiki/Nashaq" title="Nashaq">Nashq</a> and Manhayat) whereas others (like <a href="/wiki/Yathill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yathill">Yathill</a> and the towns of Wadhi Raghwan) were absorbed into Ma'in. Qataban expanded into the Southern Highlands, formerly under Sabaean rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022143–144_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022143–144-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economically, the first Sabaean period was dominated by a caravan economy that had market ties with the rest of the Near East. Its first major trading partners were at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khindanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khindanu (page does not exist)">Khindanu</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Euphrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Euphrates (page does not exist)">Middle Euphrates</a>. Later, this moved to Gaza during the Persian period, and finally, to <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> in Hellenistic times. The South Arabian deserts gave rise to important aromatics which were exported in trade, especially <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>. It also acted as an intermediary for overland trade with neighbours in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and further off from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_arabia_100bc_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/South_arabia_100bc_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-South_arabia_100bc_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/South_arabia_100bc_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>Map of southern Arabia in 100 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 1st millennium BCE, several factors came together and brought about the decline of the Sabaean state and civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev199598_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev199598-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest challenge came from the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The Republic conquered Syria in 63 BCE and Egypt in 30 BCE, diverting Saba's overland trade network. The Romans then attempted to conquer Saba around 26/25 BCE with an army sent out under the command of the governor <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Gallus" title="Aelius Gallus">Aelius Gallus</a>, setting Marib to siege. Due to heat exhaustion, the siege had to be quickly given up. However, after conquering Egypt, the overland trade network was redirected to maritime routes, with an intermediary port chosen with <a href="/wiki/Bir_Ali" title="Bir Ali">Bir Ali</a> (then called Qani). This port was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Kingdom of Hadhramaut</a>, far from Sabaean territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200253_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200253-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greatly economically weakened, the Kingdom of Saba was soon annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyarite Kingdom</a>, bringing this period to a close.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sabaean_kingdom_(1st_–_3rd_centuries_CE)"><span id="Second_Sabaean_kingdom_.281st_.E2.80.93_3rd_centuries_CE.29"></span>Second Sabaean kingdom (1st – 3rd centuries CE)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_sanaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Old_sanaa.jpg/250px-Old_sanaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Old_sanaa.jpg/330px-Old_sanaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Old_sanaa.jpg/500px-Old_sanaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Old Sana'a town with tower buildings</figcaption></figure> <p>After the disintegration of the first Himyarite Kingdom, Sabaean Kingdom reappeared<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began to vigorously campaign against the Himyarites, and it flourished for another century and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resurgent kingdom was different from the earlier one in many important respects.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant change with the earlier Sabaean period is that local power dynamics had shifted from the oasis cities on the desert margin, like Marib, to the highland tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200253_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200253-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Almaqah temple at Marib returned to being a religious center. Saba inaugurated a new coinage and the remarkable <a href="/wiki/Ghumdan_Palace" title="Ghumdan Palace">Ghumdan Palace</a> was built at <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> which, in this period, had its status elevated to that of a secondary capital next to Marib.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite liberating itself from Himyar by around 100 CE, leaders of Himyar continued calling themselves the "king of Saba", as they had been doing during the period in which they ruled the region, to assert their legitimacy over the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200253_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200253-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom fell after a long but sporadic civil war between several Yemenite dynasties claiming kingship,<sup id="cite_ref-H._Muller_p._53_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Muller_p._53-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Javad_Ali_p._420_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javad_Ali_p._420-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the late <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> rose as victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023303_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023303-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabaean kingdom was finally permanently conquered by the Ḥimyarites around 275 CE. Saba lost its royal status and reverted to a normal tribe, limited to the citizens of Marib, who are named in the last time in South Arabian sources in <a href="/wiki/CIH_541" title="CIH 541">CIH 541</a> in requesting assistance from the king in repairing a rupture in the <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquests">Conquests</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquests_of_Karib'il_Watar"><span id="Conquests_of_Karib.27il_Watar"></span>Conquests of Karib'il Watar</h3></div><p> The major conquests in Saba were driven by the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar</a>. Karib'il conquered all surrounding neighbours, including the <a href="/wiki/Awsan" title="Awsan">Awsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>. Karib'il's exploits largely unified Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200258_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200258-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg/220px-Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg/330px-Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg/440px-Karib%27il_Watar_map1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar</a>'s campaign against <a href="/wiki/Awsan" title="Awsan">Awsan</a></figcaption></figure><p>The conquests of Karib'il are documented in two lengthy inscriptions (RES 3945–3946) discovered at the Temple of Almaqah at Sirwah. These inscriptions describe a series of eight campaigns to show how Karib'il ultimately brought South Arabia under the control of Saba. The first campaign took place in the highlands west of Marib, where Karib'il declares that he had captured 8,000 and killed 3,000 enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second campaign concerned the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Awsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a>, which flourished in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. Up until the reign of Karib'il, it was a significant regional competitor with the Kingdom of Saba. However, Karib'il's campaign brought about the obliteration of the Kingdom of Awsan. The tribal elite leading Awsan were slaughtered, and the palace of Murattaʿ was destroyed, as well as their temples and inscriptions. The wadi was depopulated, which is reflected in the abandonment of the wadi. Sabaean inscriptions claim that 16,000 were killed and 40,000 prisoners were taken. This may not have been a significant exaggeration, as the Awsan kingdom disappeared as a political entity from the historical record for five or six centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023342–343_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023342–343-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third and fourth campaigns involve attacks against tribes living in low-lying hills that geographically face the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. The fifth and sixth campaigns were against <a href="/wiki/Nashshan" title="Nashshan">Nashshan</a>. Nashshan was, like Awsan, one of Saba's most powerful competitors. However, against Karib'il, combined with the destruction of several towns and buildings and the imposition of a tribute on its people. Any dissidents were killed and the cult of <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a> was imposed onto Nashshan, with Nashshan's leaders being required to build a temple for him. The final two campaigns were against the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> coastal region and the <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_conquests">African conquests</h3></div> <p>Around 800 BCE, the Sabaeans conquered parts of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> of Ethiopia in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Sabean_colonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabean colonization of Africa">Sabaean colonization</a> event that created the Eri-Ethio-Sabaean <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Di'amat</a>. Sabaean populations migrated to maintain the new polity, and link it with the mother country, including through managing trade between the two (ivory might have especially been a driver of the expansion). The capital of the new kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a>, where a great temple was built for <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a>, the national god of Saba. Four other Almaqah temples are also known from Di'amat (including the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Meqaber_Ga%CA%BFewa" title="Temple of Meqaber Gaʿewa">Temple of Meqaber Gaʿewa</a>), and other inscriptions mention the complete remainder of the known Sabaean deities. The great Yeha temple was modelled by Sabaean masons off of the Almaqah Temple at <a href="/wiki/Sirwah" title="Sirwah">Sirwah</a> (a major urban center of Saba). Besides religion, Sabaean culture also diffused into Di'amat through the use of objects, architectural techniques, artistic styles, institutions, paleographical styles for writings inscriptions, and the use of abstract symbols. Leaders in Di'amat used the classical South Arabian title, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">mukarrib</a></i>, and one particular title that is seen is the "Mukarrib of Diʿamat and Saba" (<i>mkrb Dʿmt s-S<sup>1</sup>bʾ</i>). The exact timing of the collapse of Di'amat is not known: it happened around the mid-1st millennium BCE and involved a destruction of Yeha along with a number of adjacent sites. This also happened when Saba was beginning to lose its grip on power over South Arabia. Nevertheless, Sabaeans continued migrating to Ethiopia after this collapse and Ethiopia only established a position of power for itself when the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> arose in the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulz2024131_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulz2024131-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini2016127–130_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini2016127–130-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023348–355_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023348–355-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military warfare continued between Saba, Ethiopia, and Himyar during the second Sabaean period, with a dynamic and shifting array of alliances. Recently discovered evidence shows that these encounters took place, not only on the peninsula, but also on Ethiopian territory during expeditions launched by the Sabaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts2025_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2025-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_centers">Urban centers</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marib">Marib</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg/250px-The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg/330px-The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg/500px-The_great_wall_of_Awwam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_wall_of_Awwam" title="Great wall of Awwam">great wall of Awwam</a> in Marib</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Kingdom of Saba, <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a> was an oasis and one of the main urban centers of the kingdom. It was by far the largest ancient city from ancient South Arabia, if not its only real city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200254_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200254-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marib was located at the precise point that the wadi (of Wadi Dhana) emerges from the Yemeni highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located along what was called the <a href="/wiki/Sayhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayhad">Sayhad desert</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam">medieval Arab geographers</a>, but is now known as <a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a>. The city lies 135 km east of <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, which is the capital of Yemen today, found in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Dana" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Dana">Wadi Dana</a> delta, in the northwestern central Yemeni highlands. The oasis is about 10,000 hectares and the course of the wadi divides it into two: a northern and a southern half, which was already spoken of in records from the 8th century BCE, and this prominent feature may have been remembered as late as in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (34:15). A wall was built around Marib, and 4 km of that wall is still standing today. The wall, in some places, can be as much as 14 m thick. The wall encloses a 100-hectare area shaped like a trapezoid, and the settlement appears to have been created in the late second millennium BCE. Archaeological inquiries have uncovered a settlement plan that allocated different areas for different tasks. There is one residential division to the city. Another division containing sacred buildings but no residential development was probably a storage area for trade caravans and the shipment of goods. Immediately to the west was the great city temple Harun, dedicated to the national Sabaean god, <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023314–317_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023314–317-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsh_Bilqis,_Ma%27rib_(2285842541).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arsh_Bilqis%2C_Ma%27rib_%282285842541%29.jpg/250px-Arsh_Bilqis%2C_Ma%27rib_%282285842541%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arsh_Bilqis%2C_Ma%27rib_%282285842541%29.jpg/330px-Arsh_Bilqis%2C_Ma%27rib_%282285842541%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arsh_Bilqis%2C_Ma%27rib_%282285842541%29.jpg/500px-Arsh_Bilqis%2C_Ma%27rib_%282285842541%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barran_Temple" title="Barran Temple">Barran Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A processional road, known from inscriptions but not yet discovered, led from the Harun temple to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Awwam" title="Temple of Awwam">Temple of Awwam</a>, 3.5 km to the southeast of Marib, which is both the main temple for the god Almaqah in the Kingdom of Saba and the largest temple complex known from South Arabia. Hundreds of inscriptions are known from the Awwam Temple, and these documents form the basis from which the political history of South Arabia thus far reconstructable from in the first few centuries of the Christian era. The enclosure was built in the 7th century BCE according to a monumental inscription from the time of Yada'il Darih. South of the temple wall is a 1.5-hectare necropolis, in which it is estimated that about 20,000 people have been buried over a time period covering about a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023318–320_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023318–320-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly west of the Awwam Temple is another major temple in the southern oasis dedicated to Almaqah, which has been fully excavated and is the best studied temple to date from South Arabia: the <a href="/wiki/Barran_Temple" title="Barran Temple">Barran Temple</a>. It is evident that predecessors to the Barran Temple went back to the 10th century BCE. The construction history is properly documented by inscriptions in the area. The temple was destroyed shortly before the beginning of the Christian eraddea. The exact cause is unknown, but it may have been linked to an (ultimately unsuccessful) siege of South Arabia by the Romans, under the leadership of the governor <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Gallus" title="Aelius Gallus">Aelius Gallus</a> in 25/24 BCE. Inscriptions attest other temples dedicated to other gods but these have not yet been discovered archaeologically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023320–323_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023320–323-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/250px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/330px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/500px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a> of the former Sabaean capital of Ma'rib, amidst the <a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarawat Mountains</a> of present-day Yemen</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a> was one of the most well-known architectural complexes from Yemen, and was even mentioned in the Quran (34:16), and this construction made it possible to irrigate the 10,000 hectares of the Marib oasis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200254_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200254-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam is located 10 km west of the main settlement. The dam successfully delegates and distributes water from the biannual monsoon rains into two main channels, which move away from the wadi and into fields through a highly dispersive system. This allowed the region to convert alluvial loads into fertile soils and so cultivate various crops. It took until the 6th century BCE for the full closure to be accomplished. The system required constant maintenance, and two major dam failures are reported from 454/455 and 547 CE. However, as political authority weakened over the course of the 6th century CE, maintenance efforts could not be sustained. The dam was therefore breached and the oasis was temporarily abandoned by the early seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023323–326_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023323–326-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sirwah">Sirwah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sirwah" title="Sirwah">Sirwah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG/250px-Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG/330px-Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG/500px-Jemen_Sirwah_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a> inscriptions in Sirwah</figcaption></figure> <p>The second Sabaean urban center was Sirwah. The two cities are connected by an ancient road. A wall had been built around Sirwah by the 10th century BCE. Much smaller than Marib, the city of Sirwah is 3.8 hectares in size, but it is archaeologically well-understood. The main buildings at the site are administrative and sacred buildings. Some buildings demonstrate that Sirwah acted as a transshipment point for trade goods. Legal documents show that Sirwah engaged in trade with <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a> to the southeast and the highlands around Sanaa to the west. Despite the urban area being limited, a significant portion of the space was allocated to sacred buildings. This has led some people to think that Sirwah acted as a religious center. The Great Temple of Almaqah is the most notable one, besides which, four other sacred buildings are known. One of these buildings was probably devoted to the female deity <a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a>. Yada'il Darih, already a temple builder at the Awwam Temple in Marib, also fundamentally remodelled the Alwaqah Temple in the mid-7th century BCE. Inside the temple, in the area that is most cultically important, stands two parallel monumental inscriptions recording the lifetime achievements of two rulers: <a href="/wiki/Yatha%27_Amar_Watar" title="Yatha' Amar Watar">Yatha' Amar Watar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar</a>, who reigned in the late 8th and early 7th centuries BCE. The description in these records begins with comments on sacrifices made to the Sabaean deities, and then mostly delve into military campaigns in meticulous detail. At the end, the inscriptions record purchases of cities, landscapes, and fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023326–330_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023326–330-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_gods">The gods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIH_393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CIH_393.jpg/220px-CIH_393.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CIH_393.jpg/330px-CIH_393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CIH_393.jpg/440px-CIH_393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The inscription CIH 393 with the symbol of Almaqah in the top<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Limitations in the available evidence prevent a full reconstruction of the full religious world in Ancient South Arabian kingdoms. While many of the known inscriptions speak about gods, most only hand down the name of the divinity without describing its nature, function, or cult. It is not known, for example, if these kingdoms had a god of war or a god of the underworld. Familial relationships between the gods are frequently mentioned, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201651–52_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201651–52-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awwam_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Awwam_Temple.jpg/220px-Awwam_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Awwam_Temple.jpg/330px-Awwam_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Awwam_Temple.jpg/440px-Awwam_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Awwam" title="Temple of Awwam">Temple of Awwam</a> where <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a> was worshipped</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a> was the national god of Saba, whose worship was centered at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Awwam" title="Temple of Awwam">Temple of Awwam</a> until the 4th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraqten2021109_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraqten2021109-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military victory helped spread this cult, such as when a temple to Almaqah was built in <a href="/wiki/Nashshan" title="Nashshan">Nashshan</a> after being conquered by Saba. The mention of Almaqah in the <a href="/wiki/Jawf_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawf valley">Jawf</a> also indicates the political role played by Saba in that valley. The nature of the god is not entirely clear, but Almaqah has been hypothesized to be a <a href="/wiki/Moon_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon god">moon god</a> by some researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201650–51,_96_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201650–51,_96-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asides Almaqah, four other deities were also worshipped: <a href="/wiki/Athtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Athtar">Athtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhat-Himyam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhat-Himyam (page does not exist)">Dhat-Himyam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athtar was not limited to Saba, but was instead the common god of the South Arabian pantheon during its polytheistic era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201649_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201649-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally however, South Arabian deities are region-specific and lack parallel elsewhere in the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023334_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023334-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropomorphic representations of the gods are lacking entirely from the Old Sabaean period, and only begin to appear with the onset of Hellenistic and Roman influences at the turn of the Christian era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023336_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023336-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201696_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201696-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_king">The king</h3></div> <p>Ancient South Arabian kings built great public works, had special ties with the gods legitimated through rites only they could perform, and led their armies during battle. They are represented as brave warriors, pious worshippers, and active builders. The fathers of the king is rarely attested independently. The function of the king was distinct from the role of the <i>sheikh</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> claims that in the region, the succession of kings was not familial, a claim that is partly confirmed by inscriptions. South Arabian kings did not appeal to their genealogy or the accomplishments of their fathers to legitimate their own rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201653–57_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201653–57-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only late in Sabaean history, from the second half of the 2nd century CE, did a real dynastic succession from father to son appear, and it only lasted for two generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sabaean king was called the <i><a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">mukarrib</a></i> ("federator") more often than the <i>malik</i> ("king") between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, to indicate their hegemony over their neighbours. When Saba declined after the 6th centuries BCE and Sabaean territory contracted to what it was prior to the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar</a>, the title <i>mukarrib</i> is replaced by that of <i>malik</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early centuries of Saba, the title of the king was a combination of a name and an epithet. All titles were chosen from a combination of six possible names (Dhamar'ali, Karib'il, Sumhu'alay, Yada"il, Yakrubmalik and Yitha'amar) and four possible epithets (Bayan, Dharih, Watar and Yanu). The repetitiveness of names has caused difficulties for historians trying to determine the relative succession of kings (even when they are attested) and raises questions about what the personal names were of each king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200252_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200252-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar practice took place in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Kingdom of Hadhramaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201656_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201656-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the centuries leading up to the Christian era, this changed, kings began identifying with their real name, and reconstructions of Sabaean chronology become simpler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accession to the Sabaean throne required the consent of "the Sabaeans, the <i>qayls</i> and the army" in one inscription. The legislative body extended beyond the king, including other functionaries. The Sabaean monarchs did not implement taxes but derived their wealth from royal lands, war boody, and rent from clients. Military service could be compelled and financial requests could be made for the purpose of funding construction work. Any tithes on temple lands went to the temples themselves, not the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland2002120_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland2002120-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king of Saba was not deified. The only known case of deification from ancient South Arabian cultures is from the <a href="/wiki/Awsan" title="Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a> during its resurgent phase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657,_201_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657,_201-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_tribe">The tribe</h3></div> <p>In the South Arabian tribal system, a fictitious shared ancestor was created and members of the tribe are referred to as the sons of the national god (in the case of Saba, they are "sons of Almaqah"). Allied states and tribes are called "brothers". Tribes were divided into lineages and sub-lineages, reflected by the names of members. The individual proper name appears along with the patronymic, the lineage name, and the name of the tribe, with the exception of funerary inscriptions, where the individual name is attested alone. In areas closer to the desert, the family name was more privileged and commonly mentioned, with the tribal name becoming less mentioned. Personal identity only went back to the name of the father, unlike in North Arabia in the same time period or the later Islamic period where a long sequence of ancestors is used to identify a figure. Identity was also in reference to the kingdom that one belonged to (Sabaeans, Qatabanians), not to a broader geographical construct (like "South Arabian").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657–60_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657–60-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> was the spoken language of the Kingdom of Saba. Geographically, Sabaic was spoken in Saba, just as <a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanic</a> was spoken in Qataban and <a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadraumitic</a> was spoken in Hadhramaut. The only exception to this is <a href="/wiki/Minaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaic">Minaic</a>, which is attested well-beyond the geographical territory of its corresponding kingdom, Ma'in. These four languages share and are distinguished by a number of linguistic features. The documentation for Sabaic is the best of any language of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian" title="Ancient South Arabian">Ancient South Arabian</a>, attested in all phases of the history of Saba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201660–61,_63_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201660–61,_63-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_schools">Writing schools</h3></div> <p>The South Arabian kingdoms had writing schools with a common cultural background, although each school also had distinct practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201666–67_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201666–67-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3></div> <p>Saba appears in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, also the first place that the Sabaeans are mentioned by an external source. Most famously, Saba is presented as, through its female monarch the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, engaging in trade with <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> in goods of aromatics and gold. Historians have subjected this story to questions concerning its historicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200238–39_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200238–39-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew Bible links the Sabaean caravan trading network with other cities including <a href="/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)" title="Dedan (Bible)">Dedan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tayma" title="Tayma">Tayma</a>, and Ra'mah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_tradition">Islamic tradition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#South_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia § South Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba § Islamic</a></div> <p>The story of the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> story is discussed in Quran <a href="/wiki/An-Naml" title="An-Naml">27</a>:15–44.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannon2002_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannon2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilquis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/250px-Bilquis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/330px-Bilquis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/500px-Bilquis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Bilqis reclining in a garden, Persian miniature (ca. 1595), tinted drawing on paper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_(Bilqis)_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg/250px-Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg/500px-Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Illustration in a <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispiece</a>: Bilqis enthroned, under a flying <a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">simurgh</a> (c. 1539)</figcaption></figure> <p>The name of Saba' is mentioned in the Qur'an in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">Surah 5</a>:69, <a href="/wiki/An-Naml" title="An-Naml">Surah 27</a>:15-44 and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(surah)" title="Saba (surah)">Surah 34</a>:15-17. Surah 34 is named <i>Sabaʾ</i>. Their mention in Surah 5 refers to the area in the context of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, whereas their mention in Surah 34 refers to the <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam#Final_breach" title="Marib Dam">Flood of the Dam</a>, in which the dam was ruined by flooding. There is also an epithet, <i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> or "People of Tubbaʿ" (<a href="/wiki/Ad-Dukhan" title="Ad-Dukhan">Surah 44</a>:37, <a href="/wiki/Qaf_(surah)" title="Qaf (surah)">Surah 50</a>:12-14) that some exegetes have identified as a reference to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">kings of Saba'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannon2002_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannon2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">al-Zamakhshari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">al-Baydawi</a> supplement the story at various points. The Queen's name is given as <i>Bilqis</i>, probably derived from Greek παλλακίς or the Hebraised <i>pilegesh</i>, "concubine".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some he then married the Queen, while other traditions assert that he gave her in marriage to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">tubba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Hamdan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Islamic tradition as represented by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">al-Hamdani</a>, the queen of Sheba was the daughter of Ilsharah Yahdib, the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-saba_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-saba-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Quran and its commentators have preserved the earliest literary reflection of the complete Bilqis legend, there is little doubt among scholars that the narrative is derived from a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Bible stories of the Queen of Sheba and the ships of <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> served as a basis for legends about the Israelites traveling in the Queen of Sheba's entourage when she returned to her country to bring up her child by Solomon.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Muslim tradition that the first Jews arrived in Yemen at the time of King Solomon, following the politico-economic alliance between him and the Queen of Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haram_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Haram_40.jpg/250px-Haram_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Haram_40.jpg/330px-Haram_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Haram_40.jpg/500px-Haram_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Inscription that shows religious practice during pilgrimage</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Alusi" title="Mahmud al-Alusi">Mahmud al-Alusi</a> compared the religious practices of South Arabia to Islam in his <i>Bulugh al-'Arab fi Ahwal al-'Arab</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Arabs during the pre-Islamic period used to practice certain things that were included in the Islamic Sharia. They, for example, did not marry both a mother and her daughter. They considered marrying two sisters simultaneously to be the most heinous crime. They also censured anyone who married his stepmother, and called him dhaizan. They made the major <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> and the minor <a href="/wiki/Umra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umra">umra</a> pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ba">Ka'ba</a>, performed the circumambulation around the Ka'ba <a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">tawaf</a>, ran seven times between Mounts Safa and Marwa <a href="/wiki/Sa%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'y">sa'y</a>, threw rocks and washed themselves after sexual intercourse. They also gargled, sniffed water up into their noses, clipped their fingernails, removed all pubic hair and performed ritual circumcision. Likewise, they cut off the right hand of a thief and stoned Adulterers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the medieval religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">al-Shahrastani</a>, Sabaeans accepted both the sensible and intelligible world. They did not follow religious laws but centered their worship on spiritual entities.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_and_Yemenite_tradition">Ethiopian and Yemenite tradition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></div> <p>In the medieval Ethiopian cultural work called the <a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a>, Sheba was located in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars therefore point to a region in the northern <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> which was once called Saba (later called <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>), as a possible link with the biblical Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Levine" title="Donald N. Levine">Donald N. Levine</a> links Sheba with <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> (the province where modern <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> is located) in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Yemenite genealogies also mention Saba, son of <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtan</a>; Early Islamic historians identified Qahtan with the Yoqtan (<a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a>) son of <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (Gen. 10:25-29). <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_Montgomery" title="James Alan Montgomery">James A. Montgomery</a> finds it difficult to believe that Qahtan was the biblical <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arabs_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabs-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waris_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waris-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_the_Ancient_Kingdom_of_Saba,_Marib" title="Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib">Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">List of rulers of Saba and Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Banu Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaean Kingdom">Minaean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a>, a group of languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rada%27a" title="Rada'a">Rada'a</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁבָא</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Šəḇāʾ</i></span>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a>: <span lang="xsa" dir="rtl">𐩪𐩨𐩱</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sabaean-language romanization"><i lang="xsa-Latn">SBʾ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سبأ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sabaʾ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>: <span lang="gez">ሳባ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Sabaʾ</i></span>; ~1000 BCE – 275 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a>: <span lang="xsa"><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩪𐩨𐩱</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sabaean-language romanization"><i lang="xsa-Latn"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">S¹Bʾ</span></span></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلسَّبَئِيُّوْن</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-Sabaʾiyyūn</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סְבָאִים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Səḇāʾīm</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200247_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyland2002">Hoyland 2002</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Museum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-British_Museum_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061448/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/ancient_south_arabia/the_kingdoms_of_ancient_south.aspx">"The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/ancient_south_arabia/the_kingdoms_of_ancient_south.aspx">the original</a> on May 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+kingdoms+of+ancient+South+Arabia&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fonline_tours%2Fmiddle_east%2Fancient_south_arabia%2Fthe_kingdoms_of_ancient_south.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiettecatte2024_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiettecatte2024">Schiettecatte 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Wood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/sheba_01.shtml">"The Queen Of Sheba"</a>, BBC History.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023299-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023299_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023348,_350-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023348,_350_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 348, 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-munro-hay2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-munro-hay2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Munro-Hay" title="Stuart Munro-Hay">Stuart Munro-Hay</a>, <i>Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity</i>, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023332-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023332_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023332_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein20244–5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2024">Stein 2024</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200256–57-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200256–57_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202240–41_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArbachRossi2022">Arbach & Rossi 2022</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/yemen">"Yemen | Facts, History & News"</a>. <i>InfoPlease</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoPlease&rft.atitle=Yemen+%26%23124%3B+Facts%2C+History+%26+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fworld%2Fcountries%2Fyemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJappGerlachHitgenSchnelle2011" class="citation journal cs1">Japp, Sarah; Gerlach, Iris; Hitgen, Holger; Schnelle, Mike (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41622129">"Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Sabaʾ and DʿMT — New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">145–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8421">0308-8421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41622129">41622129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=Yeha+and+Hawelti%3A+cultural+contacts+between+Saba%CA%BE+and+D%CA%BFMT+%E2%80%94+New+research+by+the+German+Archaeological+Institute+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41622129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0308-8421&rft.aulast=Japp&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Gerlach%2C+Iris&rft.au=Hitgen%2C+Holger&rft.au=Schnelle%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41622129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriolettaRobinSchiettecatteGajda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Prioletta, Alessia; Robin, Christian Julien; Schiettecatte, Jérémie; Gajda, Iwona; Nuʿmān, Khaldūn Hazzāʿ (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/94889399">"Sabaeans on the Somali coast"</a>. <i>Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy</i>. <b>32</b> (S1): <span class="nowrap">328–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faae.12202">10.1111/aae.12202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1600-0471">1600-0471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=Sabaeans+on+the+Somali+coast&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faae.12202&rft.issn=1600-0471&rft.aulast=Prioletta&rft.aufirst=Alessia&rft.au=Robin%2C+Christian+Julien&rft.au=Schiettecatte%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft.au=Gajda%2C+Iwona&rft.au=Nu%CA%BFm%C4%81n%2C+Khald%C5%ABn+Hazz%C4%81%CA%BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F94889399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinPriolettaSchiettecatteGajda2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robin, Christian Julien; Prioletta, Alessia; Schiettecatte, Jérémie; Gajda, Iwona; Nuʿmān, Khaldūn Hazzāʿ (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04135613/">"Des Sabéens dans la Corne de l'Afrique (Somalie du Nord) vers les VIIIe-VIIe siècles av. l'ère chrétienne"</a>. <i>Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</i> (in French). <b>2021</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FCRA.2021.1.0000001">10.2143/CRA.2021.1.0000001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-0536">0065-0536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes-rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+inscriptions+et+belles-lettres&rft.atitle=Des+Sab%C3%A9ens+dans+la+Corne+de+l%27Afrique+%28Somalie+du+Nord%29+vers+les+VIIIe-VIIe+si%C3%A8cles+av.+l%27%C3%A8re+chr%C3%A9tienne&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FCRA.2021.1.0000001&rft.issn=0065-0536&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rft.au=Prioletta%2C+Alessia&rft.au=Schiettecatte%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft.au=Gajda%2C+Iwona&rft.au=Nu%CA%BFm%C4%81n%2C+Khald%C5%ABn+Hazz%C4%81%CA%BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-04135613%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes2010" class="citation book cs1">Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). <i>Historical Dictionary of Yemen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810855281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810855281"><bdi>978-0810855281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Yemen&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0810855281&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._John_Simpson2002" class="citation book cs1">St. John Simpson (2002). <i>Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Press">British Museum Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714111511" title="Special:BookSources/0714111511"><bdi>0714111511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+Sheba%3A+treasures+from+ancient+Yemen&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0714111511&rft.au=St.+John+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc"><i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i></a></span>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802849601" title="Special:BookSources/0802849601"><bdi>0802849601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0802849601&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonreliabilityold00kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemaire2014" class="citation book cs1">Lemaire, André (2014). "The Queen of Sheba and the Trade Between South Arabia and Judah". In Hussein, Ali A.; Oettinger, Ayelet (eds.). <i>Ben ‘Ever La‘Arav VI: Contacts between Arabic Literature and Jewish Literature in the Middle Ages and Modern Times. A Collection of Studies Dedicated to Prof. Yosef Tobi on the Occasion of his Retirement</i>. Haifa: University of Haifa. pp. <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xxxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Queen+of+Sheba+and+the+Trade+Between+South+Arabia+and+Judah&rft.btitle=Ben+%E2%80%98Ever+La%E2%80%98Arav+VI%3A+Contacts+between+Arabic+Literature+and+Jewish+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Modern+Times.+A+Collection+of+Studies+Dedicated+to+Prof.+Yosef+Tobi+on+the+Occasion+of+his+Retirement&rft.place=Haifa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxiv&rft.pub=University+of+Haifa&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stein, Peter (2017). "Sabäer in Juda, Juden in Saba. Sprach- und Kulturkontakt zwischen Südarabien und Palästina in der Antike". In Hübner, Ulrich; Niehr, Herbert (eds.). <i>Sprachen in Palästina im 2. und 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr</i>. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (in German). Vol. 43. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10780-8"><bdi>978-3-447-10780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sab%C3%A4er+in+Juda%2C+Juden+in+Saba.+Sprach-+und+Kulturkontakt+zwischen+S%C3%BCdarabien+und+Pal%C3%A4stina+in+der+Antike&rft.btitle=Sprachen+in+Pal%C3%A4stina+im+2.+und+1.+Jahrtausend+v.+Chr.&rft.series=Abhandlungen+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10780-8&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brannon2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brannon2002_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brannon2002_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brannon2002_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brannon_Wheeler" title="Brannon Wheeler">Wheeler, Brannon M.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&pg=PA166"><i>Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-4957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+Exegesis&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIDZIep-GIQC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2020338-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2020338_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2020">Stein 2020</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023303-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023303_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023303_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201613-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201613_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023308–311-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023308–311_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 308–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023330–332-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023330–332_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 330–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200257–58-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200257–58_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev19962–3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev19962–3_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorotayev1996">Korotayev 1996</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023330-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023330_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitchen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth A. Kitchen <i>The World of "Ancient Arabia" Series</i>. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part I. Chronological Framework and Historical Sources p.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007). <i>David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+and+Solomon%3A+In+Search+of+the+Bible%27s+Sacred+Kings+and+the+Roots+of+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202222-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi202222_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArbachRossi2022">Arbach & Rossi 2022</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023346–347-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023346–347_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022148-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022148_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArbachRossi2022">Arbach & Rossi 2022</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022143–144-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachRossi2022143–144_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArbachRossi2022">Arbach & Rossi 2022</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200251–52_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev199598-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev199598_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorotayev1995">Korotayev 1995</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200253-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200253_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200253_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200253_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorotayev1996_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorotayev1996">Korotayev 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KOROTAYEV, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17729252">Middle Sabaic BN Z: clan group, or head of clan?. <i>Journal of semitic studies</i>, 39(2), 207-219</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Muller_p._53-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H._Muller_p._53_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuller1893" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muller, D. H. (1893), <i>Himyarische Inschriften</i> [<i>Himyarian inscriptions</i>] (in German), Mordtmann, p. 53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himyarische+Inschriften&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Mordtmann&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Javad_Ali_p._420-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Javad_Ali_p._420_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Javad Ali, <i>The Articulate in the History of Arabs before Islam,</i> Volume 2, p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200258-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200258_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2014242–243_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagee2014">Magee 2014</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023342–343-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023342–343_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 342–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulz2024131-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulz2024131_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulz2024">Schulz 2024</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini2016127–130-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini2016127–130_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 127–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023348–355-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023348–355_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 348–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2025-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts2025_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts2025">Potts 2025</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200254-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200254_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200254_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023314–317-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023314–317_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 314–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023318–320-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023318–320_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 318–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023320–323-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023320–323_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 320–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023323–326-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023323–326_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 323–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023326–330-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023326–330_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, pp. 326–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=80&prjId=1&corId=27&colId=0&navId=837242924&recId=3961">"DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions: Object details"</a>. <i>dasi.cnr.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dasi.cnr.it&rft.atitle=DASI%3A+Digital+Archive+for+the+Study+of+pre-islamic+arabian+Inscriptions%3A+Object+details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdasi.cnr.it%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D80%26prjId%3D1%26corId%3D27%26colId%3D0%26navId%3D837242924%26recId%3D3961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201651–52-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201651–52_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraqten2021109-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraqten2021109_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaraqten2021">Maraqten 2021</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201650–51,_96-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201650–51,_96_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 50–51, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201649-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201649_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023334-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023334_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebes2023336-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebes2023336_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebes2023">Nebes 2023</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201696-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201696_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201653–57-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201653–57_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 53–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021">Arbach, Schiettecatte & Al-Ḥajj 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin200252-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin200252_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobin2002">Robin 2002</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201656-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201656_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland2002120-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland2002120_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyland2002">Hoyland 2002</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657,_201-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657,_201_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 57, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657–60-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201657–60_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 57–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201660–61,_63-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201660–61,_63_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 60–61, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201666–67-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanzini201666–67_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvanzini2016">Avanzini 2016</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200238–39-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200238–39_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyland2002">Hoyland 2002</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27?startingVerse=6">27:6-93</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/34?startingVerse=15">34:15-18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Freytag1837" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Freytag" title="Georg Freytag">Georg Freytag</a> (1837), "ﺑَﻠٔﻘَﻊٌ", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconarabicol00freygoog"><i>Lexicon arabico-latinum</i></a>, Schwetschke, p. 44a</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EF%BA%91%D9%8E%EF%BB%A0%D9%94%EF%BB%98%D9%8E%EF%BB%8A%D9%8C&rft.btitle=Lexicon+arabico-latinum&rft.pages=44a&rft.pub=Schwetschke&rft.date=1837&rft.au=Georg+Freytag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flexiconarabicol00freygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ei2-bilkis-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE._Ullendorff1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">E. Ullendorff</a> (1991), "BILḲĪS", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">1219–</span>1220</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BIL%E1%B8%B2%C4%AAS&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1219-%3C%2Fspan%3E1220&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.au=E.+Ullendorff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ei2-saba-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ei2-saba_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._F._L._Beeston1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Felix_Landon_Beeston" title="Alfred Felix Landon Beeston">A. F. L. Beeston</a> (1995), "SABAʾ", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>, vol. 8 (2nd ed.), Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">663–</span>665</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SABA%CA%BE&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E663-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.au=A.+F.+L.+Beeston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaïm_Zʿew_HirschbergHayyim_J._Cohen2007" class="citation cs2">Haïm Zʿew Hirschberg; Hayyim J. Cohen (2007), "ARABIA", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Gale, p. 295</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARABIA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=295&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Ha%C3%AFm+Z%CA%BFew+Hirschberg&rft.au=Hayyim+J.+Cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ej2-queen-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ej2-queen_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Tobi2007" class="citation cs2">Yosef Tobi (2007), "QUEEN OF SHEBA", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>, vol. 16 (2nd ed.), Gale, p. 765</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=QUEEN+OF+SHEBA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=765&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Yosef+Tobi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Alusi" class="citation book cs1">al-Alusi, Muhammad Shukri. <i>Bulugh al-'Arab fi Ahwal al-'Arab, Vol. 2</i>. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulugh+al-%27Arab+fi+Ahwal+al-%27Arab%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pages=122&rft.aulast=al-Alusi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Shukri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalbridge1998" class="citation journal cs1">Walbridge, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3653893">"Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>59</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3653893">10.2307/3653893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3653893">3653893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Explaining+Away+the+Greek+Gods+in+Islam&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3653893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3653893&rft.aulast=Walbridge&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3653893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible (Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant: The True History of the Tablets of Moses, by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Munro-Hay" title="Stuart Munro-Hay">Stuart Munro-Hay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Levine" title="Donald N. Levine">Donald N. Levine</a>, <i>Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopia Culture</i> (Chicago: University Press, 1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabs-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arabs_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaalouf2003" class="citation book cs1">Maalouf, Tony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0BdsFRX55cC&pg=PA45">"The Unfortunate Beginning (Gen. 16:1–6)"</a>. <i>Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael's Line</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kregel_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kregel Academic">Kregel Academic</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825493638" title="Special:BookSources/9780825493638"><bdi>9780825493638</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180728141058/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A0BdsFRX55cC&pg=PA45&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>This view is largely based on the claim of Muslim Arab historians that their oldest ancestor is Qahtan, whom they identify as the biblical Joktan (Gen. 10:25–26). Montgomery finds it difficult to reconcile Joktan with Qahtan based on etymology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Unfortunate+Beginning+%28Gen.+16%3A1%E2%80%936%29&rft.btitle=Arabs+in+the+Shadow+of+Israel%3A+The+Unfolding+of+God%27s+Prophetic+Plan+for+Ishmael%27s+Line&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780825493638&rft.aulast=Maalouf&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0BdsFRX55cC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waris-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waris_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaqsood" class="citation web cs1">Maqsood, Ruqaiyyah Waris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092744/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily1.htm">"Adam to the Banu Khuza'ah"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily1.htm">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adam+to+the+Banu+Khuza%27ah&rft.aulast=Maqsood&rft.aufirst=Ruqaiyyah+Waris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net%2Farticles%2Fprophfamily1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021" class="citation cs2">Arbach, Mounir; Schiettecatte, Jérémie; Al-Ḥajj, Muḥammad (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03440313v1"><i>The kingdom of Sabaʾ in the second century CE — A reassessment</i></a>, Presses Universitaires du Midi, p. 69<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+kingdom+of+Saba%CA%BE+in+the+second+century+CE+%E2%80%94+A+reassessment&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+du+Midi&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Arbach&rft.aufirst=Mounir&rft.au=Schiettecatte%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft.au=Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%2C+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-03440313v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArbachRossi2022" class="citation book cs1">Arbach, Mounir; Rossi, Irene (2022). <i>The city-states of the Jawf at the dawn of Ancient South Arabian history (8th–6th centuries BCE)</i>. L'Erma Di Bretschneider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+city-states+of+the+Jawf+at+the+dawn+of+Ancient+South+Arabian+history+%288th%E2%80%936th+centuries+BCE%29&rft.pub=L%27Erma+Di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Arbach&rft.aufirst=Mounir&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvanzini2016" class="citation book cs1">Avanzini, Alessandra (2016). <i>By land and by sea: a history of South Arabia before Islam recounted from inscriptions</i>. L'Erma Di Bretschneider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+land+and+by+sea%3A+a+history+of+South+Arabia+before+Islam+recounted+from+inscriptions&rft.pub=L%27Erma+Di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Avanzini&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2002" class="citation book cs1">Hoyland, Robert (2002). <i>Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+the+Arabs%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Coming+of+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev, Andrey</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32711023"><i>Ancient Yemen</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-922237-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-922237-1"><bdi>0-19-922237-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Yemen&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-922237-1&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32711023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev1996" class="citation book cs1">Korotayev, Andrey (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32923104"><i>Pre-Islamic Yemen</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03679-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03679-6"><bdi>3-447-03679-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Islamic+Yemen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-447-03679-6&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32923104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagee2014" class="citation book cs1">Magee, Peter (2014). <i>The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia: Adaptation and Social Formation from the Neolithic to the Iron Age</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Prehistoric+Arabia%3A+Adaptation+and+Social+Formation+from+the+Neolithic+to+the+Iron+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaraqten2021" class="citation book cs1">Maraqten, Mohammed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50833369">"Historiography of Pre-Islamic Arabia: Arab Scholars and Their Contributions to the Writing of the History of Ancient Yemen"</a>. In Baadj, Amar (ed.). <i>A Handbook of Modern Arabic Historical Scholarship on the Ancient and Medieval Periods</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historiography+of+Pre-Islamic+Arabia%3A+Arab+Scholars+and+Their+Contributions+to+the+Writing+of+the+History+of+Ancient+Yemen&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Modern+Arabic+Historical+Scholarship+on+the+Ancient+and+Medieval+Periods&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Maraqten&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50833369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNebes2023" class="citation book cs1">Nebes, Norbert (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPGxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA299">"Early Saba and Its Neighbors"</a>. In Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, D. T. (eds.). <i>The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: The Age of Persia</i>. Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">299–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068766-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068766-3"><bdi>978-0-19-068766-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Saba+and+Its+Neighbors&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+The+Age+of+Persia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068766-3&rft.aulast=Nebes&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPGxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotts2025" class="citation journal cs1">Potts, Justine (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aae.12262">"An Unpublished Inscription From the ʾAwām Sanctuary of ʾAlmaqah: New Evidence for a Royal mqtwy and Sabaean Campaigns in the 'Land of the Abyssinians'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faae.12262">10.1111/aae.12262</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=An+Unpublished+Inscription+From+the+%CA%BEAw%C4%81m+Sanctuary+of+%CA%BEAlmaqah%3A+New+Evidence+for+a+Royal+mqtwy+and+Sabaean+Campaigns+in+the+%27Land+of+the+Abyssinians%27&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faae.12262&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2Faae.12262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin2002" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian Julien (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37624628">"Saba' and the Sabaeans"</a>. In Simpson, John (ed.). <i>Queen of Sheba, Treasures from Ancient Yemen</i>. The British Museum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saba%27+and+the+Sabaeans&rft.btitle=Queen+of+Sheba%2C+Treasures+from+Ancient+Yemen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37624628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin2015" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian Julien (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37672335">"Before Ḥimyar: Epigraphic Evidence for the Kingdoms of South Arabia"</a>. In Fisher, Greg (ed.). <i>Arabs and Empires Before Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+%E1%B8%A4imyar%3A+Epigraphic+Evidence+for+the+Kingdoms+of+South+Arabia&rft.btitle=Arabs+and+Empires+Before+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37672335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchiettecatte2024" class="citation web cs1">Schiettecatte, Jérémie (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancientarabia.huma-num.fr/dictionary/definition/saba">"Sabaʾ"</a>. <i>Thematic Dictionary of Ancient Arabia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thematic+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saba%CA%BE&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Schiettecatte&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fancientarabia.huma-num.fr%2Fdictionary%2Fdefinition%2Fsaba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2024" class="citation book cs1">Schulz, Regine (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AjEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">"South Arabia and Its Relations with Ethiopia: A Reciprocal History"</a>. In Sciacca, Christine (ed.). <i>Ethiopia at the Crossroads</i>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27279-6"><bdi>978-0-300-27279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Arabia+and+Its+Relations+with+Ethiopia%3A+A+Reciprocal+History&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+at+the+Crossroads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-300-27279-6&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Regine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AjEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein2020" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Peter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/77542897">"Ancient South Arabian"</a>. In Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (ed.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">337–</span>353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+South+Arabian&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F77542897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stein, Peter (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-8ZEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Südarabien (Jemen). Das "Glückliche Arabien"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Kaplony, Andreas (ed.). <i>Geschichte der arabischen Welt</i> (in German). C.H.Beck. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-82246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-82246-9"><bdi>978-3-406-82246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCdarabien+%28Jemen%29.+Das+%22Gl%C3%BCckliche+Arabien%22&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+arabischen+Welt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-406-82246-9&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-8ZEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchibaldDaviesGabrielsenOliver2006" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, Zofia H.; Davies, John; Gabrielsen, Vincent; Oliver, Graham (2006-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6GBAgAAQBAJ&q=275+AD,+take+over+Saba&pg=PA123"><i>Hellenistic Economies</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-56592-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-56592-4"><bdi>978-1-134-56592-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Economies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-16&rft.isbn=978-1-134-56592-4&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Zofia+H.&rft.au=Davies%2C+John&rft.au=Gabrielsen%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6GBAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D275%2BAD%2C%2Btake%2Bover%2BSaba%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreton2000" class="citation book cs1">Breton, Jean-Francois (2000). <i>Arabia Felix From The Time Of The Queen Of Sheba Eighth Century B.C. to First Century A.D</i>. University of Notre Dame Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+Felix+From+The+Time+Of+The+Queen+Of+Sheba+Eighth+Century+B.C.+to+First+Century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Breton&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Maigret2009" class="citation book cs1">De Maigret, Alessandro (2009). <i>Arabia Felix: An Exploration of the Archaeological History of Yemen</i>. Medina Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+Felix%3A+An+Exploration+of+the+Archaeological+History+of+Yemen&rft.pub=Medina+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=De+Maigret&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlotz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Klotz, David (2015). "Darius I and the Sabaeans: Ancient Partners in Red Sea Navigation". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F682344">10.1086/682344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163013181">163013181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Darius+I+and+the+Sabaeans%3A+Ancient+Partners+in+Red+Sea+Navigation&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F682344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163013181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2014" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (2014-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99M0zoSqsF0C&pg=PA11"><i>A Brief History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0830-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0830-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-0830-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0830-8&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99M0zoSqsF0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYahya1999" class="citation book cs1">Yahya, Hârun (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUe8WYAE8uIC&dq=Saba%CA%BE+1000+bc&pg=PA113"><i>Perished Nations</i></a>. Global Yayincilik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897940-87-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897940-87-7"><bdi>978-1-897940-87-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perished+Nations&rft.pub=Global+Yayincilik&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-897940-87-7&rft.aulast=Yahya&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A2run&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUe8WYAE8uIC%26dq%3DSaba%25CA%25BE%2B1000%2Bbc%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sheba">Sheba</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308133058/http://www.newu.uci.edu/article.php?id=3141">"Queen of Sheba mystifies at the Bowers"</a> – UC Irvine news article on Queen of Sheba exhibit at the Bowers Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707020418/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197802/a.dam.at.marib.htm">"A Dam at Marib"</a> from the <i>Saudi Aramco World</i> online – March/April 1978</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1082648.stm">Queen of Sheba Temple restored (2000, BBC)</a></li> <li>William Leo Hansberry, E. Harper Johnson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M94DAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Sheba%27s+true+identity%22&pg=PA136">"Africa's Golden Past: Queen of Sheba's true identity confounds historical research"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebony Magazine">Ebony</a></i>, April 1965, p. 136 — thorough discussion of previous scholars associating Biblical Sheba with Ethiopia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/epigraphy/e_pre-islamic/fig04_sabaean.htm">S. Arabian "Inscription of Abraha" in the Sabaean language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203105207/http://www.mnh.si.edu/epigraphy/e_pre-islamic/fig04_sabaean.htm">Archived</a> 2016-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at Smithsonian/NMNH website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Saba-ancient-kingdom-Arabia">Saba'</a> (<a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yemen_articles525" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible col navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yemen_topics" title="Template:Yemen topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yemen_topics" title="Template talk:Yemen topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yemen_articles525" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awsan" title="Awsan">Awsan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabean_colonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabean colonization of Africa">Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27in" title="Ma'in">Ma'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen#Kingdom_of_Aksum_(520_–_570_CE)" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Axumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_war_(1934)" title="Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwaziri_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwaziri coup">Alwaziri coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Arab Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">26 September Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">People's Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">14 October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yemenite Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Sa'dah Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Ongoing civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi–led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Famine in Yemen (2016–present)">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">cholera outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/120px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/250px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Yemen" title="Template:Borders of Yemen">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen" title="List of cities in Yemen">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Yemen" title="List of districts of Yemen">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen" title="Governorates of Yemen">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Yemen" title="List of islands of Yemen">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Yemen" title="List of protected areas of Yemen">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Yemen" title="Category:Rivers of Yemen">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yemen" title="Elections in Yemen">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yemen" title="Foreign relations of Yemen">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen" title="Law enforcement in Yemen">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Yemen">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Yemen" title="Vice President of Yemen">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Yemen">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Yemen)" title="Republican Guard (Yemen)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Navy" title="Yemeni Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force" title="Yemeni Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Coast_Guard" title="Yemen Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Rial <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Yemen" title="Mining industry of Yemen">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Yemen" title="Tourism in Yemen">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yemen" title="Transport in Yemen">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yemen" title="Category:Society of Yemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen" title="Tribes of Yemen">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Yemen" title="Health in Yemen">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen" title="Water supply and sanitation in Yemen">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Yemen" title="National anthem of Yemen">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Yemen" title="Mass media in Yemen">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Yemen" title="List of museums in Yemen">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yemen" title="Public holidays in Yemen">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Yemen">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Yemen" title="Outline of Yemen">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yemen" title="Category:Yemen">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host#Quran" title="Heavenly host">Jundallah</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-J%C4%81nn" title="Al-Jānn">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216068#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata798" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216068#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata798" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216068#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316602639">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCwt8xJcQWkkgRBcqbBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sába"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge272765&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheba&oldid=1283516679">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheba&oldid=1283516679</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:275_disestablishments" title="Category:275 disestablishments">275 disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_10th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 10th century BC">States and territories established in the 10th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_3rd_century" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century">States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sheba" title="Category:Sheba">Sheba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples" title="Category:Ancient peoples">Ancient peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_Peninsula" title="Category:Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_Bible_places" title="Category:Hebrew Bible places">Hebrew Bible places</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sabaeans" title="Category:Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quranic_places" title="Category:Quranic places">Quranic places</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Genesis" title="Category:Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_South_Arabia" title="Category:History of South Arabia">History of South Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_kingdoms" title="Category:Former kingdoms">Former kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Arab_peoples" title="Category:Ancient Arab peoples">Ancient Arab peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Category:Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic-speaking peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Category:Tribes of Arabia">Tribes of Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yemeni_tribes" title="Category:Yemeni tribes">Yemeni tribes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sabaean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sabaean-language text">Articles containing Sabaean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ge%27ez-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ge'ez-language text">Articles containing Ge'ez-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_protected_due_to_dispute" title="Category:Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute">Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 April 2025, at 00:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheba&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheba</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>42 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-db5ct","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.323","walltime":"1.656","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13956,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":480327,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22930,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":243043,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1381.330 1 -total"," 22.75% 314.245 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 14.37% 198.468 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.25% 169.278 76 Template:Sfn"," 11.28% 155.820 1 Template:History_of_Yemen"," 11.06% 152.813 25 Template:Navbox"," 7.91% 109.236 27 Template:Cite_book"," 6.76% 93.353 5 Template:Cite_web"," 6.72% 92.774 1 Template:Yemen_topics"," 6.50% 89.776 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.817","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19530887,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._F._L._Beeston1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArbachRossi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArbachSchiettecatteAl-Ḥajj2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchibaldDaviesGabrielsenOliver2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvanzini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrowes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Maigret2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Ullendorff1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg_Freytag1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaïm_Zʿew_HirschbergHayyim_J._Cohen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJappGerlachHitgenSchnelle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlotz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorotayev1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorotayev1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemaire2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaalouf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaqsood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaraqten2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNebes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriolettaRobinSchiettecatteGajda2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinPriolettaSchiettecatteGajda2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiettecatte2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._John_Simpson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalbridge1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynbrandt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahya1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYosef_Tobi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Alusi\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Yemen\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-dispute\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 2,\n [\"Qur'anic people\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 2,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 76,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Yemen topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-bvx2j","timestamp":"20250402002617","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sheba","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheba","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q216068","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q216068","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-08T08:29:23Z","dateModified":"2025-04-02T00:25:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/Yemen_100_BC.svg","headline":"Ancient South Arabian kingdom mentioned in multiple religious texts"}</script> </body> </html>