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id="toc-Drainage_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Drainage basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Discharge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial_indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pre-colonial indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_exploration_and_early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_exploration_and_early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Spanish exploration and early settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_exploration_and_early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 American exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._westward_expansion_and_military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._westward_expansion_and_military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 U.S. westward expansion and military campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._westward_expansion_and_military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaming_of_the_upper_Colorado_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaming_of_the_upper_Colorado_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Renaming of the upper Colorado River </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaming_of_the_upper_Colorado_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Engineering and development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engineering_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Engineering and development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transmountain_diversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmountain_diversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transmountain diversions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmountain_diversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Imperial_Valley_and_the_Salton_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Imperial_Valley_and_the_Salton_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Imperial_Valley_and_the_Salton_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boulder_Canyon_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boulder_Canyon_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Boulder Canyon Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boulder_Canyon_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorado_River_Storage_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado_River_Storage_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Colorado River Storage Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado_River_Storage_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Pacific Southwest Water Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_water_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_water_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Indigenous water rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_water_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-2000_water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-2000_water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Post-2000 water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-2000_water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife_and_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_and_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Wildlife and plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_and_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Impacts of development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minute_319" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minute_319"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Minute 319 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minute_319-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Colorado River</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloradorivier" title="Coloradorivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Coloradorivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نهر كولورادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر كولورادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Colorado" title="Ríu Colorado – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Colorado" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1" title="Kolorado çayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolorado çayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کولورادو چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولورادو چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="কলোরাডো নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলোরাডো নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_H%C3%B4" title="Colorado Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Colorado Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0)" title="Колорадо (йылға) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Колорадо (йылға)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Каларада (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каларада (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कोलोरैडो नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोलोरैडो नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колорадо (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колорадо (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁོ་ལོ་ར་ཌོ་གཙང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁོ་ལོ་ར་ཌོ་གཙང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(rijeka)" title="Colorado (rijeka) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Colorado (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Colorado (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Colorado (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Colorado" title="Riu Colorado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu Colorado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Колорадо (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Колорадо (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(suba_sa_Mehiko)" title="Colorado River (suba sa Mehiko) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Colorado River (suba sa Mehiko)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(%C5%99eka)" title="Colorado (řeka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Colorado (řeka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Colorado" title="Mtsinje wa Colorado – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Colorado" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Colorado_(Arizona)" title="Afon Colorado (Arizona) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Colorado (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Colorado River" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Colorado River" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_j%C3%B5gi" title="Colorado jõgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Colorado jõgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Κολοράντο (ποταμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολοράντο (ποταμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Colorado" title="Río Colorado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Colorado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado_(rivero)" title="Kolorado (rivero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolorado (rivero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(ibaia)" title="Colorado (ibaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Colorado (ibaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="رودخانه کلرادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودخانه کلرادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(fleuve)" title="Colorado (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colorado (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado_(rivier)" title="Kolorado (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolorado (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(Abhainn)" title="Colorado (Abhainn) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colorado (Abhainn)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Colorado" title="Río Colorado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Colorado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%84%EA%B0%95" title="콜로라도강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜로라도강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Կոլորադո (գետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլորադո (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कोलोरेडो नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलोरेडो नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(rijeka)" title="Colorado (rijeka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Colorado (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado-rivero" title="Kolorado-rivero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolorado-rivero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Colorado" title="Sungai Colorado – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Colorado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado-flj%C3%B3t" title="Colorado-fljót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Colorado-fljót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(fiume_Colorado)" title="Colorado (fiume Colorado) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colorado (fiume Colorado)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="קולורדו (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולורדו (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="კოლორადო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლორადო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Колорадо (өзен) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колорадо (өзен)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto_Colorado" title="Mto Colorado – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mto Colorado" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Колорадо дарыясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колорадо дарыясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumen_Coloratum" title="Flumen Coloratum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Flumen Coloratum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolor%C4%81do_(upe)" title="Kolorādo (upe) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolorādo (upe)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Colorado River" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloradas_(up%C4%97_JAV_ir_Meksikoje)" title="Koloradas (upė JAV ir Meksikoje) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koloradas (upė JAV ir Meksikoje)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(fi%C3%BCm)" title="Colorado (fiüm) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Colorado (fiüm)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(foly%C3%B3)" title="Colorado (folyó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Colorado (folyó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колорадо (река) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колорадо (река)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="കൊളറാഡോ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളറാഡോ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कॉलोराडो नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉलोराडो नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="კოლორადო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლორადო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نهر كولورادو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر كولورادو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کلرادو درکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلرادو درکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Colorado" title="Sungai Colorado – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Colorado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Колорадо мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Колорадо мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(rivier)" title="Colorado (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colorado (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E5%B7%9D" title="コロラド川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロラド川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloradoelven" title="Coloradoelven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Coloradoelven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado-elva" title="Colorado-elva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Colorado-elva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(flume)" title="Colorado (flume) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colorado (flume)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado_(daryo)" title="Kolorado (daryo) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolorado (daryo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਕੋਲੋਰਾਡੋ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲੋਰਾਡੋ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88" title="دریاۓ کولوراڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ کولوراڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(fium)" title="Colorado (fium) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Colorado (fium)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado_(rzeka)" title="Kolorado (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolorado (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Colorado" title="Rio Colorado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Colorado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(fluviu)" title="Colorado (fluviu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colorado (fluviu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колорадо (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колорадо (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%81)" title="Колорадо (өрүс) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Колорадо (өрүс)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi_Kolorado" title="Lumi Kolorado – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi Kolorado" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colorado River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(rieka_vo_Ve%C4%BEkom_ka%C5%88one)" title="Colorado (rieka vo Veľkom kaňone) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Colorado (rieka vo Veľkom kaňone)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado_(reka)" title="Kolorado (reka) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolorado (reka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колорадо (река) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колорадо (река)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(rijeka)" title="Colorado (rijeka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Colorado (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloradojoki" title="Coloradojoki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Coloradojoki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloradofloden" title="Coloradofloden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Coloradofloden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கொலராடோ ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொலராடோ ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_n_Colorado" title="Asif n Colorado – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asif n Colorado" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="కొలరాడో నది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొలరాడో నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="แม่น้ำโคโลราโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำโคโลราโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colorado_River&params=31_48_54_N_114_48_00_W_type:river">31°48′54″N 114°48′00″W / 31.81500°N 114.80000°W / 31.81500; -114.80000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major river in the western United States and Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the river in the Southwestern United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado River (Texas)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colorado River (disambiguation)">Colorado River (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Colorado River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg/260px-Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg/390px-Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg/520px-Horseshoe_Bend_13_February_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2182" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Colorado River at <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bend_(Arizona)" title="Horseshoe Bend (Arizona)">Horseshoe Bend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, a few miles below <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_basin_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Colorado_River_basin_map.png/260px-Colorado_River_basin_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Colorado_River_basin_map.png/390px-Colorado_River_basin_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Colorado_River_basin_map.png/520px-Colorado_River_basin_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1648" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Colorado River basin</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 260px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="260" data-height="250" data-zoom="3" data-overlays="["_92c638195faea47ede8e52a7c751788deb7ad345"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,260x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Colorado_River&revid=1259328181&groups=_92c638195faea47ede8e52a7c751788deb7ad345" width="260" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,260x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Colorado_River&revid=1259328181&groups=_92c638195faea47ede8e52a7c751788deb7ad345 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States, Mexico</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah"><img alt="Utah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada"><img alt="Nevada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California"><img alt="Baja California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora"><img alt="Sonora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado" title="Glenwood Springs, Colorado">Glenwood Springs, CO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado" title="Grand Junction, Colorado">Grand Junction, CO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab, UT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Page,_Arizona" title="Page, Arizona">Page, AZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City, AZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City, AZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe, CA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, AZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, NV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada" title="Laughlin, Nevada">Laughlin, NV</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Rio_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Rio Colorado">San Luis Río Colorado, Son.</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Poudre_Pass" title="La Poudre Pass">La Poudre Pass</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colorado_River&params=40_28_20_N_105_49_34_W_">40°28′20″N 105°49′34″W / 40.47222°N 105.82611°W / 40.47222; -105.82611</a><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">10,184 ft (3,104 m)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colorado_River&params=31_48_54_N_114_48_00_W_type:river">31°48′54″N 114°48′00″W / 31.81500°N 114.80000°W / 31.81500; -114.80000</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,450 mi (2,330 km)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">246,000 sq mi (640,000 km2)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lees_Ferry" title="Lees Ferry">Lees Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">17,850 cu ft/s (505 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">750 cu ft/s (21 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000 cu ft/s (8,500 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • left</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fraser_River_(Colorado)" title="Fraser River (Colorado)">Fraser River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_River_(Colorado)" title="Blue River (Colorado)">Blue River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)" title="Eagle River (Colorado)">Eagle River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Fork_River" title="Roaring Fork River">Roaring Fork River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnison_River" title="Gunnison River">Gunnison River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_River" title="Dolores River">Dolores River</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan River (Colorado River)">San Juan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Williams_River" title="Bill Williams River">Bill Williams River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • right</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Devil_River" title="Dirty Devil River">Dirty Devil River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escalante_River" title="Escalante River">Escalante River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanab_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanab River">Kanab River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardy_River" title="Hardy River">Hardy River</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Colorado River (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Río Colorado) is one of the principal <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">northern Mexico</a>. The 1,450-mile-long (2,330 km) river, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_the_United_States_(by_main_stem)" title="List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)">5th longest in the United States</a>, drains an expansive, arid <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> that encompasses parts of seven U.S. states and two Mexican states. The name Colorado derives from the Spanish language for "colored reddish" due to its heavy <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> load. Starting in the central <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, it flows generally southwest across the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a> and through the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> before reaching <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> border, where it turns south toward the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">international border</a>. After entering Mexico, the Colorado approaches the mostly dry <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> at the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> between <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>. Known for its dramatic canyons, whitewater rapids, and eleven <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of the United States">U.S. National Parks</a>, the Colorado River and its tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people.<a href="#cite_note-leesferrycompact-4">[4]</a> An <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Colorado_River_system" title="List of dams in the Colorado River system">extensive system of dams</a>, reservoirs, and aqueducts divert almost its entire flow for agricultural <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and urban water supply.<a href="#cite_note-Waterman2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ImperialEB-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-san_juan-7">[7]</a> Its large flow and steep gradient are used to generate <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, meeting <a href="/wiki/Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">peaking power</a> demands in much of the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_West" title="Intermountain West">Intermountain West</a>. Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles (160 km) of the river, which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Waterman2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sacred-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years. Starting around 1 CE, large agriculture-based societies were established, but a combination of drought and poor land use practices led to their collapse in the 1300s. Their descendants include tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Puebloans</a>, while others including the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> settled in the Colorado Basin after the 1000s. In the 1500s, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> explorers began mapping and claiming the watershed, which became part of Mexico upon winning its <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">independence from Spain</a> in 1821. Even after most of the watershed became US territory in 1846, much of the river's course remained unknown. Several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century—one of which, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a>, was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon. Large-scale settlement of the lower basin began in the mid- to late-1800s, with <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboats</a> sailing from the Gulf of California to landings along the river that linked to wagon roads to the interior. Starting in the 1860s, gold and silver strikes drew prospectors to the upper Colorado River basin. Large-scale river management began in the early 1900s, with major guidelines established in a series of international and US interstate treaties known as the "<a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Law of the River</a>". The US federal government constructed most of the major dams and aqueducts between 1910 and 1970; the largest, <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a>, was completed in 1935. Numerous water projects have also involved state and local governments. With all of their waters fully allocated, both the Colorado and the neighboring Rio Grande are now considered among the most controlled and litigated river systems in the world. Since 2000, extended drought has conflicted with increasing demands for Colorado River water, and the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Course">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Course_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Course of the Colorado River">Course of the Colorado River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg/220px-Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg/330px-Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg/440px-Colorado_River_in_Rocky_Mountain_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Headwaters of the Colorado River in <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>, Colorado</figcaption></figure> The Colorado begins at <a href="/wiki/La_Poudre_Pass" title="La Poudre Pass">La Poudre Pass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Never_Summer_Mountains" title="Never Summer Mountains">Never Summer Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>, 10,184 ft (3,104 m) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> After a short run south, the river turns west below <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Colorado)" title="Grand Lake (Colorado)">Grand Lake</a>, the largest natural lake in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg200938-11">[11]</a> For the first 250 miles (400 km) of its course, the Colorado carves its way through the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Western_Slope" title="Colorado Western Slope">Western Slope</a>, a sparsely populated region defined by the portion of the state west of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>. As it flows southwest, it gains strength from many small tributaries, as well as larger ones including the <a href="/wiki/Blue_River_(Colorado)" title="Blue River (Colorado)">Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)" title="Eagle River (Colorado)">Eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Fork_River" title="Roaring Fork River">Roaring Fork</a> rivers. After passing through <a href="/wiki/De_Beque_Canyon" title="De Beque Canyon">De Beque Canyon</a>, the Colorado emerges from the Rockies into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_(Colorado-Utah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Valley (Colorado-Utah)">Grand Valley</a>, a major farming and ranching region where it meets one of its largest tributaries, the <a href="/wiki/Gunnison_River" title="Gunnison River">Gunnison River</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado" title="Grand Junction, Colorado">Grand Junction</a>. Most of the upper river is a swift whitewater stream ranging from 200 to 500 feet (60 to 150 m) wide, the depth ranging from 6 to 30 feet (2 to 9 m), with a few notable exceptions, such as the Blackrocks <a href="/wiki/Reach_(geography)" title="Reach (geography)">reach</a> where the river is nearly 100 feet (30 m) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005490-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitlick-13">[13]</a> In a few areas, such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and the Grand Valley, it exhibits <a href="/wiki/Braided_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Braided stream">braided</a> characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-Pitlick-13">[13]</a> From Grand Junction, the Colorado turns northwest before cutting southwest across the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>, a vast area of high desert centered at the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> of the southwestern United States. Here, the climate becomes significantly drier than that in the Rocky Mountains, and the river becomes entrenched in progressively deeper gorges of bare rock, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Canyon" title="Ruby Canyon">Ruby Canyon</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Westwater_Canyon" title="Westwater Canyon">Westwater Canyon</a> as it enters <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, now once again heading southwest.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Farther downstream it receives the <a href="/wiki/Dolores_River" title="Dolores River">Dolores River</a> and defines the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a>, before passing <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab</a> and flowing through "The Portal", where it exits the Moab Valley between a pair of 1,000-foot (300 m) sandstone cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A narrow river flows through a narrow gorge flanked by high rocky bluffs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg/180px-Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg/270px-Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg/360px-Grand_Canyon_view_from_Pima_Point_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Colorado River in the Grand Canyon seen from Pima Point, near <a href="/wiki/Hermit%27s_Rest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermit's Rest">Hermit's Rest</a></figcaption></figure> In Utah, the Colorado flows primarily through the "<a href="/wiki/Entrada_Sandstone" title="Entrada Sandstone">slickrock</a>" country, which is characterized by its narrow canyons and unique "folds" created by the tilting of sedimentary rock layers along faults. This is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2002118-18">[18]</a> Below the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green River</a>, its largest tributary, in <a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands National Park</a>, the Colorado enters <a href="/wiki/Cataract_Canyon" title="Cataract Canyon">Cataract Canyon</a>, named for its dangerous rapids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Cott199070-19">[19]</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon" title="Glen Canyon">Glen Canyon</a>, known for its arches and erosion-sculpted <a href="/wiki/Navajo_sandstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo sandstone">Navajo sandstone</a> formations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Cott1990155-20">[20]</a> Here, the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan River (Colorado River)">San Juan River</a>, carrying runoff from the southern slope of Colorado's <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains" title="San Juan Mountains">San Juan Mountains</a>, joins the Colorado from the east. The Colorado then enters northern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, where since the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Page,_Arizona" title="Page, Arizona">Page</a> has flooded the Glen Canyon reach of the river, forming <a href="/wiki/Lake_Powell" title="Lake Powell">Lake Powell</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In Arizona, the river passes <a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's Ferry">Lee's Ferry</a>, an important crossing for early explorers and settlers and since the early 20th century the principal point where Colorado River flows are measured for apportionment to the seven U.S. and two Mexican states in the basin.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Downstream, the river enters <a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a>, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, passing under the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Bridge" title="Navajo Bridge">Navajo Bridges</a> on a now southward course. Below the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a>, the river swings west into Granite Gorge, the most dramatic portion of the Grand Canyon, where the river cuts up to one mile (1.6 km) into the Colorado Plateau, exposing some of the oldest visible rocks on Earth, dating as long ago as 2 billion years.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The 277 miles (446 km) of the river that flow through the Grand Canyon are largely encompassed by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a> and are known for their difficult whitewater, separated by pools that reach up to 110 feet (34 m) in depth.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At the lower end of Grand Canyon, the Colorado widens into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a>, the largest reservoir in the continental United States, formed by <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> on the border of Arizona and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. Situated southeast of metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a>, the dam is an integral component for management of the Colorado River, controlling floods and storing water for farms and cities in the lower Colorado River basin.<a href="#cite_note-LakeMead-26">[26]</a> Below the dam the river passes under the <a href="/wiki/Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge" title="Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge">Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge</a>—which at nearly 900 feet (270 m) above the water is the highest concrete <a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arch bridge</a> in the Western Hemisphere<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>—and then turns due south towards Mexico, defining the Arizona–Nevada and Arizona–<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> borders. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuma_arizona_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Top-down view of green agricultural lands surrounded by desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yuma_arizona_map.jpg/170px-Yuma_arizona_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yuma_arizona_map.jpg/255px-Yuma_arizona_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yuma_arizona_map.jpg/340px-Yuma_arizona_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of the Colorado River valley near <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_8" title="Interstate 8">Interstate 8</a> runs from left to right just below center.</figcaption></figure> After leaving the confines of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Colorado" title="Black Canyon of the Colorado">Black Canyon</a>, the river emerges from the Colorado Plateau into the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a> (LCRV), a desert region dependent on irrigation agriculture and tourism and also home to several major <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The river widens here to a broad, moderately deep waterway averaging 500 to 1,000 feet (150 to 300 m) wide and reaching up to 0.25 miles (400 m) across, with depths ranging from 8 to 60 feet (2 to 20 m).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/River_engineering#Channelization" title="River engineering">channelization</a> of the Colorado in the 20th century, the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Ives" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph C. Ives">Joseph C. Ives</a>, who surveyed the lower river in 1861, wrote that "the shifting of the channel, the banks, the islands, the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description, derived from the experiences of one trip, would be found incorrect, not only during the subsequent year, but perhaps in the course of a week, or even a day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2007204-31">[31]</a> The LCRV is one of the most densely populated areas along the river, and there are numerous towns including <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City, Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Needles,_California" title="Needles, California">Needles, California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City, Arizona</a>. Here, several large diversions draw from the river, providing water for both local uses and distant regions including the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Valley" title="Salt River Valley">Salt River Valley</a> of Arizona and metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The last major U.S. diversion is at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Dam" title="Imperial Dam">Imperial Dam</a>, where over 90 percent of the river's flow is moved into the Gila Gravity Canal and Yuma Area Project, and the much bigger <a href="/wiki/All-American_Canal" title="All-American Canal">All-American Canal</a> to irrigate California's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a>, the most productive winter agricultural region in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg/220px-ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg/330px-ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg/440px-ColoradoRiverAtSanLuis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Colorado River as it exits the United States into Mexico beneath the San Luis Colorado-Colonia Miguel Aléman Bridge (September 2009)</figcaption></figure>Below Imperial Dam, only a small portion of the Colorado River makes it beyond <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>, and the confluence with the intermittent <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a>—which carries runoff from western <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and most of Arizona–before defining 24 miles (39 km) of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Morelos_Dam" title="Morelos Dam">Morelos Dam</a>, the entire remaining flow of the Colorado is diverted to irrigate the <a href="/wiki/Mexicali_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicali Valley">Mexicali Valley</a>, among Mexico's most fertile agricultural lands.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Below <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_R%C3%ADo_Colorado" title="San Luis Río Colorado">San Luis Río Colorado</a>, the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico, defining the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> border. Since 1960, the stretch of the Colorado between here and the Gulf of California has been dry or a trickle formed by irrigation return flows. The <a href="/wiki/Hardy_River" title="Hardy River">Hardy River</a> provides most of the flow into the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a>, a vast alluvial floodplain covering about 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2) of northwestern Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A large <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> is formed here before the Colorado empties into the Gulf about 75 miles (120 km) south of Yuma. Occasionally the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> allows a springtime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_flow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulse flow (page does not exist)">pulse flow</a> to recharge the delta.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Before 20th-century development dewatered the lower Colorado, a major <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a> was present in the delta and estuary; the first historical record was made by the <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> missionary in Spanish service Father <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kon%C5%A1%C4%8Dak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Konščak">Ferdinand Konščak</a> on July 18, 1746.<a href="#cite_note-Chanson-37">[37]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring tide</a> conditions, the tidal bore—locally called El Burro—formed in the estuary about <a href="/wiki/Montague_Island_(Baja_California)" title="Montague Island (Baja California)">Montague Island</a> in Baja California and propagated upstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelgerBroyles2007519–520-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_tributaries">Major tributaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major tributaries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a river winding through a series of narrow gorges that dramatically double back on each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg/220px-San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg/330px-San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg/440px-San_juan_river_entrenched_meanders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>The San Juan River near <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Hat,_Utah" title="Mexican Hat, Utah">Mexican Hat, Utah</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineral-Bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a brownish river flowing between vegetated banks, with high bluffs rising in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mineral-Bottom.jpg/220px-Mineral-Bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mineral-Bottom.jpg/330px-Mineral-Bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mineral-Bottom.jpg/440px-Mineral-Bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Green River at Mineral Bottom, just north of Canyonlands National Park</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Colorado_River" title="List of tributaries of the Colorado River">List of tributaries of the Colorado River</a></div> The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries, of which the Green River is the largest by both length and discharge. The Green River takes drainage from the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a> of west-central Wyoming, from Utah's <a href="/wiki/Uinta_Mountains" title="Uinta Mountains">Uinta Mountains</a>, and from the Rockies of northwestern Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Gila River is the second longest and drains a greater area than the Green,<a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a> but has a significantly lower flow because of a more arid climate and larger diversions for irrigation and cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005514-41">[41]</a> Both the Gunnison and San Juan rivers, which derive most of their water from Rocky Mountains snowmelt, contribute more water than the Gila contributed naturally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005532–533-42">[42]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Statistics of the Colorado's longest tributaries </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th>Name </th> <th>State </th> <th colspan="2">Length </th> <th colspan="2">Watershed </th> <th colspan="2">Discharge </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometer">km</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">mi2</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Square_kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Square kilometer">km2</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cubic_feet_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic feet per second">cfs</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cubic_metres_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic metres per second">m3/s</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green River</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">730 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,170 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,048 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">171.3 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greendischarge-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[n 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">649 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,044 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">151,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">247 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.0 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giladischarge-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[n 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan River (Colorado River)">San Juan River</a> </th> <td>Utah </td> <td style="text-align:right;">383 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">616 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,192 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62.1 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHD-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJdischarge-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[n 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a> </th> <td>Arizona </td> <td style="text-align:right;">356 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">573 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">424 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.0 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-LCdischarge-52">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dolores_River" title="Dolores River">Dolores River</a> </th> <td>Utah </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,574 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,850 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">633 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.9 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFielder2002403-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gunnison_River" title="Gunnison River">Gunnison River</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">164 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">264 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,930 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,570 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHD-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">160 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,020 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">239 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.8 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnerino19998-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Virgindischarge-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[n 4]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drainage_basin">Drainage basin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drainage basin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png/220px-CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png/330px-CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png/440px-CRBS_Executive_Summary_FINAL-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Upper and Lower Colorado River Basin, and adjacent areas supplied by Colorado River water.</figcaption></figure> The Colorado River Basin consists of 246,000 square miles (640,000 km2), making it the seventh largest drainage basin in North America.<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-1">[1]</a> About 238,600 square miles (618,000 km2), or 97 percent of the basin, is in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-USGSbasins-40">[40]</a> The basin extends into western Colorado and New Mexico, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, eastern and southern Utah, southeastern Nevada and California, and most of Arizona. The areas drained within Baja California and Sonora in Mexico are very small and do not contribute significant runoff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005483–486-59">[55]</a> Aside from the Colorado River Delta, the basin extends into Sonora at a few locations further east, including the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River_(Arizona)" title="Santa Cruz River (Arizona)">Santa Cruz River</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_River_(Arizona)" title="San Pedro River (Arizona)">San Pedro River</a> (both tributaries of the Gila River).<a href="#cite_note-watershedmap-60">[56]</a> For hydrological management purposes, the Colorado River Basin is divided into the Upper Basin (the drainage area above Lees Ferry), and the Lower Basin. The Upper Basin covers only 45 percent of the land area of the Colorado River Basin, but contributes 92 percent of the runoff.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-61">[57]</a> The entire eastern boundary of the Colorado River Basin runs along the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Continental Divide">North American Continental Divide</a> and is defined largely by the Rocky Mountains and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Grande_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Grande Basin (page does not exist)">Rio Grande Basin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a> in Wyoming marks the northern extent of the basin, and is separated from the Colorado Rockies by the endorheic <a href="/wiki/Great_Divide_Basin" title="Great Divide Basin">Great Divide Basin</a> in southwestern Wyoming. Streams that are nearby the east side of the divide drain into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, while nearby areas north of the Wind River Range drain into the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-watershedmap-60">[56]</a> The western boundary of the Colorado River Basin is formed by various ranges and plateaus that border the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Uinta_Mountains" title="Uinta Mountains">Uinta Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Range" title="Wasatch Range">Wasatch Range</a>. Major Great Basin watersheds bordering the Colorado River Basin are the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevier_Lake" title="Sevier Lake">Sevier Lake</a> watersheds.<a href="#cite_note-watershedmap-60">[56]</a> To the south, the Colorado River Basin borders several watersheds in Mexico draining into the Gulf of California, including the <a href="/wiki/Sonoyta_River" title="Sonoyta River">Sonoyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_River" title="Concepción River">Concepción</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_River" title="Yaqui River">Yaqui</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-watershedmap-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Much of the basin is at high elevation; the mean elevation is 5,500 feet (1,700 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005483–486-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Lees Ferry, more than halfway along the Colorado River from its source, is 3,150 feet (960 m) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> The highest point in the Colorado River Basin is 14,321-foot (4,365 m) <a href="/wiki/Uncompahgre_Peak" title="Uncompahgre Peak">Uncompahgre Peak</a> in Colorado's <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains" title="San Juan Mountains">San Juan Mountains</a>, while some water from the river drains via irrigation run-off into California's <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>, 236 feet (72 m) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_(6697170671).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_%286697170671%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_%286697170671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_%286697170671%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_%286697170671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_%286697170671%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Colorado_River_Black_Bridge_0618_%286697170671%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Suspension_Bridge" title="Black Suspension Bridge">Black Suspension Bridge</a> crosses the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon at <a href="/wiki/Phantom_Ranch" title="Phantom Ranch">Phantom Ranch</a>, Arizona.</figcaption></figure> About 72 percent of the Colorado River Basin is classified as arid, with the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a> deserts covering the southern portion and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a> encompassing much of the central portion.<a href="#cite_note-landuse-66">[62]</a> The Colorado Plateau is home to most of the major canyon systems formed by the Colorado River and its tributaries, particularly those of the Green and San Juan rivers. About 23 percent of the basin is forest, with the largest area in the Rocky Mountains; other significant forested areas include the <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Plateau" title="Aquarius Plateau">Aquarius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Markagunt_Plateau" title="Markagunt Plateau">Markagunt</a> plateaus in southern Utah and northern Arizona, and the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Rim" title="Mogollon Rim">Mogollon Rim</a> in central Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-landuse-66">[62]</a> These high plateaus and escarpments, often exceeding 9,000 feet (2,700 m) in elevation, form the northern and southern edges of the Colorado Plateau geological province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005483–489-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Developed land use in the basin is mostly irrigated agriculture, chiefly in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_(Colorado-Utah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Valley (Colorado-Utah)">Grand Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Valley" title="Salt River Valley">Salt River Valley</a>, but the total area of crop and pasture land is only 2–3 percent of the entire basin.<a href="#cite_note-landuse-66">[62]</a> Urban areas cover less than 1 percent.<a href="#cite_note-landuse-66">[62]</a> Climate in the Colorado River Basin ranges from subtropical <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert</a> at southern, lower elevations to <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> in the Rocky Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-NAP_climate-69">[65]</a> Mean monthly high temperatures are 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in the Upper Basin and 33.4 °C (92.1 °F) in the Lower Basin, and lows average −3.6 and 8.9 °C (25.5 and 48.0 °F), respectively. Annual precipitation averages 6.5 inches (164 mm), ranging from over 60 inches (1,500 mm) in some areas of the Rockies to less than 4 inches (100 mm) in dry desert valleys.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-61">[57]</a> The Upper Basin generally receives snow and rain during the winter and early spring, while precipitation in the Lower Basin falls mainly during intense but infrequent summer thunderstorms brought on by the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North American Monsoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Precipitation is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño-Southern Oscillation</a> (ENSO) with <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> being associated with wetter conditions and <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> with drier conditions. The effect of ENSO is significantly more pronounced in the Lower Basin, where it has a strong impact on monsoonal rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-61">[57]</a> Runoff patterns across the Colorado River Basin reflect this; most of the perennial tributaries originate in the Upper Basin, while tributaries in the Lower Basin are either <a href="/wiki/Ephemeral_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral stream">ephemeral</a> (such as the Little Colorado River) or highly seasonal (such as the Gila and Salt rivers).<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-61">[57]</a> As of 2010, approximately 13 million people lived within the Colorado River basin,<a href="#cite_note-74">[n 5]</a> while about 40 million people live in areas supplied by Colorado River water. Colorado River basin states are among the fastest-growing in the US; the population of Nevada alone increased by about 66 percent between 1990 and 2000 as Arizona grew by some 40 percent.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexicali,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicali, Baja California">Mexicali, Baja California</a> are the largest cities by population within the Colorado River Basin. Other significant cities include <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George,_Utah" title="St. George, Utah">St. George, Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a>. Due to the rugged and inhospitable topography through which the river flows, there are only a few major towns along the Colorado River itself, including <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado" title="Grand Junction, Colorado">Grand Junction, Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005483–486-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discharge">Discharge</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discharge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloradoflowgraph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The average annual discharge of the Colorado River has shown a slight but noticeable decreasing trend between 1895 and 2004." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coloradoflowgraph.png/300px-Coloradoflowgraph.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coloradoflowgraph.png/450px-Coloradoflowgraph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Coloradoflowgraph.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Annual Colorado River discharge volumes at Lee's Ferry between 1895 and 2004</figcaption></figure> The unimpaired annual runoff<a href="#cite_note-77">[n 6]</a> of the Colorado River at Lees Ferry, Arizona is estimated at 14.7 million acre-feet (18.1 km3), or an annualized <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> of 20,300 cu ft/s (570 m3/s), for the 1906–2023 period.<a href="#cite_note-USBR_natural_flow_data-76">[71]</a> River flows at the Lees Ferry stream gauge, about halfway along the length of the Colorado and 16 miles (26 km) below Glen Canyon Dam, are used to determine water allocations in the Colorado River basin.<a href="#cite_note-LeesFerry-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeesFerryMonthly-79">[73]</a> Flows originating above Lees Ferry represent the majority of Colorado River runoff. Tributaries between there and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Dam" title="Imperial Dam">Imperial Dam</a> near the US–Mexico border contribute a further 1.1 million acre-feet (1.4 km3),<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2023-80">[74]</a> and the Gila–<a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt River</a> system historically accounted for another 1.7 million acre-feet (2.1 km3).<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> While much of this water was lost to evaporation in the deserts of the Lower Basin, anywhere from 10 to 20 million acre-feet (12 to 25 km3) per year reached the Colorado River Delta prior to the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2002-83">[77]</a> Up to 90 percent of the river's flow originates as snowmelt from the Rocky Mountains and other smaller mountain ranges of the Colorado Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-USGSflow-84">[78]</a> Natural seasonal flows at its mouth varied widely, often exceeding 100,000 cu ft/s (2,800 m3/s) in the spring melt and falling as low as 2,500 cu ft/s (71 m3/s) in winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiltshireGilbertRogers2010101–102-85">[79]</a> Snowmelt typically begins in April, peaks in May or June, and can extend into August in wet years.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_monsoon" title="North American monsoon">Monsoon</a> rainstorms often occur in the Lower Basin from August through October, contributing much of the flow in tributaries below Lees Ferry and often causing <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flooding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGSflow-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Since the initial closure of Hoover Dam in 1934, lower Colorado River flows have been greatly moderated, with monthly means below the dam ranging from 16,400 cu ft/s (460 m3/s) in May to 11,200 cu ft/s (320 m3/s) in October.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> Upstream of the massive Hoover and Glen Canyon Dams, inflows to Lake Powell still experience distinct spring highs and winter lows, though overall volumes have been reduced due to Upper Basin water diversions.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2023-80">[74]</a> Flow regimes in a few Upper Basin tributaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yampa_River" title="Yampa River">Yampa River</a>, remain almost completely unaltered.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> By the 1950s, the Colorado delta was regularly drying up in fall and winter, though spring high flows often still made it to the ocean. After the initial closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, these seasonal flows were almost completely eliminated, with the exception of a few very wet years, such as 1983–1987.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-balance-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSflow-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> In 1984, 16.5 million acre-feet (20.4 km3) of excess runoff reached the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Flows have further declined due to evaporation from reservoirs and, particularly after 2000, reduced snowpack with warming winter temperatures in the Rockies.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Water diversions have effectively removed some tributaries entirely, including the Gila River, once the Colorado's largest tributary below Lees Ferry.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Most Colorado River water is diverted in the United States, with only about 2.8 million acre-feet (3.5 km3) per year reaching Mexico since 1950.<a href="#cite_note-NIB-98">[92]</a> At Morelos Dam, the remaining flow is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley, leaving the Colorado River Delta almost entirely dry except for small amounts of agricultural wastewater.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="float: center; clear: right; margin-left: 0.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Discharge of the Colorado River at selected stream gauges </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2">Location </th> <th colspan="2">Annual mean discharge </th> <th colspan="2">Maximum peak flow </th> <th colspan="2">Drainage area </th> <th rowspan="2">Period of record </th> <th rowspan="2">Source </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th>cfs </th> <th>m3/s </th> <th>cfs </th> <th>m3/s </th> <th>mi2 </th> <th>km2 </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Colorado)" title="Grand Lake (Colorado)">Grand Lake, CO</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">65.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,870 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">165 </td> <td>1953–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Dotsero,_Colorado" title="Dotsero, Colorado">Dotsero, CO</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">2,079 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,400 </td> <td>1941–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Cisco,_Utah" title="Cisco, Utah">Cisco, UT</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">7,048 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">199.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,170 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,000 </td> <td>1914–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ciscodischarge-102">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's Ferry">Lee's Ferry, AZ</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">14,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">410 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">290,000 </td> <td>1922–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LeesFerry-78">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Davis_Dam" title="Davis Dam">Davis Dam, AZ–NV</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">13,740 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">389 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,310 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">173,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">449,000 </td> <td>1905–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Parker_Dam" title="Parker Dam">Parker Dam, AZ–CA</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">11,630 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">329 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">182,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">473,000 </td> <td>1935–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam" title="Laguna Diversion Dam">Laguna Dam, AZ–CA</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">1,448 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">870 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">488,000 </td> <td>1972–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th>NIB<a href="#cite_note-106">[n 7]</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Andrade,_California" title="Andrade, California">Andrade, CA</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">3,869 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">109.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">246,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">639,000 </td> <td>1950–2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NIB-98">[92]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float: center; clear: right; margin-left: 0.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Monthly discharge of the Colorado at Lee's Ferry, before and after construction of Glen Canyon Dam<a href="#cite_note-LeesFerry-78">[72]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2">Month </th> <th>Jan. </th> <th>Feb. </th> <th>Mar. </th> <th>Apr. </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun. </th> <th>Jul. </th> <th>Aug. </th> <th>Sep. </th> <th>Oct. </th> <th>Nov. </th> <th>Dec. </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2">Pre-dam discharge (1921–1962) </th> <th>cfs </th> <td>5,260 </td> <td>6,720 </td> <td>9,250 </td> <td>19,900 </td> <td>44,200 </td> <td>52,400 </td> <td>21,200 </td> <td>10,400 </td> <td>8,280 </td> <td>8,220 </td> <td>7,450 </td> <td>5,850 </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th>m3/s </th> <td>149 </td> <td>190 </td> <td>262 </td> <td>564 </td> <td>1,252 </td> <td>1,484 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>294 </td> <td>234 </td> <td>233 </td> <td>211 </td> <td>166 </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2">Post-dam discharge (1963–2021) </th> <th>cfs </th> <td>13,400 </td> <td>12,300 </td> <td>11,500 </td> <td>12,400 </td> <td>13,700 </td> <td>15,600 </td> <td>15,700 </td> <td>15,400 </td> <td>12,700 </td> <td>10,500 </td> <td>11,600 </td> <td>12,600 </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <th>m3/s </th> <td>379 </td> <td>348 </td> <td>326 </td> <td>351 </td> <td>388 </td> <td>442 </td> <td>445 </td> <td>436 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>297 </td> <td>328 </td> <td>357 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> As recently as the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period about 100 million years ago, much of western North America was still part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Tectonic forces from the collision of the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farallon Plate">Farallon Plate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a> pushed up the Rocky Mountains between 50 and 75 million years ago in a mountain-building episode known as the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide orogeny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrisciantelli200256-107">[100]</a> The Colorado River first formed as a west-flowing stream draining the southwestern portion of the range, and the uplift also diverted the Green River, once a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, west towards the Colorado. About 30 to 20 million years ago, volcanic activity related to the orogeny led to the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Tertiary_ignimbrite_flare-up" title="Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up">Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up</a>, which created smaller formations such as the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Mountains" title="Chiricahua Mountains">Chiricahua Mountains</a> in Arizona and deposited massive amounts of volcanic ash and debris over the watershed.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> The Colorado Plateau first began to rise during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, between about 55 and 34 million years ago, but did not attain its present height until about 5 million years ago, about when the Colorado River established its present course into the Gulf of California.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> The time scale and sequence over which the river's present course and the Grand Canyon were formed is uncertain. Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> plates,<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean—possibly <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a> on the Central California coast, and may have played a role in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Canyon" title="Monterey Canyon">Monterey submarine canyon</a>. Crustal extension in the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> began about 20 million years ago and the modern <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> began forming about 10 million years ago, eventually diverting the Colorado southwards towards the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSpamer2001193-111">[104]</a> As the Colorado Plateau continued to rise between 5 and 2.5 million years ago, the river maintained its ancestral course (as an <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Antecedent stream">antecedent stream</a>) and began to cut the Grand Canyon. Antecedence played a major part in shaping other peculiar geographic features in the watershed, including the Dolores River's bisection of <a href="/wiki/Paradox_Valley" title="Paradox Valley">Paradox Valley</a> in Colorado and the Green River's cut through the Uinta Mountains in Utah.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VulcanUinkart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View showing hardened flows of dark volcanic rock descending over the side of a canyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/VulcanUinkart.jpg/300px-VulcanUinkart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/VulcanUinkart.jpg/450px-VulcanUinkart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/VulcanUinkart.jpg/600px-VulcanUinkart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of basalt flows from the <a href="/wiki/Uinkaret_volcanic_field" title="Uinkaret volcanic field">Uinkaret volcanic field</a> are seen here descending into the Grand Canyon, where they dammed the Colorado over 10 times in the past 2 million years.</figcaption></figure> Sediments carried from the plateau by the Colorado River created a vast delta made of more than 10,000 cubic miles (42,000 km3) of material that walled off the northernmost part of the gulf in approximately 1 million years. Cut off from the ocean, the portion of the gulf north of the delta eventually evaporated and formed the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sink" title="Salton Sink">Salton Sink</a>, which reached about 260 feet (79 m) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrisciantelli200262-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> Since then the river has changed course into the Salton Sink at least three times, transforming it into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Cahuilla" title="Lake Cahuilla">Lake Cahuilla</a>, which at maximum size flooded up the valley to present-day <a href="/wiki/Indio,_California" title="Indio, California">Indio, California</a>. The lake took about 50 years to evaporate after the Colorado resumed flowing to the Gulf. The present-day Salton Sea can be considered the most recent incarnation of Lake Cahuilla, though on a much smaller scale.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago, massive flows of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Uinkaret_volcanic_field" title="Uinkaret volcanic field">Uinkaret volcanic field</a> in northern Arizona dammed the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon. At least 13 <a href="/wiki/Lava_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava dam">lava dams</a> were formed, the largest of which was more than 2,300 feet (700 m) high, backing the river up for nearly 500 miles (800 km) to present-day Moab, Utah.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> The lack of associated sediment deposits along this stretch of the Colorado River, which would have accumulated in the impounded lakes over time, suggests that most of these dams did not survive for more than a few decades before collapsing or being washed away. Failure of the lava dams caused by erosion, leaks and <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> caused catastrophic floods, which may have been some of the largest ever to occur in North America, rivaling the late-<a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a> of the northwestern United States.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> Mapping of flood deposits indicate that crests as high as 700 feet (210 m) passed through the Grand Canyon,<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> reaching peak discharges as great as 17 million cubic feet per second (480,000 m3/s).<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_indigenous_peoples">Pre-colonial indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg/280px-Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg/420px-Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg/560px-Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2279" /></a><figcaption>Cliff Palace, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folsom_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folsom culture">Folsom cultures</a> inhabited the Colorado Plateau as early as 10,000 BCE, with populations beginning to increase in the Desert Archaic period (6000 BCE–0 CE).<a href="#cite_note-CP-120">[113]</a> While most early inhabitants were hunter-gatherers, evidence of agriculture, masonry dwellings and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> begins with the <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a> period (0–1300 CE). The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Puebloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Puebloan">Ancient Puebloan</a> culture, also known as Anasazi or Hisatsinom, were descended from the Desert Archaic culture and became established in the Four Corners region around 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> While there is much evidence of ancient habitation along the Colorado River, including stone dwellings, petroglyphs and pottery in places such as Glen Canyon,<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> the first major agriculture-based societies arose a significant distance from the river. The <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Puebloan</a> people built many multi-story pueblos or "great houses", and developed complex distribution systems to supply drinking and irrigation water in <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> in northwestern New Mexico<a href="#cite_note-luhna-125">[118]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> in southwest Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a>, present in the modern Phoenix area since about 0 CE, experienced prolific growth around 600-700 CE as they constructed a large system of irrigation canals making use of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt River</a>. Both civilizations supported large populations at their height, with 6,000–15,000 in Chaco Canyon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENobles199826-127">[120]</a> and as many as 30,000–200,000 Hohokam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan200621–22-128">[121]</a> <table style="float:right; width:15em; margin:1em; border:1px solid grey; padding:5px; background:beige; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center">Indigenous names for the Colorado River </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a>: Pisisvayu<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a>: 'Xakxwet<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohave_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohave language">Mohave</a>: 'Aha Kwahwat<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2010362-131">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: Tó Ntsʼósíkooh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Havasupai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai language">Havasupai</a>: Ha Ŧay Gʼam / Sil Gsvgov<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a>: ʼHakhwata<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Puebloan and Hohokam settlements were abruptly abandoned in the 1400s CE, due both to over-exploitation of natural resources such as timber, and severe drought that made it impossible to maintain irrigation systems.<a href="#cite_note-tenthmil-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwinning-135">[128]</a> Many Puebloans migrated east to the Rio Grande Valley, while others persisted in smaller settlements on the Colorado Plateau. Puebloan descendants include the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna people">Laguna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma people">Acoma</a> peoples of modern Arizona and New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-CP-120">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/O%27odham" title="O'odham">O'odham</a> peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a> (Pima) and <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a> who continue to live in southern Arizona, are believed to be descended from the Hohokam.<a href="#cite_note-CP-120">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-pima-137">[130]</a> The lower Colorado River valley was inhabited for thousands of years by numerous tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a> cultures, many of which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Yuman-Cochimi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman-Cochimi languages">Yuman-Cochimi language group</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Walapai" class="mw-redirect" title="Walapai">Walapai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a> in the Grand Canyon region; the <a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechan people">Quechan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halyikwamai" title="Halyikwamai">Halyikwamai</a> along the Colorado River between Black Canyon and the Mexican border, and the <a href="/wiki/Cocopah_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocopah people">Cocopah</a> around the Colorado River Delta. The <a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a> (a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> inhabited the desert to the river’s west.<a href="#cite_note-Yuman-138">[131]</a> Those living along the lower Colorado River depended more on fishing and floodplain agriculture than on irrigation, and mostly did not live in permanent settlements.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> The site of modern-day Yuma has been <a href="/wiki/Yuma_Crossing" title="Yuma Crossing">an important river crossing</a> since ancient times, as the channel here is much narrower compared to the expansive, swampy river bottoms to the north and south, and enabled the expansion of trade to the Pima and Maricopa in the east and coastal California tribes in the west.<a href="#cite_note-Yuman-138">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_Woman_and_Infant,_Canyon_de_Chelle,_Arizona_(Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument),_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a Native American woman holding a child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg/220px-Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg/330px-Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg/440px-Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> woman and child, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>, c. 1944</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> (Diné) began migrating into the Colorado River Basin around 1000-1500 CE, and eventually exercised influence over much of the Colorado Plateau. Originally hunter-gatherers, they acquired knowledge of farming from the Puebloans and adopted a more sedentary lifestyle over time, making extensive use of irrigation in their settlements.<a href="#cite_note-NavajoUC-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> The Navajo gradually displaced Hopi settlements as they expanded into northern Arizona after the 1500s. <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Mountain" title="Navajo Mountain">Navajo Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_National_Monument" title="Rainbow Bridge National Monument">Rainbow Bridge</a> in the Glen Canyon area came to hold particular religious significance for the Navajo, and the nearby confluence of the Colorado and San Juan River is regarded as the birthplace of clouds and rain.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> also became established in the Colorado Plateau around 1500 CE, although they had inhabited more northerly parts of the Colorado basin (modern Wyoming and northern Colorado) since at least 0 CE.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005486-144">[137]</a> They are the first known inhabitants of this part of the Rocky Mountains, and made use of an extensive network of trails crisscrossing the mountains to move between summer and winter camps. The Ute were divided into numerous bands with separate territories but shared a common language and customs. The Uncompahgre or Tabeguache lived around the confluence of the upper Colorado and Gunnison Rivers, an area including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mesa" title="Grand Mesa">Grand Mesa</a>; the Weenuchiu lived along the San Juan River, and the Parianuche and Yamparika lived in the Yampa, <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Green_River_tributary)" title="White River (Green River tributary)">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchesne_River" title="Duchesne River">Duchesne River</a> valleys.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> The Ute ranged as far as the river’s headwaters; one Ute story recounts a battle with the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapaho people">Arapaho</a> at Grand Lake, which they believe still hosts the spirits of the deceased. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_exploration_and_early_settlement">Spanish exploration and early settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish exploration and early settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/220px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/330px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/440px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>La conquista del Colorado (2017), by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau" title="Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau">Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau</a>, depicts <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>'s 1540–1542 expedition. <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a> can be seen overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>.</figcaption></figure> Starting in the 1500s, the Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a> may have been the first European to see the river, when in 1536 he sailed to the head of the Gulf of California.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> In 1540 <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a> became the first European to see the Grand Canyon, during <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Coronado</a>'s expedition to find the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a> ("Cibola"). Cárdenas was apparently unimpressed with the canyon, greatly underestimating its size, and left in disappointment with no gold to be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrodPhillips20084-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankford2010100–101-148">[141]</a> In the same year <a href="/wiki/Melchior_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Díaz">Melchior Díaz</a> explored the Colorado River's delta and named it Rio del Tizon ("fire brand river"), after seeing a practice used by the local people for warming themselves.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> By the late 1500s or early 1600s, the Utes had acquired horses from the Spanish, and their use for hunting, trade and warfare soon became widespread among Utes and Navajo in the Colorado River basin. This conferred them a military advantage over <a href="/wiki/Goshute" title="Goshute">Goshutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiutes</a> that were slower to adopt horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritzker1998309-150">[143]</a> The Navajo also adopted a culture of livestock herding as they acquired sheep and goats from the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-NavajoUC-140">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a> in 1774 was the first Spaniard to reach Yuma Crossing, where he established friendly relations with the Quechan people and opened the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza_National_Historic_Trail" title="Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail">Anza trail</a> between Arizona and the California coast.<a href="#cite_note-YumaCrossingNPS-151">[144]</a> The Spanish soon founded <a href="/wiki/Mission_Puerto_de_Purisima_Concepcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Puerto de Purisima Concepcion">Mission Puerto de Purisima Concepcion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo_de_Bicuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuner">Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuner</a> along the lower Colorado River. However, Spanish attempts to control the crossing led to the 1781 Yuma revolt, in which over 100 soldiers and colonists were killed, and the settlements were abandoned. The Quechan blocked foreigners’ use of the crossing until the arrival of American mountain men and fur trappers in the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-YumaCrossingNPS-151">[144]</a> The name Rio Colorado first appears in 1701, on the map "Paso por Tierra a la California" published by missionary <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a>, who also determined during that time that Baja California was a peninsula, not an island as previously believed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2017440-152">[145]</a> In the 1700s and early 1800s many Spanish and American explorers believed in the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_River_(legend)" title="Buenaventura River (legend)">Buenaventura River</a> that ran from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuddeBright200450-153">[146]</a> In 1776, <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_V%C3%A9lez_de_Escalante" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre Vélez de Escalante">Silvestre Vélez de Escalante</a> attached this name to the upper Green River, and a number of later maps showed this connecting to Lake Timpanogos (now <a href="/wiki/Utah_Lake" title="Utah Lake">Utah Lake</a>) and flowing west to California. The <a href="/wiki/Dominguez%E2%80%93Escalante_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominguez–Escalante expedition">Dominguez–Escalante expedition</a> first reached the Colorado River near the junction with the <a href="/wiki/Dolores_River" title="Dolores River">Dolores River</a>, naming the larger river “Rio San Rafael”. They later forded the Colorado in southeastern Utah at <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Fathers" title="Crossing of the Fathers">Crossing of the Fathers</a>, now submerged in Lake Powell.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_exploration">American exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg/220px-%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg/330px-%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg/440px-%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Boats of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a>’s second Colorado River expedition in <a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a>, 1872.</figcaption></figure> In the 1820s, American fur trappers along the upper Green River in Wyoming (known to them as the "Seedskeedee" or variants thereof), seeking a route to export furs to the coast, surmised that this and what the Spanish called the Colorado were in fact connected. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Ashley" title="William H. Ashley">William H. Ashley</a> made an unsuccessful attempt to navigate from the Green River to the Colorado's mouth in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-Before_Powell-155">[148]</a> In 1826, <a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a> arrived at the lower Colorado River, referring to it as the Seedskeedee,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDellenbaugh190960-156">[149]</a> and proceeded upstream, exploring as far as Black Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-Before_Powell-155">[148]</a> During the 1830s, various fur trappers from Wyoming made it as far downstream as Cataract Canyon and Glen Canyon, but none were able to navigate the full length of the river.<a href="#cite_note-Before_Powell-155">[148]</a> In 1843 <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> explored the Great Basin and conclusively determined no Buenaventura River flowed west to California; thus, the direction of river flow must be southwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolle199954-157">[150]</a> By the early 19th century, the stretch of the Colorado above the confluence of the Green River at <a href="/wiki/Cataract_Canyon" title="Cataract Canyon">Cataract Canyon</a>, Utah, became known to fur trappers as the "Grand River", though the exact origin of this name is unknown. The Grand River above the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Gunnison_River" title="Gunnison River">Gunnison River</a> was also called the Bunkara River, the Blue River, or the North Fork of the Grand River until the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-congress-159">[152]</a> By the early 1900s the name "Grand River" had been attached to the entire stream as far as Grand Lake, which was then considered its official source.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> Although the Grand River was renamed the Colorado in 1921, its name survives in numerous places such as Grand County and Grand Junction, Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> In 1848 the U.S. Army established <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yuma" title="Fort Yuma">Fort Yuma</a>, creating the first permanent U.S. settlement along the river. This served as a military garrison and supply point for settlers headed to California along the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a>. Due to the arduous task of ferrying supplies overland, the schooner <a href="/wiki/Invincible_(schooner)" title="Invincible (schooner)">Invincible</a> attempted to bring supplies up the river but was thwarted by the delta’s strong tides. Steamboats were brought to the river, starting in 1852 with the sidewheeler <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam_(sidewheeler_1852)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle Sam (sidewheeler 1852)">Uncle Sam</a>, whose first voyage from the Gulf to Yuma took fifteen days.<a href="#cite_note-Marcucci-162">[155]</a>: 15  Exploration by steamboat soon advanced upriver. In 1857, George A. Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/General_Jesup_(sidewheeler)" title="General Jesup (sidewheeler)">General Jesup</a> was able to reach <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Canyon" title="Pyramid Canyon">Pyramid Canyon</a>, over 300 miles (480 km) north of Fort Yuma.<a href="#cite_note-Lingenfelter-163">[156]</a>: 16–17, 19 <a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> He was followed by Lt. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Christmas_Ives" title="Joseph Christmas Ives">Joseph Christmas Ives</a> who used a specially built shallow-draft steamboat, <a href="/wiki/Explorer_(sternwheeler)" title="Explorer (sternwheeler)">Explorer</a>, to reach <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Colorado" title="Black Canyon of the Colorado">Black Canyon</a>, where Hoover Dam stands today.<a href="#cite_note-Ives-165">[158]</a>: Part 1, 85–87  Having set out to determine the river's suitability as a navigation route, Ives remarked: "Ours has been the first, and will doubtless be the last, party of whites to visit this profitless locality. It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River, along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way, shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDellenbaugh1909170-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt199312-167">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg/220px-First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg/330px-First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg/440px-First_Powell_Expedition_1869_USGS_Pioh120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="5456" /></a><figcaption>Route of Powell’s first expedition, 1869.</figcaption></figure> The last part of the Colorado River to be surveyed was the Grand Canyon itself. In 1869, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> with nine men set out on <a href="/wiki/Powell_Geographic_Expedition_of_1869" title="Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869">an expedition</a> from <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Wyoming" title="Green River, Wyoming">Green River Station, Wyoming</a>. They were the first part of non-natives to travel the length of the Grand Canyon, and the first to successfully travel by boat from the upper Green River to the lower Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolnick20025-168">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg2000360-169">[162]</a> Powell led a second expedition in 1871, with financial backing from the U.S. government,<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> and continued to conduct geographical and botanical surveys across the region until the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> Another Grand Canyon river expedition was led in 1889-1890 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brewster_Stanton" title="Robert Brewster Stanton">Robert Brewster Stanton</a> to survey a route for a proposed railroad through the canyon, which was never built.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> We are now ready to start on our way down the Great Unknown. Our boats, tied to a common stake, are chafing each other, as they are tossed by the fretful river. They ride high and buoyant, for their loads are lighter than we could desire. We have but a month's rations remaining… The lighting of the boats has this advantage: they will ride the waves better, and we shall have little to carry when we make a portage. We are three-quarters of a mile in the depths of the earth, and the great river shrinks into insignificance, as it dashes its angry waves against the walls and cliffs, that rise to the world above; they are but puny ripples, and we but pigmies, running up and down the sands, or lost among the boulders. We have an unknown distance yet to run; an unknown river yet to explore. What falls there are, we know not; what rocks beset the channel, we know not; what walls rise over the river, we know not; Ah, well! we may conjecture many things. The men talk as cheerfully as ever; jests are bandied about freely this morning; but to me the cheer is somber and the jests are ghastly.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Wesley Powell's journal, August 1869<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolnick2002238-173">[166]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._westward_expansion_and_military_campaigns">U.S. westward expansion and military campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: U.S. westward expansion and military campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Steamboats of the Colorado River">Steamboats of the Colorado River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg/220px-Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg/330px-Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg/440px-Fort_Yuma_California_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> of Fort Yuma, c. 1875</figcaption></figure> In 1858, gold was discovered on the Gila River east of Yuma, then along the Colorado River at <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_Canyon_(Nevada)" title="El Dorado Canyon (Nevada)">El Dorado Canyon, Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Arizona" title="La Paz, Arizona">La Paz, Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> As prospectors and settlers entered the region, they became involved in skirmishes with the Mohave, spurring U.S. Army expeditions that culminated in the 1859 Battle of the Colorado River which concluded the <a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War">Mohave War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesselWooster2005217-176">[169]</a> In the 1870s the Mohave were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mojave_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Mojave Indian Reservation">Fort Mohave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River Indian Reservation">Colorado River</a> reservations.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRIT-178">[171]</a> Chemehuevi and later some Hopi and Navajo peoples were also moved to the Colorado River reservation, where they today form the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Tribes" title="Colorado River Indian Tribes">Colorado River Indian Tribes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> As the American frontier expanded into the Colorado Plateau, an effort to expel the Navajo from the Four Corners region was begun by General <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Carleton" title="James Henry Carleton">James Henry Carleton</a>, who in 1864 enlisted mountain man <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> to lead a campaign against the Navajo. Carson, with the help of the Navajo's Ute enemies, captured more than 8,000 Navajo and forcibly marched them to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner" title="Fort Sumner">Fort Sumner</a>, New Mexico. Hundreds died during what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk</a> and while enduring appalling conditions at Fort Sumner. After the failure of the Army to maintain the reservation there, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bosque_Redondo" title="Treaty of Bosque Redondo">Treaty of Bosque Redondo</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> in the Four Corners, where the Navajo were allowed to return in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> Gold and silver were also discovered in the Upper Basin, beginning with the 1859 Blue River strike that led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Colorado" title="Breckenridge, Colorado">Breckenridge, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197252–53-183">[176]</a> Up until the 1860s, southwestern Colorado had remained relatively untouched by U.S. westward expansion, as the Americans had recognized Ute sovereignty by treaty. Following the 1861 carving out of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> and further mineral strikes including <a href="/wiki/Ouray,_Colorado" title="Ouray, Colorado">Ouray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2007251-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg2009134–135-185">[178]</a> Ute leaders were coerced into signing the 1873 <a href="/wiki/Brunot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunot Agreement">Brunot Agreement</a>, in which they lost rights to most of their land. A flood of mineral prospecting and settlement ensued in western Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> By 1881, the Army had driven out the remaining pockets of Ute resistance on the Western Slope, officially opening the Grand River country to settlement, and the town of Grand Junction was incorporated a year later.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad" title="Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad">Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad</a> (D&RGW) quickly expanded into this area to serve mining boomtowns, crossing the Rockies to the south via the <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison River">Black Canyon of the Gunnison River</a>. By 1883 the railroad had reached Grand Junction, and a spur up the Colorado to Glenwood Springs was completed in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territories</a>, many early settlers were Mormons fleeing religious persecution in the Midwest. Mormons founded agricultural colonies at Fort Santa Clara in 1855 and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas,_Nevada" title="St. Thomas, Nevada">St. Thomas</a>, now flooded under Lake Mead, in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone%27s_Ferry,_Nevada" title="Stone's Ferry, Nevada">Stone's Ferry</a>, crossing the Colorado at the mouth of the Virgin River, enabled shipping of their produce by wagon to gold mining districts further south. Although the Mormons abandoned St. Thomas in 1871, a salt-mining industry persisted here, and steamboats operated up to nearby <a href="/wiki/Rioville,_Nevada" title="Rioville, Nevada">Rioville</a> into the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassGlass1983162–163-190">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lingenfelter-163">[156]</a>: 78  In 1879 <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition" title="San Juan Expedition">a group of Mormon settlers</a> made their way to southeastern Utah, blasting the precarious <a href="/wiki/Hole_in_the_Rock_Trail" title="Hole in the Rock Trail">Hole in the Rock Trail</a> to cross the Colorado River at Glen Canyon, subsequently establishing the community of <a href="/wiki/Bluff,_Utah" title="Bluff, Utah">Bluff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> Due to the dry climate, these settlements depended heavily on irrigation. In central Arizona, settlers uncovered and re-established canals previously used by the Hohokam.<a href="#cite_note-hohokam-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilavalley-193">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File-Historic_photograph_of_ferryboat_at_Lees_Ferry._John-D._Lee_established_the_first_ferry_at_the_confluence_of_the-Colorado_and_(698b6643-1dc1-4738-866e-a38aa7046253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/File-Historic_photograph_of_ferryboat_at_Lees_Ferry._John-D._Lee_established_the_first_ferry_at_the_confluence_of_the-Colorado_and_%28698b6643-1dc1-4738-866e-a38aa7046253%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/File-Historic_photograph_of_ferryboat_at_Lees_Ferry._John-D._Lee_established_the_first_ferry_at_the_confluence_of_the-Colorado_and_%28698b6643-1dc1-4738-866e-a38aa7046253%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/File-Historic_photograph_of_ferryboat_at_Lees_Ferry._John-D._Lee_established_the_first_ferry_at_the_confluence_of_the-Colorado_and_%28698b6643-1dc1-4738-866e-a38aa7046253%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Historic photograph of the cable ferry at Lee’s Ferry, prior to construction of the Navajo Bridge.</figcaption></figure> Following tensions between Mormon settlers and the U.S. government in the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">local militia</a> including <a href="/wiki/John_D._Lee" title="John D. Lee">John D. Lee</a> perpetrated the 1857 <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a>, in which 120 non-Mormon settlers were killed. Fearing retribution, Lee moved in 1870 to the remote Pahreah Crossing in Arizona, where he took over a ferry first established in 1864 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hamblin" title="Jacob Hamblin">Jacob Hamblin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GCNleesferry-194">[187]</a> This, the only river crossing for hundreds of miles not hemmed in by vertical canyon walls, became known as <a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's Ferry">Lee's Ferry</a>. While Lee was tried and subsequently executed in 1877, the ferry remained a major transportation link until the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Bridge" title="Navajo Bridge">Navajo Bridge</a> was completed nearby in 1928, rendering the ferry obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Salt_Lake_Railway" title="Denver and Salt Lake Railway">Denver and Salt Lake Railway</a> (D&SL), incorporated in 1902, sought to provide a more direct connection between Denver and <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City</a> than either the <a href="/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transcontinental Railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> through Wyoming or the D&RGW’s route via Black Canyon and Durango. The D&SL completed a rail line into the upper headwaters of the Colorado River and blasted the <a href="/wiki/Moffat_Tunnel" title="Moffat Tunnel">Moffat Tunnel</a> under the Continental Divide, but ran out of money before even reaching Utah.<a href="#cite_note-MoffatRoad-196">[189]</a> In 1931 the D&RGW completed the "Dotsero Cutoff" linking Glenwood Springs to the D&SL route at <a href="/wiki/Bond,_Colorado" title="Bond, Colorado">Bond, Colorado</a>, finally completing the direct Denver–Salt Lake link with its acquisition of the bankrupt D&SL. The Gunnison River route was eventually abandoned in favor of the shorter Colorado River route, which today is owned by <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MoffatRoad-196">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaming_of_the_upper_Colorado_River">Renaming of the upper Colorado River</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Renaming of the upper Colorado River">edit</a>]</div> As late as 1921, the Colorado River upstream from the confluence with the Green River in Utah was still known as the Grand River. For over a decade, U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Taylor" title="Edward T. Taylor">Edward T. Taylor</a> of Colorado had petitioned the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce</a> to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River.<a href="#cite_note-congress-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> Representatives from Wyoming, Utah, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> objected, noting that the Green River was longer and drained a larger area. Taylor argued that the Grand River should be considered the main stream, as it carried the larger volume of water.<a href="#cite_note-congress-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1988104-199">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[n 8]</a> Taylor felt “slighted” that the Colorado River, as named, did not begin in the state of Colorado, and “he wasn’t going to let Utah or Wyoming lay claim to the river’s headwaters, despite the fact that the Green River is the larger drainage basin.”<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> On July 25, 1921, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> signed House Joint Resolution 32 - “To change the name of the Grand River in Colorado and Utah to the Colorado River.”<a href="#cite_note-Grand_River_renamed-203">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering_and_development">Engineering and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Engineering and development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HooverDamFrontWater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front view of a dam in a narrow canyon, with water shooting out of the gates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/180px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/270px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/360px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> releasing water in 1998</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dams_in_the_Colorado_River_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams in the Colorado River system">Dams in the Colorado River system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Colorado River Compact</a></div> About 40 million people depend on the Colorado River's water for agricultural, industrial and domestic needs.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Supply_and_Demand_Study-204">[196]</a> The Colorado irrigates 5.5 million acres (2.2 million hectares) of farmland,<a href="#cite_note-Water_Supply_and_Demand_Study-204">[196]</a> and its hydroelectric plants produce 12 billion <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a> (KWh) of hydroelectricity each year.<a href="#cite_note-Controversy-205">[197]</a> Hydroelectricity from the Colorado is a key supplier of <a href="/wiki/Peaking_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaking power">peaking power</a> on the Southwest electric grid.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> Often called "America's <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>",<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> the Colorado is so intensively managed that each drop of its water is used an average of 17 times in a single year.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1993120-210">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nevada_Water_Authority" title="Southern Nevada Water Authority">Southern Nevada Water Authority</a> has called the Colorado River one of the "most controlled, controversial and litigated rivers in the world".<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; width:200px; margin-right: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Colorado River water allocations, in millions of <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre-feet</a><a href="#cite_note-CRCtext-212">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-1944Treaty-213">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt align=center"> <th>User </th> <th>Amount </th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:left;"> <td style="background:beige;">United States </td> <td style="background:beige;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:beige;">90.9% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>California </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>26.7% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>Colorado </td> <td>3.88 </td> <td>23.5% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>Arizona </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>17.0% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>Utah </td> <td>1.72 </td> <td>10.4% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>Wyoming </td> <td>1.05 </td> <td>6.4% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>New Mexico </td> <td>0.84 </td> <td>5.1% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center;"> <td>Nevada </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt; text-align:left;"> <td style="background:beige;">Mexico </td> <td style="background:beige;">1.5 </td> <td style="background:beige;">9.1% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="font-size:9pt; text-align:left; background:#b0e0e6;"> <td>Total </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1922, six U.S. states signed the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Colorado River Compact</a>, which divided half of the river's flow to both the Upper Basin (the drainage area above Lee's Ferry, comprising parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming and a small portion of Arizona) and the Lower Basin (Arizona, California, Nevada, and parts of New Mexico and Utah). The Upper and Lower Basin were each allocated 7.5 million acre-feet (9.3 km3) of water per year, a figure believed to represent half of the river's annual flow at Lee's Ferry.<a href="#cite_note-CRCtext-212">[204]</a> The allotments operated under the premise that approximately 17.5 million acre-feet of water flowed through the river annually.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> Arizona initially refused to ratify the compact because it feared that California would take too much of the lower basin allotment. In 1944 a compromise was reached in which Arizona was allocated 2.8 million acre-feet (3.5 km3), but with the caveat that California's 4.4-million-acre-foot (5.4 km3) allocation was prioritized during drought years.<a href="#cite_note-UtahP-216">[208]</a> These and nine other decisions, compacts, federal acts and agreements made between 1922 and 1973 constitute what is now known as the Law of the River.<a href="#cite_note-UtahP-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoR-217">[209]</a> In 1944, <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission#The_border_and_water_treaties" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">a treaty between the U.S. and Mexico</a> allocated 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 km3) of Colorado River water to Mexico each year.<a href="#cite_note-1944Treaty-213">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morelos_Dam" title="Morelos Dam">Morelos Dam</a> was constructed in 1950 to enable Mexico to utilize its share of the river. Water allocated to Mexico from the Colorado River is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>, which also apportions waters from the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmountain_diversions">Transmountain diversions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transmountain diversions">edit</a>]</div> Large-scale development of Colorado River water supplies started in the late 19th century, at the river's headwaters in La Poudre Pass. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ditch" title="Grand Ditch">Grand Ditch</a>, directing runoff from the river's headwaters across the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> to arid eastern Colorado, was considered an engineering marvel when completed in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> This was the first of twenty-four "transmountain diversions" constructed to draw water across the Rocky Mountains as the <a href="/wiki/Front_Range_urban_corridor" title="Front Range urban corridor">Front Range corridor</a> increased in population.<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> These diversions draw water from the upper Colorado and its tributaries into the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> basins.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Education_CO-221">[213]</a> Today, about 80 percent of Colorado's population lives on the Eastern Slope of the Rockies, while 80 percent of precipitation falls on the Western Slope.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW,_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch,_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek,_Grand_Lake,_Grand_County,_CO_HAER_COLO,25-GRLK.V,2-1.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW%2C_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch%2C_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek%2C_Grand_Lake%2C_Grand_County%2C_CO_HAER_COLO%2C25-GRLK.V%2C2-1.tif/lossy-page1-220px-GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW%2C_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch%2C_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek%2C_Grand_Lake%2C_Grand_County%2C_CO_HAER_COLO%2C25-GRLK.V%2C2-1.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW%2C_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch%2C_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek%2C_Grand_Lake%2C_Grand_County%2C_CO_HAER_COLO%2C25-GRLK.V%2C2-1.tif/lossy-page1-330px-GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW%2C_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch%2C_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek%2C_Grand_Lake%2C_Grand_County%2C_CO_HAER_COLO%2C25-GRLK.V%2C2-1.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW%2C_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch%2C_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek%2C_Grand_Lake%2C_Grand_County%2C_CO_HAER_COLO%2C25-GRLK.V%2C2-1.tif/lossy-page1-440px-GRAND_DITCH_OVERVIEW%2C_VIEWING_SOUTH_-_Grand_Ditch%2C_Baker_Creek_to_LaPoudre_Pass_Creek%2C_Grand_Lake%2C_Grand_County%2C_CO_HAER_COLO%2C25-GRLK.V%2C2-1.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4012" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Ditch, one of the earliest water diversions of the Colorado River, is still in use today.</figcaption></figure> While first planned at the same time as the Grand Ditch, construction on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado-Big_Thompson_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado-Big Thompson Project">Colorado-Big Thompson Project</a> (C-BT) did not begin until the 1930s. Today, the C-BT is the largest of the transmountain diversions, delivering 230,000 acre-feet (280,000,000 m3) per year from the Colorado River to cities north of <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> Numerous other projects followed, with the largest including the Roberts Tunnel, which delivers water from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_River_(Colorado)" title="Blue River (Colorado)">Blue River</a> to the city of Denver,<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fryingpan%E2%80%93Arkansas_Project" title="Fryingpan–Arkansas Project">Fryingpan–Arkansas Project</a>, which diverts water from the <a href="/wiki/Fryingpan_River" title="Fryingpan River">Fryingpan River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> basin.<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> Combined, the transmountain diversions draw about 580,000 acre-feet (720,000,000 m3) of water per year out of the Colorado River basin.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Education_CO-221">[213]</a> Historically, most of the water has been used for irrigation, although water usage is increasing for urban water supply and for recreational purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Snowmaking" title="Snowmaking">snowmaking</a> and increasing Eastern Slope streamflows for boating and fishing. <a href="/wiki/Denver_Water" title="Denver Water">Denver Water</a> receives about 50 percent of its supply from the Colorado River basin. However, diversions have caused environmental harm to the upper Colorado River system by reducing streamflows in many tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Education_CO-221">[213]</a> A number of reservoirs have been built to offset the impact of transmountain diversions by storing water for dry season release on the Western Slope, including <a href="/wiki/Williams_Fork_Reservoir" title="Williams Fork Reservoir">Williams Fork Reservoir</a> in 1959<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolford_Mountain_Reservoir" title="Wolford Mountain Reservoir">Wolford Mountain Reservoir</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Imperial_Valley_and_the_Salton_Sea">The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Canal" title="Alamo Canal">Alamo Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></div> The Colorado River delta region in Mexico became a favored place for Americans to invest in agriculture in the late 19th century when Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> welcomed foreign capital to develop the country. The Colorado River Land Company, formed by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> publisher <a href="/wiki/Harry_Chandler" title="Harry Chandler">Harry Chandler</a>, his father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(publisher)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)">Harrison Gray Otis</a>, and others, developed the <a href="/wiki/Mexicali_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicali Valley">Mexicali Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> as a thriving land company. The company headquarters was nominally based in Mexico, but its real headquarters was in Los Angeles, California. Land was leased mainly to Americans who were required to develop it. Colorado River water was used to irrigate the rich soil. The company largely escaped the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–20), but in the postrevolutionary period, the Mexican government expropriated the company's land to satisfy the demand for <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">land reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/California_Development_Company" title="California Development Company">California Development Company</a> (CDC) envisioned irrigating the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a>, a then dry basin on the California–Mexico border, using water from the Colorado River. Due to the valley's location below sea level, water could be diverted and allowed to flow there entirely by gravity. Engineer <a href="/wiki/George_Chaffey" title="George Chaffey">George Chaffey</a> was hired to design the <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Canal" title="Alamo Canal">Alamo Canal</a>, which split from the Colorado near <a href="/wiki/Pilot_Knob_(Imperial_County,_California)" title="Pilot Knob (Imperial County, California)">Pilot Knob, California</a> and ran south into Mexico, where it joined the <a href="/wiki/Alamo_River" title="Alamo River">Alamo River</a>, a dry arroyo which had historically carried overflowing floodwaters from the Colorado into the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sink" title="Salton Sink">Salton Sink</a> at the bottom of Imperial Valley. The scheme worked initially; by 1903, about four thousand people lived in the valley and more than 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) of farmland had been developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillingtonJacksonMelosi2005140-232">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alamocanal-233">[225]</a> The Alamo Canal experienced continual problems due to the Colorado's high sediment content and its varying water levels. During low flows, the river often dropped below the level of the canal intake, while high flows silted up the intake, forcing the repeated excavation of new cuts. In early 1905, flooding destroyed the intake gates and water began to flow uncontrolled down the canal towards the Salton Sink. By August, the breach had grown large enough to swallow the entire flow of the river, which began to flood the bottom of the valley. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a> attempted to dam the flow in order to protect their tracks which ran through the valley, but was hampered by repeated flooding.<a href="#cite_note-Alamocanal-233">[225]</a> It took seven attempts, more than $3 million, and two years for the railroad, the CDC, and the federal government to permanently block the breach and restore the river's original course – but not before part of the Imperial Valley was flooded under a 45-mile-long (72 km) lake, today's <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>. The Imperial Valley fiasco demonstrated that further economic development of the region would require a dam to control the Colorado's unpredictable flows.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillingtonJacksonMelosi2005141–142-236">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boulder_Canyon_Project">Boulder Canyon Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boulder Canyon Project">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HooverDamConstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HooverDamConstruction.jpg/220px-HooverDamConstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HooverDamConstruction.jpg/330px-HooverDamConstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HooverDamConstruction.jpg/440px-HooverDamConstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Hoover Dam under construction, 1934</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg/220px-IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg/330px-IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg/440px-IMPERIAL_DAM_TAKES_LAST_OF_COLORADO_RIVER_WATER_FOR_THE_UNITED_STATES._IT_DIVERTS_WATER_INTO_ALL-AMERICAN_CANAL...._-_NARA_-_548847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>The Imperial Dam (bottom right) diverts water into the All-American Canal (center) running towards Imperial Valley.</figcaption></figure> A large dam on the Colorado River had been envisioned since the 1920s. In 1928, Congress authorized the Reclamation Service (today's <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Reclamation">U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</a>, or USBR) to build the Boulder Canyon Project, whose key feature would be a dam on the Colorado in Black Canyon 30 miles (48 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>. On September 30, 1935, <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> was completed, forming <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a>, capable of holding more than two years of the Colorado's flow. Lake Mead was, and still is, the largest artificial lake in the U.S. by storage capacity.<a href="#cite_note-LakeMead-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> The construction of Hoover Dam stabilized the lower channel of the Colorado River, stored water for irrigation in times of drought, captured sediment and controlled floods. Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world's largest hydroelectric power plant.<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> The Boulder Canyon Project Act also authorized the <a href="/wiki/All-American_Canal" title="All-American Canal">All-American Canal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> which was built as a permanent replacement for the Alamo Canal and follows a route entirely within the U.S. on its way to the Imperial Valley. The canal's intake is located at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Dam" title="Imperial Dam">Imperial Dam</a>, 20 miles (32 km) above <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>, which diverts the majority of the Colorado's flow with only a small portion continuing to Mexico. With a capacity of over 26,000 cubic feet per second (740 m3/s), the All-American Canal is the largest irrigation canal in the world.<a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a> Because the hot, sunny climate lends to a year-round growing season, the Imperial Valley has become one of the most productive farming regions in North America, providing much of the winter produce supply in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-ImperialEB-6">[6]</a> The Imperial Irrigation District supplies water to 520,000 acres (210,000 ha) south of the Salton Sea.<a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Canal" title="Coachella Canal">Coachella Canal</a>, which branches northward from the All-American Canal, irrigates another 78,000 acres (32,000 ha) in the <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parker_Dam" title="Parker Dam">Parker Dam</a> was initially built as the diversion point for the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Aqueduct" title="Colorado River Aqueduct">Colorado River Aqueduct</a>, planned by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_District_of_Southern_California" title="Metropolitan Water District of Southern California">Metropolitan Water District of Southern California</a> to supply water to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> The construction of the dam was opposed by Arizona, which feared that California would take too much water from the Colorado; at one point, Arizona sent members of its National Guard to stop work on the dam. Ultimately, a compromise was reached, with Arizona dropping its objections in exchange for the USBR constructing the Gila Project, which irrigates 110,000 acres (450 km2) on the Arizona side of the river.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> By 1941, the 241-mile (388 km) long Colorado River Aqueduct was completed, delivering 1.2 million acre-feet (1.5 km3) of water west to Southern California. The aqueduct enabled the continued growth of Los Angeles and its suburbs, and provides water to about 10 million people today.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Aqueduct" title="San Diego Aqueduct">San Diego Aqueduct</a>, which branches off from the Colorado River Aqueduct in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>, opened in stages between 1954–1971 and provides water to another 3 million people in the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> metro area.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> The Las Vegas Valley of Nevada experienced rapid growth after Hoover Dam, and by 1937 Las Vegas had tapped a pipeline into Lake Mead. Nevada officials, believing that groundwater resources in the southern part of the state were sufficient for future growth, were more concerned with securing a large amount of the dam's power supply than water from the Colorado; thus they settled for the smallest water allocation of all the states in the Colorado River Compact.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> In 2018, due to declining water levels in Lake Mead, a second pipeline was completed with a lower intake elevation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado_River_Storage_Project">Colorado River Storage Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colorado River Storage Project">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Storage_Project" title="Colorado River Storage Project">Colorado River Storage Project</a></div> In the first half of the 20th century, the Upper Basin states, with the exception of Colorado, had developed very little of their water allocations from the Colorado River Compact. By the 1950s, however, water demand was rapidly increasing in Utah's <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Front" title="Wasatch Front">Wasatch Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> metro area) and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a> of New Mexico, which both began exploring ways to divert water from the Colorado Basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFradkin1996191-248">[240]</a> The Upper Basin states were concerned that they would not be able to use their full Compact allocations due to increasing water demands in the Lower Basin. The Compact requires the Upper Basin to deliver a minimum annual flow of 7.5 million acre-feet (9.3×109 m3) past Lee's Ferry (measured on a 10-year rolling average). Without additional reservoir storage, the Upper Basin states could not utilize their allocations without impacting water deliveries to the Lower Basin in dry years.<a href="#cite_note-CRSP-249">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg/170px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg/255px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg/340px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_AZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Glen Canyon Dam, the largest dam of the Colorado River Storage Project</figcaption></figure> In 1956 Congress authorized the USBR to construct the Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP), which planned several large reservoirs on the upper Colorado, Green, Gunnison and San Juan Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-CRSP-249">[241]</a> The initial blueprints for the CRSP included two dams on the Green River within <a href="/wiki/Echo_Park_(Colorado)" title="Echo Park (Colorado)">Echo Park Canyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a> – a move criticized by both the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and environmental groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>. The controversy received nationwide media attention, and the USBR dropped its plans for the Dinosaur dams in exchange for increasing the size of a proposed dam at Glen Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> The controversy associated with Glen Canyon Dam did not build momentum until construction was well underway. Due to Glen Canyon's remote location, most of the American public did not even know of its existence; the few who did contended that it had much greater scenic value than Echo Park. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system due to negative effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries. During the construction of <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a> (1956–66), environmental organizations[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] vowed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to block any further development of the river, and a number of later dam and aqueduct proposals were defeated by citizen opposition. Sierra Club leader <a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a> fought the dam both during the construction and for many years afterwards until his death in 2000. Brower believed that he was personally responsible for the failure to prevent Glen Canyon's flooding, calling it his "greatest mistake, greatest sin".<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> In addition to Glen Canyon Dam, the CRSP includes the <a href="/wiki/Flaming_Gorge_Dam" title="Flaming Gorge Dam">Flaming Gorge Dam</a> on the Green River, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mesa_Dam" title="Blue Mesa Dam">Blue Mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrow_Point_Dam" title="Morrow Point Dam">Morrow Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Dam" title="Crystal Dam">Crystal Dams</a> on the Gunnison River, and the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Dam" title="Navajo Dam">Navajo Dam</a> on the San Juan River. A total of 22 "participating projects" (of which 16 have been constructed) were later authorized in order to develop local water supplies at various locations across the Upper Basin states.<a href="#cite_note-CRSP-249">[241]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Central_Utah_Project" title="Central Utah Project">Central Utah Project</a>, which delivers 102,000 acre-feet (126,000,000 m3) per year from the Green River basin to the Wasatch Front, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Chama_Project" title="San Juan–Chama Project">San Juan–Chama Project</a>, which diverts 110,000 acre-feet (140,000,000 m3) per year from the San Juan River to the Rio Grande Valley. Both are multi-purpose projects serving a variety of agricultural, municipal and industrial uses.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan">Pacific Southwest Water Plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pacific Southwest Water Plan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_cap_canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Arizona_cap_canal.jpg/170px-Arizona_cap_canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Arizona_cap_canal.jpg/255px-Arizona_cap_canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Arizona_cap_canal.jpg/340px-Arizona_cap_canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>The main canal of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a>, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></figcaption></figure> By the middle of the 20th century, planners were concerned that continued growth in water demand would outstrip the available water supply from the Colorado River. After exploring a multitude of potential projects, the USBR published a study in January 1964 known as the Pacific Southwest Water Plan, which proposed diverting water from the northwestern United States into the Colorado River basin.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan-255">[247]</a> Arizona's water allocation was a significant focus of the plan, due to the growing concern that its water supply could be curtailed due to California's <a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">seniority of water rights</a>. In addition, the plan would guarantee full water supplies to Nevada, California and Mexico, allowing the Upper Basin states to utilize their full allocations without risking reductions in the Lower Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan-255">[247]</a> The project would cost an estimated $3.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_PSW-256">[248]</a> The first stage of this plan would divert water from Northern California's <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(California)" title="Trinity River (California)">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_(California)" title="Eel River (California)">Eel Rivers</a> to Southern California, allowing more Colorado River water to be used, by exchange, in Arizona. A canal system, which ultimately would become the <a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a> (CAP), would be constructed to deliver Arizona's Colorado River allocation to Phoenix and Tucson, both located far away from the Colorado River in the middle of the state. At this point, central Arizona was still entirely dependent on local water supplies, such as the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Dam" title="Theodore Roosevelt Dam">Theodore Roosevelt Dam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> and was quickly running out of surplus water.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan-255">[247]</a> In order to supply the massive amount of power required to pump Colorado River water to central Arizona, two hydroelectric dams were proposed in the Grand Canyon (<a href="/wiki/Bridge_Canyon_Dam" title="Bridge Canyon Dam">Bridge Canyon Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon_Dam" title="Marble Canyon Dam">Marble Canyon Dam</a>), which while not directly located in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a>, would greatly impact flows of the Colorado River through the park.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Southwest_Water_Plan-255">[247]</a> With the controversy over Glen Canyon Dam still ongoing, the public pressure against these dams was immense.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_PSW-256">[248]</a> As a result, the two Grand Canyon dams were omitted from the final CAP authorization in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> In addition, the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park were redrawn to prevent future dam projects in the area. The pumping power was replaced by the building of the coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Generating_Station" title="Navajo Generating Station">Navajo Generating Station</a> near Page, Arizona, in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-CAP-259">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> In 2019, the Navajo Generating Station ceased operation.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> The CAP was constructed in stages from 1973 to 1993, ultimately extending 336 miles (541 km) from the Colorado River at Parker Dam to <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>. It delivers 1.4 million acre-feet (1.7 km3) of water per year, irrigates 830,000 acres (3,400 km2) of farmland and provides municipal water to about 5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-CAP-259">[251]</a> Due to environmental concerns, most of the facilities proposed in the Pacific Southwest Water Plan were never built (though a smaller version of the Trinity River project was constructed as part of the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_Project" title="Central Valley Project">Central Valley Project</a>),<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> leaving Arizona and Nevada vulnerable to future water reductions under the Compact.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_water_rights">Indigenous water rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indigenous water rights">edit</a>]</div> Water rights of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin were largely ignored during the extensive water resources development carried out on the river and its tributaries in the 19th and 20th centuries. The construction of dams has often had negative impacts on tribal peoples, such as the Chemehuevi when their riverside lands were flooded after the completion of <a href="/wiki/Parker_Dam" title="Parker Dam">Parker Dam</a> in 1938. Ten Native American tribes in the basin now hold or continue to claim water rights to the Colorado River.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> The U.S. government has taken some actions to help quantify and develop the water resources of Native American reservations. The first federally funded irrigation project in the U.S. was the construction of an irrigation canal on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> Other water projects include the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Indian_Irrigation_Project" title="Navajo Indian Irrigation Project">Navajo Indian Irrigation Project</a>, authorized in 1962 for the irrigation of lands in part of the Navajo Nation in north-central New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a> The Navajo continue to seek expansion of their water rights because of difficulties with the water supply on their reservation; about 40 percent of its inhabitants must haul water by truck many miles to their homes. In the 21st century, they have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah for increased water rights. Some of these claims have been successful for the Navajo, such as a 2004 settlement in which they received a 326,000-acre-foot (402,000 ML) allotment from New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-2000_water_supply">Post-2000 water supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-2000 water supply">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_North_American_megadrought" title="Southwestern North American megadrought">Southwestern North American megadrought</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">[The Colorado is] a 'deficit' river, as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reisner" title="Marc Reisner">Marc Reisner</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Desert" title="Cadillac Desert">Cadillac Desert</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1993121-269">[261]</a></cite></div></blockquote> When the Colorado River Compact was drafted in the 1920s, it was based on barely 30 years of streamflow records that suggested an average annual flow of 17.5 million acre-feet (21.6 km3) past Lee's Ferry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1993126-270">[262]</a> Modern studies of <a href="/wiki/Tree_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ring">tree rings</a> revealed that those three decades were probably the wettest in the past 500 to 1,200 years and that the natural long-term annual flow past Lee's Ferry is probably closer to 13.5 million acre-feet (16.7 km3),<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[n 9]</a> with a natural flow at the mouth around 16.3 million acre-feet (20.1 km3).<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-274">[265]</a> This has resulted in more water being allocated to river users than actually exists in the Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-Gelt-275">[266]</a> Droughts have exacerbated the issue of water over-allocation.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a reservoir where the water level has dropped, showing white deposits on the surrounding mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg/220px-Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg/330px-Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg/440px-Lake_Mead_October_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Lake Mead in 2010, showing the "bathtub ring" left behind by low water levels</figcaption></figure> The most severe drought on record, the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_North_American_megadrought" title="Southwestern North American megadrought">southwestern North American megadrought</a>, began in the early 21st century, in which the river basin has produced above-average runoff in only five years between 2000 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> The region is experiencing a warming trend, which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt, lower precipitation and greater <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. A 2004 study showed that a 1–6 percent decrease of precipitation would lead to runoff declining by as much as 18 percent by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> Since 2000, reservoir levels have fluctuated greatly from year to year, but have experienced a steady long-term decline.<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> The particularly dry spell between 2000 and 2004 brought Lake Powell to just a third of capacity in 2005, the lowest level on record since initial filling in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> In late 2010, Lake Mead was approaching the "drought trigger" elevation of 1,075 feet (328 m), at which water supplies to Arizona and Nevada would be reduced in accordance with the Colorado River Compact.<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> Due to Arizona and Nevada's water rights being junior to California's, their allocations can legally be cut to zero before any reductions are made on the California side.<a href="#cite_note-Gelt-275">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> A wet winter in 2011 temporarily raised lake levels,<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> but dry conditions returned in the next two years.<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> In 2014, the Bureau of Reclamation cut releases from Lake Powell by 10 percent —the first such reduction since the 1960s, when Lake Powell was being filled for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> This resulted in Lake Mead dropping to its lowest recorded level since 1937, when it was first being filled.<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> Water year 2018 had a much lower-than-average snowpack.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[281]</a> In July 2021, after two more extremely dry winters, Lake Powell fell below the previous low set in 2005. In response, the Bureau of Reclamation began releasing water from upstream reservoirs in order to keep Powell above the minimum level for <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> Lake Mead fell below the 1,075-foot (328 m) level expected to trigger federally mandated cuts to Arizona and Nevada's water supplies for the first time in history, and is expected to continue declining into 2022.<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> On August 16, 2021, the Bureau of Reclamation released the Colorado River Basin August 2021 24-Month Study, and for the first time declared a shortage and that because of "ongoing historic drought and low runoff conditions in the Colorado River Basin, downstream releases from Glen Canyon Dam and Hoover Dam will be reduced in 2022 due to declining reservoir levels."<a href="#cite_note-Aug16-294">[285]</a> The Lower Basin reductions will reduce the annual apportionments – Arizona's by 18 percent, Nevada's by 7 percent, and Mexico's by 5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> On June 14, 2022, Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Camille Touton told the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural resources that additional cuts of 2-4 million acre-feet were required to stabilize reservoir levels in 2023. Touton warned that if states were unable to negotiate the requisite cuts the Interior department may use its legal authority to cut releases.<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a> When the states were unable to come to an agreement about how to share the proposed cuts, Reclamation began the legal steps to unilaterally reduce releases from Hoover and Glen Canyon Dams in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-297">[288]</a> As of December 2022 the lower basin states of Nevada, Arizona, and California had not agreed on how to reduce water use by the approximately 30% required to keep levels in lakes Mead and Powell from crashing.<a href="#cite_note-Las_Vegas_Review_Journal-298">[289]</a> The Bureau of Reclamation has projected that water levels at Lake Powell could fall low enough that by July 2023 Glen Canyon Dam would no longer be able to generate any hydropower.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a> Arizona proposed a plan that severely cut allocations to California, and California responded with a plan that severely cut allocations to Arizona, failing to reach consensus. In April 2023, the federal government proposed cutting allocations to Nevada, Arizona, and California evenly which would cut deliveries by as much as one-quarter to each state, rather than according to senior water rights.<a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> In May 2023, the states finally reached a temporary agreement to prevent deadpool, reducing allocations by 3 million acre-feet over three years (until the end of 2026). 700,000 acre-feet were to be negotiated later among California, Arizona, and Nevada.<a href="#cite_note-deal-301">[292]</a> The cuts were less than the federal government had demanded, and so further cuts will be needed after 2026.<a href="#cite_note-deal-301">[292]</a> Fewer cuts were needed in the short term because the Colorado River Basin experienced an unusually rainy and snowy weather in early 2023.<a href="#cite_note-deal-301">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> The agreement also became easier to negotiate because many cuts are being offset by one-time federal funding.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> Billions of dollars in funding for programs in the Colorado River Basin to recycle water, increase efficiency, and competitive grants to pay water rights holders not to use water from the river are being provided by the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a>, and other programs funded through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. These are projected to reduce demand by hundreds of thousands of acre-feet per year.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_and_plants">Wildlife and plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wildlife and plants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flora_of_the_Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flora of the Lower Colorado River Valley">List of flora of the Lower Colorado River Valley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topockgorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a wide river flowing through a forested area, with jagged mountains in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/220px-Topockgorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/330px-Topockgorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/440px-Topockgorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Heavily forested banks of the Colorado River near <a href="/wiki/Topock,_Arizona" title="Topock, Arizona">Topock, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> The Colorado River and its tributaries often nourish extensive corridors of <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian</a> growth as they traverse the arid desert regions of the watershed. Although riparian zones represent a relatively small proportion of the basin and have been affected by engineering projects and river diversion in many places, they have the greatest biodiversity of any habitat in the basin.<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> The most prominent riparian zones along the river occur along the lower Colorado below Davis Dam,<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> especially in the Colorado River Delta, where riparian areas support 358 species of birds despite the reduction in freshwater flow and invasive plants such as <a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">tamarisk</a> (salt cedar).<a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> Reduction of the delta's size has also threatened animals such as jaguars and the <a href="/wiki/Vaquita" title="Vaquita">vaquita</a> porpoise, which is endemic to the gulf.<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> Human development of the Colorado River has also helped to create new riparian zones by smoothing the river's seasonal flow, notably through the Grand Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> More than 1,600 species of plants grow in the Colorado River watershed, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Creosote_bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Creosote bush">creosote bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguaro cactus">saguaro cactus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua tree">Joshua trees</a> of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and other uplands, composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subalpine_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine fir">subalpine fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas-fir">Douglas-fir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engelmann_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Engelmann spruce">Engelmann spruce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005488-310">[301]</a> Before logging in the 19th century, forests were abundant in high elevations as far south as the Mexico–U.S. border, and runoff from these areas nourished abundant grassland communities in river valleys. Some arid regions of the watershed, such as the upper Green River valley in Wyoming, Canyonlands National Park in Utah and the <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_River_(Arizona)" title="San Pedro River (Arizona)">San Pedro River</a> valley in Arizona and Sonora, supported extensive reaches of grassland roamed by large mammals such as <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">antelope</a> as late as the 1860s. Near Tucson, Arizona, "where now there is only powder-dry desert, the grass once reached as high as the head of a man on horse back".<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a> Rivers and streams in the Colorado basin were once home to 49 species of native fish, of which 42 were <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic</a>. Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005493-312">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bonytail_chub" title="Bonytail chub">Bonytail chub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Razorback_sucker" title="Razorback sucker">razorback sucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_pikeminnow" title="Colorado pikeminnow">Colorado pikeminnow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humpback_chub" title="Humpback chub">humpback chub</a> are among those considered the most at risk; all are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river's natural silty conditions and flow variations. Clear, cold water released by dams has significantly changed characteristics of habitat for these and other Colorado River basin fishes.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> A further 40 species that occur in the river today, notably the <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a>, were introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly for sport fishing.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_of_development">Impacts of development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Impacts of development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg/220px-20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg/330px-20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg/440px-20230522_Colorado_River_water_usage_-_livestock_crops_etc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Most of the Colorado River basin water used by humans is used to grow feed for livestock—more than four times the amount used for crops for direct human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20230522-315">[306]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseshoebend_smt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a narrow green river flowing between high, reddish-brown cliffs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horseshoebend_smt.jpg/220px-Horseshoebend_smt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horseshoebend_smt.jpg/330px-Horseshoebend_smt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horseshoebend_smt.jpg/440px-Horseshoebend_smt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The Colorado was named for the reddish color caused by its natural sediment loads, but damming the river has caused it to acquire a clear green hue as seen here in lower Glen Canyon.</figcaption></figure> Historically, the Colorado <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">transported</a> from 85 to 100 million short tons (77,000,000 to 91,000,000 t) of sediment or silt to the Gulf of California each year – second only to the Mississippi among North American rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2007200-316">[307]</a> This sediment nourished wetlands and riparian areas along the river's lower course, particularly in its 3,000-square-mile (7,800 km2) delta, once the largest desert estuary on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a> Currently, the majority of sediments carried by the Colorado River are deposited at the upper end of Lake Powell, and most of the remainder ends up in Lake Mead. Various estimates place the time it would take for Powell to completely fill with silt at 300 to 700 years. Dams trapping sediment not only pose damage to river habitat but also threaten future operations of the Colorado River reservoir system.<a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a> Reduction in flow caused by dams, diversions, water for thermoelectric power stations,<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> losses from reservoirs – the latter of which consumes more than 15 percent of the river's natural runoff<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a>—has had severe ecological consequences in the Colorado River Delta and the Gulf of California. Historically, the delta with its large freshwater outflow and extensive salt marshes provided an important breeding ground for aquatic species in the Gulf. Today's desiccated delta, at only a fraction of its former size, no longer provides suitable habitat, and populations of fish, shrimp and sea mammals in the gulf have seen a dramatic decline.<a href="#cite_note-Controversy-205">[197]</a> Since 1963, the only times when the Colorado River has reached the ocean have been during <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> events in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Landmark-321">[312]</a> Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality. Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-322">[313]</a> The lower Colorado's salt content was about 50 parts per million (ppm) in its natural state,<a href="#cite_note-Controversy-205">[197]</a> but by the 1960s, it had increased to well over 2000 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> By the early 1970s, there was also serious concern about salinity caused by salts leached from local soils by irrigation drainage water, which were estimated to add 10 million short tons (9,100,000 t) of excess salt to the river per year. The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Basin_Salinity_Control_Program" title="Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program">Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act</a> was passed in 1974, mandating conservation practices including the reduction of saline drainage. The program reduced the annual load by about 1.2 million short tons (1,100,000 t), but salinity remains an ongoing issue.<a href="#cite_note-CRBSCP-324">[315]</a> In 1997, the USBR estimated that saline irrigation water caused crop damages exceeding $500 million in the U.S. and $100 million in Mexico. Further efforts have been made to combat the salt issue in the lower Colorado, including the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Desalination_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Desalination plant">desalination plant</a> at Yuma.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> In 2011, the seven U.S. states agreed upon a "Plan of Implementation", which aims to reduce salinity by 644,000 short tons (584,000 t) per year by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-CRBSCP-324">[315]</a> In 2013, the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River.<a href="#cite_note-:0-322">[313]</a> Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts. This has led to fish kills; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone.<a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a> The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Irrigation_District" title="Imperial Irrigation District">Imperial Irrigation District</a> with Colorado River water. In the Imperial Valley, Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the <a href="/wiki/New_River_(Mexico-United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="New River (Mexico-United States)">New</a> and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea. Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States, posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds.<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a> Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado's Grand Valley, also a major center of irrigated agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> Large dams such as Hoover and Glen Canyon typically release water from lower levels of their reservoirs, resulting in stable and relatively cold year-round temperatures in long reaches of the river. The Colorado's average temperature once ranged from 85 °F (29 °C) at the height of summer to near freezing in winter, but modern flows through the Grand Canyon, for example, rarely deviate significantly from 46 °F (8 °C).<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> Changes in temperature regime have caused declines of native fish populations, and stable flows have enabled increased vegetation growth, obstructing riverside habitat.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> These flow patterns have also made the Colorado more dangerous to recreational boaters; people are more likely to die of hypothermia in the colder water, and the general lack of flooding allows rockslides to build up, making the river more difficult to navigate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhiglieriMyers2001194–214-332">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minute_319">Minute 319</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Minute 319">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century, there has been renewed interest in restoring a limited water flow to the delta. In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used. In addition to renovating irrigation canals in the Mexicali Valley to reduce leakage, this will make about 45,000 acre-feet (56,000,000 m3) per year available for release to the delta on average. The water will be used to provide both an annual base flow and a spring "pulse flow" to mimic the river's original snowmelt-driven regime.<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a> The first pulse flow, an eight-week release of 105,000 acre-feet (130,000,000 m3), was initiated on March 21, 2014, with the aim of revitalising 2,350 acres (950 hectares) of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pulse-335">[326]</a> This pulse reached the sea on May 16, 2014, marking the first time in 16 years that any water from the Colorado flowed into the ocean, and was hailed as "an experiment of historic political and ecological significance" and a landmark in U.S.–Mexican cooperation in conservation.<a href="#cite_note-Sacred-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> The pulse will be followed by the steady release of 52,000 acre-feet (64,000,000 m3) over the following three years, just a small fraction of its average flow before damming.<a href="#cite_note-Pulse-335">[326]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Recreation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_Runners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of two small boats in a river, with high cliffs rising immediately behind them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Colorado_River_Runners.jpg/220px-Colorado_River_Runners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Colorado_River_Runners.jpg/330px-Colorado_River_Runners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Colorado_River_Runners.jpg/440px-Colorado_River_Runners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>A rafting party on the Colorado River</figcaption></figure> Famed for its dramatic rapids and canyons, the Colorado is one of the most well-known <a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">whitewater</a> rivers in the United States, and its <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> section—run by more than 22,000 people annually<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a>—has been called the "granddaddy of rafting trips".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlondDunfordSchulte-Peevers200887-339">[330]</a> Grand Canyon trips typically begin at <a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's Ferry">Lee's Ferry</a> and take out at <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Creek_(Arizona)" title="Diamond Creek (Arizona)">Diamond Creek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a>; they range from one to eighteen days for commercial trips and from two to twenty-five days for private trips.<a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a> Private (noncommercial) trips are extremely difficult to arrange because the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> limits river traffic for environmental purposes; people who desire such a trip often have to wait more than 10 years for the opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a> Several other sections of the river and its tributaries are popular whitewater runs, and many of these are also served by commercial outfitters. The Colorado's Cataract Canyon and many reaches in the Colorado headwaters are even more heavily used than the Grand Canyon, and about 60,000 boaters run a single 4.5-mile (7.2 km) section above <a href="/wiki/Radium,_Colorado" title="Radium, Colorado">Radium, Colorado</a>, each year.<a href="#cite_note-uppercorapids-342">[333]</a> The upper Colorado also includes many of the river's most challenging rapids, including those in Gore Canyon, which is considered so dangerous that "boating is not recommended".<a href="#cite_note-uppercorapids-342">[333]</a> Another section of the river above Moab, known as the Colorado "Daily" or "Fisher Towers Section", is the most visited whitewater run in Utah, with more than 77,000 visitors in 2011 alone.<a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a> The rapids of the Green River's Gray and <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Canyon" title="Desolation Canyon">Desolation</a> Canyons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2003345-344">[335]</a> and the less difficult "<a href="/wiki/Goosenecks_State_Park" title="Goosenecks State Park">Goosenecks</a>" section of the lower San Juan River are also frequently traversed by boaters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstead1997143-345">[336]</a> Eleven U.S. national parks—Arches, <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park">Black Canyon of the Gunnison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryce_Canyon_National_Park" title="Bryce Canyon National Park">Bryce Canyon</a>, Canyonlands, <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reef_National_Park" title="Capitol Reef National Park">Capitol Reef</a>, Grand Canyon, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park">Petrified Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_National_Park" title="Saguaro National Park">Saguaro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion</a>—are in the watershed, in addition to many national forests, state parks, and recreation areas.<a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a> Hiking, backpacking, camping, skiing, and fishing are among the multiple recreation opportunities offered by these areas. Fisheries have declined in many streams in the watershed, especially in the Rocky Mountains, because of polluted runoff from mining and agricultural activities.<a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a> The Colorado's major reservoirs are also heavily traveled summer destinations. Houseboating and water-skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead, Powell, Havasu, and Mojave, as well as <a href="/wiki/Flaming_Gorge_Reservoir" title="Flaming Gorge Reservoir">Flaming Gorge Reservoir</a> in Utah and Wyoming, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo Reservoir">Navajo Reservoir</a> in New Mexico and Colorado. Lake Powell and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Glen Canyon National Recreation Area">Glen Canyon National Recreation Area</a> received more than two million visitors per year in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-348">[339]</a> while nearly 7.9 million people visited Lake Mead and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead_National_Recreation_Area" title="Lake Mead National Recreation Area">Lake Mead National Recreation Area</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-349">[340]</a> Colorado River recreation employs some 250,000 people and contributes $26 billion each year to the Southwest economy.<a href="#cite_note-350">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colorado" title="Portal:Colorado">Colorado portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/32px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/48px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/64px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Utah" title="Portal:Utah">Utah portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_River_rapids_and_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colorado River rapids and features">List of Colorado River rapids and features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Colorado_River_system" title="List of dams in the Colorado River system">List of dams in the Colorado River system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_reservoirs_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest reservoirs in the United States">List of largest reservoirs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of longest rivers of Mexico">List of longest rivers of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_the_United_States_(by_main_stem)" title="List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)">List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_(Lake_Havasu_City)" title="London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)">London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab_uranium_mill_tailings_pile" title="Moab uranium mill tailings pile">Moab uranium mill tailings pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Colorado_River_Endangered_Fish_Recovery_Program" title="Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program">Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Discharge data is for <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Utah" title="Green River, Utah">Green River, Utah</a>, 117.6 miles (189.3 km) upstream from the mouth. The stream gauge here measures flow from an area of 44,850 square miles (116,200 km2), representing about 93.2 percent of the basin.<a href="#cite_note-Greendischarge-44">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Before large irrigation and municipal diversions, the Gila River discharged about 1.3 million acre-feet (1.6 km3) per year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005514-41">[41]</a> which equals a flow of nearly 2,000 cubic feet per second (57 m3/s). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Discharge data is for <a href="/wiki/Bluff,_Utah" title="Bluff, Utah">Bluff, Utah</a>, located about 113.5 miles (182.7 km) above the confluence with the Colorado. The gauge measures flow from an area of 23,000 square miles (60,000 km2), about 93.5 percent of the basin.<a href="#cite_note-SJdischarge-49">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Discharge data is for <a href="/wiki/Littlefield,_Arizona" title="Littlefield, Arizona">Littlefield, Arizona</a>, about 66 miles (106 km) from the confluence with the Colorado, and also upstream of the confluence with its major tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Muddy_River_(Nevada)" title="Muddy River (Nevada)">Muddy River</a>. The gauge measures flow from an area of 5,090 square miles (13,200 km2), about 39.1 percent of the total basin.<a href="#cite_note-Virgindischarge-57">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> American population (9.7 million) calculated from statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> and the State of Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-SalinityControl-72">[68]</a> The population in Mexico is about 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Unimpaired runoff figures published by the Bureau of Reclamation are an estimate of unregulated river flow without any upstream water consumption.<a href="#cite_note-USBR_natural_flow_data-76">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> NIB = "Northerly International Boundary", or the point at which the Colorado begins to form the Mexico–U.S. border, south of Yuma. Also note that the SIB ("Southerly International Boundary") is the point at which the Colorado ceases to form the border and passes entirely into Mexico. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> The average discharge of the Colorado (Grand) River at <a href="/wiki/Cisco,_Utah" title="Cisco, Utah">Cisco, Utah</a>, about 97 miles (156 km) upstream from the Green River confluence, is 7,181 cubic feet per second (203.3 m3/s); between here and the confluence, only a few small, intermittent tributaries join the river.<a href="#cite_note-Ciscodischarge-102">[96]</a>The <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Colorado River tributary)">Green River</a> has an average discharge of 6,048 cubic feet per second (171.3 m3/s) as measured at <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Utah" title="Green River, Utah">Green River, Utah</a>, about 117.6 miles (189.3 km) above the confluence;<a href="#cite_note-Greendischarge-44">[44]</a> below here the only major tributary is the <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_River" title="San Rafael River">San Rafael River</a>, which contributes an average of 131 cubic feet per second (3.7 m3/s), resulting in a total of 6,169 cubic feet per second (174.7 m3/s), still significantly lower than the discharge of the Colorado at their confluence.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> The discrepancy between the natural flow at Lee's Ferry (13.5 million acre-feet or 16.65 km3) and the gauged flow between 1922 and 2020 (10.58 million acre-feet or 13.05 km3)<a href="#cite_note-LeesFerryMonthly-79">[73]</a> is mostly due to water diversions above Lee's Ferry and evaporation from reservoirs, especially Lake Powell.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USGSrivers-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKammerer,_J.C.1990" class="citation web cs1">Kammerer, J.C. 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Retrieved August 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Worst+Colorado+River+drought+in+century+prompts+feds+to+cut+releases+from+Lake+Powell&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.au=O%27Donoghue%2C+Amy+Joi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865584776%2FWorst-Colorado-River-drought-in-century-prompts-feds-to-cut-releases-from-Lake-Powell.html%3Fpg%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnerino1999" class="citation book cs1">Annerino, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canyoneeringhowt00anne">Canyoneering: How to Explore the Canyons of the Great Southwest</a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2700-6"><bdi>978-0-8117-2700-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canyoneering%3A+How+to+Explore+the+Canyons+of+the+Great+Southwest&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-2700-6&rft.aulast=Annerino&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanyoneeringhowt00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstead1997" class="citation book cs1">Armstead, Lloyd Dean (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitewaterraftin0000arms_b8f4">Whitewater Rafting in North America: More than 100 River Adventures in the United States and Canada</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-0083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-0083-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-0083-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitewater+Rafting+in+North+America%3A+More+than+100+River+Adventures+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-0083-7&rft.aulast=Armstead&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitewaterraftin0000arms_b8f4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrodPhillips2008" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan; Phillips, Charles (2008). What Every American Should Know About American History: 225 Events That Shaped The Nation. Adams Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59869-428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59869-428-4"><bdi>978-1-59869-428-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+American+Should+Know+About+American+History%3A+225+Events+That+Shaped+The+Nation&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59869-428-4&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1988" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Will Croft (1988). Arizona Place Names. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1074-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-1074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arizona+Place+Names&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1074-0&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Will+Croft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkeCushing2005" class="citation book cs1">Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofnorthame0000unse">Rivers of North America</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088253-3"><bdi>978-0-12-088253-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+North+America&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088253-3&rft.aulast=Benke&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rft.au=Cushing%2C+Colbert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversofnorthame0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillingtonJacksonMelosi2005" class="citation web cs1">Billington, David P.; Jackson, Donald C.; Melosi, Martin V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222093259/http://www.usbr.gov/history/HistoryofLargeDams/LargeFederalDams.pdf">"The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design and Construction in the Era of Big Dams"</a> (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usbr.gov/history/HistoryofLargeDams/LargeFederalDams.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 22, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Large+Federal+Dams%3A+Planning%2C+Design+and+Construction+in+the+Era+of+Big+Dams&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Reclamation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Donald+C.&rft.au=Melosi%2C+Martin+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usbr.gov%2Fhistory%2FHistoryofLargeDams%2FLargeFederalDams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlondDunfordSchulte-Peevers2008" class="citation book cs1">Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741047134">Southwest USA</a>. Lonely Planet Travel Guides. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-713-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-713-4"><bdi>978-1-74104-713-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southwest+USA&rft.series=Lonely+Planet+Travel+Guides&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-713-4&rft.aulast=Blond&rft.aufirst=Becca&rft.au=Dunford%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Schulte-Peevers%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781741047134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2017" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Herbert Eugene (2017). Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino: Pacific Coast Pioneer. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3570-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3570-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-3570-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rim+of+Christendom%3A+A+Biography+of+Eusebio+Francisco+Kino%3A+Pacific+Coast+Pioneer&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-3570-5&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1972" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Robert Leaman (1972). Colorado Ghost Towns – Past and Present. Caxton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-218-8"><bdi>978-0-87004-218-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado+Ghost+Towns+%E2%80%93+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Caxton+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87004-218-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert+Leaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2007" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Robert L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeytohighsou00robe_0">Journey to the High Southwest: A Traveler's Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4064-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4064-2"><bdi>978-0-7627-4064-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+High+Southwest%3A+A+Traveler%27s+Guide+to+Santa+Fe+and+the+Four+Corners+of+Arizona%2C+Colorado%2C+New+Mexico%2C+and+Utah&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-4064-2&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneytohighsou00robe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_to_Review_the_Glen_Canyon_Environmental_Studies1996" class="citation book cs1">Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riverresourceman0000unse">River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon</a>. National Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05448-5"><bdi>978-0-309-05448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Resource+Management+in+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05448-5&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Glen+Canyon+Environmental+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friverresourceman0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellenbaugh1909" class="citation book cs1">Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanceofcolora00dell">The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of its Discovery in 1540, With an Account of the Later Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through The Line of the Great Canyons</a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645167127">645167127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+the+Colorado+River%3A+The+Story+of+its+Discovery+in+1540%2C+With+an+Account+of+the+Later+Explorations%2C+and+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Voyages+of+Powell+Through+The+Line+of+the+Great+Canyons&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645167127&rft.aulast=Dellenbaugh&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanceofcolora00dell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolnick2002" class="citation book cs1">Dolnick, Edward (2002). Down the Great Unknown: John Wesley Powell's Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095586-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095586-1"><bdi>978-0-06-095586-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Down+the+Great+Unknown%3A+John+Wesley+Powell%27s+Journey+of+Discovery+and+Tragedy+Through+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-095586-1&rft.aulast=Dolnick&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelgerBroyles2007" class="citation book cs1">Felger, Richard Stephen; Broyles, Bill (2007). Dry borders: great natural reserves of the Sonoran desert. University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-818-6"><bdi>978-0-87480-818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+borders%3A+great+natural+reserves+of+the+Sonoran+desert&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-818-6&rft.aulast=Felger&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stephen&rft.au=Broyles%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielder2002" class="citation book cs1">Fielder, John (2002). John Fielder's Best of Colorado. Big Earth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56579-429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56579-429-0"><bdi>978-1-56579-429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Fielder%27s+Best+of+Colorado&rft.pub=Big+Earth+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56579-429-0&rft.aulast=Fielder&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFradkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Fradkin, Philip L. (1996). A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (2 ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20564-2"><bdi>978-0-520-20564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+River+No+More%3A+The+Colorado+River+and+the+West&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20564-2&rft.aulast=Fradkin&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassGlass1983" class="citation book cs1">Glass, Mary Ellen; Glass, Al (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/touringnevadahis00glas">Touring Nevada: A Historic and Scenic Guide</a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-074-0"><bdi>978-0-87417-074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Touring+Nevada%3A+A+Historic+and+Scenic+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-074-0&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Glass%2C+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftouringnevadahis00glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuddeBright2004" class="citation book cs1">Gudde, Erwin G.; Bright, William (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24217-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24217-3"><bdi>978-0-520-24217-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Place+Names%3A+The+Origin+and+Etymology+of+Current+Geographical+Names&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24217-3&rft.aulast=Gudde&rft.aufirst=Erwin+G.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2007" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84987-3"><bdi>978-0-470-84987-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Large+Rivers%3A+Geomorphology+and+Management&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-84987-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Avijit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, S.K. (2010). Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2397-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2397-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-2397-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hydrology+and+Sustainable+Water+Development&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2397-9&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiglieriMyers2001" class="citation book cs1">Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon (1st, tenth revision ed.). Flagstaff: Puma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9700973-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9700973-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9700973-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+the+Edge%3A+Death+in+Grand+Canyon&rft.place=Flagstaff&rft.edition=1st%2C+tenth+revision&rft.pub=Puma+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9700973-1-6&rft.aulast=Ghiglieri&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Ralph Lee (2002). Hiking the Southwest's Geology: Four Corners Region. The Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-169-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-169-8"><bdi>978-1-59485-169-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiking+the+Southwest%27s+Geology%3A+Four+Corners+Region&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59485-169-8&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesselWooster2005" class="citation book cs1">Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia of Native American Wars And Warfare. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3337-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3337-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-3337-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Native+American+Wars+And+Warfare&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9&rft.aulast=Kessel&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Wooster%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankford2010" class="citation book cs1">Lankford, Andrea (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rangerconfidenti0000lank">Ranger Confidential: Living, Working, and Dying in the National Parks</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5263-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5263-8"><bdi>978-0-7627-5263-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranger+Confidential%3A+Living%2C+Working%2C+and+Dying+in+the+National+Parks&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-5263-8&rft.aulast=Lankford&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frangerconfidenti0000lank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenburg2000" class="citation book cs1">Leuchtenburg, William Edward (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanplaces00will">American Places: Encounters with History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513026-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Places%3A+Encounters+with+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513026-3&rft.aulast=Leuchtenburg&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanplaces00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold1994" class="citation book cs1">Leopold, Luna Bergere (1994). A View of the River. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93732-1"><bdi>978-0-674-93732-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+the+River&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-674-93732-1&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Luna+Bergere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloradooffbeate0000lind">Colorado Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5024-5"><bdi>978-0-7627-5024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado+Off+the+Beaten+Path%3A+A+Guide+to+Unique+Places&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-5024-5&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoloradooffbeate0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingenfelter1978" class="citation book cs1">Lingenfelter, Richard E. (1978). Steamboats on the Colorado River, 1852–1916. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0650-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-0650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steamboats+on+the+Colorado+River%2C+1852%E2%80%931916&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-0650-7&rft.aulast=Lingenfelter&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2006" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Michael F. (2006). Desert Cities: The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4294-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-4294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Cities%3A+The+Environmental+History+of+Phoenix+and+Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4294-8&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobles1998" class="citation book cs1">Nobles, Gregory H. (1998). American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1602-0"><bdi>978-0-8090-1602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Frontiers%3A+Cultural+Encounters+and+Continental+Conquest&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-1602-0&rft.aulast=Nobles&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2003" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Allan Kent (2003). The Utah Guide (3 ed.). Fulcrum Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-114-0"><bdi>978-1-55591-114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Utah+Guide&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Fulcrum+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55591-114-0&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Allan+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrisciantelli2002" class="citation book cs1">Prisciantelli, Tom (2002). Spirit of the American Southwest: Geology, Ancient Eras and Prehistoric People, Hiking Through Time. Sunstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-354-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-354-2"><bdi>978-0-86534-354-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+the+American+Southwest%3A+Geology%2C+Ancient+Eras+and+Prehistoric+People%2C+Hiking+Through+Time&rft.pub=Sunstone+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86534-354-2&rft.aulast=Prisciantelli&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritzker1998" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanse00barr">Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Peoples</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-836-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-836-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Americans%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Peoples&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-836-9&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanse00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisner1993" class="citation book cs1">Reisner, Marc (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cadillacdesertam00reis">Cadillac Desert</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017824-1"><bdi>978-0-14-017824-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cadillac+Desert&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017824-1&rft.aulast=Reisner&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcadillacdesertam00reis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolle1999" class="citation book cs1">Rolle, Andrew (1999). John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3135-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-3135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Charles+Fremont%3A+Character+As+Destiny&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3135-1&rft.aulast=Rolle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1993" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Jeremy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandcanyonnatio00schm">Grand Canyon National Park: A Natural History Guide</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-59932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-59932-7"><bdi>978-0-395-59932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park%3A+A+Natural+History+Guide&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-395-59932-7&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandcanyonnatio00schm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Cott1990" class="citation book cs1">Van Cott, John W. (1990). Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names. University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-345-7"><bdi>978-0-87480-345-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utah+Place+Names%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Origins+of+Geographic+Names&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-345-7&rft.aulast=Van+Cott&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildfang2005" class="citation book cs1">Wildfang, Frederic B. (2005). Lake Havasu City. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3012-3"><bdi>978-0-7385-3012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lake+Havasu+City&rft.series=Images+of+America&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3012-3&rft.aulast=Wildfang&rft.aufirst=Frederic+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshireGilbertRogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiltshire, Richard L.; Gilbert, David R.; Rogers, Jerry R., eds. (2010). Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium: Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium, October 21–22, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada. ASCE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1141-4"><bdi>978-0-7844-1141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoover+Dam+75th+Anniversary+History+Symposium%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Hoover+Dam+75th+Anniversary+History+Symposium%2C+October+21%E2%80%9322%2C+2010%2C+Las+Vegas%2C+Nevada&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-1141-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungSpamer2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, Richard A.; Spamer, Earle E. (2001). The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution. Grand Canyon Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938216-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938216-79-7"><bdi>978-0-938216-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colorado+River%3A+Origin+and+Evolution&rft.pub=Grand+Canyon+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-938216-79-7&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Spamer%2C+Earle+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Culp_Darrah" title="William Culp Darrah">Darrah, William Culp</a>, Ralph V. Chamberlin, and Charles Kelly, editors. (2009). The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871–1872: Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-963-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-963-3">978-0-87480-963-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBuys,_William2011" class="citation book cs1">DeBuys, William (2011). A Great Aridness: Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977892-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977892-8"><bdi>978-0-19-977892-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+Aridness%3A+Climate+Change+and+the+Future+of+the+American+Southwest&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977892-8&rft.au=DeBuys%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fleck, Richard F., editor. (2000). A Colorado River Reader. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-647-2">978-0-87480-647-2</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, Don D., editor. (2012). Cleaving an Unknown World: The Powell Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration of the Colorado Plateau. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-146-6">978-1-60781-146-6</a>.</li> <li>Gregory, Herbert E., William Culp Darrah, and Charles Kelly, editors. (2009). The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah by the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-964-0">978-0-87480-964-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Russell1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Russell (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storythatstandsl00russ">A Story That Stands Like A Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West</a> (1 ed.). Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0822-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-0822-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+That+Stands+Like+A+Dam%3A+Glen+Canyon+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+the+West&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-0822-7&rft.au=Martin%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstorythatstandsl00russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1994" class="citation cs2">McPherson, Robert (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208224550/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/c/COLORADO_RIVER.shtml">"Colorado River"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/">Utah History Encyclopedia</a>, University of Utah Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874804256" title="Special:BookSources/9780874804256"><bdi>9780874804256</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/c/COLORADO_RIVER.shtml">the original</a> on December 8, 2023, retrieved April 12, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colorado+River&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780874804256&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fc%2FCOLORADO_RIVER.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schmidt, John C., Lindsey Bruckerhoff, Homa Salehabadi, and Jian Wang. The Colorado River. In Avijit Gupta, ed., Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. 2nd Ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 253-319. ISBN 9781119412601</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummitt,_April_R.2013" class="citation book cs1">Summitt, April R. (2013). Contested Waters: An Environmental History of the Colorado River. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-201-6"><bdi>978-1-60732-201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Waters%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+Colorado+River&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-201-6&rft.au=Summitt%2C+April+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Colorado River at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River" class="extiw" title="c:Colorado River">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Colorado_River" class="extiw" title="voy:Colorado River">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104165706/http://www.crwua.org/colorado-river/uses/agriculture">Agriculture in the Colorado River Basin</a>: Colorado River Water Users Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awesome.good.is.s3.amazonaws.com/transparency/web/1009/colorado-river-2/flat.html">Colorado River Water Allocations by State</a>: GOOD Infographics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219044038/http://www.usbr.gov/uc/feature/drought.html">Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin</a>: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806050034/http://www.pacinst.org/reports/co_river_ag_2013/map/">Irrigation Water Withdrawals in the Colorado River Basin</a>: Pacific Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203155107/http://livingrivers.org/">Living Rivers: Colorado Riverkeeper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water-data.com/">Water Level Data for Major Colorado River Reservoirs</a>: water-data.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/opinion/where-the-colorado-river-runs-dry.html?_r=2&ref=opinion">Where the Colorado Runs Dry</a>: The New York Times</li> <li>1854 report from the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124223#page/9/mode/1up">Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/series/killing-the-colorado">Killing the Colorado</a> – <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.prattl" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.prattl">Lawrence Pratt Collection Concerning Arizona v. California and the Colorado River</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colorado_River_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colorado_River_system" title="Template:Colorado River system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colorado_River_system" title="Template talk:Colorado River system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado_River_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado River system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colorado_River_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado River</a> system</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Topockgorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/100px-Topockgorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/150px-Topockgorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/200px-Topockgorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg/100px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg/150px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg/200px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="2917" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_River05.jpg/100px-Colorado_River05.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_River05.jpg/150px-Colorado_River05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_River05.jpg/200px-Colorado_River05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="1648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_Avi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorado_River_Avi.JPG/100px-Colorado_River_Avi.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorado_River_Avi.JPG/150px-Colorado_River_Avi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorado_River_Avi.JPG/200px-Colorado_River_Avi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:HooverDamFrontWater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/100px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/150px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/200px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="758" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canyons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byers_Canyon" title="Byers Canyon">Byers Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Canyon" title="Gore Canyon">Gore Canyon</a></li> <li>Red Gorge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Canyon" title="Glenwood Canyon">Glenwood Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beque_Canyon" title="De Beque Canyon">De Beque Canyon</a></li> <li>Horsethief Canyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Canyon" title="Ruby Canyon">Ruby Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwater_Canyon" title="Westwater Canyon">Westwater Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_Canyon" title="Cataract Canyon">Cataract Canyon</a></li> <li>Narrow Canyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon" title="Glen Canyon">Glen Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a></li> <li>Granite Gorge</li> <li>Middle Granite Gorge</li> <li>Lower Granite Gorge</li></ul></li> <li>Grand Wash Canyon</li> <li>Iceberg Canyon</li> <li>Virgin Canyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Canyon_(Colorado_River)" title="Boulder Canyon (Colorado River)">Boulder Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Colorado" title="Black Canyon of the Colorado">Black Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Canyon" title="Pyramid Canyon">Pyramid Canyon</a></li> <li>Mohave Canyon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Course of the Colorado River">River course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River Basin">Colorado River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Colorado)" title="Grand Lake (Colorado)">Grand Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bend_(Arizona)" title="Horseshoe Bend (Arizona)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_Valley" title="Mohave Valley">Mohave Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Valley" title="Parker Valley">Parker Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Valley" title="Palo Verde Valley">Palo Verde Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_River" title="Alamo River">Alamo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="New River (Mexico–United States)">New River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Island_(Baja_California)" title="Montague Island (Baja California)">Montague Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California/Sea of Cortez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Colorado_River" title="List of tributaries of the Colorado River">Tributaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_River_(Colorado)" title="Blue River (Colorado)">Blue River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Devil_River" title="Dirty Devil River">Dirty Devil River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_River" title="Dolores River">Dolores River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_River" title="Escalante River">Escalante River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)" title="Eagle River (Colorado)">Eagle River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_River_(Colorado)" title="Fraser River (Colorado)">Fraser River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Colorado River tributary)">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnison_River" title="Gunnison River">Gunnison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanab_Creek" title="Kanab Creek">Kanab Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paria_River" title="Paria River">Paria River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Fork_River" title="Roaring Fork River">Roaring Fork River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="San Juan River (Colorado River tributary)">San Juan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_River_(Tapeats_Creek_tributary)" title="Thunder River (Tapeats Creek tributary)">Thunder River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tapeats_Creek" title="Tapeats Creek">Tapeats Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Wash" title="Las Vegas Wash">Las Vegas Wash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Fork_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="Williams Fork (Colorado River tributary)">Williams Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_River" title="Hardy River">Río Hardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Colorado_River_system" title="List of dams in the Colorado River system">Mainstem dams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Mountain_Dam" title="Shadow Mountain Dam">Shadow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granby_Dam" title="Granby Dam">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windy_Gap_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windy Gap Dam (page does not exist)">Windy Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Diversion_Dam" title="Grand Valley Diversion Dam">Grand Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Price-Stubb_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Price-Stubb Dam (page does not exist)">Price-Stubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Dam" title="Davis Dam">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Dam" title="Parker Dam">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Headgate_Rock_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Headgate Rock Dam (page does not exist)">Headgate Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Dam" title="Palo Verde Dam">Palo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Dam" title="Imperial Dam">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam" title="Laguna Diversion Dam">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelos_Dam" title="Morelos Dam">Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major reservoirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle_Reservoir" title="Fontenelle Reservoir">Fontenelle Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Gorge_Reservoir" title="Flaming Gorge Reservoir">Flaming Gorge Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mesa_Reservoir" title="Blue Mesa Reservoir">Blue Mesa Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Lake" title="Navajo Lake">Navajo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Powell" title="Lake Powell">Lake Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mohave" title="Lake Mohave">Lake Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu" title="Lake Havasu">Lake Havasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reservoir" title="Imperial Reservoir">Imperial Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Lake" title="Theodore Roosevelt Lake">Theodore Roosevelt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Lake" title="San Carlos Lake">San Carlos Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aqueducts and canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ditch" title="Grand Ditch">Grand Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Aqueduct" title="Colorado River Aqueduct">Colorado River Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Aqueduct" title="San Diego Aqueduct">San Diego Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Canal" title="All-American Canal">All-American Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Canal" title="Alamo Canal">Alamo Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Canal" title="Coachella Canal">Coachella Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Canyon_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Canyon Project">Boulder Canyon Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado%E2%80%93Big_Thompson_Project" title="Colorado–Big Thompson Project">Colorado–Big Thompson Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Storage_Project" title="Colorado River Storage Project">Colorado River Storage Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_AVA" title="Grand Valley AVA">Grand Valley AVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Project" title="Yuma Project">Yuma Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_National_Monument" title="Colorado National Monument">Colorado National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Horse_Point_State_Park" title="Dead Horse Point State Park">Dead Horse Point State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Glen Canyon National Recreation Area">Glen Canyon National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead_National_Recreation_Area" title="Lake Mead National Recreation Area">Lake Mead National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._California" title="Arizona v. California">Arizona v. California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Board_of_California" title="Colorado River Board of California">Colorado River Board of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Colorado River Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dominy" title="Floyd Dominy">Floyd Dominy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's Ferry">Lee's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_District_of_Southern_California" title="Metropolitan Water District of Southern California">Metropolitan Water District of Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_River_rapids_and_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colorado River rapids and features">Rapids and features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mulholland" title="William Mulholland">William Mulholland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Canyon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Canyon" title="Template:Grand Canyon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Canyon" title="Template talk:Grand Canyon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Canyon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Canyon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Canyon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Suspension_Bridge" title="Black Suspension Bridge">Black Suspension Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Canyon_Dam" title="Bridge Canyon Dam">Bridge Canyon Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Escalade" title="Grand Canyon Escalade">Grand Canyon Escalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Skywalk" title="Grand Canyon Skywalk">Grand Canyon Skywalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village,_Arizona" title="Grand Canyon Village, Arizona">Grand Canyon Village, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolb_Studio" title="Kolb Studio">Kolb Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon_Dam" title="Marble Canyon Dam">Marble Canyon Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maswik_Lodge" title="Maswik Lodge">Maswik Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Ranch" title="Phantom Ranch">Phantom Ranch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="Geology of the Grand Canyon area">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_phillipsiana" title="Agave phillipsiana">Agave phillipsiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Temple" title="Apollo Temple">Apollo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Cave_mine" title="Bat Cave mine">Bat Cave mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardenas_Basalt" title="Cardenas Basalt">Cardenas Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dox_Formation" title="Dox Formation">Dox Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericameria_arizonica" title="Ericameria arizonica">Ericameria arizonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Sandstone" title="Esplanade Sandstone">Esplanade Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Caverns" title="Grand Canyon Caverns">Grand Canyon Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Forest_Reserve" title="Grand Canyon Forest Reserve">Grand Canyon Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Supergroup" title="Grand Canyon Supergroup">Grand Canyon Supergroup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuar_Group" title="Chuar Group">Chuar Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankoweap_Formation" title="Nankoweap Formation">Nankoweap Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtymile_Formation" title="Sixtymile Formation">Sixtymile Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkar_Group" title="Unkar Group">Unkar Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Formation" title="Bass Formation">Bass Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinumo_Quartzite" title="Shinumo Quartzite">Shinumo Quartzite</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase" title="Grand Staircase">Grand Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Castle" title="Freya Castle">Freya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakatai_Shale" title="Hakatai Shale">Hakatai Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit_Formation" title="Hermit Formation">Hermit Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite_Dam" title="Hyaloclastite Dam">Hyaloclastite Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Temple" title="Isis Temple">Isis Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanab_Plateau" title="Kanab Plateau">Kanab Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Butte" title="Newton Butte">Newton Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochoa_Point" title="Ochoa Point">Ochoa Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Dam_(Arizona)" title="Prospect Dam (Arizona)">Prospect Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwall_Limestone" title="Redwall Limestone">Redwall Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Graben" title="Tanner Graben">Tanner Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Butte" title="Temple Butte">Temple Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Group" title="Tonto Group">Tonto Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Angel_Shale" title="Bright Angel Shale">Bright Angel Shale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroweap_Fault" title="Toroweap Fault">Toroweap Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uinkaret_volcanic_field" title="Uinkaret volcanic field">Uinkaret volcanic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasey%27s_Paradise" title="Vasey's Paradise">Vasey's Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Temple" title="Venus Temple">Venus Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Temple_(Grand_Canyon)" title="Vishnu Temple (Grand Canyon)">Vishnu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan%27s_Throne" title="Vulcan's Throne">Vulcan's Throne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Creek_(Arizona)" title="Deer Creek (Arizona)">Deer Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasu_Creek" title="Havasu Creek">Havasu Creek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Havasu_Falls" title="Havasu Falls">Havasu Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanab_Creek" title="Kanab Creek">Kanab Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Angel_Creek" title="Bright Angel Creek">Bright Angel Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Butchart" title="Harvey Butchart">Harvey Butchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fletcher" title="Colin Fletcher">Colin Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenton_Grua" title="Kenton Grua">Kenton Grua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hance" title="John Hance">John Hance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="History of the Grand Canyon area">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Geographic_Expedition_of_1869" title="Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869">Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision" title="1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision">1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Airlines_Flight_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6">Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Backcountry_Camping" title="Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping">Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trails_in_Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park">List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park">National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Conservancy" title="Grand Canyon Conservancy">Grand Canyon Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Suite" title="Grand Canyon Suite">Grand Canyon Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Wonderland" title="Desert Wonderland">Desert Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_(1958_film)" title="Grand Canyon (1958 film)">Grand Canyon (1958 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bigger_Grand_Canyon" title="A Bigger Grand Canyon">A Bigger Grand Canyon</a> (1998 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_(book)" title="Grand Canyon (book)">Grand Canyon (2017 children's book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Walked_Through_Time" title="The Man Who Walked Through Time">The Man Who Walked Through Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon:_The_Hidden_Secrets" title="Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets">Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon:_A_Different_View" title="Grand Canyon: A Different View">Grand Canyon: A Different View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Escalade" title="Grand Canyon Escalade">Grand Canyon Escalade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316430117">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240026/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4259063-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85028687">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge342293&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457502">Spain</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/6380">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284890205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046867">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&oldid=1259328181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&oldid=1259328181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colorado_River" title="Category:Colorado River">Colorado River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_rivers" title="Category:Border rivers">Border rivers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Arizona" title="Category:Borders of Arizona">Borders of Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_California" title="Category:Borders of California">Borders of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Nevada" title="Category:Borders of Nevada">Borders of Nevada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colorado_Desert" title="Category:Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colorado_Plateau" title="Category:Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drainage_basins_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean">Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freshwater_ecoregions" title="Category:Freshwater ecoregions">Freshwater ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_rivers_of_North_America" title="Category:International rivers of North America">International rivers of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mojave_Desert" title="Category:Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Arizona" title="Category:Rivers of Arizona">Rivers of Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Baja_California" title="Category:Rivers of Baja California">Rivers of Baja California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Category:Rivers of Clark County, Nevada">Rivers of Clark County, Nevada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Coconino_County,_Arizona" title="Category:Rivers of Coconino County, Arizona">Rivers of Coconino County, Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Colorado" title="Category:Rivers of Colorado">Rivers of Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Eagle_County,_Colorado" title="Category:Rivers of Eagle County, Colorado">Rivers of Eagle County, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Garfield_County,_Utah" title="Category:Rivers of Garfield County, Utah">Rivers of Garfield County, Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Grand_County,_Utah" title="Category:Rivers of Grand County, Utah">Rivers of Grand County, Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Imperial_County,_California" title="Category:Rivers of Imperial County, California">Rivers of Imperial County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Kane_County,_Utah" title="Category:Rivers of Kane County, Utah">Rivers of Kane County, Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_La_Paz_County,_Arizona" title="Category:Rivers of La Paz County, Arizona">Rivers of La Paz County, Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Mesa_County,_Colorado" title="Category:Rivers of Mesa County, Colorado">Rivers of Mesa County, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Mohave_County,_Arizona" title="Category:Rivers of Mohave County, Arizona">Rivers of Mohave County, Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nevada" title="Category:Rivers of Nevada">Rivers of Nevada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Riverside_County,_California" title="Category:Rivers of Riverside County, California">Rivers of Riverside County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Category:Rivers of Rocky Mountain National Park">Rivers of Rocky Mountain National Park</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="Category:Rivers of San Bernardino County, California">Rivers of San Bernardino County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_San_Juan_County,_Utah" title="Category:Rivers of San Juan County, Utah">Rivers of San Juan County, Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Sonora" title="Category:Rivers of Sonora">Rivers of Sonora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Southern_California" title="Category:Rivers of Southern California">Rivers of Southern California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_the_Gulf_of_California" title="Category:Rivers of the Gulf of California">Rivers of the Gulf of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Utah" title="Category:Rivers of Utah">Rivers of Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Yuma_County,_Arizona" title="Category:Rivers of Yuma County, Arizona">Rivers of Yuma County, Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sonoran_Desert" title="Category:Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" 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[\"CITEREFMartin,_Russell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin-Barajas,_Arturo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon,_Shaun2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon,_Shaun2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon,_Shaun2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Elizabeth_Sakas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabhan,_Gary_Paul2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobles1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_Kenneth_C.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donoghue,_Amy_Joi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhmartAndersonHunter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Milman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOyarzabal-Tamargo,_FranciscoYoung,_Robert_A.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartlow2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry,_Tony2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips,_Daniel_H.;_Reinink,_Yvonne;_Skarupa,_Timothy_E.;_Ester_III,_Charles_E.;_and_Skindlov,_Jon_A.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitlick,_JohnCress,_Robert2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolakovic,_Gary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrisciantelli2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritzker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard,_Gigi_A._and_Anderson,_Richard_M.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_E._Lingenfelter1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichterBartakCladwellDavis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigby,_J._KeithHamblin,_W._KennethMatheny,_RayWelsh,_Stanley_L.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRugg,_Scott_H.Austin,_Steven_A.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunyon,_Luke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusho,_W.L.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandra_Postel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchell,_RobertKing,_Morgan_E.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwinning,_SusanBelnap,_JayneBowling,_David_R.Ehleringer,_James_R.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevigny,_Melissa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevigny,_Melissa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanahan,_S.A.Nelson,_S.M.Van_Dooremolen,_D.M.Eckberg,_J.R.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShao2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw,_Anne_Moore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShine,_Conor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorey,_Ananda2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh,_Ramesh_K.Senay,_Gabriel_B.Velpuri,_Naga_ManoharKagone,_Stephanie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperry,_Robert_L.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahle,_David_W.Fye,_Falko_K.Therrell,_Matthew_D.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark,_Mike2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummitt,_April_R.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsen,_B.W.Eychaner,_J.H.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Geological_Survey\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFValdes-Casillas,_Carlos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Cott1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernieu-Presenter,_William_S.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVess\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoggesser,_Garrit2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahl,_Kenneth_L.Collins,_Dannie_L.Aldridge,_Byron_N.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahlstrom,_Ernest_E.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterman,_Jonathan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterman,_Jonathan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisheit,_John\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWildfang2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Alan_Shaterian1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams,_O.A.1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltshireGilbertRogers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhouse,_ConnieWebb,_Robert_S.Lukas,_Jeff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungSpamer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman,_Janet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Colorado_River_Basin\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower_Basin\"] = 1,\n [\"Upper_Basin\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite gnis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 210,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Colorado River system\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 148,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 7,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Grand Canyon\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox river\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Needs update\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 8,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 55,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","14.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","12.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.9"],["(for 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