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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ducking-stools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ducking-stools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_identifying_witches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_identifying_witches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in identifying witches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_identifying_witches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schandkorb" title="Schandkorb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schandkorb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سبد شرمندگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبد شرمندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucking_stool" title="Cucking stool – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cucking stool" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ducking_stool" title="Special:EditPage/Ducking stool">improve this article</a> by <a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ducking+stool%22">"Ducking stool"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ducking+stool%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ducking+stool%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ducking+stool%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ducking+stool%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ducking+stool%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducking-Stool_1_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ducking-Stool_1_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Ducking-Stool_1_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ducking-Stool_1_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Ducking-Stool_1_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ducking-Stool_1_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Ducking-Stool_1_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from a <a href="/wiki/Scott_Foresman" title="Scott Foresman">Pearson Scott Foresman</a> text book</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png/220px-Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png/330px-Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png/440px-Old_woman_draught_at_Ratcliffe_Highway.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Punishing a woman accused of excessive arguing in the ducking stool</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ducking stools</b> or <b>cucking stools</b> were chairs formerly used for punishment of disorderly women, <a href="/wiki/Common_scold" title="Common scold">scolds</a>, and dishonest tradesmen in medieval Europe<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elsewhere at later times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ducking-stool was a form of <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">wymen pine</i></span>, or "women's punishment", as referred to in Langland's <i><a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a></i> (1378). They were instruments of <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public humiliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> both primarily for the offense of <a href="/wiki/Common_scold" title="Common scold">scolding</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/backbite" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:backbite">backbiting</a> and less often for <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">sexual offences</a> like bearing an <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate child</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. </p><p>The stools were technical devices which formed part of the wider method of law enforcement through social humiliation. A common alternative was a court order to recite one's crimes or sins after Mass or in the market place on market day or informal action such as a <a href="/wiki/Skimmington" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmington">Skimmington ride</a>. They were usually of local manufacture with no standard design. Most were simply chairs into which the offender could be tied and exposed at her door or the site of her offence. Some were on wheels like a <a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">tumbrel</a> that could be dragged around the <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a>. Some were put on poles so that they could be plunged into water, hence "ducking" stool. <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">Stocks</a> or pillories were similarly used for the punishment of men or women by humiliation. </p><p>The term "cucking-stool" is older, with written records dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Written records for the name "ducking stool" appear from 1597, and a statement in 1769 relates that "ducking-stool" is a corruption of the term "cucking-stool".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas a cucking-stool could be and was used for humiliation with or without dunking the person in water, the name "ducking-stool" came to be used more specifically for those cucking-stools on an oscillating plank which were used to duck the person into water.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cucking-stools">Cucking-stools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cucking-stools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ballad, dating from about 1615, called "The Cucking of a Scold", illustrates the punishment inflicted to women whose behaviour made them be identified as "a Scold": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Then was the Scold herself,<br /> In a <a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">wheelbarrow</a> brought,<br /> Stripped naked to the smock,<br /> As in that case she ought:<br /> Neats tongues about her neck<br /> Were hung in open show;<br /> And thus unto the cucking stool<br /> This famous scold did go.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The cucking-stool, or <i>Stool of <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></i>, has a long history, and was used by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxons</a>, who called it the <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">scealding</i></span></i> or <i>scolding stool</i>. It is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i> as being in use at <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, being called <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cathedra stercoris</i></span></i>, a name which seems to confirm the first of the derivations suggested in the footnote below. Tied to this stool the woman—her head and feet bare—was publicly exposed at her door or paraded through the streets amidst the jeers of the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>cucking-stool</i> is known to have been in use from about 1215. It means literally "defecation chair", as its name is derived from the old verb <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cukken</i></span></i> and has not quite been rid of in many parts of the English speaking world as "to cack" (defecate) (akin to Dutch <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kakken" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kakken">kakken</a></i> and Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cac%C4%81re" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cacāre">cacāre</a></i> [same meaning]; <i>cf.</i> Greek <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:κακός">κακός/κακή</a></i> ["bad/evil, vile, ugly, worthless"]), rather than, as popularly believed, from the word <i><a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">cuckold</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Both seem to have become more common in the second half of the sixteenth century. It has been suggested this reflected developing strains in gender relations, but it may simply be a result of the differential survival of records. The cucking-stool appears to have still been in use as late as the mid-18th century, with <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Robin%27s_Almanack" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Robin's Almanack">Poor Robin's Almanack</a></i> of 1746 observing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Now, if one cucking-stool was for each scold,<br /> Some towns, I fear, would not their numbers hold. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ducking-stools">Ducking-stools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ducking-stools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ducking-Stool_from_Curious_Punishments_of_Bygone_Days_(1896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Ducking-Stool_from_Curious_Punishments_of_Bygone_Days_%281896%29.jpg/170px-The_Ducking-Stool_from_Curious_Punishments_of_Bygone_Days_%281896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/The_Ducking-Stool_from_Curious_Punishments_of_Bygone_Days_%281896%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Ducking or cucking stool, a historical punishment for the common scold, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>The ducking-stool was a strongly-made wooden armchair (the surviving specimens are of oak) in which the offender was seated, an iron band being placed around them so that they should not fall out during their immersion. The earliest record of the use of such is towards the beginning of the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the term being first attested in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in 1597. It was used both in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, the chair was fastened to a long wooden beam fixed as a <a href="/wiki/Seesaw" title="Seesaw">seesaw</a> on the edge of a pond or river. Sometimes, however, the ducking-stool was not a fixture but was mounted on a pair of wooden wheels so that it could be wheeled through the streets, and at the river-edge was hung by a chain from the end of a beam. In sentencing a woman the magistrates ordered the number of duckings she should have. Yet another type of ducking-stool was called a <a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">tumbrel</a>. It was a chair on two wheels with two long shafts fixed to the axles. This was pushed into the pond and then the shafts released, thus tipping the chair up backwards. Sometimes the punishment proved fatal and the subject died.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_identifying_witches">Use in identifying witches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in identifying witches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval times until the early 18th century, ducking was a way used to establish whether a suspect was a witch.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ducking stools were first used for this purpose but ducking was later inflicted without the chair. In this instance the subject's right thumb was bound to her left big toe. A rope was tied around the waist of the accused and she was thrown into a river or deep pond. If she floated, it was deemed that she was in league with the devil, rejecting the baptismal water. If she sank, she was "cleared. And dead".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_examples">Surviving examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surviving examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">tumbrel</a> of a ducking stool is in the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_Warwick" title="Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick">Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick</a>. There is also a ducking chair in Canterbury, where the High Street meets the River Stour.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A surviving ducking stool is on public display outside the Criminal Museum (<i>Kriminalmuseum</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a>, a well-preserved medieval town in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replicas">Replicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Replicas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg/220px-The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg/330px-The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg/440px-The_Ducking_Stool_at_Leominster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Replica ducking stool at <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a>, England; last used in 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>A complete ducking stool is on public display in <a href="/wiki/Priory_Church,_Leominster" title="Priory Church, Leominster">Leominster Priory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. The town clock, commissioned for the Millennium, features a moving ducking stool depiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset" title="Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch, Dorset</a>, continues to house a replica ducking stool, at the site where punishments were once carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_mentions">Early mentions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early mentions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a reference from about 1378 to a ducking stool as <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">wymen pine</i></span> ("women's punishment"),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A type of ducking stool can be seen briefly in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1975). </p><p>In the 1944 Powell and Pressburger film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Canterbury_Tale" title="A Canterbury Tale">A Canterbury Tale</a></i>, an American soldier stopping over at the town hall in fictional Chillingbourne (a village near Canterbury), is puzzled by an antique piece of furniture that he spots; the local magistrate informs him that it is a ducking stool. </p><p>In the Laurel and Hardy feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(1934_film)" title="Babes in Toyland (1934 film)">Babes in Toyland</a></i>, Laurel and Hardy are sentenced to the ducking stool, followed by banishment to Boogeyland, for burgling Barnaby's house.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demise">Demise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last recorded cases are those of a Mrs Ganble at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> (1808); Jenny Pipes, a "notorious scold" (1809), and Sarah Leeke (1817), both of <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a>. In the last case, the water in the pond was so low that the offender was merely wheeled around the town in the chair.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common law offence of common scold was extant in New Jersey until struck down in 1972 by Circuit Judge McCann who found it had been subsumed in the provisions of the Disorderly Conduct Act of 1898, was bad for vagueness and offended the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution for sex discrimination. Long before this decision, the punishment of ducking, together with all other forms of <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, had become unlawful under the provisions of the New Jersey Constitution of 1844 or even as early as 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunk_tank" title="Dunk tank">Dunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_stocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Village stocks">Village stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">Waterboarding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnderdown1985" class="citation book cs1">Underdown, David (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Cq4-WFX6cC&pg=PA116">"The Taming of the Scold: Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England"</a>. In Fletcher, A.; Stephenson, J. (eds.). <i>Order and Disorder in Early Modern England</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25294-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25294-6"><bdi>0-521-25294-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17289313">17289313</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240130182856/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Cq4-WFX6cC&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taming+of+the+Scold%3A+Enforcement+of+Patriarchal+Authority+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.btitle=Order+and+Disorder+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=116-136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17289313&rft.isbn=0-521-25294-6&rft.aulast=Underdown&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_Cq4-WFX6cC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> includes dishonest tradesmen as well as disorderly women and scolds as people for whom the cucking-stool was used and cites its use in Vienna and that "The punishment of the ducking stool cannot be inflicted in Pennsylvania." which by implication suggests that it could be used in some other parts of the USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool">http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608124635/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool">Archived</a> 2023-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 27 Nov 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. "Cucking-stool" has references in 1215-70 and c.1308, including the use of the cucking-stool for immersion in water (c1308, 1534, 1633). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oed.com/view/Entry/45498?redirectedFrom=cucking-stool#eid">http://oed.com/view/Entry/45498?redirectedFrom=cucking-stool#eid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027205820/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/45498?redirectedFrom=cucking-stool#eid">Archived</a> 2018-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and ...ducking-stool accessed 27 Nov 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool">http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608124635/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool">Archived</a> 2023-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 27 Nov 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollins1971" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Hyder E. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pepysiangarlandb0000unse/page/72"><i>A Pepysian Garland</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pepysiangarlandb0000unse/page/72">72–77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-66185-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-66185-0"><bdi>0-674-66185-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pepysian+Garland&rft.pages=72-77&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-674-66185-0&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Hyder+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpepysiangarlandb0000unse%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ducking_and_Cucking_Stools" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ducking and Cucking Stools">Ducking and Cucking Stools</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 631.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ducking+and+Cucking+Stools&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=631&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span> Citations: <ul><li>W. Andrews, <i>Old Time Punishments</i> (Hull, 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Morse_Earle" title="Alice Morse Earle">A. M. Earle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Curious_Punishments_of_Bygone_Days" title="Curious Punishments of Bygone Days">Curious Punishments of Bygone Days</a></i> (Chicago, 1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carew_Hazlitt" title="William Carew Hazlitt">W. C. Hazlitt</a>, <i>Faiths and Folklore</i> (London, 1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Llewellynn Jewitt</a> in <i>The Reliquary</i>, vols. i. and ii. (1860–1862)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, James A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring03/branks.cfm#">Bilboes, Brands, and Branks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810212637/https://www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring03/branks.cfm">Archived</a> 2019-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Colonial Crimes and Punishments." <i>Colonial Williamsburg Journal,</i> Spring, 2003. Accessed 30 Sept. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehringer2004" class="citation book cs1">Behringer, Wolfgang (2004). <i>Witches and witch-hunts: a global history</i>. Themes in history. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-2718-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-2718-8"><bdi>0-7456-2718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches+and+witch-hunts%3A+a+global+history&rft.series=Themes+in+history&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7456-2718-8&rft.aulast=Behringer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2006" class="citation news cs1">Shapira, Ian (July 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071101218.html">"After Toil and Trouble, 'Witch' Is Cleared"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228232840/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071101218.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+Toil+and+Trouble%2C+%27Witch%27+Is+Cleared&rft.date=2006-07-12&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F11%2FAR2006071101218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2020" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Joe (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentonline.co.uk/canterbury/news/calls-to-remove-ducking-stool-branded-ridiculous-228642/">"Canterbury's ducking stool at centre of debate after opponents suggest its removal"</a>. <i>KentOnline.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313041315/https://www.kentonline.co.uk/canterbury/news/calls-to-remove-ducking-stool-branded-ridiculous-228642/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KentOnline.co.uk&rft.atitle=Canterbury%27s+ducking+stool+at+centre+of+debate+after+opponents+suggest+its+removal&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentonline.co.uk%2Fcanterbury%2Fnews%2Fcalls-to-remove-ducking-stool-branded-ridiculous-228642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kriminalmuseum.eu/">"Home - Mittelalterliches Kriminalmuseum"</a>. 2021-07-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624170602/https://www.kriminalmuseum.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Mittelalterliches+Kriminalmuseum&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kriminalmuseum.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-36641921">"A ghoulish tour of medieval punishments"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915231318/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-36641921">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+ghoulish+tour+of+medieval+punishments&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-36641921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADucking+stool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langland's <i><a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a></i>, B.V.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>State of New Jersey v. Marion Palendrano</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-published/1972/120-n-j-super-336-0.html">120 N.J. Super. 336 (1972) McCann JCC</a> (Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division (Criminal) 13 July 1972).</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&oldid=1260280029">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ducking_stool&oldid=1260280029</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chairs" title="Category:Chairs">Chairs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporal_punishments" title="Category:Corporal punishments">Corporal punishments</a></li><li><a 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