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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмуну</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">каптал тилкесине жылдыруу</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">жашыруу</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башына кайтуу</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Колдонулган_адабияттар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Колдонулган_адабияттар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Колдонулган адабияттар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Колдонулган_адабияттар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмуну" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмунду жашыруу/көрсөтүү" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмунду жашыруу/көрсөтүү</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Космонавтика</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Башка тилдеги макалага өтүү. 61 тилде жеткиликтүү" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 тил</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautica" title="Astronautica – арагончо" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Astronautica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ملاحة فضائية – арабча" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاحة فضائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A1utica" title="Astronáutica – астурийче" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astronáutica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Космонавтика – башкырча" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Космонавтика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкырча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Касманаўтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Касманаўтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Космонавтика – болгарча" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космонавтика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাকাশযান চালনা বিজ্ঞান – бангладешче" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশযান চালনা বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бангладешче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijinerezh_aeregorel" title="Ijinerezh aeregorel – бретончо" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ijinerezh aeregorel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – боснийче" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A0utica" title="Astronàutica – каталончо" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astronàutica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonautika" title="Kosmonautika – чехче" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmonautika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautik" title="Astronautik – немисче" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astronautik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αστροναυτική – грекче" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστροναυτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грекче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics – англисче" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astronautics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmona%C5%ADtiko" title="Kosmonaŭtiko – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmonaŭtiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A1utica" title="Astronáutica – испанча" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronáutica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonautika" title="Kosmonautika – эстончо" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmonautika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – баскча" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کیهان‌نوردی – фарсча" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیهان‌نوردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautique" title="Astronautique – французча" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronautique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A1utica" title="Astronáutica – галисияча" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astronáutica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисияча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אסטרונאוטיקה – ивритче" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרונאוטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ивритче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अंतरिक्षयानिकी – хиндиче" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरिक्षयानिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хиндиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – хорватча" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տիեզերագնացություն – армянча" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերագնացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautica" title="Astronautica – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astronautica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – индонезияча" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезияча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautica" title="Astronautica – италиянча" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronautica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиянча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙工学 – жапончо" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კოსმონავტიკა – грузинче" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსმონავტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonavtika" title="Kosmonavtika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kosmonavtika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%ED%95%AD%ED%96%89%ED%95%99" title="우주항행학 – корейче" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주항행학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%9A%D8%A8%D9%95%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%B2%D9%95_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نیٚبٕر آسمأنؠ جہزٕ بأزی – кашмирче" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیٚبٕر آسمأنؠ جہزٕ بأزی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмирче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautica" title="Astronautica – латынча" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astronautica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латынча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautica" title="Astronautica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Astronautica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – литовчо" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовчо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonautika" title="Kosmonautika – латышча" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosmonautika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астронаутика – македончо" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астронаутика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautica" title="Astronautica – окситанча" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astronautica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – пунжабиче" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пунжабиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautyka" title="Astronautyka – полякча" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astronautyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полякча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A1utica" title="Astronáutica – португалча" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronáutica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautic%C4%83" title="Astronautică – румынча" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astronautică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Космонавтика – орусча" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космонавтика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орусча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Козмонавтика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Козмонавтика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – серб-хорват" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmonautika" title="Kozmonautika – словакча" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmonautika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronavtika" title="Astronavtika – словенче" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astronavtika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautika" title="Astronautika – албанча" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astronautika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астронаутика – сербче" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астронаутика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautik" title="Astronautik – шведче" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astronautik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்வெளிப் பயணவியல் – тамилче" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்வெளிப் பயணவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronotik" title="Astronotik – түркчө" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astronotik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түркчө" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Космонавтика – украинче" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космонавтика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خلائیات – урдуча" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلائیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урдуча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronavigatsiya" title="Astronavigatsiya – өзбекче" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astronavigatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбекче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0nh_du_h%C3%A0nh_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Ngành du hành vũ trụ – вьетнамча" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngành du hành vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirnaiviaedje" title="Cirnaiviaedje – валлончо" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cirnaiviaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="太空工程 – кытайча" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太空工程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кытайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2ng-%C3%BA-su%CC%8Dt" title="Hâng-ú-su̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hâng-ú-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="太空工程 – кантончо" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空工程" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22719#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башка тилдерге шилтемени түзөтүү" class="wbc-editpage">Шилтемелерди түзөтүү</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Аталыш мейкиндиктери"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/250px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/375px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/500px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Жердин биринчи жасалма спутнигинин макети </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Космонавтика</b> (astronautics) – космос мейкиндигине учуу; космоско учуучу аппараттарды пайдалануу менен космосту, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер">жер</a>ден тышкаркы объектилерди изилдөөчү жана өздөштүрүүчү илим менен техника тармактарынын жыйындысы<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>Космонавтика төмөнкү проблемаларды камтыйт:</b> космостук учуу теориялары – траекторияны эсептөө жана башка; илимий-техникалык – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ракета">ракета</a>ларды, кыймылдаткычтарды, башкаруунун борттук системаларын, автоматтык станцияларды жана космос кемелерин, илимий борборлорду конструкциялоо, траекториялык ченөө жүргүзүү жана башка; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина">медицина</a>лык-<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология">биология</a>лык – тиричиликти камсыз кылуучу борттук системаларды түзүү, адам организмине таасир этүүчү кошумча иш, салмаксыздык, радиация менен байланышкан жагымсыз кубулуштарды компенсациялоо жана башка; укуктук эл аралык – космос мейкиндигин жана планеталарды пайдалануу маселелерин укуктук жөнгө салуу. </p><p>Космос заманынын башталышы – 1957-ж. 4-окт. (Жердин жасалма жандоочусун учуруу, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="СССР">СССР</a>), адамдын космоско биринчи учушу – 1961-ж. 12-апрель (Ю. А. Гагарин, СССР), адамдын Айга биринчи конушу – 1969-ж. 21-июль (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Нил Армстронг">Нил Армстронг</a>, Э. Олдрин, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="АКШ">АКШ</a>). </p><p>1982-ж. карата 3000дей космоско учуучу аппараттар учурулган, учкуч башкаруучу 80ден ашык учуулар ишке ашырылган, автоматтык аппараттар менен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс">Марс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чолпон">Чолпон</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий">Меркурий</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер">Юпитер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн">Сатурн</a> жана башка планеталар, ошондой эле <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Күн">Күн</a> изилденүүдө, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9" title="Ай">Ай</a> экспедициясы жүргүзүлгөн, орбиталык станциялар, Жердин жасалма спутниктери пайдаланылууда. Жердин табигый байлыктары изилденип, аны картага түшүрүү жүргүзүлүп, метеорологиялык кубулуштар изилденүүдө. Космонавтика илим менен өндүрүш прогрессин жөндөп турат. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Колдонулган_адабияттар"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Колдонулган адабияттар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="«Колдонулган адабияттар‎» бөлүмүн түзөтүү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>түзөтүү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Колдонулган адабияттар"><span>булагын түзөтүү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Астрономия. Энциклопедиялык окуу куралы, 2004, Бишкек, <i>Башкы редактор: Ү. Асанов. Жооптуу редактор: Э. Мамбетакунов</i></li></ul> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preciouspayload.com/blog/regulatory-compliance-pillar-of-the-space-industry/">Космос тармагындагы ченемдик талаптарды сактоо</a>. <small>Текшерилген күнү 20 -ноябрь (жетинин айы) 2021.</small> <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120202132/https://preciouspayload.com/blog/regulatory-compliance-pillar-of-the-space-industry/">Түп булактан архивделген күнү 20 -ноябрь (жетинин айы) 2021</a>.</small></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Космонавтика&oldid=471883">https://ky.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Космонавтика&oldid=471883</a>" булагынан алынды</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:Categories" title="Атайын:Categories">Категория</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Астрономия">Астрономия</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Категория:Табият илимдери">Табият илимдери</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Бул барак соңку жолу 13 апрель 2024, саат 04:14 өзгөртүлгөн.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензиясынын</a> алкагында жеткиликтүү; кошумча шарттар колдонулушу мүмкүн. 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