CINXE.COM

<script Language="JavaScript"> function sessionInfoDisplay(responseVal){ var selectId=$(responseVal).val(); for(var i=0;i<responseVal.options.length;i++){ var val=responseVal.options[i].value; $("."+val).hide(); if(responseVal.options[i].selected){ $("."+selectId).show(); } } } function setDropDownFunc(event){ if (document.readyState === 'complete') { }else{ event.blur(); document.getElementsByClassName('nx-pd-img-processing')[0].style.left = document.getElementById('pd-dropdown').getBoundingClientRect().left + 60; document.getElementsByClassName('nx-pd-img-processing')[0].style.right = document.getElementById('pd-dropdown').getBoundingClientRect().right - 60 document.getElementsByClassName('nx-pd-img-processing')[0].style.top = document.getElementById('pd-dropdown').getBoundingClientRect().top document.getElementsByClassName('nx-pd-img-processing')[0].style.bottom = document.getElementById('pd-dropdown').getBoundingClientRect().bottom document.getElementsByClassName("nx-pd-img-processing")[0].style.display = 'block' } } document.onreadystatechange = () => { if (document.readyState === 'complete') { document.getElementsByClassName("nx-pd-img-processing")[0].style.display = 'none'; } }; </script> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <title>Introduction to Battery Technology in BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs </title> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400;500&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <meta name="title" content="Introduction to Battery Technology in BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs" /> <meta name="description" content="This course explores the design and performance of battery technologies used in today’s battery-electric vehicles. It focuses on the skills required to define a battery pack design, how battery packs are manufactured, and tests required before entering the market. Participants will leave the course " /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">   <script async="async" type="text/javascript" src=https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/8d8332f8-b9a9-430a-b78e-a1db484660c1/OtAutoBlock.js ></script> <script async="async" src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="8d8332f8-b9a9-430a-b78e-a1db484660c1" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <meta name="WT.cg_n" content="Training_&_Education;Ground_Vehicle_Sector;Training_&_Education;Automotive_Sector"/> <meta name="WT.cg_s" content="Ground_Vehicle_Sector;Training_&_Education;Automotive_Sector;Training_&_Education"/> <meta name="WT.si_n" content="Training_&_Education"/> <meta name="WT.si_x" content="1"/> <base href="https://www.sae.org" /> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/21835072403/SAE_300x250',[300,250],'div-x20').addService(googletag.pubads()).setTargeting('pos', ['x20']); googletag.defineSlot('/21835072403/SAE_300x250',[300,250],'div-x21').addService(googletag.pubads()).setTargeting('pos', ['x21']); googletag.defineSlot('/21835072403/SAE_300x250',[300,250],'div-x22').addService(googletag.pubads()).setTargeting('pos', ['x22']); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); //]]> </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <script id="cz"> var ChurnZero = ChurnZero || []; (function (a, b, c, d) { var cz = a.createElement(b); cz.type = c; cz.async = true; cz.src = d; var s = a.getElementsByTagName(b)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(cz, s); })(document, 'script', 'text/javascript', '//analytics.churnzero.net/churnzero.js'); ChurnZero.push(['setAppKey', "1!U0qZQ6cM-mqb-opi7g-yynjcGaxQj2ZVizd4qc4JxhYtDEA"]); // AppKey from ChurnZero ChurnZero.push(['setContact', "1111111", "no.user@sae.org"]); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/toolkit/styles/vendor.css?201900910"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/toolkit/styles/toolkit.css?20190910"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/deprecated/styles/global.min.css"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SAEIntl"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Introduction to Battery Technology in BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Introduction to Battery Technology in BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs" /> <meta property='og:url' content="https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2207/" /> <meta property='og:description' content="This course explores the design and performance of battery technologies used in today’s battery-electric vehicles. It focuses on the skills required to define a battery pack design, how battery packs are manufactured, and tests required before entering the market. Participants will leave the course " /> <script> var digitalData = window.digitalData = window.digitalData || []; digitalData.push({ "page" : { "pageName" : "sae:learn:content:c2207", "pageTitle" : "Introduction to Battery Technology in BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs", "pageType" : "learn page", "pageUrl" : "https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2207/", "urlParamater" : "", "fullUrl" : "https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2207/", "slug" : "c2207", "hostname" : "www.sae.org", "subDomain" : "", "businessUnit" : "sae", "referringUrl" : "", "fullReferringUrl" : "", "previousPageName" : "", "path" : "learn/content/c2207", "primaryCategory" : "learn", "subCategory1" : "content", "subCategory2" : "c2207" }, "user" : { "authentication" : "logged-out", "userId" : "" }, "event" : "pageView" }); </script> </head> <body class="nx-body"> <div class="nx-layout "> <header class="nx-header"> <nav class="nx-header-top-nav"> <ul class="nx-header-top-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item nx-pop-down-wrapper"> <a class="nx-logo nx-logo-nav nx-header-logo"> <img loading="lazy" class="nx-logo nx-logo-img nx-header-logo-img nx-pop-down-trigger" data-pop-down-id="header-enterprise-menu-img-pop-down" src="/assets/toolkit/images/sae-international-logo.png" alt="SAE International ®" /> </a> <div class="nx-pop-down nx-pop-down-r" id = "header-enterprise-menu-img-pop-down"> <div class="nx-pop-down-content nx-pop-down-content-enterprise-menu nx-pop-down-content-img-enterprise-menu nx-header-login-popdown-choices"> <a href="https://www.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left nx-header-enterprise-chevron-icon"></i>Return to Homepage</a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item-divider"></div> <a href="https://www.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item"> <i class="fa fa-check nx-header-enterprise-chevron-icon"></i>SAE International Website</a> <a href="https://mobilityrxiv.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE MobilityRxiv</a> <a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE Mobilus</a> <a href="https://onque.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE OnQue</a> <a href="https://standardsworks.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE StandardsWorks</a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item-divider"></div> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-sae-menu"> <a class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-sae-logo" href="https://www.sae.org/"> <img loading="lazy" src="/assets/toolkit/images/sae-international-logo.png" alt="SAE International"></a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-sae-menu-links"> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/">About</a></div> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/contact/">Contact</a></div> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/legal-policies">Legal & Policies</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item nx-pop-down-wrapper"> <a class="nx-pop-down-trigger" data-pop-down-id="header-enterprise-menu-pop-down"> <i class="fa fa-angle-down nx-header-user-menu-enterprise-icon"></i> </a> <div class="nx-pop-down nx-pop-down-r" id = "header-enterprise-menu-pop-down"> <div class="nx-pop-down-content nx-pop-down-content-enterprise-menu nx-header-login-popdown-choices"> <a href="https://www.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left nx-header-enterprise-chevron-icon"></i>Return to Homepage</a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item-divider"></div> <a href="https://www.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item"> <i class="fa fa-check nx-header-enterprise-chevron-icon"></i>SAE International Website</a> <a href="https://mobilityrxiv.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE MobilityRxiv</a> <a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE Mobilus</a> <a href="https://onque.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE OnQue</a> <a href="https://standardsworks.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item">SAE StandardsWorks</a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item-divider"></div> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-sae-menu"> <a class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-sae-logo" href="https://www.sae.org/"> <img loading="lazy" src="/assets/toolkit/images/sae-international-logo.png" alt="SAE International"></a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-sae-menu-links"> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/">About</a></div> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/contact/">Contact</a></div> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/legal-policies">Legal & Policies</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="nx-header-top-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item"> <a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/" class="nx-logo nx-logo-nav nx-header-logo" style="padding: 17px;"><img class="nx-logo nx-logo-img nx-header-logo-img" src="/assets/toolkit/images/sae_mobilus_rgb_pos.svg" alt="SAE Mobilus ®" width="121" height="19"/></a> </li> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item"><a href="/servlets/MaintainCartServlet?REQUEST_TYPE=MaintainCart" class="nx-header-top-nav-link nx-header-nav-cart-link"><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart nx-header-nav-cart"></i><span class="nx-header-cart-count"><span>0</span></span><span class="nx-header-cart-text nx-hide-tablet-down">Cart</span></a></li> <li class='nx-header-top-nav-item nx-pop-down-wrapper'><a class='nx-header-top-nav-link nx-header-user-menu-link nx-pop-down-trigger' data-pop-down-id='header-login-pop-down'><i class='fa fa fa-user nx-header-user-icon'></i><span class='nx-hide-tablet-down'> Log In</span><i class='fa fa-angle-down nx-header-user-menu-icon'></i></a><div class='nx-pop-down nx-pop-down-highlight nx-pop-down-r nx-header-menu-pop-down' id='header-login-pop-down' style= 'top: 56px; left: 3.8147e-06rem; right: 0px;'><div class='nx-pop-down-tip' style='margin-right: 0rem;'> </div><div class='nx-pop-down-content'><a href='https://www.sae.org/servlets/registration?OBJECT_TYPE=Registration&PAGE=mainPage&REQUEST_FROM=REGISTRATION' class='nx-button nx-button-secondary nx-button-sm'>Create Account</a><a href='https://www.sae.org/servlets/login' class='nx-button nx-button-add-cart nx-button-sm'>Log In</a></div></div></li> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item nx-hide-notebook-up"> <a class="nx-header-top-nav-link nx-header-mobile-search-link"> <i class="fa fa-search nx-header-search-icon nx-animate-search-reserve" title="Search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <i class="fa fa-search nx-header-search-icon nx-animate-search" title="Search"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item nx-hide-notebook-up"><a class="nx-header-top-nav-link nx-header-mobile-menu-link"><img class="nx-header-mobile-menu-icon" src="/assets/toolkit/images/mobile-menu-icon.svg" alt="Mobile Menu"/></a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="nx-header-bottom-nav"> <div class="nx-header-bottom-nav-left-shape-wrapper"><svg height="70" width="30" class="nx-header-bottom-nav-left-shape"><polygon points="0,20 12,0 30,0 30,70" /></svg></div> <div class="nx-header-bottom-nav-right"> <ul class="nx-header-bottom-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/standards" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="standards"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Standards </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Standards</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/standards" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:browse standards">Browse Standards</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/standards/development" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:standards development">Standards Development</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://standardsworks.sae.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:standardsworks">StandardsWorks</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/onque-digital-standards" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:onque™ digital standards system">OnQue™ Digital Standards System</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">SAE Mobilus®</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/collections/content/mobilus-trial/trial/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae mobilus®:try sae mobilus">Try SAE Mobilus</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://www.saemobilus.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae mobilus®:learn more">Learn More</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae mobilus®:log in">Log In</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/publications" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="publications"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Publications </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Publications</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:browse publications">Browse Publications</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/subscriptions" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:subscriptions">Subscriptions</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/collections" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:collections">Collections</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/edge-research-reports" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:edge research reports">EDGE Research Reports</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/journals" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:journals">Journals</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/books" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:books">Books</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/news/magazines" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/technical-papers" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:technical papers">Technical Papers</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/news" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="news"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>News </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">News</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/blog" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:sae blog">SAE Blog</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/news/press-room" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:press room">Press Room</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/news/video" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:videos">Videos</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/webcasts" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:webcasts">Webcasts</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/podcasts/tomorrow-today" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/smartbrief" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:sae smartbrief">SAE SmartBrief</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/attend" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="attend"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Attend </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Events</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/attend" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="events:sae events">SAE Events</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/attend/live-digital-events" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="events:digital events">Digital Events</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/attend/student-events" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="events:university programs">University Programs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/learn" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="learn"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Learn </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Professional Development</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:browse courses">Browse Courses</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/certifications" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:certificate programs">Certificate Programs</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/corporate-learning" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:corporate learning">Corporate Learning</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/gdt" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:gd&t training">GD&T Training</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/learning-center" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:sae learning center">SAE Learning Center</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/sae-innoenergy-battery-academy" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:sae/innoenergy battery academy">SAE/InnoEnergy Battery Academy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">A World in Motion (PreK-12)</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/primary-curriculum" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):browse curriculum">Browse Curriculum</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/a-world-in-motion-teachers" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):teachers">Teachers</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/a-world-in-motion-volunteers" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):volunteers">Volunteers</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/special-initiatives" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):special initiatives">Special Initiatives</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/stem-at-home" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):stem@home">STEM@Home</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/participate" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="participate"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Participate </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Participate with SAE</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/volunteer" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/volunteer/author" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:author">Author</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/scholarships" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:scholarships">Scholarships</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/awards" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:awards">Awards</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://sustainablecareers.sae.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:sustainable mobility career center">Sustainable Mobility Career Center</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/participate/membership" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="membership"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Membership </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">SAE Membership</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership-community-engagement" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:join">Join</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/renew" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:renew">Renew</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/benefits" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:benefits">Benefits</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/join" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:membership options">Membership Options</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/fellows" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:fellows">Fellows</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://connexionplus.sae.org/home" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:sae connexion+">SAE Connexion+</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/sections" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:local sections">Local Sections</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/student-transfer" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:new graduate">New Graduate</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/collegiate-chapters" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:collegiate chapters">Collegiate Chapters</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/donate" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="donate"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Donate </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Donate</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/donate" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="donate:donate to sae">Donate to SAE</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="http://saefoundation.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="donate:sae foundation">SAE Foundation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-search"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link nx-header-search-closer" data-link-type="primaryNav:closeSearchIcon" data-link-text="close-search-icon"><i class="fa fa-close nx-header-search-icon" title="Close Search"></i></a> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link nx-header-search-closer-mobile"><i class="fa fa-close nx-header-search-icon" title="Close Search"></i></a> <div class="nx-header-search-bar-wrap"> <div class="nx-header-search-bar"> <div class="nx-header-search-type-select"> <a href="#header">Search All <i class="fa fa-angle-down nx-header-user-menu-icon"></i></a> </div> <form action="https://www.sae.org/search/" name="searchForm" id="searchForm" style="width:100%;"> <input type="text" id="header-search" name="qt" class="nx-header-search-input" placeholder="Search..."> </form> </div> </div> <button class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link nx-header-search-button" onclick="document.getElementById('searchForm').submit();"> <i class="fa fa-search nx-header-search-icon" title="Search"></i> </button> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link nx-header-search-opener" data-link-type="primaryNav:searchIcon" data-link-text="search-icon"><i class="fa fa-search nx-header-search-icon" title="Search"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> <section class="nx-content nx-content-hug-header nx-content-subtle-light-bg"> <div class="nx-cblock-row nx-cblock-two-column-two-thirds"> <div class="nx-cblock"> <div class="nx-pad-b"> <h1 class="nx-h1 nx-h-unstyled">Introduction to Battery Technology in BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs <span class="nx-h1 nx-h-unstyled nx-h-inline nx-h-thin nx-current-txt">C2207</span></h1> </div> <p class="nx-big nx-p-spacious">Topics: <span class = "nx-color-mobilus-blue">Advanced Technologies</span></p> <div class="nx-tab-nav"> <div class="nx-tab-nav-options-scroll"> <div class="nx-tab-nav-options nx-tab-nav-options-l"> <button class="nx-tab-nav-option nx-tab-nav-option-active nx-tab-nav-option-style" data-tab-id="tab-overview">Description</button> <button class="nx-tab-nav-option nx-tab-nav-option-style" data-tab-id="tab-topical-outline">Course<br>Outline</p></button> <button class="nx-tab-nav-option nx-tab-nav-option-style" data-tab-id="tab-instructor">Instructor</button> </div> </div>  <div class="nx-tabs-wrapper"> <div class="nx-tab nx-tab-active" id="tab-overview"> <div class="nx-tab-content nx-content nx-tab-content-active nx-tab-content-style">  <br/><p>This course explores the design and performance of battery technologies used in today’s battery-electric vehicles. It focuses on the skills required to define a battery pack design, how battery packs are manufactured, and tests required before entering the market. Participants will leave the course equipped with tools to understand vehicle battery specifications and be able to extract the useful information from the large volume of electric vehicle content published daily. </p><p>It also defines and analyzes fundamentals of battery operation and performance requirements for HEV, PHEV, EREV and full electric vehicle applications. </p><p> </p> <h5 class="nx-h5 nx-h-unstyled">Learning Objectives</h5> <p>By successfully completing this course, you’ll be able to: <ul> <li>Summarize the fundamental electrochemistry of battery operation and performance requirements for HEV, PHEV, EREV and full electric vehicle applications </li><li>Create list of materials used in common automotive battery applications </li><li>Explain the functions of components within thermal cooling systems, including their impact on battery </li><li>Describe the function of the Battery Management System including its relationship with the vehicle battery </li><li>Identify the functions performed by a Battery Management System </li><li>Indicate components of the structural design of a battery pack </li><li>Define High Voltage Interlock (HVIL) </li><li>Describe how components within a battery contribute to battery safety</li></ul></p> <h5 class="nx-h5 nx-h-unstyled">Who Should Attend</h5> <p><p>Individuals who already have a basic understanding of hybrid and/or electric vehicles who are seeking to increase their knowledge and understanding of hybrid vehicle system applications, including mechanical and electrical application engineers, design engineers, project managers, and other individuals who are working with or transitioning to hybrid-electric powertrain development, will find this seminar particularly helpful. </p></p> <h5 class="nx-h5 nx-h-unstyled">Prerequisites</h5> <p><p>An engineering degree is highly recommended, but not required. This course does not cover basic electrical concepts and assumes that the participant already understands such concepts (voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, etc.). </p></p>   <p class="nx-p nx-content nx-content-pad-s-t"><em>You must complete all course contact hours and successfully pass the learning assessment to obtain <a href="/learn/professional-development/iacet">CEUs</a>.</em></p>    </div> </div>  <div class="nx-tab" id="tab-topical-outline"> <div class="nx-tab-content nx-content nx-tab-content-style"> <div class="nx-p nx-p-spacious"> Day 1 <ul><li>Module 1: IntroductionWhat & Why Electrification <ul><li>xEV Categories and Architectures</li><li>Series, Parallel, and Combined Market </li></ul></li><li>Module 2: Battery Cell Chemistry and Type/Format <ul><li>Introduction to Cell Configuration and Chemistry </li></ul></li><li>Module 3: Module and Pack Designs <ul><li>Different Pack Design Configuration</li><li>Mechanical Design Configurations</li><li>Battery Distribution Unit & Bus Bars </li></ul></li><li>Module 4: Components and Sub-Assemblies <ul><li>Battery Enclosures</li><li>Battery Disconnect Unit</li><li>Cable Considerations </li></ul></li></ul>Day 2 <ul><li>Module 5: Battery Thermal Design for Safety <ul><li>Thermal Cooling System</li><li>Thermal Runaway</li><li>Pack Venting</li><li>Thermal solutions for enhancing battery pack safe </li></ul></li><li>Module 6: Battery Management System <ul><li>BMS Required Functions</li><li>BMU & CMUs</li><li>Wireless BMS </li></ul></li><li>Module 7: Battery Cell & Pack Testing <ul><li>HPPC USABC</li><li>DVP&R Testing </li></ul></li><li>Module 8: High Voltage Interlock (HVIL) <ul><li>Safety Features, Working principle</li><li>Diagnostics Function & EV Design Requirements </li></ul></li><li>Module 9 – Battery Pack Tear Down & Competitive Assessment <ul><li>GM battery </li></ul></li><li>Module 10 – EV Market Analysis and Common Features</li><li>Module 11 – Battery Pack Summary and Review <ul><li>Review lessons learned from the class </li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div>  <div class="nx-tab" id="tab-material"> <div class="nx-tab-content nx-content nx-tab-content-style"> <div class="nx-p nx-p-spacious"> </div></div></div>   <div class="nx-tab" id="tab-instructor"> <div class="nx-tab-content nx-content nx-tab-content-style "> <div class="nx-pad-b nx-cblock nx-cblock-no-pad-t nx-cblock-no-pad-r nx-cblock-no-pad-l"> <h5 class="nx-h5 nx-h-unstyled"><p>Wellington Kwok </p></h5> </div> <p><img class="bio" align="right" alt="Wellington" src="https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/gallery/cm/people/professional-development/kwok-wellington.png" border="1" style="width:105px;" /> <strong>Dr. Kwok</strong> is a Technical Lead at Caterpillar Inc. His key roles are to derive a long-term corporate strategy for energy storage technology and direct advanced system development. Dr. Kwok’s team is responsible for the design and implementation of energy storage systems for off-road and heavy-duty hybrid & electric drivetrain machines and equipment, as well as large-scale deployment of various motive and stationary applications. </p> <p>Dr. Kwok has over 25 years of hands-on experience in advanced energy storage technology and application research. He started his professional career at Norvik Traction Inc. in 1995 as a Battery Specialist responsible for charging algorithm development for a wide range of applications and various battery types / chemistries. After joining Delphi Corporation in 1997, he progressed through several technical positions with increasing responsibilities. He was the key developer of General Motors’ BMS and variable charging system implemented in all vehicle platforms since MY2006 and led the Delphi’s HEV battery system development of Ford’s Gen 2 Fusion Hybrid and GM’s eAssist Hybrid. Dr. Kwok joined Caterpillar Energy Storage Team in 2008 and has since been leading the advanced technology development. </p> <p> <br /></p> </div></div>  </div>  </div> </div> <div class="nx-cblock"> <div class="nx-purchase nx-purchase-unauthorized"> <div class = "nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-r"> Duration: <strong class="nx-medium">2 Days</strong> </div> <div class = "nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-sx-b"> CEUs: <strong class="nx-medium"> 1.3 </strong> </div> <select class = "nx-select nx-select-navigation nx-select-navigation-yellow" id="pd-dropdown" onclick="setDropDownFunc(this)" onChange="sessionInfoDisplay(this);"> <option value = "0" selected> April 28-29, 2025 </option> <option value = "1" > April 28-29, 2025 </option> <option value = "2" > August 18-19, 2025 </option> <option value = "3" > August 18-19, 2025 </option> <option value = "4" > November 3-4, 2025 </option> <option value = "5" > November 3-4, 2025 </option> </select> <p class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t"> <div class="0" > Format: <strong class="nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t">Classroom</strong> </div> <div class="1" style="display:none"> Format: <strong class="nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t">Virtual</strong> </div> <div class="2" style="display:none"> Format: <strong class="nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t">Virtual</strong> </div> <div class="3" style="display:none"> Format: <strong class="nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t">Classroom</strong> </div> <div class="4" style="display:none"> Format: <strong class="nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t">Virtual</strong> </div> <div class="5" style="display:none"> Format: <strong class="nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t">Classroom</strong> </div> </p> <p class = "nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-t"> <div class="0" > Event ID: <strong class="nx-medium">S-01239</strong> </div> <div class="1" style="display:none"> Event ID: <strong class="nx-medium">S-01240</strong> </div> <div class="2" style="display:none"> Event ID: <strong class="nx-medium">S-01247</strong> </div> <div class="3" style="display:none"> Event ID: <strong class="nx-medium">S-01245</strong> </div> <div class="4" style="display:none"> Event ID: <strong class="nx-medium">S-01248</strong> </div> <div class="5" style="display:none"> Event ID: <strong class="nx-medium">S-01246</strong> </div> </p> <p class="nx-content" > <div class="0" > Location: <strong class="nx-medium">Troy, Michigan</strong> <br> </div> <div class="1" style="display:none"> Location: <strong class="nx-medium">Live Online</strong> <br> </div> <div class="2" style="display:none"> Location: <strong class="nx-medium">Live Online</strong> <br> </div> <div class="3" style="display:none"> Location: <strong class="nx-medium">Troy, Michigan</strong> <br> </div> <div class="4" style="display:none"> Location: <strong class="nx-medium">Live Online</strong> <br> </div> <div class="5" style="display:none"> Location: <strong class="nx-medium">Troy, Michigan</strong> <br> </div> </p> <p class = "nx-content" > <div class="0" > Session Info: <p> 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.<br> </p> </div> <div class="1" style="display:none"> Session Info: <p> <li>Session 1 - April 28 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. ET) <li>Session 2 - April 29 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. ET)<br> 2 Sessions<br> </p> </div> <div class="2" style="display:none"> Session Info: <p> <li>Session 1 - August 18 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. ET) <li>Session 2 - August 19 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. ET)<br> 2 Sessions<br> </p> </div> <div class="3" style="display:none"> Session Info: <p> 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.<br> </p> </div> <div class="4" style="display:none"> Session Info: <p> <li>Session 1 - November 3 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. ET) <li>Session 2 - November 4 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. ET)<br> 2 Sessions<br> </p> </div> <div class="5" style="display:none"> Session Info: <p> 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.<br> </p> </div> </p> <p class="nx-content" > <div class="0" > <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> <br> Fees: <strong>$1,299.00</strong> <br> </p> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> Price is listed by session and may vary based on geographic location. </p> <div class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> Members save up to <strong >10%</strong> off list price.<br> <a href="/servlets/mysae?REQUEST_TYPE=Link">Log in</a> to see discount. </div> </div> <div class="1" style="display:none"> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> <br> Fees: <strong>$1,299.00</strong> <br> </p> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> Price is listed by session and may vary based on geographic location. </p> <div class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> Members save up to <strong >10%</strong> off list price.<br> <a href="/servlets/mysae?REQUEST_TYPE=Link">Log in</a> to see discount. </div> </div> <div class="2" style="display:none"> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> <br> Fees: <strong>$1,299.00</strong> <br> </p> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> Price is listed by session and may vary based on geographic location. </p> <div class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> Members save up to <strong >10%</strong> off list price.<br> <a href="/servlets/mysae?REQUEST_TYPE=Link">Log in</a> to see discount. </div> </div> <div class="3" style="display:none"> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> <br> Fees: <strong>$1,299.00</strong> <br> </p> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> Price is listed by session and may vary based on geographic location. </p> <div class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> Members save up to <strong >10%</strong> off list price.<br> <a href="/servlets/mysae?REQUEST_TYPE=Link">Log in</a> to see discount. </div> </div> <div class="4" style="display:none"> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> <br> Fees: <strong>$1,299.00</strong> <br> </p> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> Price is listed by session and may vary based on geographic location. </p> <div class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> Members save up to <strong >10%</strong> off list price.<br> <a href="/servlets/mysae?REQUEST_TYPE=Link">Log in</a> to see discount. </div> </div> <div class="5" style="display:none"> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> <br> Fees: <strong>$1,299.00</strong> <br> </p> <p class="nx-content nx-content-pad-m-r nx-content-pad-s-b"> Price is listed by session and may vary based on geographic location. </p> <div class="nx-medium nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> Members save up to <strong >10%</strong> off list price.<br> <a href="/servlets/mysae?REQUEST_TYPE=Link">Log in</a> to see discount. </div> </div> </p> <div class="0" > <div class = "nx-buttons nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> <a class="nx-button nx-button-add-cart" href="/servlets/eventRegistration?OBJECT_TYPE=MeetingRegistrationBO&OBJECT_PKG=sae.businessClasses.meeting&PAGE=getMeetingInfo&EVENT_PROD_GRP_CD=PUBSM&EVENT_NAME=C2207&EVENT_SCHED_GEN_NUM=365232&REQUEST_FROM=EVENT"> <div class = "nx-small" > Register with Credit/Debit Card</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="1" style="display:none"> <div class = "nx-buttons nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> <a class="nx-button nx-button-add-cart" href="/servlets/eventRegistration?OBJECT_TYPE=MeetingRegistrationBO&OBJECT_PKG=sae.businessClasses.meeting&PAGE=getMeetingInfo&EVENT_PROD_GRP_CD=WB&EVENT_NAME=C2207&EVENT_SCHED_GEN_NUM=365201&REQUEST_FROM=EVENT"> <div class = "nx-small" > Register with Credit/Debit Card</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="2" style="display:none"> <div class = "nx-buttons nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> <a class="nx-button nx-button-add-cart" href="/servlets/eventRegistration?OBJECT_TYPE=MeetingRegistrationBO&OBJECT_PKG=sae.businessClasses.meeting&PAGE=getMeetingInfo&EVENT_PROD_GRP_CD=WB&EVENT_NAME=C2207&EVENT_SCHED_GEN_NUM=365196&REQUEST_FROM=EVENT"> <div class = "nx-small" > Register with Credit/Debit Card</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="3" style="display:none"> <div class = "nx-buttons nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> <a class="nx-button nx-button-add-cart" href="/servlets/eventRegistration?OBJECT_TYPE=MeetingRegistrationBO&OBJECT_PKG=sae.businessClasses.meeting&PAGE=getMeetingInfo&EVENT_PROD_GRP_CD=PUBSM&EVENT_NAME=C2207&EVENT_SCHED_GEN_NUM=365200&REQUEST_FROM=EVENT"> <div class = "nx-small" > Register with Credit/Debit Card</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="4" style="display:none"> <div class = "nx-buttons nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> <a class="nx-button nx-button-add-cart" href="/servlets/eventRegistration?OBJECT_TYPE=MeetingRegistrationBO&OBJECT_PKG=sae.businessClasses.meeting&PAGE=getMeetingInfo&EVENT_PROD_GRP_CD=WB&EVENT_NAME=C2207&EVENT_SCHED_GEN_NUM=365251&REQUEST_FROM=EVENT"> <div class = "nx-small" > Register with Credit/Debit Card</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="5" style="display:none"> <div class = "nx-buttons nx-content nx-content-pad-sx-b"> <a class="nx-button nx-button-add-cart" href="/servlets/eventRegistration?OBJECT_TYPE=MeetingRegistrationBO&OBJECT_PKG=sae.businessClasses.meeting&PAGE=getMeetingInfo&EVENT_PROD_GRP_CD=PUBSM&EVENT_NAME=C2207&EVENT_SCHED_GEN_NUM=365199&REQUEST_FROM=EVENT"> <div class = "nx-small" > Register with Credit/Debit Card</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="nx-content nx-big"> <p class ="nx-p"> If paying by any other method or if you have general questions, please <a href = "mailto:CustomerService@sae.org?subject=Web - PD event Registration C2207">contact SAE Customer Service. </a> </p> </div> <div class="nx-purchase-promo"> <a href="/exempt/contedu/events/C2207.html" TARGET="_blank">Printable Description</a> </div> </div> <aside class="nx-banner nx-banner-box"> <h4 class="nx-h4 nx-h-unstyled">Corporate Learning Solutions </h4> <div class = "nx-medium"> Private training your team needs,</div> <div class = "nx-medium">delivered to your location.</div>  <a href = "/learn/professional-development/corporate-learning/contact"> Request info </a> </p> </aside>  </div> </section>  <footer class="nx-footer"> <div class="nx-footer-navs"> <nav class="nx-footer-nav-left"> <div class="nx-footer-cols"> <div class="nx-footer-col"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">Standards & Publications</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae mobilus">SAE MOBILUS</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/standards" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="standards">Standards</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://standardsworks.sae.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="standardsworks">StandardsWorks</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/publications/edge-research-reports" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="edge research reports">EDGE Research Reports</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/publications/journals" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="scholarly journals">Scholarly Journals</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/mobilityrxiv" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae mobilityrxiv®">SAE MobilityRxiv®</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/publications/books" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="books">Books</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/publications/technical-papers" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="technical papers">Technical Papers</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/standards/reading-room" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae reading room">SAE Reading Room</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-footer-col"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">News & Information</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/news" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="news">News</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/news/magazines" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="magazines">Magazines</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/news/press-room" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae press room">SAE Press Room</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/at-home" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae@home video series">SAE@Home Video Series</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/roundtable-series" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="roundtable series">Roundtable Series</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/smartbrief" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae smartbrief">SAE SmartBrief</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/podcasts" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="podcasts">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/news/video" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="video">Video</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="nx-footer-connect"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">Connect</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-icon-list nx-list-inlined"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/SAEInternational/" target="_blank" class="nx-footer-icon-link" data-link-type="footer:social" data-link-text="facebook" data-link-url="https://www.facebook.com/SAEInternational/"> <i class="nx-footer-connect-icon fa fa-facebook-official fa-2x fa-fw" title="Facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://twitter.com/SAEIntl" target="_blank" class="nx-footer-icon-link" data-link-type="footer:social" data-link-text="twitter" data-link-url="https://twitter.com/SAEIntl"> <i class="nx-footer-connect-icon fa fa-twitter fa-2x fa-fw" title="Twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/25098/" target="_blank" class="nx-footer-icon-link" data-link-type="footer:social" data-link-text="linkedIn" data-link-url="https://www.linkedin.com/company/25098/"> <i class="nx-footer-connect-icon fa fa-linkedin fa-2x fa-fw" title="LinkedIn" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="nx-footer-nav-middle"> <div class="nx-footer-cols"> <div class="nx-footer-col"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">Events</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/attend" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae events">SAE Events</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/attend/live-digital-events" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="digital events">Digital Events</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/attend/meetups" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="meet-ups">Meet-ups</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/attend/demo-days" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="demo days">Demo Days</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/attend/student-events" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="student events">Student Events</a> </li> </ul>   <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">Education</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/learn/professional-development" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="professional development">Professional Development</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/learn/professional-development/certifications" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="certifications">Certifications</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/learn/professional-development/corporate-learning" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="corporate learning">Corporate Learning</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/learn/professional-development/sae-innoenergy-battery-academy" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae/innoenergy battery academy">SAE/InnoEnergy Battery Academy</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/learn/education" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="a world in motion">A World In Motion</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-footer-col"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">Participate with SAE</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/participate/membership" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/participate/membership/sections" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sections">Sections</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://connexionplus.sae.org/home" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae connexion+">SAE Connexion+</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/participate/volunteer" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="volunteer">Volunteer</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/participate/volunteer/author" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="author">Author</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/participate/scholarships" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="scholarships">Scholarships</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/participate/awards" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="awards">Awards</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://careercenter.sae.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="careers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="http://saefoundation.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae foundation">SAE Foundation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="nx-footer-nav-right"> <div class="nx-footer-cols"> <div class="nx-footer-col"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">About SAE</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="mission & vision">Mission & Vision</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about/history" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="history">History</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about/management" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="leadership">Leadership</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about/leadership" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="board of directors">Board of Directors</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://www.sae.org/exempt/galleries/sae-presidents/index.html" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae presidents">SAE Presidents</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/dei" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="diversity, equity, and inclusion (dei)">Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about/careers" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="careers at sae">Careers at SAE</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about/legal-policies" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="legal & policies">Legal & Policies</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="/about/contact" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="contact us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-footer-col"> <h6 class="nx-footer-list-title">Global Affiliates</h6> <ul class="nx-footer-list"> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae brasil">SAE Brasil</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="http://saeindia.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae india">SAE India</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="http://www.sae.org.cn/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae international in china">SAE International in China</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://www.p-r-i.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="performance review institute (pri)">Performance Review Institute (PRI)</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="http://itc.sae.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae industry technologies consortia">SAE Industry Technologies Consortia</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://www.saemediagroup.com/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae media group">SAE Media Group</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://www.smgconferences.com/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="smg conferencing">SMG Conferencing</a> </li> <li class="nx-footer-li"> <a href="https://sms.sae.org/" class="nx-footer-link" data-link-type="footer:page" data-link-text="sae sustainable mobility solutions">SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="nx-footer-copyright"> ©2024 SAE International. All rights reserved. </div> </footer> </div> <a class="nx-modal-mask"></a> <div class="nx-modal"> <a class="nx-modal-close" title="Close">X</a> <div class="nx-modal-h"><h4 class="nx-h4 nx-h-unstyled nx-modal-title"></h4></div> <div class="nx-modal-c"></div> </div> <div class="nx-pop-downbox-styling"> <div class="nx-pop-downbox-tip"></div> <div class="nx-pop-downbox"> <div class="nx-pop-downbox-close"><i class="fa fa-times-circle-o" title="close"></i></div> <div class="nx-pop-downbox-content" id="nx-pop-downbox-content"></div> </div> </div> <div class="nx-processing" style="display:none;"> <img loading="lazy" src="/assets/toolkit/images/sae-logo-processing-animation.gif" alt="Processing ..."> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/toolkit/scripts/vendor.js?"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/toolkit/scripts/toolkit.js?"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/webassets/ui/main.js"></script> <script async="async" type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-59f86066995b37f7"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.SAE.initWebComponents(); </script>  <script> var scripts = ["https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-42341352-1"]; for (index = 0; index < scripts.length; ++index) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = scripts[index]; script.type='text/javascript'; script.async = true; var done = false; script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function() { if (!done && (!this.readyState || this.readyState == "loaded" || this.readyState == "complete")) { done = true; //promptForUserEntries(); } }; document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var didInit = false; function initMunchkin() { if(didInit === false) { didInit = true; Munchkin.init('525-RCG-129'); } } var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = '//munchkin.marketo.net/munchkin.js'; s.onreadystatechange = function() { if (this.readyState == 'complete' || this.readyState == 'loaded') { initMunchkin(); } }; s.onload = initMunchkin; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(s); })(); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-30418117-1']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'sae.org']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZ52PJB');</script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('set', 'developer_id.dNzMyY2', true); gtag('consent', 'default', {'analytics_storage': 'granted'}); gtag('consent', 'default', {'ad_storage': 'denied'}); </script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-42341352-1'); </script> <script src="/assets/toolkit/scripts/elastic-apm-rum.umd.min.js"></script> <script> var apm = elasticApm.init({ serviceName: 'saeorg', serverUrl: 'https://sae-prod.apm.us-east-1.aws.found.io/', environment: 'prod', pageLoadTraceId: 'dd535305d45b502bb41027c9537d4c57', pageLoadSpanId: 'b385bffef45afeb4', pageLoadTransactionName: window.location.pathname }); var unm=''; apm.addLabels({'sae_session_id' : 'araV4YNOjUYgB7mGdSBe2PrtiVcBWDhykP6CiJfI0l4ZJdSioJGUldUTtb7mjDikGFFqXQ__'}); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> if (!digitalData){ var digitalData = {}; } digitalData.internal = "Y"; </script> </body> </html> <div class="nx-pd-img-processing" style="display: none;"> <img loading="lazy" src="/assets/toolkit/images/sae-logo-processing-animation.gif" alt="Processing ..."> </div>