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id="toc-Maduro_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maduro_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Maduro presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maduro_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections_and_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Elections and protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 2024 Venezuelan political crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Basic needs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_needs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Basic needs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Food and water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2019_Human_Rights_Watch/Johns_Hopkins_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Human_Rights_Watch/Johns_Hopkins_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 2019 Human Rights Watch/Johns Hopkins report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Human_Rights_Watch/Johns_Hopkins_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infectious_and_preventable_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectious_and_preventable_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Infectious and preventable diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectious_and_preventable_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women,_maternal_and_infant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women,_maternal_and_infant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Women, maternal and infant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women,_maternal_and_infant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_and_motherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_and_motherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3.1 Pregnancy and motherhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_and_motherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3.2 Statelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_care_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_care_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Medical care and elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_care_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Business and industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airline_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airline_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Airline industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airline_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gross_domestic_product" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_domestic_product"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Gross domestic product </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_domestic_product-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Inflation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuelan_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuelan_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Venezuelan debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuelan_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Oil industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reaction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reaction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Economic sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Foreign involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Humanitarian aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Crisis in Venezuela</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="الأزمة في فنزويلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأزمة في فنزويلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krize_ve_Venezuele" title="Krize ve Venezuele – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krize ve Venezuele" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitiline_ja_majanduskriis_Venezuelas" title="Poliitiline ja majanduskriis Venezuelas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitiline ja majanduskriis Venezuelas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_en_Venezuela" title="Crisis en Venezuela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis en Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelako_krisia" title="Venezuelako krisia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venezuelako krisia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="بحران ونزوئلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بحران ونزوئلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_du_Venezuela" title="Crise du Venezuela – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise du Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%88%98%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="베네수엘라 위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네수엘라 위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_di_Venezuela" title="Krisis di Venezuela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis di Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_in_Venezuela" title="Crisi in Venezuela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi in Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="ベネズエラ危機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネズエラ危機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuelada_siyosiy_inqiroz" title="Venesuelada siyosiy inqiroz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venesuelada siyosiy inqiroz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_na_Venezuela" title="Crise na Venezuela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise na Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Политический кризис в Венесуэле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политический кризис в Венесуэле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="วิกฤตการณ์ในประเทศเวเนซุเอลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์ในประเทศเวเนซุเอลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_kh%E1%BB%A7ng_ho%E1%BA%A3ng_t%E1%BA%A1i_Venezuela" title="Cuộc khủng hoảng tại Venezuela – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc khủng hoảng tại Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="委內瑞拉危機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="委內瑞拉危機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg/148px-Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg/222px-Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg/296px-Mother_of_All_Marches_-_Caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="608" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/148px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/222px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/296px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1615" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F5F5F5;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Escasez_en_Venezuela,_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/148px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/222px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/296px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG/148px-People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG/222px-People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG/296px-People_lines_in_Venezuela.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F5F5F5;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg/300px-Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg/450px-Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg/600px-Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez_body.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="1601" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Top to bottom, left to right: Hundreds of Venezuelans wait to seal their passports at an Ecuadorian customs house; millions demonstrate during the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_All_Marches" title="Mother of All Marches">Mother of All Marches</a> in 2017; a man eating from garbage in Venezuela; empty store shelves from <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages</a>; people queued to enter a store; <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Killing of Paola Ramírez">Paola Ramírez</a>, a student killed by <a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">colectivos</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">2017 protests</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2 June 2010<a href="#cite_note-ECONwarCHAVEZ-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> – present (14 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">Venezuela</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> and presidency of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li>Desire for Hugo Chávez to seek a third term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a></li> <li>Economic crisis caused by the failure of the country's <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government">economic policies</a></li> <li>Continued decline in oil prices since the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Status</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Ongoing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">GPPSB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">PSUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_for_All" title="Fatherland for All">PPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">MRT</a></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">MUD</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Alliance (Venezuela)">AD</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unitary_Platform" title="Unitary Platform">PU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">PJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">UNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Cause" title="Radical Cause">LCR</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a> </div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">Leopoldo López</a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles</a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Edmundo González">Edmundo González</a> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crisis in Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg/120px-Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg/180px-Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg/240px-Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Causes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">Economic policy of Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Effects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">2019 blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2024 Venezuelan blackouts">2024 blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulia_energy_collapse" title="Zulia energy collapse">Zulia energy collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_defection" title="Venezuelan crisis defection">Defections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventions_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="Interventions of political parties in Venezuela">Interventions of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Xenophobic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakazo" title="Dakazo">Dakazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salida" title="La Salida">La Salida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Detention of Antonio Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2016 recall movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 constitutional crisis|</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign">2018 Nicolás Maduro re-election campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_shipping_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela" title="2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela">2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live" title="Venezuela Aid Live">Venezuela Aid Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2022 recall movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Unitary_Platform_presidential_primaries" title="2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries">2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">2024 Venezuelan political crisis</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Elections</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">2017 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017 Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">2023 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Protests against Nicolás Maduro">Protests</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election_protests" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election protests">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Timeline</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2015_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2018_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2018 Venezuelan protests">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests">2019</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Armed violence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_helicopter_incident" title="Caracas helicopter incident">Caracas helicopter incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_attack" title="2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack">2017 National Assembly attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fort_Paramacay" title="Attack on Fort Paramacay">Attack on Fort Paramacay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_drone_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracas drone attack">Caracas drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">2019 uprising attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Barquisimeto_shooting" title="2020 Barquisimeto shooting">2020 Barquisimeto shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">Operation Gideon (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Apure clashes">2021 Apure clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Arauca_clashes" title="2022 Arauca clashes">2022 Arauca clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/16px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/24px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela_sidebar" title="Template:Crisis in Venezuela sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crisis_in_Venezuela_sidebar" title="Template talk:Crisis in Venezuela sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis in Venezuela sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> An ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis began in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> and has worsened during the presidency of successor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>. It has been marked by <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, escalating starvation,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> disease, crime and mortality rates, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">massive emigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-18-7">[7]</a> It is the worst economic crisis in Venezuela's history, and the worst facing a country in peacetime since the mid-20th century. The crisis is often considered more severe than the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%931994_Brazilian_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1985–1994 Brazilian economic crisis">1985–1994 Brazilian economic crisis</a>, or the 2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation in Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> Writers have compared aspects, such as unemployment and GDP contraction, to that of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> after the 1992–95 <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, and those in <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Civil War">Albania</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYRoB-20183-10">[10]</a> In June 2010, Chávez declared an "economic war" due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a>. The crisis intensified under the Maduro government, growing more severe as a result of <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">low oil prices in 2015</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mariana_Zuñiga_and_Anthony_Faiola-11">[11]</a> and a drop in oil production from lack of maintenance and investment.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-183-12">[12]</a> In January 2016, the opposition-led National Assembly declared a "health humanitarian crisis".<a href="#cite_note-ANDeclara-13">[13]</a> The government failed to cut spending in the face of falling oil revenues, denied the existence of a crisis,<a href="#cite_note-el-nacional.com-14">[14]</a> and violently <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressed opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-183-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-SecondDay3-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings">Extrajudicial killings</a> by the government became common, with the UN reporting 5,287 killings by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Forces" title="Special Action Forces">Special Action Forces</a> in 2017, with at least another 1,569 killings in the first six months of 2019, stating some killings were "done as a reprisal for [the victims'] participation in anti-government demonstrations."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Political corruption</a>, chronic shortages of food and medicine, closure of businesses, unemployment, deterioration of productivity, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a>, gross economic mismanagement and high dependence on oil have contributed to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-B&C20113-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-economia.uol3-18">[18]</a> As a response to human rights abuses, the degradation in the rule of law, and corruption, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group</a>, the US and other countries have applied sanctions against government officials and members of the military and security forces.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions2-19">[19]</a> The US extended its sanctions to the petroleum sector. Supporters of Chávez and Maduro said the problems result from an "economic war" on Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-GDPShrink2-20">[20]</a> falling oil prices, <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">international sanctions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and the business elite, while critics of the government say the cause is economic mismanagement and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Most observers cite anti-democratic governance,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> corruption,<a href="#cite_note-B&C20113-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and mismanagement of the economy as causes.<a href="#cite_note-economia.uol3-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Others attribute the crisis to the "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> or "hyper-populist" nature of the government's policies,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and the use of these to maintain political power.<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch20133-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-STRATexpensive2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chosun_Ilbo_populism2-38">[38]</a> National and international analysts and economists stated the crisis is not the result of a conflict, natural disaster, or sanctions, but the consequences of populist policies and corrupt practices that began under the Chávez administration's <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> and continued under Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-:23-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch201322-40">[40]</a> The crisis has affected the life of the average Venezuelan on all levels. By 2017, hunger had escalated to the point where almost 75% of the population had lost an average of over 8 kg (over 19 lbs)<a href="#cite_note-42">[a]</a> and more than half did not have enough income to meet their basic food needs.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters29Mar3-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-45">[44]</a> By 2021 20% of Venezuelans (5.4 million) had left the country.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_situation-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHaug193-47">[46]</a> The UN analysis estimates in 2019 that 25% of Venezuelans needed some form of humanitarian assistance.<a href="#cite_note-UNODC3-48">[47]</a> Following increased international sanctions throughout 2019, the Maduro government abandoned policies established by Chávez such as price and currency controls, which resulted in the country seeing a temporary rebound from economic decline before <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID</a> entered Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela's_timid_gains_in_taming_i-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> As a response to the devaluation of the official <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">bolívar currency</a>, by 2019 the population increasingly started relying on US dollars for transactions.<a href="#cite_note-Maduro_says_'thank_God'_for_dollari-51">[50]</a> According to the national Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI), by 2021 95% of the population was living in poverty based on income, out of which 77% lived under extreme poverty, the highest figure ever recorded in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-52">[51]</a> In 2022, after the implementation of mild <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a>, poverty decreased and the economy grew for the first time in 8 years. Despite these improvements, Venezuela continues to have the highest rate of inequality in the Americas. Although food shortages and hyperinflation have largely ended, inflation remains high.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">History of Venezuela (1999–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chávez_presidency">Chávez presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chávez presidency">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">attempting a coup d'état in 1992</a> and being pardoned by President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> was elected president and maintained the presidency from 1999 until his death in 2013. Increasing oil prices in the early 2000s led to levels of funds not seen in Venezuela since the 1980s. Chávez established <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a>, aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural, and social conditions.<a href="#cite_note-PAHO54-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-http-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barreiro_C-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> According to Corrales and Penfold, "aid was disbursed to some of the poor and, more gravely, in a way that ended up helping the president and his allies and cronies more than anyone else". Nonetheless, poverty was cut more than 20 percent between 2002 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The Missions entailed the construction of thousands of free medical clinics for the poor,<a href="#cite_note-PAHO54-55">[54]</a> and the enactment of food<a href="#cite_note-Barreiro_C-57">[56]</a> and housing subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-http-56">[55]</a> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> report<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> indicated achievements in addressing illiteracy, healthcare and poverty,<a href="#cite_note-IACHRRequests-61">[60]</a> and economic and social advances.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The quality of life for Venezuelans had also improved according to a UN Index.<a href="#cite_note-UN-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_A._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa A. Meade">Teresa A. Meade</a> wrote that Chávez's popularity strongly depended "on the lower classes who have benefited from these health initiatives and similar policies."<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosun Ilbo">Chosun Ilbo</a>, Venezuela began to face economic difficulties due to Chávez's populist policies.<a href="#cite_note-Chosun_Ilbo_populism-65">[64]</a> On 2 June 2010, Chávez declared an "economic war" due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECONwarCHAVEZ-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Political corruption</a>, chronic shortages of food and medicine, closure of businesses, unemployment, deterioration of productivity, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a>, gross economic mismanagement and high dependence on oil have also contributed to the worsening crisis.<a href="#cite_note-B&C2011-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-UPI75-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-economia.uol-67">[66]</a> The social works initiated by Chávez's government relied on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil products</a>, the keystone of the Venezuelan economy, leading to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a> according to Javier Corrales.<a href="#cite_note-69">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-USVEN-70">[68]</a> By the early 2010s, economic actions taken by Chávez's government during the preceding decade, such as overspending<a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> and price controls,<a href="#cite_note-Barreiro_C-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ByNfood-74">[72]</a> became unsustainable. Venezuela's economy faltered while <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UN-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPpoverty-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> and shortages in Venezuela increased. According to Martinez Lázaro, professor of economics at the IE Business School in Madrid, the economic woes Venezuela continued to suffer under Maduro would have occurred even if Chávez were still in power.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In early 2013, shortly after Chávez's death, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> stated that whoever succeeded Chávez would "inherit one of the most dysfunctional economies in the Americas—and just as the bill for the deceased leader's policies comes due."<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maduro_presidency">Maduro presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maduro presidency">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabello,_Maduro,_Flores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cabello%2C_Maduro%2C_Flores.jpg/325px-Cabello%2C_Maduro%2C_Flores.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cabello%2C_Maduro%2C_Flores.jpg/488px-Cabello%2C_Maduro%2C_Flores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cabello%2C_Maduro%2C_Flores.jpg/650px-Cabello%2C_Maduro%2C_Flores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a> beside <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a></figcaption></figure> Following Chávez's death in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> became president after defeating his opponent <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles Radonski</a> by 235,000 votes, a 1.5% margin.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Maduro continued most of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government">existing economic policies of his predecessor Chávez</a>. Upon entering the presidency, his administration faced a high inflation rate and large shortages of goods,<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-qz.com-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-81">[79]</a> problems left over from Chávez's policies.<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-unstable-82">[80]</a> Maduro said capitalist <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a> had driven high rates of inflation and created widespread shortages of basic necessities. He enacted economic measures against political opponents, who he and loyalists stated were behind an international economic conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Maduro was criticized for concentrating on public opinion, instead of tending to practical issues which economists had warned about, or creating ideas to improve Venezuela's economic prospects.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> By 2014, Venezuela had entered an <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> and by 2016, the country had an inflation rate of 800%, the highest in its history.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters2016Inflation-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPblackbox-87">[85]</a> The crisis intensified under the Maduro government, growing more severe as a result of <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">low oil prices in early 2015</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mariana_Zuñiga_and_Anthony_Faiola-11">[11]</a> and a drop in Venezuela's oil production from lack of maintenance and investment.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-18-7">[7]</a> The government failed to cut spending in the face of falling oil revenues, and has dealt with the crisis by denying its existence<a href="#cite_note-el-nacional.com-14">[14]</a> and violently repressing opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-18-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SecondDay3-15">[15]</a> Extrajudicial killings by the Venezuelan government became common, with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) reporting 5,287 killings by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Forces" title="Special Action Forces">Special Action Forces</a> (FAES) in 2017, with at least another 1,569 killings recorded in the first six months of 2019; the UN had "reasonable grounds to believe that many of these killings constitute extrajudicial executions" and characterized the security operations as "aimed at neutralizing, repressing and criminalizing political opponents and people critical of the government". The UN also stated that the Special Action Forces "would plant arms and drugs and fire their weapons against the walls or in the air to suggest a confrontation and to show the victim had resisted authority" and that some of the killings were "done as a reprisal for [the victims'] participation in anti-government demonstrations."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-16">[16]</a> In January 2016, the National Assembly declared a "health humanitarian crisis" given the "serious shortage of medicines, medical supplies and deterioration of humanitarian infrastructure", asking Maduro's government to "guarantee immediate access to the list of essential medicines that are basic and indispensable and that must be accessible at all times."<a href="#cite_note-ANDeclara-13">[13]</a> In August, <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> declared that there was a humanitarian crisis in Venezuela caused by the lack of basic needs, including food, water, sanitation and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">2019 presidential crisis</a>, the Maduro government denied several offers of aid, stating that there was not a humanitarian crisis and that such claims were used to justify foreign intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Bundle1-89">[87]</a> Maduro's refusal of aid worsened the effects of Venezuela's crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Bundle1-89">[87]</a> In March 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> said that "Mr. Maduro has long used food and other government handouts to pressure impoverished Venezuelans to attend pro-government rallies and to support him during elections as the country's economic meltdown has intensified."<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> wrote that the Maduro government had obtained "extra money from selling gold (both from illegal mines and from its reserves) and narcotics".<a href="#cite_note-:5-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_and_protests">Elections and protests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections and protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">Venezuelan protests (2014–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 Venezuelan presidential election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg/325px-Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg/488px-Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg/650px-Manifestaci%C3%B3n_en_apoyo_a_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Venezuelans demonstrating during the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests">2016 Venezuelan protests</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png/300px-Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png/450px-Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png/600px-Guaid%C3%B3_rebelde.png 2x" data-file-width="8224" data-file-height="4208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">2019 Venezuelan uprising</a></figcaption></figure> Since 2010, Venezuela has been suffering a socioeconomic crisis under Maduro, and briefly under his predecessor, Chávez.<a href="#cite_note-SecondDay3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-unstable-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch20132-92">[90]</a> As a result of discontent with the government, in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 parliamentary election</a> the opposition was elected to the majority in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYTmuzzle-93">[91]</a> after which the outgoing (<a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a>) National Assembly—consisting of <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a> officials—filled the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a>, the highest court in Venezuela, with Maduro allies.<a href="#cite_note-NYTmuzzle-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Maduro disavowed the National Assembly in 2017 leading to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> as of 2018, some considered the National Assembly the only "legitimate" institution left in the country,<a href="#cite_note-103">[c]</a> and human rights organizations said there were no independent institutional checks on presidential power.<a href="#cite_note-108">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">Protests grew</a> to their most "combative" since they began in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> On 1 May 2017, Maduro called for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Assembly">constituent assembly</a> that would draft a new constitution to replace the <a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuela_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Venezuela Constitution">1999 Venezuela Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USAmay-110">[106]</a> The members of the Constituent Assembly would not be elected in open elections, but selected from social organizations loyal to Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-USAmay-110">[106]</a> It would also allow him to stay in power during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> and skip the <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Many countries considered these actions a bid by Maduro to stay in power indefinitely,<a href="#cite_note-suspended-112">[108]</a> and over 40 countries, along with NGOs, stated that they would not recognize the <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent National Assembly">2017 Constituent National Assembly</a> (ANC).<a href="#cite_note-40nos-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-VoteRigging-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-EU1-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-BLOOLmerc-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a>—the opposition to the incumbent ruling party—boycotted the election,<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> and the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a>, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a>, won almost all seats in the assembly by default.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> The ANC was sworn in on 4 August 2017,<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> and the next day declared itself to be the government branch with supreme power in Venezuela, banning the opposition-led National Assembly from performing actions that would interfere with the assembly.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> In February 2018 Maduro called presidential elections, four months before the prescribed date.<a href="#cite_note-BBCweighs-122">[118]</a> There were many irregularities, including the banning from standing of several major opposition parties. Maduro was declared the winner in May 2018. Many said the elections were invalid.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Politicians both internally and internationally said Maduro was not legitimately elected,<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> and considered him an ineffective dictator.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> In the months leading up to his 10 January 2019 inauguration, Maduro was pressured to step down by nations and bodies including the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group</a> (excluding Mexico), the United States, and the OAS; this pressure was increased after the new National Assembly of Venezuela was sworn in on 5 January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-SecondTerm-127">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis">2019 presidential crisis</a> came to a head when the National Assembly stated that the results of the May 2018 presidential election were invalid and declared National Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> to be the acting president, citing several clauses of the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Venezuelan Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis">2024 Venezuelan political crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2024 Venezuelan political crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">2024 Venezuelan political crisis</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">2024 Venezuelan political crisis</a> is the crisis that continued after the <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 Venezuelan presidential election</a> results were announced.<a href="#cite_note-FacesSetback-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurmanaev-NYT-6-8-2024-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-DragsOn-132">[128]</a> Maduro ran for a third consecutive term, while former diplomat <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Urrutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmundo González Urrutia">Edmundo González Urrutia</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_Platform" title="Unitary Platform">Unitary Platform</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Plataforma Unitaria Democrática; PUD), the main opposition political alliance, after the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> government barred leading candidate <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a> from participating.<a href="#cite_note-MCM-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Academics, news outlets and the opposition provided "strong evidence" according to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianEvidenceShows-135">[131]</a> to suggest that González won the election by a wide margin.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2Aug-137">[133]</a> The government-controlled <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> (CNE) announced results claiming a narrow Maduro victory on 29 July.<a href="#cite_note-OAS_report_VE_pres_elec_DECO-138">[134]</a> A 6 August article in The New York Times stated that the CNE declaration that Maduro won "plunged Venezuela into a political crisis that has claimed at least 22 lives in violent demonstrations, led to the jailing of more than 2,000 people and provoked global denunciation."<a href="#cite_note-Kurmanaev-NYT-6-8-2024-131">[127]</a> In the <a href="#Aftermath">aftermath</a> of the government's announcement of falsified results, <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">protests broke out across the country</a>, as the Maduro administration initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tun_Tun" title="Operation Tun Tun">Operation Tun Tun</a>, a crackdown on dissent, and <a href="#Charges_and_arrests_of_other_politicians_and_journalists">detained opposition political figures</a> while refusing to relinquish power. Criminalization of protest was widely condemned by human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-AICondemnViolence-139">[135]</a> Maduro did not acknowledge the results which showed him losing the election,<a href="#cite_note-GuardianRefusal-140">[136]</a> and instead asked the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> (TSJ) on 1 August to audit and approve the results.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersCourtRatifies-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-APCourtCertifies-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriesFoul-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCStayinPower-144">[140]</a> On 22 August, as anticipated,<a href="#cite_note-BBCStayinPower-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoyaltoMaduro-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-HandPicked-146">[142]</a> the TSJ described the CNE's statement of Maduro winning the election as "validated".<a href="#cite_note-ReutersCourtRatifies-141">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_needs">Basic needs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basic needs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poverty">edit</a>]</div> The Wall Street Journal reported in March 2019 that poverty was double that of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> A study from <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello_Catholic_University" title="Andrés Bello Catholic University">Andrés Bello Catholic University</a> indicated that by 2019 at least 8 million Venezuelans did not have enough to eat.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> A UN report estimated in March 2019 that 94% of Venezuelans live in poverty, and that one quarter of Venezuelans need some form of <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance" title="Humanitarian assistance">humanitarian assistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters29Mar-148">[144]</a> According to the Living Conditions Survey by the Andrés Bello Catholic University (Encovi in Spanish, Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida), by 2021 94.5% of the population was in poverty based on income, out of which 76.6% lived under extreme poverty, the highest figure ever recorded in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_water">Food and water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Food and water">edit</a>]</div> More than 70% of Venezuela's food is imported;<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> Venezuela became so dependent on food imports that it could no longer afford when the price of oil dropped in 2014. Chávez gave the military control of food, and nationalized much of the industry, which was then neglected, leading to production shortages. With a "diminished food supply", Maduro put "generals in charge of everything from butter to rice".<a href="#cite_note-MilitaryFood-150">[146]</a> With the military in charge of food, food trafficking became profitable, bribes and corruption common, and food did not reach the needy. The government imports most of the food the country needs, it is controlled by the military, and the price paid for food is higher than justified by market prices. Venezuelans were spending "all day waiting in lines" to buy <a href="/wiki/Rationed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationed">rationed</a> food, "pediatric wards filled up with underweight children, and formerly middle-class adults began picking through rubbish bins for scraps".<a href="#cite_note-MilitaryFood-150">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage%2C_2018.jpg/300px-Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage%2C_2018.jpg/450px-Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage%2C_2018.jpg/600px-Venezuelans_searching_through_garbage%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>A group of Venezuelans eating garbage on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> in May 2018</figcaption></figure> Several other factors have led to shortages: imports over the two years until the end of 2017 declined by two-thirds; hyperinflation has made food too costly for many Venezuelans; and for those who depend on food boxes supplied by the government, "these do not reach all Venezuelans who need them, provision of boxes is intermittent, and receipt is often linked to political support of the government".<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> Corruption became a problem in the distribution of food. The operations director at one food import business says "he pays off a long roster of military officials for each shipment of food he brings in from ... the US. It's an unbroken chain of bribery from when your ship comes in until the food is driven out in trucks."<a href="#cite_note-MilitaryFood-150">[146]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Guard">National Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> denies this charge, saying corruption would be worse if the military were not involved; government and military officials say the opposition is overstating the corruption problem for their own benefit.<a href="#cite_note-MilitaryFood-150">[146]</a> Retired General Antonio Rivero said that "Maduro is trying to prevent soldiers from going hungry and being tempted to participate in an uprising against an increasingly unpopular government", adding that using the military to control food distribution has "drained the feeling of rebellion from the armed forces" by giving soldiers access to food denied others, with the resulting corruption increasing shortages for the general public.<a href="#cite_note-MilitaryFood-150">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">colectivos</a> are also involved in food trafficking, selling food on the black market; a colectivo leader told <a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a> that trafficking food and medicine is as profitable as drug-running, but carries less risk.<a href="#cite_note-Devolution-151">[147]</a> With shadowy connections to the government, The Washington Post says "some have been put in charge of the distribution of government food packages in poor areas—giving them control over hungry neighborhoods."<a href="#cite_note-Enforcers-152">[148]</a> The Associated Press reports that people gather every evening in downtown Caracas in search of food thrown out on a sidewalk; the people are typically unemployed, but are "frequently joined by small business owners, college students and pensioners—people who consider themselves middle class even though their living standards have long ago been pulverized by triple-digit inflation, food shortages and a collapsing currency".<a href="#cite_note-APGarbage-153">[149]</a> A waste collection official in Maracaibo reported that most of the trash bags he received had been gone through by people searching for food.<a href="#cite_note-Flamingos-154">[150]</a> One dump reports finding parts of dismembered animals, like "dogs, cats, donkeys, horses and pigeons" and there is evidence that people are eating wildlife such as anteaters, flamingos, vultures and lizards.<a href="#cite_note-Flamingos-154">[150]</a> "Hunger, malnutrition, and severe food shortages are widespread in all Venezuela", according to Human Rights Watch.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> Doctors at 21 public hospitals in 17 Venezuelan states told <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 2017 that "their emergency rooms were being overwhelmed by children with severe malnutrition—a condition they had rarely encountered before the economic crisis began", and that "hundreds have died". The government has responded with "a near-total blackout of health statistics, and by creating a culture in which doctors are often afraid to register cases and deaths that may be associated with the government's failures".<a href="#cite_note-KOHUT-156">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the UN said that less than 5% of Venezuelans were undernourished between 2008 and 2013, but that number had more than doubled, to almost 12% from 2015 and 2017, representing 3.7 million people.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> A 2016 survey found that almost three-quarters of the population said that, because of improper nutrition, they had lost on average 8.7 kg (19.4 lbs)<a href="#cite_note-UPI75-41">[41]</a> and 64% said they lost 11 kg (24 lbs) in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-WeightLoss-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> A 2016 Venebarometro poll of 1,200 Venezuelans found almost half are no longer able to eat three daily meals; the government blames this on an "economic war" they say is waged by the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-APGarbage-153">[149]</a> A UN report said that because of lack of water and sanitation, 4.3 million Venezuelans needed assistance in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters29Mar-148">[144]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">2019 Venezuelan blackouts</a> which started on 7 March, the water distribution system also had shortages.<a href="#cite_note-DailyStruggle-159">[155]</a> Analysts said that two-thirds of Venezuela's population (20 million people) were without water, partially or completely, in the weeks after the blackouts.<a href="#cite_note-DailyStruggle-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-SwarmSewage-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-SeekingWater-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> The head of the infectious disease department at the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Cl%C3%ADnico_Universitario" title="Hospital Clínico Universitario">University Hospital of Caracas</a>, María Eugenia Landaeta said that, without access to clean water, the chance of people contracting bacterial infections increased, and that doctors had seen during the blackouts "surges in diarrhea, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>",<a href="#cite_note-DailyStruggle-159">[155]</a> while non-sterile water and lack of hygiene was contributing to <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infections" title="Postpartum infections">postpartum infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DailyStruggle-159">[155]</a> By 2017, hunger had escalated to the point where almost seventy-five percent of the population had lost an average of over 8 kg (over 19 lbs) in weight<a href="#cite_note-163">[e]</a> and more than half did not have enough income to meet their basic food needs.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> An UN report estimated in March 2019 that 94% of Venezuelans lived in poverty,<a href="#cite_note-Reuters29Mar-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-45">[44]</a> and by 2021 almost twenty percent of Venezuelans (5.4 million) had left their country.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_situation-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHaug193-47">[46]</a> The UN analysis estimates in 2019 that 25% of Venezuelans need some form of humanitarian assistance. Venezuela led the world in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">murder rates</a>, with 81.4 per 100,000 people killed in 2018, making it the third most violent country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-UNODC-165">[160]</a> Following increased international sanctions throughout 2019, the Maduro government abandoned policies established by Chávez such as price and currency controls, which resulted in the country seeing a temporary rebound from economic decline before <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19</a> entered Venezuela the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela's_timid_gains_in_taming_i-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> As a response to the devaluation of the official <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">bolívar currency</a>, by 2019 the population increasingly started relying on US dollars for transactions. Maduro described dollarization as an "escape valve" that helps the recovery of the country, the spread of productive forces in the country and the economy. However, Maduro said that the Venezuelan bolívar remained as the national currency.<a href="#cite_note-Maduro_says_'thank_God'_for_dollari-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Venezuela">Health care in Venezuela</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure;_1999_-.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure%3B_1999_-.png/330px-Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure%3B_1999_-.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure%3B_1999_-.png/495px-Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure%3B_1999_-.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure%3B_1999_-.png/660px-Venezuela%27s_health_expenditure%3B_1999_-.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Healthcare spending by percentage of Venezuela's GDP<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> During the Bolivarian Revolution, the government began providing free healthcare, with Cuban medical professionals providing aid. The government's failure to concentrate on healthcare and a reduction in spending on healthcare, along with unchecked government corruption resulted in avoidable deaths due to severe shortages of medical supplies and equipment, and the emigration of medical professionals to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-BGapril2015-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPchavezcare-169">[164]</a> Venezuela's reliance on imported goods and the complicated exchange rates initiated under Chávez led to increasing shortages during the late 2000s and into the 2010s that affected the availability of medicines and medical equipment in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FPchavezcare-169">[164]</a> Associated Press says the government stopped publishing medical statistics in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-APdoc-170">[165]</a> The Health Minister changed multiple times during Chávez's presidency. According to a high-ranking official of Venezuela's Health Ministry, the ministers were treated as scapegoats whenever issues with public health arose in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FPchavezcare-169">[164]</a> He also said that officials of the Health Ministry engaged in corruption to enrich themselves by selling goods intended for public healthcare to others.<a href="#cite_note-FPchavezcare-169">[164]</a> Early in the Maduro presidency, the government could not supply enough money for medical supplies among healthcare providers, with the president of the Venezuelan Medical Federation saying that 9 of 10 large hospitals had only 7% of required supplies and private doctors reporting numbers of patients that are "impossible" to count "dying from easily treatable illnesses when Venezuela's downward economic slide accelerated after Chávez's death".<a href="#cite_note-APdoc-170">[165]</a> Many Venezuelans died avoidable deaths with medical professionals having scarce resources and using methods that were replaced decades ago.<a href="#cite_note-BGapril2015-168">[163]</a> In February 2014, doctors at the University of Caracas Medical Hospital stopped performing surgeries due to the lack of supplies, even though nearly 3,000 people required surgery.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> By early 2015, only 35% of hospital beds were available and 50% of operating rooms could not function due to the lack of resources.<a href="#cite_note-BGapril2015-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPchavezcare-169">[164]</a> In March 2015, a Venezuelan NGO, Red de Medicos por la Salud, reported that there was a 68% shortage of surgical supplies and a 70% shortage of medicines in Venezuelan pharmacies.<a href="#cite_note-FPchavezcare-169">[164]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Health_Organization" title="Pan American Health Organization">Pan American Health Organization</a> (PAHO) reported that approximately one-third (22,000 of 66,138) of registered physicians left Venezuela as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_DiCarlo" title="Rosemary DiCarlo">Rosemary DiCarlo</a> from the UN said that 40% of medical professionals had left Venezuela and supplies of medicine were at 20% of levels needed.<a href="#cite_note-MortalitySoared-172">[167]</a> The Venezuelan Medical Federation said that doctors were leaving the public health care system because of shortages of drugs and equipment and poor pay. In August 2015 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said "We have rarely seen access to essential medicines deteriorate as quickly as it has in Venezuela except in war zones."<a href="#cite_note-TheTimes-173">[168]</a> In 2015, the government reported that a third of patients admitted to public hospitals died.<a href="#cite_note-NBC1in3-174">[169]</a> The medications of individuals who die are re-distributed through small-scale and local efforts, with the help of the families of the deceased, to try to supply surviving patients.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> One study of 6,500 households by three of the main universities in Venezuela found that "74% of the population had lost on average nineteen pounds in 2016".<a href="#cite_note-NYRoB-20183-10">[10]</a> In April 2017 Venezuela's health ministry reported that maternal mortality jumped by 65% in 2016 and that the number of infant deaths rose by 30%.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> It also said that the number of cases of malaria was up by 76%.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Shortly after Minister of Health Antonieta Caporale released in 2017 this data, and health statistics showing increases in 2016 infant and maternal mortality and infectious diseases, Maduro fired her and replaced the physician with a pharmacist close to vice-president <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a>, Luis López Chejade.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The publications were removed from the Ministry's website, and no further health data has been made available, although the government had produced health bulletins for several decades.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> In March 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that the "collapse of Venezuela's health system, once one of the best in Latin America, has led to a surge in infant and maternal mortality rates and a return of rare diseases that were considered all but eradicated. Health officials say malaria, yellow fever, diphtheria, dengue and tuberculosis are now spreading from Venezuela to neighboring countries as Venezuelan refugees surge over borders."<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> The United Nations estimated in 2019 that 2.8 million Venezuelans have healthcare needs, 300,000 are at risk of dying with cancer, diabetes or HIV as they have not had access to medicine for more than a year, and preventable diseases like diphtheria, malaria, measles and tuberculosis are rising in 2019, along with hepatitis A, because of sanitation and lack of access to water.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters29Mar-148">[144]</a> The April 2019 HRW/Johns Hopkins report showed this rise in infectious and preventable diseases, as well as increasing malnutrition, infant and maternal death, and undertreatment of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianHRW-179">[174]</a> Inflation and medicine shortages have meant that patients are asked to bring their own food, water and soap, and medical supplies including scalpels and syringes.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> In August 2019, as part of regional efforts to help Venezuelan migrants, the United States promised that it will provide thousands of doses of HIV medication to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and to treat those who have it.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_Human_Rights_Watch/Johns_Hopkins_report">2019 Human Rights Watch/Johns Hopkins report</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2019 Human Rights Watch/Johns Hopkins report">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg/300px-Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg/450px-Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg/600px-Parque_Cristal_Protestas_2017_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Venezuelans <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">protesting in 2017</a> for medicine due to the <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> In April 2019, Human Rights Watch (HRW) and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health" title="Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</a> published the results of a joint, year-long research project in a report entitled "Venezuela's humanitarian emergency: Large-scale UN response needed to address health and food crises".<a href="#cite_note-GuardianHRW-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> Combined with data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), the PAHO<a href="#cite_note-GuardianHRW-179">[174]</a> and Venezuelan sources,<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> the report was based on 156 interviews<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> with Venezuelan emigrants to Colombia and Brazil, officials from relief and humanitarian organizations, Venezuelan health care professionals,<a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> and UN and government officials from Brazil and Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> Most of the interviews occurred in July or August 2018 in visits by the experts to the Venezuelan border towns of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, Colombia and <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pacaraima" title="Pacaraima">Pacaraima</a>, Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The Washington Post stated that the HRW/Johns Hopkins report "paints an extremely grim picture of life in Venezuela, whose once-prosperous economy has imploded because of mismanagement and corruption under Maduro";<a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> it documents rising maternal and infant death, spread of preventable diseases, food insecurity, and child malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> HRW declared that the "combination of severe medicine and food shortages ... with the spread of disease ... amounts to a complex humanitarian emergency that requires a full-scale response by the United Nations secretary-general."<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> The Washington Post states that the report describes a healthcare system that is in "utter collapse", with diseases that are preventable via vaccination spreading, and "dramatic surges" in infectious diseases once eradicated in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> The economic crisis in Venezuela started around 2010, and the health crisis followed by two years and significantly worsened in 2017, but the situation in 2019 "is even more dismal than researchers expected".<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> Paul Spiegel, MD, who was the editor and reviewer of the report said, "Venezuela is a middle-income country with a previously strong infrastructure, so just to see this incredible decline ... in such a short period of time is quite astonishing."<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Paniz-Mondolfi" title="Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi">Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi</a>, a doctor in <a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a>, Venezuela who is a member of the Venezuelan National Academy of Medicine, told NPR that the report gave an accurate, thorough and timely depiction of the medical situation in his country; he had no affiliation with the report, but said that he had seen cases where there were not even <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a> for hooking up children who appeared to have malnutrition for <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> Spiegel adds that, because of the infrastructure and trained personnel in Venezuela, aid can be distributed quickly once delivered to Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> <dl><dt>Maduro administration response</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Maduro administration on humanitarian crisis<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> On May 16, 2018, President Maduro said that "everything [that has been said] about measles and diphtheria is a lie, we vaccinate the whole community for free" and that "with regards to food, Venezuela has unique policies, which have enabled us to carry on with a program allowing us to maintain levels of food that are necessary for the people." Days later, the undersecretary of health, Indhriana Parada, gave a speech at WHO highlighting the "achievements" of the Venezuelan health system. She said that "in Venezuela there is no humanitarian crisis" and that "Venezuela guarantees access to basic medicines to the most vulnerable groups through distribution policies." In the case of malaria, she said that government measures had "reduced incidence by 50 percent". <hr /> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">"Venezuela's humanitarian emergency: Large-scale UN response needed to address health and food crises".<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a></cite> </div> The Maduro administration does not publish health statistics,<a href="#cite_note-APdoc-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> but rather it "paint[s] a rosy picture of its health care system".<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> The Guardian reported Maduro's response to the country's health care crisis as "inadequate".<a href="#cite_note-GuardianHRW-179">[174]</a> "Because of the intransigence of President Nicolás Maduro—who has blamed deprivations on US sanctions and refused to allow anything beyond a trickle of assistance to enter the country"—aid has not been delivered quickly enough.<a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> Reuters reported that "Maduro says there is no crisis and no need for humanitarian aid, blaming U.S. sanctions for the country's economic problems."<a href="#cite_note-ReutersHRW-183">[178]</a> Venezuela's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">Jorge Arreaza</a> did not respond to a letter asking for Venezuela's "views regarding the extent of the crisis and the policies it was implementing to address it" before the HRW/Johns Hopkins report was published.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The HRW summary of the HRW/Johns Hopkins report said, "The Venezuelan authorities during the presidency of Nicolás Maduro have proven unable to stem the crisis, and have in fact exacerbated it through their efforts to suppress information about the scale and urgency of the problems."<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> The Associated Press said Maduro "suppress[es] information" and has made the problem worse.<a href="#cite_note-APHRW-184">[179]</a> The Americas director for HRW, José Miguel Vivanco said, "Venezuelan authorities publicly minimise and suppress information about the crisis, and harass and retaliate against those who collect data or speak out about it, while also doing far too little to alleviate it."<a href="#cite_note-GuardianHRW-179">[174]</a> The report discusses a teaching physician who said "residents are threatened with being expelled from the program or their hospital if they include a malnutrition diagnosis in medical records", causing malnutrition to be understated in Venezuelan data.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The report states that "many analysts have argued that the government's own policies have played a role in causing the economic crisis ... However, under the presidency of Nicolás Maduro, the Venezuelan government has denied the crisis, hidden health statistics and data, harassed health professionals who speak out about the reality on the ground, and made it harder for sufficient humanitarian assistance to reach the Venezuelan people. Through these policies and practices, authorities have contributed to the worsening humanitarian crisis documented in this report."<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty ratified by Venezuela; it commits its parties to "the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", and the right to an adequate "standard of living" and "adequate food".<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The Constitution of Venezuela provides for the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The HRW/Johns Hopkins report states that, facing deteriorating health conditions, the government's suppression of information and actions against those speaking about the crisis "represent a violation of Venezuela's obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health" to which Venezuelans are entitled from both the ICESCR treaty and their Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> Following the April HRW/Johns Hopkins report, and amid announcements from the United Nations about the scale of the humanitarian crisis, along with increasing international pressure, Maduro met with the Red Cross, and it announced it would triple its budget for aid to Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroSoftens-187">[181]</a> The increased aid would focus in four areas: the migration crisis, the health care system collapse, water and sanitation, and prisons and detention centers.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroSoftens-187">[181]</a> Maduro, for the first time, indicated he was prepared to accept international aid—although denying a humanitarian crisis exists.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> The Wall Street Journal said that the acceptance of humanitarian shipments by Maduro was his first acknowledgement that Venezuela is "suffering from an economic collapse",<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> and The Guardian reported that Maduro's stance has softened in the face of increasing pressure.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroSoftens-187">[181]</a> Guaidó said the acceptance of humanitarian aid was the "result of our pressure and insistence",<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> and called on Venezuelans to "stay vigilant to make sure incoming aid is not diverted for 'corrupt' purposes".<a href="#cite_note-WarnsAgainst-189">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infectious_and_preventable_diseases">Infectious and preventable diseases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Infectious and preventable diseases">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaria_in_Venezuela.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Malaria_in_Venezuela.png/300px-Malaria_in_Venezuela.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Malaria_in_Venezuela.png/450px-Malaria_in_Venezuela.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Malaria_in_Venezuela.png/600px-Malaria_in_Venezuela.png 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>From less than 36,000 cases in 2009, to 414,000 cases of malaria in Venezuela in 2017<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1961, Venezuela was the first country declared free of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[184]</a> In 2009, the WHO reported there were less than 36,000 cases of malaria in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> In 2013, Venezuela registered a new high in the number of cases of malaria in the past 50 years, and by 2014, was the only country in Latin America where the incidence of malaria was increasing, allegedly in part due to illegal mining;<a href="#cite_note-191">[g]</a> medical shortages in the country hampered treatment.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> By 2016, Venezuela's malaria-prevention program had collapsed, and there were more than a hundred thousand cases of malaria yearly.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[184]</a> In 2017, there were 414,000 confirmed cases of malaria, according to the WHO.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> Other preventable diseases that "were rare or nonexistent before the economic crisis, have surged",<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. "Venezuela did not experience a single case of diphtheria between 2006 and 2015"; according to the HRW/Johns Hopkins report, since mid-2016, 1,500 of the 2,500 suspected cases have been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> Between 2008 and 2015, there was one recorded case of measles, in 2012; since June 2017, 6,200 of the 9,300 reported cases have been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> The highest rate of tuberculosis in four decades was reached in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> In 2014, there were 6,000 reported cases of tuberculosis; preliminary data shows more than 13,000 for 2017.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> In 2014, shortages of <a href="/wiki/Antiviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiviral">antiretroviral</a> medicines to treat <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> affected about 50,000 Venezuelans, potentially causing thousands of Venezuelans with HIV to develop AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-FOXlatino2014-193">[186]</a> In 2018, PAHO estimated that 90% of Venezuelans who had HIV and were registered by the government—69,308 of the 79,467 registered<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a>—were not receiving antiretroviral treatment.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> The PAHO report estimated that in six years, new HIV cases grew by 24% through 2016, after which the government stopped providing data.<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> NPR reported: "New HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths have increased sharply, in large part because the vast majority of HIV-positive Venezuelans no longer have access to antiretroviral medications."<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> Because of a shortage of HIV test kits, there may be more people who have HIV but are not aware.<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> The HRW/Johns Hopkins report says: "Venezuela is the only country in the world where large numbers of individuals living with HIV have been forced to discontinue their treatment as a result of the lack of availability of antiretroviral (ARV) medicines."<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> In late 2014, Venezuelans began saying that due to shortages of medicines, it was hard to find <a href="/wiki/Acetaminophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaminophen">acetaminophen</a> to help alleviate symptoms of the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">chikungunya</a> virus, a potentially lethal mosquito-borne disease.<a href="#cite_note-WSJdisease2014-194">[187]</a> In September 2014, the Venezuelan government stated that 400 Venezuelans were infected with chikungunya;<a href="#cite_note-ELPAIS2014-195">[188]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> stated that there could be between 65,000 and 117,000 Venezuelans infected.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceCHIK-196">[189]</a> In August 2015 independent health monitors said that there were more than two million people infected with chikungunya while the government said there were 36,000 cases.<a href="#cite_note-TheTimes-173">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela</a></div> As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which reached Venezuela in March 2020, costs for services such as internet and telephone lines rose between 80% and 749%,<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> further limiting access to these utilities. Shortages of beds and essential medical equipment, such as latex gloves and antibiotics, have severely limited the capabilities of the country's medical infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfr.org-199">[192]</a> In April 2020 the Venezuelan government asked the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> to sell $US1.02 billion of the Venezuelan gold reserves held by the bank to help the government fund its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was followed on 14 May by a legal claim by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">Venezuelan Central Bank</a> (BCV) asking the Bank of England to send the proceeds of the sale of gold to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. The claim stated that the funds would then be used to buy healthcare equipment, medicine, and food to address the country's "COVID-19 emergency".<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">UK Foreign Office</a> had previously agreed to a request from the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> to block the release of Venezuela's gold.<a href="#cite_note-guardian051020-201">[194]</a> In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/UK_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="UK High Court">UK High Court</a> ruled that the gold could not be released to the BCV because the UK government recognised Juan Guaidó as the "constitutional interim president of Venezuela". However, in October 2020, an appeals court overturned the High Court decision and asked the UK Foreign Office to clarify who it recognised as president of Venezuela. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> wrote that the position of the UK government was unclear as it "maintains full consular and diplomatic relations with the Venezuela government".<a href="#cite_note-guardian051020-201">[194]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women,_maternal_and_infant">Women, maternal and infant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Women, maternal and infant">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> increased 30% in one year, to 11,466 deaths of children under the age of one.<a href="#cite_note-Infant2016-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a> By 2019, the UN reported that infant mortality had "soared".<a href="#cite_note-MortalitySoared-172">[167]</a> "Venezuela is the only South American country where infant mortality has returned to levels last seen in the 1990s", according to the HRW/Johns Hopkins report.<a href="#cite_note-HRWFullScale-155">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</a> also increased 65% in one year, to 756 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-NPRHRW-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infant2016-202">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a> is illegal in Venezuela;<a href="#cite_note-ABCesAborto-203">[196]</a> the director of a large family planning clinic in Venezuela indicated that more women are arranging for permanent sterilization, and that more are presenting with "complications from clandestine abortions".<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> One of the causes, according to the Venezuelan Association for Alternative Sexual Education, is the severe shortage of oral and injectable contraceptives and <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABCesAborto-203">[196]</a> The HRW/Johns Hopkins report states that the more than 454,000 Venezuelan women who have emigrated to Colombia face 'threats of sexual exploitation and abuse, trafficking, and sexual and reproductive rights violations"; violence based on gender accounted for more than 12% of 2018 health-care events, and indigenous women may be at higher risk.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> Venezuelan women emigrating are at risk for becoming sex trafficking targets virtually anywhere they flee to. Cases of trafficking in Peru, the United States, Spain, and Colombia display the highest numbers.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pregnancy_and_motherhood">Pregnancy and motherhood</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and motherhood">edit</a>]</div> Due to lack of medical supplies, food and medical care in Venezuelan hospitals, many pregnant women in Venezuela are crossing the border into neighboring countries to give birth.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> Lack of basic medicine and equipment is causing preventable deaths and maternity is a very high risk for women, especially since there are no blood banks in the event of excessive bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Collapses-206">[199]</a> Hospitals frequently have water and electricity outages and only 7% of emergency services are fully operative.<a href="#cite_note-Crumbles-207">[200]</a> Maternal mortality is estimated to have increased by 65% from 2013 to 2016, and unsafe abortions have contributed to 20% of preventable maternal deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Collapses-206">[199]</a> According to Amnesty International, causes of the increase in maternal deaths include a lack of medical personnel and supplies like anticoagulants, scar healing cream, painkillers, antibiotics, antiseptics, and other tools and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Statelessness">Statelessness</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statelessness">edit</a>]</div> Cúcuta, a city on the Colombian-Venezuela border, has received 14,000 Venezuelan patients at the Erasmo Meoz University Hospital since 2016 and is expecting to receive even more.<a href="#cite_note-Crumbles-207">[200]</a> In this hospital, 75% of the newborns born in the first two months of the year 2019 were Venezuelans.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-209">[202]</a> The situation has strained the budget of these hospitals, putting Erasmo Meoz 14 million dollars into debt.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-209">[202]</a> While Colombia is the most impacted since it shares a border, women are also traveling to Brazil to give birth.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-210">[203]</a> The number of births of Venezuelan babies attended to in <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista, Brazil</a>, has increased from 700 in 2014 to 50,000 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-210">[203]</a> Venezuelan mothers have also been fleeing to neighboring Peru and Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> For Colombian citizenship it is required that Colombian citizens be born to at least one Colombian parent or be born to foreign parents who meet residence requirements and are eligible to become citizens.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> Due to the influx of Venezuelan babies being born in Colombia and the Venezuelan government's inability to issue citizenship, Colombia has introduced a new measure that will give these Colombian-born newborns Colombian citizenship to avoid 'statelessness'.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-209">[202]</a> The measure went into effect August 2019 and includes babies of Venezuelan parents born in Colombia starting in January 2015, having given citizenship to approximately 27,000 babies born in Colombia over the past four years.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-209">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> Following the Bolivarian Revolution, the rate of suicide among Venezuelans quadrupled over two decades, with hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans dying from suicide during the period according to the Venezuelan Observatory of Violence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-214">[207]</a> As a result of the crisis, stressors resulting in suicide included economic burden, hunger and loneliness due to the emigration of relatives.<a href="#cite_note-:0-214">[207]</a> In 2015, concerns about shortages and inflation overtook violent crime as Venezuelans' main worry for the first time in years according to pollster Datanálisis. The chief executive of Datanálisis, Luis Vicente Leon, said that Venezuelans had greater concerns over shortages and became preoccupied with the difficulties surrounding them instead. <a href="/wiki/Eldar_Shafir" title="Eldar Shafir">Eldar Shafir</a>, author and American behavioral scientist, said that the psychological "obsession" with finding scarce goods in Venezuela is because the rarity of the item makes it "precious".<a href="#cite_note-BBCprecious-215">[208]</a> In 2016, reporters from The New York Times visited six psychiatric wards across the Venezuela at the invitation of doctors; all reported shortages of medicine and even food. In the investigation, they reported that El Pampero Hospital had not employed a psychiatrist in two years, and that it only had running water for only a few hours a day. The hospital, the article said, also suffered from shortages of basic personal-care and cleaning supplies, such as soap, shampoo, toothpaste or toilet paper. The nurses declared that without sedatives, they had to restrain patients or lock them in isolation cells to keep them from harming themselves. The reporters also noted that the government had denied that its public hospitals were suffering from shortages, and had refused multiple offers of international medical aid.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> Despite the threat of violent protests, the economic crisis affected children more than violence. Abel Saraiba, a psychologist with children's rights organization Cecodap said in 2017, "We have children from a very early age who are having to think about how to survive", with half of her young clients requiring treatment because of the crisis. Children are often forced to stand in food lines or beg with their parents, while the games they play with other children revolve around finding food.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> Friends of the Child Foundation psychologist Ninoska Zambrano said that children are offering sexual services for food. Zambrano said "Families are doing things that not only lead them to break physically, but in general, socially, we are being morally broken".<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> In 2017, suicide increased by 67% among the elderly and 18% among minors; by 2018, reports emerged of a rapidly increasing suicide rate due to the stressors surrounding the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_care_and_elections">Medical care and elections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medical care and elections">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a> was a program established by Chávez to bring medical care to poor neighborhoods; it was staffed by Cubans that were sent to Venezuela in exchange for petroleum. The New York Times interviewed sixteen Cuban medical professionals in 2019 who had worked for Barrio Adentro prior to the 2018 Venezuelan presidential elections; all sixteen revealed that they were required to participate in voting fraud.<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> Some of the Cubans said that "command centers" for elections were placed near clinics to facilitate "dispatching doctors to pressure residents".<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> Some tactics reported by the Cubans were unrelated to their profession: they were given counterfeit cards to vote even though they were not eligible voters, they witnessed vote tampering when officials opening ballot boxes and destroyed ballots, and they were told to instruct easily manipulated elderly patients in how to vote.<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> But they also "described a system of deliberate political manipulation"; their services as medical professionals "were wielded to secure votes for the governing Socialist Party, often through coercion", they told The New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> Facing a shortage of supplies and medicine, they were instructed to withhold treatment–even for emergencies–so supplies and treatment could be "doled out closer to the election, part of a national strategy to compel patients to vote for the government".<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> They reported that life-saving treatment was denied to patients who supported the opposition. As the election neared, they were sent door-to-door, on house visits with a political purpose: "to hand out medicine and enlist voters for Venezuela's Socialist Party".<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> Patients were warned that they could lose their medical care if they did not vote for the socialist party, and that, if Maduro lost, ties would be broken with Cuba, and Venezuelans would lose all medical care. Patients with chronic conditions, at risk of death if they couldn't get medicine, were a particular focus of these tactics. One said that government officials were posing as doctors to make these house calls before elections; 'We, the doctors, were asked to give our extra robes to people. The fake doctors were even giving out medicines, without knowing what they were or how to use them," he said.<a href="#cite_note-Unspeakable-220">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg/300px-El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg/450px-El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg/600px-El_Para%C3%ADso_tunnel_main_gate_of_Caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="2716" /></a><figcaption>Slums in Caracas seen above El Paraíso tunnel</figcaption></figure> Since the mid-2000s during Chávez's presidency, Venezuela has had a housing crisis.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-221">[214]</a> In 2005, the Venezuelan Construction Chamber (CVC) estimated that there was a shortage of 1.6 million homes, with only 10,000 of 120,000 promised homes constructed by Chávez's government despite billions of dollars in investments.<a href="#cite_note-WP2005-222">[215]</a> Poor Venezuelans attempted to construct homes on their own despite structural risks.<a href="#cite_note-WP2005-222">[215]</a> By 2011, there was a housing shortage of 2 million homes, with nearly twenty prime developments being occupied by squatters following Chávez's call for the poor to occupy "unused land".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-221">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUTjune2011-223">[216]</a> Up to 2011, only 500,000 homes were constructed during the Chávez administration, with over two-thirds of the new housing developments being built by private companies; his government provided about the same amount of housing as previous administrations.<a href="#cite_note-REUTjune2011-223">[216]</a> Housing shortages were further exacerbated when private construction halted due to the fear of property expropriations and because of the government's inability to construct and provide housing.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-221">[214]</a> Urban theorist and author Mike Davis said in July 2011 to The Guardian, "Despite official rhetoric, the Bolivarianist regime has undertaken no serious redistribution of wealth in the cities and oil revenues pay for too many other programmes and subsidies to leave room for new housing construction."<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> By 2012, a shortage of building materials also disrupted construction, with metal production at a 16-year low.<a href="#cite_note-LATIN2014-225">[218]</a> By the end of Chávez's presidency in 2013, the number of Venezuelans in inadequate housing had grown to 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-LATIN2014-225">[218]</a> Under the Maduro government, housing shortages continued to worsen. Maduro announced in 2014 that due to the shortage of steel, abandoned cars and other vehicles would be acquired by the government and melted to provide rebar for housing.<a href="#cite_note-LATIN2014-225">[218]</a> In April 2014, Maduro ruled by decree that Venezuelans who owned three or more rental properties would be forced by the government to sell their rental units at a set price or they would face fines or have their property possessed by the government.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> By 2016, residents of government-provided housing, who were usually supporters of the government, began protesting due to the lack of utilities and food.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social">Social</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></div> Corruption is high in Venezuela according to the <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> and is prevalent at many levels of society.<a href="#cite_note-B&C2011-66">[65]</a> While corruption is difficult to measure reliably, in 2018 Transparency International ranked Venezuela among the top 13 most corrupt countries out of 180 measured, tied with <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Iraq</a>, but ahead of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Corruption in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guinea" title="Corruption in Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Korea" title="Corruption in North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Somalia" title="Corruption in Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Sudan</a>, Syria and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen" title="Corruption in Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> A 2016 poll found that 73% of Venezuelans believed their police were corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latinobar%C3%B3metro" title="Latinobarómetro">Latinobarómetro</a>'s 2018 report said that 65% of Venezuelans believed their president was involved in corruption, and 64% believed that government officials were corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> Discontent with corruption was cited by opposition-aligned groups as one of the reasons for the <a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014 Venezuelan protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> A once wealthy country, Venezuela's economy was driven into political and <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a> by corruption and mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Venezuela" title="Crime in Venezuela">Crime in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivo (Venezuela)</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/300px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/450px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/600px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Murder rate (murder per 100,000 citizens) from 1998 to 2018. Sources: OVV,<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> PROVEA,<a href="#cite_note-UNODC2011-236">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNODC2014-237">[230]</a> UN;<a href="#cite_note-UNODC2011-236">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNODC2014-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-238">[231]</a> UN data is extrapolated between 2007 and 2012 because of missing data</figcaption></figure> Escalating violent crime, especially murder, had been called "perhaps the biggest concern" of Venezuelans during the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> Venezuela had "by various measures, the world's highest violent-crime rate" in 2017, and almost none of crimes that were reported were prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[184]</a> InSight Crime says the crisis has "all too often been obscured by the government's reluctance to release damning crime statistics".<a href="#cite_note-KidnapDouble-240">[233]</a> The New Yorker reporter found that even stairwells in a public hospital were not safe from robbers, who preyed on staff and patients despite the large number of security forces guarding the hospital, saying this was because the police were assigned to contain journalists who might embarrass the government with exposés on the state of the hospital; they were not assigned to protect its occupants. The police allegedly collaborated with the robbers receiving a cut of what they stole.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[184]</a> According to The U.S. Bureau of Diplomatic Security, street gang violence, "corrupt" underpaid police officers, "an inefficient and politicized judicial system", an extremely troubled prison system, and an increased widespread of weaponry has resulted in the majority of criminal activity in Venezuela, with murder being the crime committed the most.<a href="#cite_note-OSAC2018-241">[234]</a> The Bureau states that there were 73 daily violent deaths in 2018, and that the government "often attempts to refute or repudiate reports of increasing crime and murder rates; however, independent observers widely reject" the Venezuelan government's claims.<a href="#cite_note-OSAC2018-241">[234]</a> The government says there were 60 daily homicides in 2016, and 45 daily in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> corresponding with Venezuela's downward economic spiral; the OVV says the numbers are higher.<a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> For 2015, the government says the rate of homicides was 70.1 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> The Venezuelan Observatory of Violence (OVV) says the rate was 91.8 homicides per 100,000 people (in 2015, the comparative U.S. number was 4.9 per 100,000 inhabitants).<a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the 2016 homicide rate was 56 per 100,000, making Venezuela third in the world, after El Salvador and Honduras.<a href="#cite_note-MurderDips-243">[236]</a> OVV data has 23,047 homicides committed in Venezuela in 2018, a rate of 81.4 per 100,000 people, with the decline being attributed to emigration.<a href="#cite_note-MurderDips-243">[236]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>,<blockquote>... carjack gangs set up ambushes, sometimes laying down nail-embedded strips to puncture tires of vehicles ferrying potential quarry. Motorists speak matter-of-factly of spotting body parts along roadways. ... While most crime victims are poor, they also include members of the middle and upper classes and scores of police and military personnel killed each year, sometimes for their weapons. ... "Before the thieves would only rob you," is a common refrain here in the capital. "Now they kill you."<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a></blockquote> Venezuela led the world in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">murder rates</a>, with 81 per 100,000 people killed in 2018; the third most violent country.<a href="#cite_note-UNODC3-48">[47]</a> As a response to the high rate of crime, the Venezuelan government banned private ownership of firearms by some individuals in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> reported in 2014 that Chávez had years earlier assigned colectivos to be "the armed wing of the Bolivarian Revolution" for the Venezuelan government, giving them weapons, communication systems, motorcycles and surveillance equipment to exercise control in the hills of Caracas where police are forbidden entry.<a href="#cite_note-ELPAIScolectivo-248">[241]</a> In 2006, they received arms and funding from the state when they were brought under the government's community councils.<a href="#cite_note-Devolution-151">[147]</a> Chávez eliminated the Metropolitan Police in 2011, turning security over to the colectivos in some Caracas barrios.<a href="#cite_note-Devolution-151">[147]</a> Some weapons given to the groups include <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenades">grenades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ELPAIScolectivo-248">[241]</a> Despite the Venezuelan government's statements saying that only official authorities can carry weapons for the defense of Venezuela, colectivos are armed with automatic rifles such as <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a>, submachine guns, fragmentation grenades, and tear gas.<a href="#cite_note-ISCnov2014-249">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCmarch2013-250">[243]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_(Presidents).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png/300px-Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png/450px-Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png/600px-Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Number of kidnappings in Venezuela 1989–2011. Source: <a href="/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas,_Penales_y_Criminal%C3%ADsticas" title="Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas, Penales y Criminalísticas">CICPC</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-CICPC2009-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> Note: <a href="/wiki/Express_kidnapping" title="Express kidnapping">Express kidnappings</a> may not be included in data.</figcaption></figure> During the 2014 Venezuelan protests against Maduro, colectivos acted against the opposition protesters.<a href="#cite_note-lapatilla.com-254">[247]</a> As the crisis intensified, armed gangs have taken control of cities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> The Civil Association for Citizen Control said that more than half of those killed during the protests were killed by colectivos.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> Human Rights Watch described colectivos as "armed gangs who use violence with impunity" to harass political opponents of the Venezuelan government.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersCOLECTIVO-256">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> calls them "armed pro-government supporters who are tolerated or supported by the authorities".<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> During the 2019 Venezuelan blackouts in March, Maduro called on the armed paramilitary gangs, saying, "The time has come for active resistance".<a href="#cite_note-Demonic-259">[252]</a> As blackouts continued, on 31 March, citizens protested the lack of electricity and water in Caracas and other cities; Maduro called again on the colectivos, asking them "to defend the peace of every barrio, of every block".<a href="#cite_note-ArmedGroups-260">[253]</a> Videos circulated on social media showing colectivos threatening protesters and shooting in the streets;<a href="#cite_note-WPSunday-261">[254]</a> two protestors were shot.<a href="#cite_note-ArmedGroups-260">[253]</a> There is no reliable data on kidnapping in Venezuela and available data is considered an underestimate;<a href="#cite_note-KidnapDouble-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> it is against the law to pay ransom, and according to criminologists, at least 80% of kidnappings are not reported for fear of retaliation,<a href="#cite_note-OSAC2018-241">[234]</a> or because relatives prefer to negotiate, hoping the hostage will be released and fearing they will be killed if authorities are contacted.<a href="#cite_note-KidnapDouble-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> Available data underestimates the amount of <a href="/wiki/Express_kidnap" class="mw-redirect" title="Express kidnap">express kidnapping</a>, where victims are typically released in less than two days after relatives pay a quick ransom.<a href="#cite_note-KidnapDouble-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> Most express kidnapping victims are released, but in 2016, 18 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-KidnapDouble-240">[233]</a> At least 80% of kidnappings occur in a limited area around Caracas and including <a href="/wiki/Miranda_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Miranda State">Miranda State</a>. In the areas where most kidnappings occur, the government set up so-called "peace zones" where official police withdrew and gangs took over;<a href="#cite_note-KidnapDouble-240">[233]</a> "experts say the government has armed these groups ... [who] ... control large territories, financed through extortion and the drug trade".<a href="#cite_note-HerreraNephew-242">[235]</a> Illegal mining creates pools of standing water that encourage mosquito breeding, a partial cause of the increase in malaria seen in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The murder rate in Venezuela had also decreased significantly between 2017 and 2019. In 2018, Venezuela's murder rate–described as the highest in the world–had begun to decrease to 81.4 per 100,000 people according to the Venezuelan Violence Observatory (OVV), with the organization stating that this downward trend was due to the millions of Venezuelans that emigrated from the country at the time.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> The murder rate declined even further to 60.3 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela#Civil_and_political_rights" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela § Civil and political rights</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png/300px-Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png/450px-Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png/600px-Venezuela%27s_arbitrary_detentions_per_Foro_Penal.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Arbitrary detentions in Venezuela between 2014 and 2019 according to Foro Penal. Arrests by year in blue and total arrests in red.</figcaption></figure> Repression and politically motivated detentions have risen to record levels in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalDetentions-264">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foro_Penal" title="Foro Penal">Foro Penal</a> states that Venezuela has at least 900 political prisoners as of April 2019, with more arrests of people being held longer in poor conditions and on dubious charges. The human rights organization has documented more than 50 instances that include "sexual abuse, strangulation using plastic bags and the use of razor blades to cut detainees' feet".<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalDetentions-264">[257]</a> In the first three months of 2019, Foro Penal says 1,712 people were arrested and about two-thirds of those were held for more than 48 hours, the threshold used to classify a detainee as a political prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalDetentions-264">[257]</a> Maduro calls those arrested members of "terrorist groups" and says his government will not hesitate to send them to prison. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Requesens" title="Juan Requesens">Juan Requesens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marrero" title="Roberto Marrero">Roberto Marrero</a> are examples of "purely political" arrests, according to their attorney.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalDetentions-264">[257]</a> Increasingly high numbers of the detainees are working-class people, who have been driven to protest by the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalDetentions-264">[257]</a> The final published report addressed the extrajudicial executions, torture, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> and other human rights violations reportedly committed by Venezuelan security forces in the recent years.<a href="#cite_note-reutersIndependenceday-265">[258]</a> Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudicial killings and urged for the dissolution of the FAES.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Michellereport-266">[259]</a> According to the report, 1,569 cases of executions as consequence as a result of "resistance to authority" were registered by the Venezuelan authorities from 1 January to 19 March.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Michellereport-266">[259]</a> Other 52 deaths that occurred during 2019 protests were attributed to colectivos.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a> The report also details how the Venezuelan government "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Michellereport-266">[259]</a> On 16 September 2020, the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on Venezuela accused the Maduro government of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> On 15 February 2024, the Maduro government closed the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> office in Caracas after High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Volker_T%C3%BCrk" title="Volker Türk">Volker Türk</a> condemned the detention of activist <a href="/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_San_Miguel" title="Rocío San Miguel">Rocío San Miguel</a>, demanding "her immediate release and respect for her right to legal defense". Maduro's government expelled its officials, giving them 72 hours to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Emigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</a></div> The exodus of millions of desperate impoverished Venezuelans to surrounding countries has been called "a risk for the entire region".<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-18-7">[7]</a> Millions of <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan people">Venezuelan people</a> have voluntarily emigrated from Venezuela during the Chávez and Maduro presidencies.<a href="#cite_note-EUdiaspora-270">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEWSWEEKdiaspora-271">[264]</a> The crisis started during the Chávez presidency, but became much more pronounced during Maduro's term.<a href="#cite_note-MigrationCrisis-272">[265]</a> Emigration has been motivated by economic collapse, expansion of <a href="/wiki/Statist_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist socialist">state control over the economy</a>, high crime, high inflation, general uncertainty, a lack of hope for a change in government,<a href="#cite_note-EUdiaspora-270">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ2011-273">[266]</a> a failing public sector, and "shortages of basic necessities".<a href="#cite_note-MigrationCrisis-272">[265]</a> The PGA Group estimates more than 1.5 million Venezuelans emigrated in the 15 years between 1999 and 2014;<a href="#cite_note-EUdiaspora-270">[263]</a> an estimated 1.8 million left in ten years through 2015.<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> The UN said that in the first part of 2018, about 5,000 Venezuelans were leaving Venezuela daily.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-MIO2019-276">[269]</a> A February 2019 UN reported estimated that 3.4 million Venezuelans have emigrated, and they expect another 1.9 million may emigrate in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters29Mar-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-MIO2019-276">[269]</a> The UN estimates 2.7 million have gone to the Caribbean and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-NPR4April-277">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-MIO2019-276">[269]</a> Most have gone to Colombia; estimates of Venezuelans emigrating to Colombia are 1.1 million, Peru 506,000, Chile 288,000, Ecuador 221,000, Argentina 130,000, and Brazil 96,000.<a href="#cite_note-NPR4April-277">[270]</a> This is in contrast to Venezuela's high immigration rate during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-NEWSWEEKdiaspora-271">[264]</a> Kevin Whitaker, the U.S. ambassador in Colombia, says, "Colombians, in their tens and hundreds of thousands, migrated to Venezuela in the '60s and '70s and '80s, when Venezuela was a wealthy country and Colombia was not so much. Now, more than 1 million Venezuelans, many of them since 2015, have gone to live in Colombia."<a href="#cite_note-NPR4April-277">[270]</a> Those who leave by foot are known as los caminantes (the walkers); the walk to Bogotá, Colombia is 560 kilometres (350 mi), and some walk hundreds of kilometres further, to Ecuador or Peru.<a href="#cite_note-NPR4April-277">[270]</a> Alba Pereira, who helps feed and clothe about 800 walkers daily in Northern Colombia, said in 2019 she is seeing more sick, elderly and pregnant among the walkers.<a href="#cite_note-NPR4April-277">[270]</a> The Colombian <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> has set up rest tents with food and water on the side of the roads for Venezuelans.<a href="#cite_note-Walkers-278">[271]</a> Venezuelans also cross into northern Brazil, where UNHCR has set up 10 shelters to house thousands of Venezuelans.<a href="#cite_note-Walkers-278">[271]</a> Images of Venezuelans fleeing the country by sea have raised symbolic comparisons to the images seen from the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban diaspora">Cuban diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYThungryDIA-279">[272]</a> In 1998, only 14 Venezuelans were granted U.S. asylum, and by September 1999, 1,086 Venezuelans were granted asylum according to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters2007-280">[273]</a> The first wave of Venezuelan emigrants were wealthy and middle class Venezuelans concerned by Chávez's rhetoric of redistributing wealth to the poor;<a href="#cite_note-NYThungryDIA-279">[272]</a> the early exodus of college-educated people with capital caused a <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MigrationCrisis-272">[265]</a> Emigration especially increased during the Maduro presidency.<a href="#cite_note-REUT15oct-281">[274]</a> This second wave of emigration consisted of lower class Venezuelans suffering directly from the economic crisis facing the country; thus, the same individuals whom Chávez attempted to aid were now seeking to emigrate, driven by worsening economic conditions, scarcity of food and medicine, and rising rates of violent crime.<a href="#cite_note-NYThungryDIA-279">[272]</a> Tomás Pérez, who studies the Venezuelan diaspora at the Central University of Venezuela, said in 2018 that because "now everyone is poor", it is mostly poor leaving the country.<a href="#cite_note-MigrationCrisis-272">[265]</a> Carlos Malamud, from a Spanish think tank, said Maduro is "using migration as a political weapon against the opposition".<a href="#cite_note-MigrationCrisis-272">[265]</a> The scale of the crisis has surpassed in four years the Cuban exodus, in which 1.7 million emigrated over a period of sixty years; Malamud says "Latin American societies aren't prepared for such wide-scale arrivals".<a href="#cite_note-MigrationCrisis-272">[265]</a> Impacting the health care crisis in Venezuela, health care professionals are emigrating; a primary factor driving emigration to Colombia is the lack of "medicines, supplies, health providers, and basic health services" in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> Since 2017, the banking sector has seen 18,000 employees leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic">Economic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration</a></div> Maduro's government stopped releasing social and economic indicators, so most data rely on estimates.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Finance" title="Institute of International Finance">Institute of International Finance</a> (IIF) stated in March 2019 that "Venezuela's economic collapse is among the world's worst in recent history".<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> A chief economist of the IIF said the crisis resulted from "policy decisions, economic mismanagement, and political turmoil", saying it is on a scale that "one would only expect from extreme natural disasters or military confrontations".<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> The April 2019 <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) World Economic Outlook described Venezuela as being in a "wartime economy".<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a> For the fifth consecutive year, Bloomberg rated Venezuela last on its <a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">misery index</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> The government's main source of income is oil, with output "plummeting due to lack of investment, poor maintenance and neglect",<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> from which consultant Eduardo Fortuny expects will take 12 years to recover.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> As of 2020 the Venezuelan government has liberalized many socialist or redistributive economic policies—price and currency controls, stringent labor laws—and brought a rapprochement with members of the local business community—especially <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Mendoza" title="Lorenzo Mendoza">Lorenzo Mendoza</a> of the iconic <a href="/wiki/Empresas_Polar" title="Empresas Polar">Empresas Polar</a> conglomerate (who is no longer denounced as a "thief," a "parasite" and a "traitor"), in exchange for an abandonment of political opposition by Mendoza.<a href="#cite_note-Kurmanaev-2020-284">[277]</a> However, a "slight recovery" in economic activity in January 2020 reportedly "evaporated in February and March" due to "the fall in global oil prices and the coronavirus pandemic".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-25-Nov-2020-285">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_industry">Business and industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Business and industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perrera" title="Perrera">Perrera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_(1998_to_2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png/330px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png/495px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png/660px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Ratings for Venezuela from 1998 to 2017 by the U.S. Government-funded NGO <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> (1 = free, 7 = not free)</figcaption></figure> A number of foreign firms have left the nation—often due to quarrels with the socialist government—including <a href="/wiki/Smurfit_Kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfit Kappa">Smurfit Kappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorox" title="Clorox">Clorox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberly Clark">Kimberly Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>; the departures aggravate unemployment and shortages.<a href="#cite_note-CompaniesFlee-287">[280]</a> Before the effects of the 2019 Venezuelan blackouts, the number of multinational companies in the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Carabobo">Valencia in Carabobo State</a> had dropped from 5,000 when Chávez became president to a tenth of that.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airline_industry">Airline industry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Airline industry">edit</a>]</div> Domestic airlines are having difficulties because of hyperinflation and parts shortages, and most <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_International_Airport_(Venezuela)#Chronology_of_former_international_flights" title="Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)">international airlines have left the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AirlineSuffer-289">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArgAir-290">[283]</a> Airlines from many countries ceased operating in Venezuela, making travel to the country difficult:<a href="#cite_note-ArgAir-290">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> became the first international airline to cease Venezuela operations in March 2014 and was followed by <a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a> in April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> Other airlines that have left are <a href="/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico" title="Aeroméxico">Aeroméxico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/LATAM_Airlines_Group" title="LATAM Airlines Group">LATAM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeltaCuts-292">[285]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA), the government of Venezuela has not paid US$3.8 billion to international airlines in an issue involving conversion of local currency to U.S. dollars.<a href="#cite_note-DeltaCuts-292">[285]</a> Airlines have left for other reasons, including crime against flight crews and foreign passengers, stolen baggage, and problems with the quality of jet fuel and maintenance of runways.<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas">Aerolíneas Argentinas</a> left in 2017, citing security reasons,<a href="#cite_note-ArgAir-290">[283]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, the last U.S. airline serving Venezuela, left on 15 March 2019, after its pilots refused to fly to Venezuela, citing safety issues.<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> Currently, the only North American airline flying to Venezuela is <a href="/wiki/Sunwing_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunwing Airlines">Sunwing Airlines</a>, with seasonal service to <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Margarita Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo" title="Punto Fijo">Punto Fijo</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the increasing economic partnership between Venezuela and Turkey in October 2016, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> started offering direct flights from December 2016 connecting between Caracas to Istanbul (via Havana, Cuba) in an effort to "link and expand contacts" between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> Iranian airline <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Air" title="Mahan Air">Mahan Air</a> (blacklisted by the U.S. government since 2011<a href="#cite_note-MahanBlacklist-298">[291]</a>) began direct flights to Caracas in April 2019,<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> "signifying a growing relationship between the two nations" according to <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MahanBlacklist-298">[291]</a> In May 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> suspended all flights between Venezuela and the United States, due to safety and security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a> The suspension affects mainly Venezuelan airlines flying to <a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Avior_Airlines" title="Avior Airlines">Avior Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/LASER_Airlines" title="LASER Airlines">LASER Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estelar_Latinoam%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Estelar Latinoamérica">Estelar Latinoamérica</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_domestic_product">Gross domestic product</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gross domestic product">edit</a>]</div> Estimated to drop by 25% in 2019, the IMF said the contraction in Venezuela's GDP—the largest since the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> began in 2014—was affecting all of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a> In 2015 the Venezuelan economy contracted 5.7% and in 2016 it contracted 18.6% according to the Venezuelan central bank;<a href="#cite_note-Reuters2016Inflation-86">[84]</a> after that, the government stopped producing data.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> Ecoanalítica, a Venezuelan consultant, told The Wall Street Journal that output had halved between 2016 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> The IMF and AGPV Asesores Económicos, a consulting firm based in Caracas, estimate that GDP shrunk to $80 billion in 2018 from $196 billion in 2013, making the economy smaller than Guatemala's or Ethiopia's.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflation">Inflation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Inflation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp/350px-Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp/525px-Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp/700px-Venezuela_hyperinflation.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Venezuela hyperinflation May 2018 - October 2019</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation in Venezuela</a></div> The annual inflation rate for consumer prices has risen hundreds of thousands of percent during the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1-11-18-7">[7]</a> Inflation in Venezuela remained high during Chávez's presidency. By 2010, inflation removed any advancement of wage increases,<a href="#cite_note-:02-301">[294]</a> and by 2014 at 69%<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> it was the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> In November 2016, Venezuela entered a period of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> with inflation reaching 4,000% in 2017;<a href="#cite_note-WeightLoss-157">[153]</a> the Venezuelan government "essentially stopped" producing inflation estimates in early 2018.<a href="#cite_note-NYRoB-20183-10">[10]</a> At the end of 2018, inflation had reached 1.35 million percent.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroStarts-306">[299]</a> In the 2017 Christmas season, some shops stopped using price tags since prices would inflate so quickly.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> From 2017 to 2019, some Venezuelans became video game <a href="/wiki/Gold_farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold farmer">gold farmers</a> and could be seen playing games such as <a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a> to sell in-game currency or characters for real currency; players could make more money than salaried workers by earning only a few dollars per day.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> Some of these "gold farmers" will use cryptocurrencies as an intermediary currency before converting into Bolivares, as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitcoinmxn.com/2018/09/01/una-entrevista-con-un-anonimo-venezolano-utilizando-runescape-y-bitcoin-para-alimentar-a-su-familia/">indicated in this interview</a>. In October 2018, the IMF estimated that inflation would reach 10,000,000% by the end of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> In early 2019, the monthly minimum salary was the equivalent of US$5.50 (18,000 sovereign bolivars)—less than the price of a Happy Meal at McDonald's.<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a> Ecoanalitica estimated that prices jumped by 465% in the first two-and-a-half months of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> The Wall Street Journal stated in March 2019 that the "main cause of hyperinflation is the central bank printing money to increase money supply, thus boosting domestic spending.", reporting that a teacher can buy a dozen eggs and two pounds of cheese with a month's wages.<a href="#cite_note-9Charts-147">[143]</a> In May 2019, the Central Bank of Venezuela released economic data for the first time since 2015. According to the release, Venezuela's inflation rate was 274% in 2016, 863% in 2017 and 130,060% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> The new reports imply a contraction of more than half of the economy in five years, according to the Financial Times "one of the biggest contractions in Latin American history".<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a> Sources quoted by Reuters, said that China may have asked Venezuela to release the data to bring Venezuela into compliance with the IMF and make it more difficult for the IMF to recognise Juan Guaidó during the presidential crisis.<a href="#cite_note-reutersIMFdeniesBCV-313">[306]</a> The IMF said it was not able to assess the quality of the data as it had no contact with the Venezuelan government.<a href="#cite_note-reutersIMFdeniesBCV-313">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortages">Shortages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shortages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages in Venezuela</a></div> Shortages in Venezuela became prevalent after <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> were enacted according to the economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-qz.com-80">[78]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government">economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government</a>, greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls.<a href="#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-314">[307]</a> Some Venezuelans must search for food—occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or garbage—wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products.<a href="#cite_note-APGarbage-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Unemployment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">"Wartime economy"</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [Venezuela's wartime economy has the] world's highest unemployment since end of <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> in world's biggest contraction since 2014 start of <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">April 2019 <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) World Economic Outlook<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a></cite> </div> In January 2016 the unemployment rate was 18.1 percent<a href="#cite_note-imf-datamapper-315">[308]</a> and the economy was the worst in the world according to the misery index.<a href="#cite_note-economia.uol-67">[66]</a> Venezuela has not reported official unemployment figures since April 2016, when the rate was at 7.3 percent.<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> Unemployment was forecasted to reach 44% for 2019; the IMF stated that this was the highest unemployment seen since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuelan_debt">Venezuelan debt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Venezuelan debt">edit</a>]</div> In August 2017 <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> imposed sanctions on Venezuela<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> which banned transactions involving Venezuela's state debt including debt restructuring. The technical default period ended 13 November 2017 and Venezuela did not pay coupons on its dollar eurobonds, causing a cross-default on other dollar bonds. A committee consisting of the fifteen largest banks admitted default on state debt obligations which in turn entailed payments on CDS on 30 November.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> In November 2017, The Economist estimated Venezuela's debt at US$105 billion and its reserves at US$10 billion.<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a> In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-PayConoco-321">[314]</a> With the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds,<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bonds are in default,<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> and Venezuela's government and state-owned companies owe nearly US$8 billion in unpaid interest and principal.<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> As of March 2019, the government and state-owned companies have US$150 billion in debt.<a href="#cite_note-PayConoco-321">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_industry">Oil industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Oil industry">edit</a>]</div> By 2018 the political and economic troubles facing Venezuela had engulfed the <a href="/wiki/El_Tigre" title="El Tigre">El Tigre</a>-<a href="/wiki/San_Tom%C3%A9,_Venezuela" title="San Tomé, Venezuela">San Tomé</a> region, a key region for oil production in eastern Venezuela. Oil workers were fleeing the state-owned oil company as salaries could not keep up with hyperinflation, reducing families to starvation. Workers and criminals stripped vital oil industry equipment of anything valuable, ranging from pickup trucks to the copper wire within critical oil production components.<a href="#cite_note-workers_flee-325">[318]</a> Oil facilities were neglected and unprotected, crippling oil production and leading to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">environmental damage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leaking-326">[319]</a> As noted petroleum historian, expert, and former San Tomé resident <a href="/wiki/Emma_Brossard" title="Emma Brossard">Emma Brossard</a><a href="#cite_note-Brossard1993-327">[320]</a> stated in 2005, "Venezuelan oil fields had a depletion rate of 25 per cent annually [and] there had to be an investment of US$3.4 billion a year to keep up its production." "But since Chávez has become president there has been no investment."<a href="#cite_note-Brossard05-328">[321]</a> As of 2020 there were no longer any oil rigs searching for oil in Venezuela, and production has been "reduced to a trickle". Oil exports are expected to total $2.3 billion for 2020, continuing a decline of more than a decade.<a href="#cite_note-Urdaneta-nyt-329">[322]</a> Pollution from crude oil leaking from abandoned underwater wells and pipelines has caused serious damage to fishing and human health.<a href="#cite_note-Urdaneta-nyt-329">[322]</a> In 2022, rising oil prices caused by the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> led the World Oil Commission to start meetings with the Venezuelan Government to push oil production to have a control over the price.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a consequence of the energy crisis caused by the war, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States</a> allowed the American oil and gas company <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> to resume limited operations in Venezuela again.<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> A November 2016 Datincorp survey that asked Venezuelans living in urban areas which entity was responsible for the crisis, 59% blamed <a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">chavismo</a> or the presidents (Chávez, 25%; Maduro 19%; Chavismo 15%) while others blamed the opposition (10%), entrepreneurs (4%) and the United States (2%).<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> A September 2018 Meganálisis survey found that 85% of Venezuelans wanted Maduro to leave power immediately.<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> A November 2018 Datanálisis poll found that 54% of Venezuelans opposed a foreign military intervention to remove Maduro, while 35% supported an intervention. Instead, 63% supported a "negotiated settlement to remove Maduro".<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> An 11–14 March 2019 survey of 1,100 people in 16 Venezuelan states and 32 cities by Meganálisis found that 89% of respondents wanted Maduro to leave the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> A Datanálisis poll on 4 March 2019 found Maduro's approval rating at an all-time low of 14%.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a> According to Datanálisis, in early 2019, 63% of Venezuelans believed that a change of government was possible. Fourteen months later, in May 2020, after the <a href="/wiki/Macuto_Bay_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macuto Bay raid">Macuto Bay raid</a>, the percentage decreased to 20%.<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a> According to economists interviewed by The New York Times, the situation is by far the worst economic crisis in Venezuela's history, and is also the worst facing a country in peace time since the mid-20th century. The crisis is also more severe than that of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">United States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%931994_Brazilian_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1985–1994 Brazilian economic crisis">1985–1994 Brazilian economic crisis</a>, or the 2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation in Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> Other writers have also compared aspects of the crisis, such as unemployment and GDP contraction, to that of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> after the 1992–1995 <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, and those in <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Civil War">Albania</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Eastern Bloc">collapse of the Eastern Bloc</a> in 1989 and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYRoB-20183-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reaction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sanctions">Economic sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Economic sanctions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis</a></div> The European Union, the Lima Group, the United States and other countries have applied individual sanctions against government officials and members of both the military and security forces as a response to human rights violations, corruption, degradation in the rule of law and repression of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Venezuela" title="Democracy in Venezuela">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions2-19">[19]</a> The United States would later extend its sanctions to the petroleum sector.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo290119-337">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfr.org-199">[192]</a> Economists have stated that shortages and high inflation in Venezuela began before US sanctions were directed towards the country.<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> The Wall Street Journal said that economists place the blame for Venezuela's economy shrinking by half on "Maduro's policies, including widespread nationalizations, out-of-control spending that sparked inflation, price controls that led to shortages, and widespread graft and mismanagement."<a href="#cite_note-VenFear-339">[332]</a> The Venezuelan government has stated that the United States is responsible for its economic collapse.<a href="#cite_note-VenFear-339">[332]</a> The HRW/Johns Hopkins report noted that most sanctions are "limited to canceling visas and freezing assets of key officials implicated in abuses and corruption. They in no way target the Venezuelan economy."<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The report also stated that the 2017 ban on dealing in Venezuelan government stocks and bonds allows exceptions for food and medicine, and that the 28 January 2019 PDVSA sanctions could worsen the situation, although "the crisis precedes them".<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> The Washington Post stated that "the deprivation long predates recently imposed US sanctions".<a href="#cite_note-WAPOHRW-182">[177]</a> In 2011, the United States sanctioned Venezuela's state-owned oil company <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">Petróleos de Venezuela</a>. According to executives within the company as well as the Venezuelan government, the sanctions were mostly symbolic and had little effect (if any) on Venezuela's trade with the US since the company's sale of oil to the US and the operations of its US-based subsidiary Citgo were unaffected.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> On 9 March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed and issued an executive order declaring Venezuela a national security threat and ordered sanctions against Venezuelan officials. The sanctions did not affect Venezuela's oil company and trade relations with the US continued.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> In 2017, Trump's administration imposed additional <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> on Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) documented that "information gathered indicates that the socioeconomic crisis had been unfolding for several years prior to the imposition of these sanctions".<a href="#cite_note-DownwardSpiral-343">[336]</a> According to The Wall Street Journal, new 2019 sanctions, aimed at depriving the Maduro government of petroleum revenues.<a href="#cite_note-VenFear-339">[332]</a> In 2019, former UN rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Zayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred de Zayas">Alfred de Zayas</a> said that US sanctions on Venezuela were illegal as they constituted <a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a> and "could amount to 'crimes against humanity' under international law".<a href="#cite_note-indreport-344">[337]</a> His report, which he says was ignored by the UN, was criticized by the Latin America and Caribbean programme director for the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">Crisis Group</a> for neglecting to mention the impact of a "difficult business environment on the country", which the director said "was a symptom of Chavismo and the socialist governments' failures", and that "Venezuela could not recover under current government policies even if the sanctions were lifted."<a href="#cite_note-indreport-344">[337]</a> Michelle Bachelet updated the situation in a 20 March oral report following the visit of a five-person delegation to Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-10Keys-345">[338]</a> saying that the social and economic crisis was dramatically deteriorating, the government had not acknowledged or addressed the extent of the crisis, and she was concerned that although the "pervasive and devastating economic and social crisis began before the imposition of the first economic sanctions", the sanctions could worsen the situation.<a href="#cite_note-10Keys-345">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-ExtentSeverity-346">[339]</a> In February 2019, Jorge Arreaza, Maduro's Minister for Foreign Affairs, said he was forming a coalition of diplomats who "believe the U.S. and others are violating the U.N. charter against non-interference in member states". During the announcement, he was surrounded by diplomats from 16 other countries, including Russia, China, Iran, North Korea, and Cuba. Arreaza said the cost to the Venezuelan economy of the US blockade was over $30 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FMWarns-347">[340]</a> Reporting on Arreaza's statements, the Associated Press said that Maduro was blocking aid, and "saying that Venezuelans are not beggars and that the move is part of a U.S.-led coup".<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, world leaders called for a suspension of economic sanctions, including against Venezuela and Iran, that have "increasingly become the pursuit of war by other means". The US responded by intensifying the sanctions against Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> An October 2020 report published by the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) by Venezuelan economist Luis Oliveros found that "while Venezuela's economic crisis began before the first U.S. sectoral sanctions were imposed in 2017, these measures 'directly contributed to its deep decline, and to the further deterioration of the quality of life of Venezuelans' ". The report concluded that economic sanctions "have cost Venezuela's government as much as $31 billion since 2017"<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alena_Douhan" title="Alena Douhan">Alena Douhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">United Nations special rapporteur</a> on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures, was due to visit Venezuela in August 2020 to investigate the impact of <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">international sanctions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20202-352">[345]</a> Before her visit, 66 Venezuelan NGOs (including <a href="/wiki/PROVEA" title="PROVEA">PROVEA</a>) asked Douhan in an open letter to consider the harmful impact of sanctions in the context of years of repression, corruption and economic mismanagement that predate the sanctions, and requested she meet independent press and civil society researchers.<a href="#cite_note-Calles_Calles2-353">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lusa_20212-354">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Käufer_20212-356">[349]</a> She arrived on 31 January, and was welcomed on arrival by a government minister and the Venezuelan ambassador to the UN.<a href="#cite_note-Lusa_20212-354">[347]</a> She declared on her preliminary findings as she left on 12 February:<a href="#cite_note-CNN_20212-357">[350]</a> that sanctions against Venezuela have had a "devastating" noticeable impact in both the economy and the population.<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a> She said "the increasing number of unilateral sanctions imposed by United States, the European Union and other countries have exacerbated the economic and humanitarian calamities in Venezuela" but that Venezuela's economic decline "began in 2014 with the fall in oil prices" and that "mismanagement and corruption had also contributed." The government welcomed the report, while the opposition accused her of "playing into the hands of the regime" of Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde.fr_20212-359">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-DW.COM2-360">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sequera_20212-361">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moleiro_20212-362">[355]</a> Douhan was harshly criticized by the Venezuelan civil society,<a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> and several non-governmental organizations pronounced themselves in social media with the hashtag "#Lacrisisfueprimero" (The crisis came first).<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_(47145953601).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2847145953601%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2847145953601%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2847145953601%29.jpg/495px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2847145953601%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2847145953601%29.jpg/660px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2847145953601%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>On 18 February, President Trump urged Venezuela's military to abandon Nicolás Maduro or 'lose everything'.<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Foreign involvement in the Venezuelan presidential crisis">Foreign involvement in the Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></div> On 11 August 2017, President Trump said that he is "not going to rule out a military option" to confront the autocratic government of Nicolás Maduro and the deepening crisis in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> Military Times said the unnamed aides told Trump it was not wise to even discuss a military solution due to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin America-United States relations">long history of unpopular intervention in Latin America by the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MP7517-369">[362]</a> Venezuela's Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez" title="Vladimir Padrino López">Vladimir Padrino</a> criticized Trump for the statement, calling it "an act of supreme extremism" and "an act of madness". The Venezuelan communications minister, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Villegas" title="Ernesto Villegas">Ernesto Villegas</a>, said Trump's words amounted to "an unprecedented threat to national sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> Representatives of the United States were in contact with dissident Venezuelan military officers during 2017 and 2018 but declined to collaborate with them or provide assistance to them.<a href="#cite_note-NYT9818-371">[364]</a> The opinion of other Latin American nations was split with respect to military intervention. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Almagro" title="Luis Almagro">Luis Almagro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Secretary General of the Organization of American States">Secretary General of the Organization of American States</a>, while visiting Colombia, did not rule out the potential benefit of the use of military force to intervene with the crisis. Canada, Colombia and Guyana, which are members of the Lima Group, refused to sign the organization's document rejecting military intervention in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-CR91618-372">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC91918-373">[366]</a> During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, allegations of potential United States military involvement began to circulate,<a href="#cite_note-Invasion-374">[367]</a> with military intervention in Venezuela was already being executed by the governments of Cuba and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Invasion-374">[367]</a> According to professor Erick Langer of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, while it was being discussed whether the United States would militarily intervene, "Cuba and Russia have already intervened".<a href="#cite_note-Invasion-374">[367]</a> Hundreds or thousands of Cuban security forces have allegedly been operating in Venezuela while professor Robert Ellis of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">United States Army War College</a> described the between several dozen and 400 <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> mercenaries provided by Russia as the "palace guard of Nicolás Maduro".<a href="#cite_note-Invasion-374">[367]</a> Kremlin spokesman <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov" title="Dmitry Peskov">Dmitry Peskov</a> denied the deployment of Russian mercenaries, calling it "fake news".<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> On 2 April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Foreign Ministry</a> rejected Trump's call to "get out" saying their 100 military servicemen now in Venezuela will support Maduro "for as long as needed".<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_aid">Humanitarian aid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Humanitarian aid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2019_shipping_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela" title="2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela">2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg/220px-Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg/330px-Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg/440px-Humanitarian_aid_for_Venezuela_in_February_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Aid for Venezuela sent by the United States to Colombia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png/220px-Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png/330px-Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png/440px-Map_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela.png 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Location of the humanitarian aid points outside of Venezuela</figcaption></figure> Throughout the crisis, humanitarian aid was provided to Venezuelans in need both within Venezuela and abroad. In October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/USNS_Comfort_(T-AH-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Comfort (T-AH-20)">USNS Comfort</a> departed for an eleven-week operation in Latin America, with a primary mission being to assist countries who received <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugees who fled the crisis in Venezuela</a>. The main goal was to relieve health systems in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and other nations which faced the arrival of thousands of Venezuelan migrants.<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> At the end of January 2019, as the US prepared to bring aid across the border, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> warned the United States about the risk of delivering humanitarian aid without the approval of the government's security forces.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_NewsHour_2019_IRCR-378">[371]</a> The UN similarly warned the US about politicising the crisis and using aid as a pawn in the power struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_2019-379">[372]</a> Other humanitarian organisations also raised risks.<a href="#cite_note-NPR.org_2019_risks-380">[373]</a> On 23 February 2019, 14 trucks carrying 280 tons of humanitarian aid attempted to bring aid across the Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Paula Santander bridges from Colombia. There were clashes, with Venezuelan security forces reported to use tear gas attack in attempt to maintain a blockade of the border. Colombia said around 285 people were injured and at least two trucks set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-DW.COM_trucks2-381">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2019_trucks2-382">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported that the Venezuela government accused Guaidó supporters of burning the trucks and noted that "While a CNN team saw incendiary devices from police on the Venezuelan side of the border ignite the trucks, the network's journalists are unsure if the trucks were burned on purpose."<a href="#cite_note-Cullinane_Castillo_20192-383">[376]</a> In March, The New York Times reported that footage showed that it was anti-Maduro protestors rather than Venezuelan security forces who were responsible for the burning trucks.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2019_video2-384">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2019_footage2-385">[378]</a> The New York Times reported that the trucks had been set on fire by anti-Maduro protester who threw a Molotov cocktail that hit one of the trucks.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2019_footage2-385">[378]</a> Colombian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Holmes_Trujillo" title="Carlos Holmes Trujillo">Carlos Holmes Trujillo</a> rejected the claims by The New York Times that the Colombian government manipulated the video of the burning of the aid truck, insisting that Nicolás Maduro was responsible.<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a> Responding when asked about the claims in a <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC</a> interview, Juan Guaidó stressed that its findings suggested only a possible theory, that it was the newspaper's point of view and that a total of three trucks were burned, while the footage focused on one.<a href="#cite_note-387">[380]</a> Journalist Karla Salcedo Flores denounced state-run <a href="/wiki/Telesur_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telesur (TV channel)">Telesur</a> for plagiarism and the manipulation of her photos for propaganda purposes after the network claimed protesters poured gasoline on the trucks.<a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> published an investigation disproving Telesur's claims with the photos.<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> reported that since the open source evidence examined for its investigation does not show the moment of ignition, it is not possible to make a definitive determination regarding the cause of the fire.<a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a> Franceso Rocca, president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a>, announced on 29 March 2019 that the Red Cross was preparing to bring humanitarian aid to the country to help ease both the chronic hunger and the medical crisis.<a href="#cite_note-RedCrossReady-391">[384]</a> The Guardian reported that Maduro had "long denied the existence of a humanitarian crisis, and on 23 February blocked an effort led by Guaidó to bring aid into the country", and that the Red Cross had "brokered a deal" between the Maduro and Guaidó administrations "indicating a seldom-seen middle ground between the two men".<a href="#cite_note-RedCrossBrokers-392">[385]</a> The Red Cross aid shipments were expected to begin within a few weeks, and the first shipment would help about 650,000 people;<a href="#cite_note-RedCrossBrokers-392">[385]</a> simultaneously, a leaked UN report estimated that seven million Venezuelans were likely in need of humanitarian assistance.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianHRW-179">[174]</a> During what The Wall Street Journal called "Latin America's worst humanitarian crisis ever", the "operation would rival Red Cross relief efforts in war-torn Syria, signaling the depth of Venezuela's crisis."<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> Rocca said the efforts would focus first on hospitals, including state-run facilities, and said the Red Cross was open to the possibility of delivering aid products stored on the Venezuelan borders with Colombia and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-WarnsAgainst-189">[183]</a> He warned that the Red Cross would not accept any political interference,<a href="#cite_note-WarnsAgainst-189">[183]</a> and said the effort must be "independent, neutral, impartial and unhindered".<a href="#cite_note-RedCrossBrokers-392">[385]</a> Maduro and Arreaza met with representative of Red Cross International on 9 April to discuss the aid effort.<a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a> The Wall Street Journal said that the acceptance of humanitarian shipments by Maduro was his first acknowledgement that Venezuela is "suffering from an economic collapse", adding that "until a few days ago, the government maintained there was no crisis and it didn't need outside help".<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> Guaidó said the acceptance of humanitarian aid was the "result of our pressure and insistence",<a href="#cite_note-AidEffort-90">[88]</a> and called on Venezuelans to "stay vigilant to make sure incoming aid is not diverted for 'corrupt' purposes".<a href="#cite_note-WarnsAgainst-189">[183]</a> The first Red Cross delivery of supplies for hospitals arrived on 16 April, offering an encouraging sign that the Maduro administration would allow more aid to enter.<a href="#cite_note-FirstShipment-394">[387]</a> Quoting Tamara Taraciuk—an expert at Human Rights Watch on Venezuela—who called the situation "a completely man-made crisis", The New York Times said the aid effort in Venezuela presented challenges regarding how to deliver aid in an "unprecedented political, economic and humanitarian crisis" that was "caused largely by the policies of a government intent on staying in power, rather than war or natural disaster".<a href="#cite_note-Grapples-395">[388]</a> Armed pro-government paramilitaries fired weapons to disrupt the first Red Cross delivery, and officials associated with Maduro's party told the Red Cross to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Grapples-395">[388]</a> An April 2021 report by the inspector general at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> found that the Trump administration had politicized the early 2019 humanitarian aid package and was motivated by <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">regime change</a> in Venezuela more so than ameliorating the humanitarian situation there.<a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Fuel shortages in Venezuela">Fuel shortages in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaire_miners" title="Guaire miners">Guaire miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a> - a theatre of the Venezuelan crisis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI) found nearly 75% of the population had lost an average of at least 8.7 kg (19.4 lb) in weight due to a lack of proper nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-UPI75-41">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Javier Corrales says in Foreign Policy, "... excessive dependence on commodity exports can distort an economy in fundamental ways. One manifestation of this principle is what has come to be known as 'Dutch Disease' (named after the problems faced by the Netherlands as it reaped a windfall from North Sea oil in the 1970s). Dutch Disease occurs when a country that is excessively dependent on commodity exports experiences a price boom. The sudden inflow of foreign currency raises the demand for local currency, yielding an uncompetitive exchange rate. This overvalued exchange rate, if unaddressed, can kill the country's other exports as well as stimulating an avalanche of imports, which can hurt domestic producers."<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-68">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Sources reporting on claims of the National Assembly being the "only democratically elected" or "only legitimate" political body in Venezuela include: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">Economic Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> agency,<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> On unchecked power of the executive: Human Rights Watch 2018 report,<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Human Rights Watch 2017 report,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Amnesty International,<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> and Amnesty International on opposition.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI) found nearly 75% of the population had lost an average of at least 8.7 kg (19.4 lb) in weight due to a lack of proper nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-UPI75-41">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Article 83: Health is a fundamental social right and the responsibility of the State, which shall guarantee it as part of the right to life. The State shall promote and develop policies oriented toward improving the quality of life, common welfare and access to services. All persons have the right to protection of health, as well as the duty to participate actively in the furtherance and protection of the same, and to comply with such health and hygiene measures as may be established by law, and in accordance with international conventions and treaties signed and ratified by the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Illegal mining creates pools of standing water that encourage mosquito breeding, a partial cause of the increase in malaria seen in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2019Report-149">[145]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/press/Informe-Panel-Independiente-Venezuela-EN.pdf">"Report of the General Secretariat Of The Organization Of American States And The Panel Of Independent International Experts On The Possible Commission of Crimes Against Humanity In Venezuela"</a> (PDF). Organization of American States. 29 May 2018. p. 70. <q>That same April 19, 23-year-old Paola Andreína Ramírez Gómez, a student at the Catholic University of San Cristóbal, was killed in the vicinity of the Plaza de Las Palomas of the neighborhood of San Carlos, Táchira state, when she was intercepted by several armed civilians on motorcycles "patrolling" the demonstrations taking place in the area. 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Retrieved 23 March 2019. <q>Allí cayó la joven de 23 años en medio de un enfrentamiento entre un vecino del sector y este grupo armado.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colectivos%3A+el+rostro+civil+de+la+represi%C3%B3n+en+T%C3%A1chira&rft.pub=Venezuelan+Observatory+of+Violence&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservatoriodeviolencia.org.ve%2Fcolectivos-el-rostro-civil-de-la-represion-en-tachira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/04/20/video-asi-mataron-los-colectivos-chavistas-a-paola-ramirez-la-segunda-victima-del-19a-en-venezuela/">"Así mataron los colectivos chavistas a Paola Ramírez, la segunda víctima del #19A en Venezuela"</a>. 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The New York Times. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. <q>The Maduro administration has been responsible for grossly mismanaging the economy and plunging the country into a deep humanitarian crisis in which many people lack food and medical care. 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Retrieved 1 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+2016+inflation+hits+800+percent%2C+GDP+shrinks+19+percent%3A+document&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-economy-idUSKBN154244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-human-cost-of-the-us-sanctions-on-venezuela/a-50647399">"The human cost of the US sanctions on Venezuela | DW | 01.10.2019"</a>. DW.COM. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=The+human+cost+of+the+US+sanctions+on+Venezuela+%7C+DW+%7C+01.10.2019&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fthe-human-cost-of-the-us-sanctions-on-venezuela%2Fa-50647399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelimopoulos,_Elizabeth2019" class="citation news cs1">Melimopoulos, Elizabeth (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/venezuela-crisis-country-190117184349473.html">"Venezuela in crisis: How did the country get here?"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Venezuela+in+crisis%3A+How+did+the+country+get+here%3F&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.au=Melimopoulos%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Fvenezuela-crisis-country-190117184349473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToro2018" class="citation news cs1">Toro, Francisco (21 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/21/no-venezuela-doesnt-prove-that-socialism-will-bring-about-a-zombie-apocalypse/">"No, Venezuela doesn't prove anything about socialism"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2019. <q>Since the turn of the century, every big country in South America except Colombia has elected a socialist president at some point. Socialists have taken power in South America's largest economy (Brazil), in its poorest (Bolivia) and in its most capitalist (Chile). Socialists have led South America's most stable country (Uruguay) as well as its most unstable (Ecuador). Argentina and Peru elected leftists who, for various reasons, didn't refer to themselves as socialists – but certainly governed as such. Mysteriously, the supposedly automatic link between socialism and the zombie apocalypse skipped all of them. Not content with merely not-collapsing, a number of these countries have thrived.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=No%2C+Venezuela+doesn%27t+prove+anything+about+socialism&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.aulast=Toro&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fwp%2F2018%2F08%2F21%2Fno-venezuela-doesnt-prove-that-socialism-will-bring-about-a-zombie-apocalypse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/mundo/socialismo-de-maduro-ha-convertido-a-venezuela-en-un-estado-de-pobreza-y-desesperacion-trump">"Socialismo de Maduro ha convertido a Venezuela en un estado de pobreza y desesperación: Trump"</a>. El Financiero. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Socialismo+de+Maduro+ha+convertido+a+Venezuela+en+un+estado+de+pobreza+y+desesperaci%C3%B3n%3A+Trump&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinanciero.com.mx%2Fmundo%2Fsocialismo-de-maduro-ha-convertido-a-venezuela-en-un-estado-de-pobreza-y-desesperacion-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Maya2018" class="citation journal cs1">López Maya, Margarita (14 December 2018). "Populism, 21st-century socialism and corruption in Venezuela". Thesis Eleven. 149: 67–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0725513618818727">10.1177/0725513618818727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150327831">150327831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thesis+Eleven&rft.atitle=Populism%2C+21st-century+socialism+and+corruption+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0725513618818727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150327831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Maya&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabouin2018" class="citation news cs1">Rabouin, Dion (19 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/heres-cant-blame-socialism-venezuelas-crisis-154605494.html">"Here's why you can't blame socialism for Venezuela's crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2019. <q>Socialism can result in diverse outcomes that range from the economy of Norway to that of Venezuela, and socialist leaders who vary as widely as Bolivia's Evo Morales and France's former President François Hollande . . . Venezuela's problems stem from corruption and egregious mismanagement, which can happen anywhere. Countries with socialist regimes such as China, Vietnam, Chile and many in Europe have managed to successfully grow their economies as Venezuela's has tumbled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Finance&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+you+can%27t+blame+socialism+for+Venezuela%27s+crisis&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft.aulast=Rabouin&rft.aufirst=Dion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fheres-cant-blame-socialism-venezuelas-crisis-154605494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack" class="citation web cs1">Cusack, Asa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/5/31/is-socialism-to-blame-for-venezuelas-never-ending-crisis">"Is socialism to blame for Venezuela's never-ending crisis?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Aljazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006233640/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/5/31/is-socialism-to-blame-for-venezuelas-never-ending-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Is+socialism+to+blame+for+Venezuela%27s+never-ending+crisis%3F&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2018%2F5%2F31%2Fis-socialism-to-blame-for-venezuelas-never-ending-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiola" class="citation news cs1">Faiola, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/in-socialist-venezuela-a-crisis-of-faith-not-in-just-their-leader-but-their-economic-model/2019/02/11/ea67849e-2b33-11e9-906e-9d55b6451eb4_story.html">"In socialist Venezuela, a crisis of faith not in just their leader but their economic model"</a>. The Washington Post. No. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+socialist+Venezuela%2C+a+crisis+of+faith+not+in+just+their+leader+but+their+economic+model&rft.issue=11+February+2019&rft.aulast=Faiola&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fin-socialist-venezuela-a-crisis-of-faith-not-in-just-their-leader-but-their-economic-model%2F2019%2F02%2F11%2Fea67849e-2b33-11e9-906e-9d55b6451eb4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Martino2019" class="citation web cs1">Di Martino, Daniel (21 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economics21.org/how-socialism-destroyed-venezuela">"How Socialism Destroyed Venezuela"</a>. Economics21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417085653/https://economics21.org/how-socialism-destroyed-venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economics21&rft.atitle=How+Socialism+Destroyed+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft.aulast=Di+Martino&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomics21.org%2Fhow-socialism-destroyed-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverosArcayLeidenz2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asdr%C3%BAbal_Oliveros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asdrúbal Oliveros (page does not exist)">Oliveros, Asdrúbal</a>; Arcay, Guillermo; Leidenz, Jean-Paul (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prodavinci.com/hiperinflaciones-socialistas/">"Hiperinflaciones socialistas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prodavinci" title="Prodavinci">Prodavinci</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110191008/http://prodavinci.com/hiperinflaciones-socialistas/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prodavinci&rft.atitle=Hiperinflaciones+socialistas&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Oliveros&rft.aufirst=Asdr%C3%BAbal&rft.au=Arcay%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Leidenz%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprodavinci.com%2Fhiperinflaciones-socialistas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage2002" class="citation book cs1">Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. pp. 618–621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789488053" title="Special:BookSources/9780789488053"><bdi>9780789488053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Times+World+Desk+Reference&rft.pages=618-621&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2002-12&rft.isbn=9780789488053&rft.aulast=Heritage&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilpert2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilpert, Gregory Wilpert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingvenezuel00wilp/page/69">Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chavez Government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingvenezuel00wilp/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-552-4"><bdi>978-1-84467-552-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Venezuela+By+Taking+Power%3A+The+History+and+Policies+of+the+Chavez+Government&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-552-4&rft.aulast=Wilpert&rft.aufirst=Gregory+Wilpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingvenezuel00wilp%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/a_populist_paradox">"A Populist Paradox"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management_at_Northwestern_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University">Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University</a>. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2018. <q>Chavez won the election despite multiple signs that some of his populist policies, including redistributive land reform and price setting, were harming average Venezuelans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kellogg+School+of+Management+at+Northwestern+University&rft.atitle=A+Populist+Paradox&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsight.kellogg.northwestern.edu%2Farticle%2Fa_populist_paradox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2017" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Robert P. (6 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/news/article.asp?id=9070">"The Venezuelan Crisis Is Due to Economic Ignorance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent Institute">The Independent Institute</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2018. <q>As awful as the Venezuelan crisis is, it is not surprising. Indeed, the pattern we see there is a predictable outcome of 'populist' policies that ignore the basic laws of economics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Venezuelan+Crisis+Is+Due+to+Economic+Ignorance&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.org%2Fnews%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D9070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2015" class="citation news cs1">Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/">"Don't Blame It On the Oil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+House+That+Chavez+Built&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fthe-house-that-chavez-built%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STRATexpensive2-37"><a href="#cite_ref-STRATexpensive2_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/venezuelas-expensive-friendships">"Venezuela's Expensive Friendships"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a>. 2 January 2016. 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Venezuela clamors for minimum wage hike]. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a> (in Korean). Retrieved 22 May 2018. <q>Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy ... Venezuela, for decades, has increased the number of public sector employees and has promoted populist support to maintain the regime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Hwapyegyeongje+muneojyeossneunde...+choejeoimgeum+insang-e+mogmaeneun+Benesuella+%ED%99%94%ED%8F%90%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C+%EB%AC%B4%EB%84%88%EC%A1%8C%EB%8A%94%EB%8D%B0%E2%80%A6%EC%B5%9C%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%84%EA%B8%88+%EC%9D%B8%EC%83%81%EC%97%90+%EB%AA%A9%EB%A7%A4%EB%8A%94+%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%88%98%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Min-woo&rft.aufirst=Nam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2018%2F05%2F02%2F2018050201490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-39"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurmanaev2019" class="citation news cs1">Kurmanaev, Anatoly (17 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/americas/venezuela-economy.html">"Venezuela's Collapse Is the Worst Outside of War in Decades, Economists Say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2019. <q>Venezuela's fall is the single largest economic collapse outside of war in at least 45 years, economists say. ... economists say, the poor governance, corruption and misguided policies of President Nicolás Maduro and his predecessor, Hugo Chávez, have fueled runaway inflation, shuttered businesses and brought the country to its knees. ... most independent economists say the recession began years before the sanctions, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Collapse+Is+the+Worst+Outside+of+War+in+Decades%2C+Economists+Say&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kurmanaev&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F17%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPmarch201322-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FPmarch201322_40-0">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales,_Javier2013" class="citation news cs1">Corrales, Javier (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/07/the-house-that-chavez-built/">"The House That Chavez Built"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 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Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV&rft.atitle=Freeland+says+Venezuela%27s+Maduro+regime+is+now+fully+entrenched+as+a+dictatorship&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Ffreeland-says-venezuela-s-maduro-regime-is-now-fully-entrenched-as-a-dictatorship-1.4248589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/world/reuters-us-pushes-un-security-council-to-back-venezuelas-guaido.html">"Reuters: US pushes UN Security Council to back Venezuela's Guaidó"</a>. Kyiv Post. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Reuters%3A+US+pushes+UN+Security+Council+to+back+Venezuela%27s+Guaid%C3%B3&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fworld%2Freuters-us-pushes-un-security-council-to-back-venezuelas-guaido.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/singh-ndp-liberals-venezuela-1.4991913">"Singh calls on Trudeau to part ways with US, Brazil on Venezuela crisis"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Singh+calls+on+Trudeau+to+part+ways+with+US%2C+Brazil+on+Venezuela+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsingh-ndp-liberals-venezuela-1.4991913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/venezuela">"Venezuela: Events of 2018"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019. <q>No independent government institutions remain today in Venezuela to act as a check on executive power. A series of measures by the Maduro and Chávez governments stacked the courts with judges who make no pretense of independence. The government has been repressing dissent through often-violent crackdowns on street protests, jailing opponents, and prosecuting civilians in military courts. It has also stripped power from the opposition-led legislature. ...In 2017, President Maduro convened a 'Constituent Assembly' by presidential decree, despite a constitutional requirement that a public referendum be held before any effort to rewrite the Constitution. The assembly is made up exclusively of government supporters chosen through an election that Smartmatic, a British company hired by the government to verify the results, called fraudulent. The Constituent Assembly has, in practice, replaced the opposition-led National Assembly as the country's legislative branch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+Events+of+2018&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2019%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/venezuela">"Venezuela: Events of 2017"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019. <q>The Venezuelan government has jailed political opponents and disqualified them from running for office. At time of writing, more than 340 political prisoners were languishing in Venezuelan prisons or intelligence services headquarters, according to the Penal Forum, a Venezuelan network of pro-bono criminal defense lawyers. ...In mid-2017, the Supreme Court sentenced five opposition mayors, after summary proceedings that violated international norms of due process, to 15 months in prison and disqualified them from running for office.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+Events+of+2017&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2018%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/venezuela/report-venezuela/">"Venezuela 2017–2018"</a>. Amnesty International. Retrieved 4 February 2019. <q>The judicial system continued to be used to silence dissidents, including using military jurisdiction to prosecute civilians. The justice system continued to be subject to government interference, especially in cases involving people critical of the government or those who were considered to be acting against the interests of the authorities. The Bolivarian National Intelligence Service continued to ignore court decisions to transfer and release people in its custody.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela+2017%E2%80%932018&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela%2Freport-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/08/venezuela-wave-of-arrests-as-government-turns-against-elected-opposition/">"Wave of arrests as government turns against elected opposition"</a>. Amnesty International. 11 August 2017. 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Retrieved 2 August 2024. <q>The Times analysis shows that the election tallies provided by the researchers are not compatible with a victory by Mr. Maduro, by any margin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Election+Results+Presented+by+Venezuela%27s+Opposition+Suggest+Maduro+Lost+Decisively&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kurmanaev&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Singer%2C+Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F07%2F31%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-maduro-election-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2Aug-137"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2Aug_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2024" class="citation web cs1">Wells, Ione (2 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd1d10453zno">"Overwhelming evidence Venezuela opposition won election - Blinken"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 2 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Overwhelming+evidence+Venezuela+opposition+won+election+-+Blinken&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Ione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcd1d10453zno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAS_report_VE_pres_elec_DECO-138"><a href="#cite_ref-OAS_report_VE_pres_elec_DECO_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730170718/https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-al-SG-sobre-Elecciones-Venezuela-2024-30-de-julio-para-distribuir-(1).pdf">"Informe del Departamento para la Cooperación y Observación Electoral (DECO) de la Secretaría para el Fortalecimiento de la Democracia de la OEA sobre la elección presidencial de Venezuela para el Secretario General Luis Almagro"</a> [Report of the Department for Electoral Cooperation and Observation (DECO) of the Secretariat for the Strengthening of Democracy of the OAS on the presidential election of Venezuela for the Secretary General Luis Almagro] (PDF) (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 1 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+International+organizations+condemn+the+high+levels+of+violence+and+repression+and+demand+that+the+authorities+guarantee+the+right+to+protest+and+full+respect+for+the+rights+to+life%2C+personal+integrity+and+freedom&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2024%2F08%2Fvenezuela-organizaciones-internacionales-condenan-represion-masiva-exigen-autoridad-protejer-protesta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianRefusal-140"><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianRefusal_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Tom2024" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom (14 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/14/venezuela-election-maduro">"Nicolás Maduro's refusal to quit raises a troubling question for Venezuela: what next?"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro%27s+refusal+to+quit+raises+a+troubling+question+for+Venezuela%3A+what+next%3F&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F2024%2Faug%2F14%2Fvenezuela-election-maduro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersCourtRatifies-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersCourtRatifies_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersCourtRatifies_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-top-court-ratifies-maduro-election-win-government-tightens-control-2024-08-22/">"Venezuela's top court ratifies Maduro election win as government tightens control"</a>. Reuters. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+top+court+ratifies+Maduro+election+win+as+government+tightens+control&rft.date=2024-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuelas-top-court-ratifies-maduro-election-win-government-tightens-control-2024-08-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APCourtCertifies-142"><a href="#cite_ref-APCourtCertifies_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/venezuela-election-supreme-court-certifies-maduro-39d9f3b9beb0fe96fa052e4d2a3c106b">"Venezuela's Supreme Court certifies Maduro's claims that he won presidential election"</a>. Associated Press. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024. <q>Its decision, read Thursday in an event attended by senior officials and foreign diplomats, came in response to a request by Maduro to review vote totals showing he had won by more than 1 million votes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Supreme+Court+certifies+Maduro%27s+claims+that+he+won+presidential+election&rft.date=2024-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fvenezuela-election-supreme-court-certifies-maduro-39d9f3b9beb0fe96fa052e4d2a3c106b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CriesFoul-143"><a href="#cite_ref-CriesFoul_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovarAgelvis2024" class="citation news cs1">Tovar, Javier; Agelvis, Barbara (15 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/brazils-president-suggests-vote-venezuela-155910749.html">"Brazil, Colombia urge new Venezuela vote, as opposition cries foul"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Yahoo News. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse&rft.atitle=Brazil%2C+Colombia+urge+new+Venezuela+vote%2C+as+opposition+cries+foul&rft.date=2024-08-15&rft.aulast=Tovar&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Agelvis%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.news.yahoo.com%2Fbrazils-president-suggests-vote-venezuela-155910749.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCStayinPower-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCStayinPower_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCStayinPower_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuschschlüter2024" class="citation news cs1">Buschschlüter, Vanessa (1 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyj439myd1jo">"Maduro manoeuvring to stay in power in Venezuela"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240801185207/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyj439myd1jo">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024. <q>Mr Maduro has turned to Venezuela's top court ... But instead of making the tallies public, he took the unusual step of filing a 'writ of amparo' - a legal move normally used by citizens who think their constitutional rights have been violated. He asked the top court to audit the voting tallies with a view to confirming the results provided by the CNE which handed him another six-year term in power. ... However, this move has already been dismissed by independent bodies, including the Carter Center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maduro+manoeuvring+to+stay+in+power+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft.aulast=Buschschl%C3%BCter&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcyj439myd1jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoyaltoMaduro-145"><a href="#cite_ref-LoyaltoMaduro_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkewitz,_JulieGlatsky,_Genevieve2024" class="citation news cs1">Turkewitz, Julie; Glatsky, Genevieve (22 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/22/world/americas/venezuela-supreme-court-maduro-election.html">"Venezuela's Supreme Court, Loyal to Maduro, Rules Him Election Winner"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2024. <q>The decision surprised few Venezuelans, as the court has long been used to rubber-stamp the policies of Mr. Maduro, who is likely to use this ruling to strengthen his claim to the presidency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Supreme+Court%2C+Loyal+to+Maduro%2C+Rules+Him+Election+Winner&rft.date=2024-08-22&rft.au=Turkewitz%2C+Julie&rft.au=Glatsky%2C+Genevieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F08%2F22%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-supreme-court-maduro-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HandPicked-146"><a href="#cite_ref-HandPicked_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyas,_Kejal2023" class="citation news cs1">Vyas, Kejal (22 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-backs-maduro-as-election-winner-93f5d184">"Maduro's Hand-Picked Supreme Court Calls Him Venezuela's Election Winner"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2024. <q>The court's ruling was expected, as it is stacked with loyalists to Maduro's ruling Socialist Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Maduro%27s+Hand-Picked+Supreme+Court+Calls+Him+Venezuela%27s+Election+Winner&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft.au=Vyas%2C+Kejal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuelas-supreme-court-backs-maduro-as-election-winner-93f5d184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9Charts-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9Charts_147-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez,_Santiago2019" class="citation news cs1">Pérez, Santiago (25 March 2019). "Venezuela's economic collapse explained in nine charts; Venezuela's decline is now deeper than that of the Soviet Union after its breakup, and comparable only to Zimbabwe's in the late 1990s, economists say". 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Retrieved 2 September 2021. <q>Que sugiere, tal cual. Esa fue la conclusión del reportaje: que presuntamente pudo haber sido. Eso fue un punto de vista de un reportaje de investigación del periódico. 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Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caracas+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Into+the+%27Venezuela%27s+Fixed%27+Social+Media+Rabbit+Hole&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caracaschronicles.com%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2Finto-the-venezuelas-fixed-social-media-rabbit-hole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Template:Crisis in Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Crisis in Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis in Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crisis_in_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crisis in Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Protests against Nicolás Maduro">Protests against Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">History of Venezuela (1999–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">Economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela#Crimes_against_humanity" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela#Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_defection" title="Venezuelan crisis defection">Defections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zulia_energy_collapse" title="Zulia energy collapse">Zulia energy collapse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)#From_2009:_Term_limits_eliminated_and_human_rights_abuses" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">Internationa sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="U.S. sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventions_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="Interventions of political parties in Venezuela">Interventions of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="Negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Refugee crisis and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Resource shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_protector" title="State protector">State protectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_Venezuela" title="States of emergency in Venezuela">States of emergency in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Colombian diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Brito" title="Franklin Brito">Death of Franklin Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVAL_affair" title="PDVAL affair">PDVAL affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/III_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="III National Assembly of Venezuela">III National Assembly of Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuay_tragedy" title="Amuay tragedy">Amuay tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2012 Venezuelan regional elections">Regional elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakazo" title="Dakazo">Dakazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2013 Venezuelan municipal elections">Municipal elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Salida" title="La Salida">La Salida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez#Imprisonment" title="Leopoldo López">Detention of Leopoldo López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2014 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Panama diplomatic crisis (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Defense_of_Human_Rights_and_Civil_Society_Act_of_2014" title="Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014">Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Detention of Antonio Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_migrant_crisis" title="2015 Colombia–Venezuela migrant crisis">Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_8610" title="Resolution 8610">Resolution 8610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2015_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests">2015 protests (timeline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_affair" title="Narcosobrinos affair">Narcosobrinos affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IV_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="IV National Assembly of Venezuela">IV National Assembly of Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tumeremo_massacre" title="2016 Tumeremo massacre">Tumeremo massacre (first)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project">Recall referendum movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests">2016 protests (timeline)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro#2017_incarceration" title="Gilber Caro">Detention of Gilber Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_All_Marches" title="Mother of All Marches">Mother of All Marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_helicopter_incident" title="Caracas helicopter incident">Caracas helicopter incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_attack" title="2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack">National Assembly attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_2017_National_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="Members of the 2017 National Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan regional elections">Regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan municipal elections">Municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fort_Paramacay" title="Attack on Fort Paramacay">Attack on Fort Paramacay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_Garc%C3%ADa_(politician)" title="Carlos Andrés García (politician)">Death of Carlos Andrés García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_against_Hatred" title="Law against Hatred">Law against Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">2017 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign">Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Valencia,_Venezuela_fire" title="2018 Valencia, Venezuela fire">Valencia fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Panama diplomatic crisis (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso_stampede" title="El Paraíso stampede">El Paraíso stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_drone_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracas drone attack">Caracas drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Juan_Requesens" title="Detention of Juan Requesens">Detention of Juan Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viernes_Rojo" title="Viernes Rojo">Economic reforms and Viernes Rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Fernando Albán">Murder of Fernando Albán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2018_Tumeremo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2018 Tumeremo massacre">Tumeremo massacre (third)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2018_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2018 Venezuelan protests">2018 protests (timeline)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_TPS_Act_of_2019" title="Venezuela TPS Act of 2019">Venezuela TPS Act of 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Plan País">Plan País</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_shipping_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela" title="2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela">Humanitarian aid mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_Amnesty_Law" title="2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law">Amnesty Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live" title="Venezuela Aid Live">Venezuela Aid Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Governing_the_Transition_to_Democracy" title="Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy">Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Alí Domínguez">Murder of Alí Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">Widespread blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marrero" title="Roberto Marrero">Detention of Roberto Marrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro#2019_detention_and_disappearance" title="Gilber Caro">Disappearance of Gilber Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">30 April uprising attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarigua_prison_riot" title="Acarigua prison riot">Acarigua prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Acosta_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Rafael Acosta Arévalo">Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_Rufo_Chac%C3%B3n" title="Attack of Rufo Chacón">Attack of Rufo Chacón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Juan Carlos Márquez">Death of Juan Carlos Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Rada" title="Edmundo Rada">Murder of Edmundo Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Alacr%C3%A1n" title="Operación Alacrán">Operación Alacrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_Delegated_Committee_election" title="2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election">National Assembly leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addy_Valero" title="Addy Valero">Death of Addy Valero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Cagua_fire" title="2020 Cagua fire">Cagua fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Barquisimeto_shooting" title="2020 Barquisimeto shooting">Barquisimeto shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanare_prison_riot" title="Guanare prison riot">Guanare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">Operation Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_El_Palito_oil_spill" title="2020 El Palito oil spill">El Palito oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Saab" title="Alex Saab">Detention of Alex Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="V National Assembly of Venezuela">V National Assembly of Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Vega_raid" title="La Vega raid">La Vega raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Apure clashes">Apure clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Arauca_clashes" title="2022 Arauca clashes">Arauca clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project">Recall referendum project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Solidarity_Law" title="Anti-Solidarity Law">Anti-Solidarity Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Agreement" title="Barbados Agreement">Barbados Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Unitary_Platform_presidential_primaries" title="2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries">Unitary Platform presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis">Guyana–Venezuela crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_El_Palito_oil_spill" title="2023 El Palito oil spill">El Palito oil spill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Roc%C3%ADo_San_Miguel" title="Detention of Rocío San Miguel">Detention of Rocío San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_against_Fascism,_Neofascism_and_Similar_Expressions" title="Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions">Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Loca_mine_disaster" title="Bulla Loca mine disaster">Bulla Loca mine disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election">international reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">political crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2024 Venezuelan blackouts">Widespread blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Argentine_Embassy_and_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Venezuela" title="Siege of the Argentine Embassy and ambassador's residence in Venezuela">Argentine embassy siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deaths during protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassil_Da_Costa" title="Bassil Da Costa">Bassil Da Costa</a></li> <li>Robert Redman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nesis_Carmona" title="Génesis Carmona">Génesis Carmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldin_Moreno" title="Geraldin Moreno">Geraldin Moreno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Kluivert_Roa" title="Murder of Kluivert Roa">Kluivert Roa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Killing of Paola Ramírez">Paola Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Pernalete" title="Juan Pablo Pernalete">Juan Pablo Pernalete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Armando_Ca%C3%B1izales" title="Killing of Armando Cañizales">Armando Cañizales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Miguel_Castillo" title="Killing of Miguel Castillo">Miguel Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Pa%C3%BAl_Moreno" title="Killing of Paúl Moreno">Paúl Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figuera" title="Orlando Figuera">Orlando Figuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomar_Lander" title="Neomar Lander">Neomar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Fabi%C3%A1n_Urbina" title="Killing of Fabián Urbina">Fabián Urbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Vallenilla" title="Killing of David Vallenilla">David Vallenilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Xiomara_Scott" title="Killing of Xiomara Scott">Xiomara Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ameliach" title="Francisco Ameliach">F. Ameliach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">D. Cabello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Adán Chávez">A. Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">T. El Aissami</a> <ul><li>arrested in 2024</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Escarr%C3%A1" title="Hermann Escarrá">H. Escarrá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab" title="Tarek William Saab">T. W. Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">C. Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B3bulo_Ist%C3%BAriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristóbulo Istúriz">A. Istúriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">E. Jaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibisay_Lucena" title="Tibisay Lucena">T. Lucena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Alfonzo" title="Indira Alfonzo">I. Alfonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">N. Maduro Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mata_Figueroa" title="Carlos Mata Figueroa">C. Mata Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Carmen Meléndez">C. Meléndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADver_Alcal%C3%A1_Cordones" title="Clíver Alcalá Cordones">C. Alcalá Cordones</a> <ul><li>until 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luisa Ortega Díaz">L. Ortega Díaz</a> <ul><li>until 2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez" title="Vladimir Padrino López">V. Padrino López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Rafael Ramírez (politician)">R. Ramírez</a> <ul><li>until 2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Parra" title="Luis Parra">L. Parra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rangel_Silva" title="Henry Rangel Silva">H. Rangel Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">D. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">J. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">J. Arreaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Isaías Rodríguez">I. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab" title="Tarek William Saab">T. W. Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Varela" title="Iris Varela">I. Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Vivas" title="Darío Vivas">D. Vivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Amoroso" title="Elvis Amoroso">E. Amoroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladimir_Lugo" title="Bladimir Lugo">B. Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cristopher_Figuera" title="Manuel Cristopher Figuera">M. C. Figuera</a> <ul><li>until 2019</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Far%C3%ADas" title="Erika Farías">E. Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Bernal" title="Freddy Bernal">F. Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Alfonzo" title="Indira Alfonzo">I. Alfonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yv%C3%A1n_Gil" title="Yván Gil">Y. Gil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Alberto_P%C3%A9rez" title="Óscar Alberto Pérez">Óscar Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADver_Alcal%C3%A1_Cordones" title="Clíver Alcalá Cordones">C. Alcalá Cordones</a> <ul><li>since 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Borges" title="Julio Borges">J. Borges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luisa Ortega Díaz">L. Ortega Díaz</a> <ul><li>since 2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Rafael Ramírez (politician)">Rafael Ramírez</a> <ul><li>since 2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">H. Capriles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Henri Falcón">H. Falcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Adri%C3%A1n" title="Tamara Adrián">Adrián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Arria" title="Diego Arria">Arria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Guillermo_Aveledo" title="Ramón Guillermo Aveledo">Aveledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro" title="Gilber Caro">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Guevara" title="Freddy Guevara">F. Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">A. Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">L. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmit_Mantilla" title="Rosmit Mantilla">Mantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Mendoza" title="Enrique Mendoza">Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_P%C3%A9rez_%C3%81lvarez" title="Pablo Pérez Álvarez">Pérez Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_P%C3%A9rez_Vivas" title="César Pérez Vivas">Pérez Vivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ramos_Allup" title="Henry Ramos Allup">Ramos Allup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Requesens" title="Juan Requesens">J. Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafaela_Requesens" title="Rafaela Requesens">R. Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabiana_Rosales" title="Fabiana Rosales">F. Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rosales" title="Manuel Rosales">M. Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Salas_Feo" title="Henrique Salas Feo">H. Salas Feo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicencio_Scarano_Spisso" title="Vicencio Scarano Spisso">V. S. Scarano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Tintori" title="Lilian Tintori">L. Tintori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Torrealba" title="Jesús Torrealba">J. Torrealba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Andrés Velásquez">A. Velásquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Silva_Silva" title="José Luis Silva Silva">J. L. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cristopher_Figuera" title="Manuel Cristopher Figuera">M. C. Figuera</a> <ul><li>since 2019</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delsa_Sol%C3%B3rzano" title="Delsa Solórzano">D. Solórzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Barboza" title="Omar Barboza">O. Barboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJ_Rend%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="JJ Rendón">J. J. Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Guanipa" title="Juan Pablo Guanipa">J. P. Guanipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guanipa" title="Tomás Guanipa">T. Guanipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a></li> <li>Political parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Democracy" title="For Social Democracy">PODEMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Electoral_Movement_(Venezuela)" title="People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)">People's Electoral Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media outlets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencia_Venezolana_de_Noticias" title="Agencia Venezolana de Noticias">Agencia Venezolana de Noticias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesur" title="Telesur">Telesur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">Venezolana de Televisión</a></li></ul></li> <li>State organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent National Assembly">Constituent National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">Bolivarian Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian National Guard">Bolivarian National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Committees_for_Supply_and_Production" title="Local Committees for Supply and Production">Local Committees for Supply and Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_card" title="Homeland card">Carnet de la Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li>Political parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">Un Nuevo Tiempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Venezuela">Come Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">Copei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movimiento al Socialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Advance" title="Progressive Advance">Progressive Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_for_Change" title="Agreement for Change">Agreement for Change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly (majority)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitolio_TV" title="Capitolio TV">Capitolio TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Venezuela" title="Enforced disappearances in Venezuela">Enforced disappearances in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaire_miners" title="Guaire miners">Guaire miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Venezuela" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela">International Criminal Court investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Mining_Arc" title="Orinoco Mining Arc">Orinoco Mining Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrera" title="Perrera">Perrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Venezuela" title="Political prisoners in Venezuela">Political prisoners in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_effect" title="Revolving door effect">Revolving door effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">Torture in Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_(2023_film)" title="Simón (2023 film)">Simón</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution_in_film" title="Bolivarian Revolution in film">Bolivarian Revolution in film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venezuela_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela_topics" title="Template talk:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venezuela_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Reforms" title="Revolution of the Reforms">Revolution of the Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revindicating_Revolution" title="Revindicating Revolution">Revindicating Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">1895 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_Liberal_Revolution" title="Restorative Liberal Revolution">Restorative Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">1902–03 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco" title="El Trienio Adeco">El Trienio Adeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact" title="Puntofijo Pact">Puntofijo Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carupanazo" title="El Carupanazo">El Carupanazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 coup d'état attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–03 general strike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">2019 presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_civil_wars" title="Venezuelan civil wars">Civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Venezuelan coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Venezuela" title="Borders of Venezuela">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Venezuela" title="List of cities and towns in Venezuela">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela" title="List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela">metropolitan areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Venezuela" title="Climate of Venezuela">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Venezuela" title="List of earthquakes in Venezuela">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela" title="Fauna of Venezuela">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Venezuela" title="Flora of Venezuela">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela" title="List of national parks of Venezuela">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela" title="Natural regions of Venezuela">Natural Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">Torture in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Venezuela">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">In exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_We_Are_Venezuela" title="Movement We Are Venezuela">Movement We Are Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Democracy" title="For Social Democracy">For Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Electoral_Movement_(Venezuela)" title="People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)">People's Electoral Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">A New Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Venezuela">Come Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agreement_for_Change" title="Agreement for Change">Agreement for Change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Advance" title="Progressive Advance">Progressive Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">COPEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Venezuela" title="Ecological Movement of Venezuela">Ecological Movement of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela" title="Agriculture in Venezuela">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Venezuela" title="List of companies of Venezuela">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Venezolana_de_Guayana" title="Corporación Venezolana de Guayana">CVG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_cooperatives" title="List of Venezuelan cooperatives">Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Energy policy of Venezuela">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Venezuela" title="Science and technology in Venezuela">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_Stock_Exchange" title="Caracas Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Venezuela" title="Tourism in Venezuela">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Venezuela" title="Transport in Venezuela">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th 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