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Cinque anni e due vignette dopo la vediamo uscire di casa col manoscritto solo per trovarsi davanti telecamere, polizia con mezzi militari, patiboli in piazza e donne con copricapo da ancella. Poco dopo l’elezione di Trump circolava questa foto notturna di Chicago dove sotto a una mostruosa Trump Tower si svolgevano le prime proteste. Una striscia e una fotografia che appaiono di per sé sufficienti a spiegare l’attuale ritorno di fiamma della narrativa distopica. La realtà sta assomigliando sempre più a una distopia, e fenomeni come il ritorno nelle classifiche americane di 1984 di Orwell, Il mondo nuovo di Huxley, Fahrenheit 451 di Bradbury e il meno noto in Italia Da noi non può succedere di Sinclair Lewis, oltre a quello del Racconto dell’ancella di Margaret Atwood, ancorché spinto dalla serie TV, vengono attribuiti alla degenerazione della scena politica e al sempre più diffuso sentimento di sfiducia nello stato. Anche la cosiddetta “literary fiction”, del resto, ha abbracciato con entusiasmo, e da diversi anni, le distopie: Dave Eggers col Cerchio (2013) si è posto il problema del controllo attraverso i social. Colson Whitehead con La ferrovia sotterranea (2016, da poco uscito in Italia per Sur), ha unito ucronia, steampunk e distopia per raccontare lo schiavismo con forza addirittura superiore a quella di un “vero” romanzo storico. Vladimir Sorokin col potente La giornata di un opričnik (2014) ci ha avvertiti circa le possibili derive del putinismo, mentre il fresco Nobel Kazuo Ishiguro con Non lasciarmi, del 2005, ha raccontato una società in cui il salutismo è obbligatorio, solo perché nasconde l’uso delle persone come “banche di organi” (emblematico dell’avvenuta “digestione” del genere distopico anche da parte della critica più tradizionalista il fatto che in tal caso nessuno abbia fiatato, mentre quando lo stesso autore ha scritto un fantasy – Il gigante sepolto – ha sentito subito il bisogno di giustificarsi e chiamarsi fuori dal genere) e anche Murakami con 1Q84 è stato accostato alla distopia, sebbene, al di là del titolo e di alcune istanze di controllo presenti nell’ambientazione, nel suo caso si sia più nel territorio del surrealismo. L’Italia non è rimasta a guardare: se oggi arriva Fabio Deotto con Un attimo prima, in uscita per Einaudi Stile Libero, a configurarsi come il maestro italiano del genere, già in molti romanzi usciti negli ultimi anni, e tutti firmati da autori percepiti come “non di genere” come Anna di Nicolò Ammaniti, Le cose semplici di Luca Doninelli, XXI secolo di Paolo Zardi, Quando eravamo prede di Carlo D’Amicis, Metropoli di Massimiliano Santarossa, Giovani, nazisti e disoccupati di Michele Vaccari, Stalin+Bianca di Iacopo Barison, Qualcosa là fuori di Bruno Arpaia, la saga per ragazzi Berlin di Fabio Geda e Marco Magnone, hanno in sé elementi della distopia (anche se in vari casi siamo più nel territorio del post-apocalittico).Se il lettore di literary fiction potrà stupirsi di fronte a una simile esplosione di distopie, difficilmente chi mastica anche “young adult”, potrà anche solo alzare un sopracciglio: da tempo infatti le distopie si sono affermate nella narrativa commerciale per ragazzi, diventando, col progressivo tramonto del “paranormal romance”, il suo filone principale. Qualcuno ricorderà forse L’implacabile, film del 1987 di Michael Glaser, in cui il solito ipertrofico Schwarzenegger doveva sfuggire a pittoreschi “cacciatori” in uno spietato reality show del futuro. Tratto da un romanzo del 1982 di Richard Bachman (ovvero Stephen King), L’uomo in fuga, ispirerà il romanzo Battle Royale di Koushun Takami, esso pure rapidamente trasportato su pellicola, e da quell’idea di giovani messi in competizione mortale da uno stato oppressivo sgorgherà poi nel 2008 la distopia di maggior successo commerciale, quell’Hunger Games di Suzanne Collins, franchise da tre romanzi, tre film e innumerevoli cloni, essi pure di successo, come il Divergent di Veronica Roth o la serie del Labirinto di James Dashner. Era tuttavia già dal 1993 che lo “young adult” aveva abbracciato la distopia, con The Giver di Lois Lowry, uscito da noi come Il mondo di Jonas per Mondadori due anni dopo e poi nuovamente per Giunti col titolo originale. In un mondo all’apparenza utopico ma sotto sotto distopico, in cui la profondità emotiva è stata eliminata, toccherà all’adolescente protagonista – unico della sua comunità autorizzato a leggere libri – farsi carico del peso della storia. Se di per sé non era nulla di particolarmente nuovo, di fatto un adattamento in un packaging adatto agli adolescenti di concetti già esplorati nel Mondo nuovo e in Fahrenheit 451, The Giver segna uno stacco cruciale non solo nel rendere la distopia un genere “per ragazzi” ma anche nello spostare il focus, e lo scopo stesso dell’ambientazione rispetto alla narrazione, dal tema dell’analisi e della denuncia politica a quello dell’autoaffermazione e della definizione del sé, centrale in tutti i romanzi distopici ascrivibili al settore dello “YA”, nei quali, non a caso, c’è sempre anche un intreccio romantico. Anche nelle sue declinazioni young adult, spesso il distopico si sovrappone al postapocalittico: non di rado una catastrofe globale è il dispositivo con cui si giustifica l’avvento del mondo totalitario presentato nel romanzo; in altri casi, come nell’universo narrativo di Antoine Volodine, che varie case editrici stanno progressivamente portando in Italia, ci si trova in condizioni post-apocalittiche ma si intuisce che prima della fine del mondo si era comunque di fronte a una società totalitaria. Ma in generale ciò che distingue la distopia dal post-apocalittico o dall’ucronia, pur esistendo distopie post-apocalittiche o ucroniche, è la presenza di uno stato (o altro potere globale) totalitario e l’implicita critica alle sue strutture, che sia essa più prettamente e consapevolmente politica, come nelle distopie classiche, o più individualista e romantica come in quelle che hanno invaso gli scaffali delle sezioni per ragazzi delle librerie.Ci sono le proto-distopie, come quelle presentate da alcune delle popolazioni visitate dal Gulliver di Swift nei suoi Viaggi (1726), o A Trip to the Island of Equality, un libello anonimo del 1792 uscito come risposta satirica ai Diritti dell’uomo di Thomas Paine e che presentava un’isola in cui la ricerca dell’uguaglianza ha ridotto gli abitanti a cavernicoli. Ma il capostipite del genere è certamente Noi di Evgenij Zamjatin. Curiosamente quasi sconosciuto al di fuori degli ambienti accademici, nonostante sia il capostipite di un genere oggi così popolare, Noi, scritto nel 1920, bandito in Unione Sovietica e uscito quattro anni dopo in Inghilterra (da noi lo pubblica Voland nella traduzione di Alessandro Niero) e per lungo tempo derubricato a mero pamphlet anticomunista, anticipa in realtà tutti i temi chiave della distopia moderna, sia classica – la società del controllo di 1984 e la “felicità obbligatoria” del Mondo nuovo – che commerciale, dato che la storia d’amore tra D-503 e I-330, questi i nomi del protagonista e della sua innamorata nel mondo tecnocratico di Noi, diventa da subito dispositivo atto a scatenare nel primo lo sviluppo della propria individualità in una società disumanizzante e omologante.Così come Zamjatin esprimeva nel suo romanzo la preoccupazione per la deriva che l’Unione Sovietica avrebbe potuto prendere (e regolarmente prese), oggi il prosperare delle distopie – secondo uno studio di Goodreads i libri catalogati come distopici tra quelli usciti negli ultimi anni sono in numero analogo a quelli usciti negli anni della guerra fredda – riflette le tensioni e delle ansie generate da un assetto mondiale insoddisfacente, in cui il capitalismo pare a ogni effetto intenzionato a distruggere quel che resta della socialdemocrazia, per non parlare di qualsivoglia pretesa rivoluzionaria. C’è in effetti la sensazione che qualcosa sia andato storto, e anche Internet, che prometteva libertà cognitiva per tutti, con i social si è trasformato in uno strumento di controllo e diffusione di informazioni fasulle. Ma da un punto di vista letterario il rischio è che le distopie diventino semplici sfondi per romanzi di formazione adolescenziali o dispositivi ready-made per la critica a qualsivoglia stortura contemporanea, che si tratti dello spionaggio di stato, del cambiamento climatico, della tv realtà, del tradimento dei giovani da parte degli adulti o della “gamification” (temi questi ultimi di cui è eccellente sintesi Ready player one di Ernest Cline). Che fare allora? Difficile pensare che la soluzione possa risiedere in un eventuale ritorno delle utopie – per quanto sarebbe auspicabile un ritorno nelle librerie italiane del Ciclo della Cultura di Iain M. Banks, miglior esempio di romanzo utopico contemporaneo –: in un contesto di “fine della storia”, in cui anche le distopie smettono gli abiti rivoluzionari per essere sempre più commenti a uno status quo che appare immutabile e al quale si può opporre al massimo la difesa della propria individualità. La via potrebbe essere quella indicata, prima ancora che dal succitato Volodine, dallo scrittore scozzese Alasdair Gray, il cui capolavoro Lanark è stato recentemente portato, a oltre trent’anni dall’uscita in originale, nelle librerie italiane dalla piccola Safarà: sfondare tutti i generi, liberare la distopia dalle costrizioni allegoriche o avventurose che il proprio stesso sopravvenuto canone le ha creato intorno, e rimetterla in contatto tanto col realismo che con le metafisiche e le possibilità più sfrenate dell’immaginazione, di modo che i mondi altri, non importa quanto plumbei, tornino a diventare anzitutto spunti per ricostruire un modo di rapportarsi al reale.","wordCount":1551,"articleSection":"Cultura","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-632271338-1507638406.jpg?crop=0.669xw:1.00xh;0.166xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-632271338-1507638406.jpg?crop=0.669xw:1.00xh;0.166xw,0&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-632271338-1507638406.jpg?crop=0.669xw:1.00xh;0.166xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-632271338-1507638406.jpg?crop=0.8888888888888888xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-632271338-1507638406.jpg?crop=0.669xw:1.00xh;0.166xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-632271338-1507638406.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Esquire","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/esquireitalia","https://facebook.com/EsquireItalia","http://instagram.com/esquireitalia","https://it.pinterest.com/esquireitalia/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.esquire.com/it/_assets/design-tokens/esquire/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.f471601.png","width":312,"height":60},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation"}},"keywords":["content-type: Default","locale: IT","displayType: standard article"],"url":"https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/","isBasedOn":"https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/","description":"Cosa ci dice di noi l'onda letteraria del distopico? 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75rem){.css-1uyiddd{width:20%;margin-right:1rem;margin-left:0rem;float:left;clear:left;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1uyiddd{width:20%;margin-right:1rem;margin-left:0rem;float:left;clear:left;}}.css-1uyiddd.size-screenheight img{width:auto;height:85vh;}.css-1uyiddd img:not([data-dynamic-svg]){display:block;width:100%;height:auto;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;}.css-1uyiddd a{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;position:var(--position, relative);}.css-1uyiddd a span{right:1rem;}.css-1eiql25{text-align:center;margin:0rem;padding-top:0.9375rem;padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}.css-f6drgc:before{margin:-0.99rem auto 0 -1.33rem;left:50%;width:2.1875rem;border:0.3125rem solid 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href="/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="È inutile negarlo: siamo circondati da distopie" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">È inutile negarlo: siamo circondati da distopie</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-12gzw4j e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>È inutile negarlo: siamo circondati da distopie<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-iuammy e1f1sunr6"><p>Ma cosa dice di noi l'onda letteraria del distopico?</p></div><div class="css-buz497 e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-12blbcx e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-o8f6o3 e1v8cotw1">Di Vanni Santoni</span><time class="css-180qcdc e1f1sunr4">Pubblicato: 07/10/2017</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-wkpw2c e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"></div></div></div></div></header><div data-journey-hide="true" class="css-k008qs et2g3wt0"><div class="standard-container content-container article-container css-1q1kaac et2g3wt3"><div data-journey-body="standard-article" class="article-body-content article-body standard-body-content css-4oaay7 et2g3wt6"><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="0" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Una delle strisce più recenti di Tom Gauld, vignettista del <em>Guardian</em> diventato virale su Internet con i suoi cartoon a tema letterario, presenta una scrittrice che dice a un’amica di voler scrivere un romanzo “ambientato in una terrificante distopia”. Cinque anni e due vignette dopo la vediamo uscire di casa col manoscritto solo per trovarsi davanti telecamere, polizia con mezzi militari, patiboli in piazza e donne con copricapo da ancella. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="1" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Poco dopo l’elezione di Trump circolava questa foto notturna di Chicago dove sotto a una mostruosa Trump Tower si svolgevano le prime proteste. Una striscia e una fotografia che appaiono di per sé sufficienti a spiegare l’attuale ritorno di fiamma della narrativa distopica. La realtà sta assomigliando sempre più a una distopia, e fenomeni come il ritorno nelle classifiche americane di <em>1984</em> di Orwell, <em>Il mondo nuovo</em> di Huxley, <em>Fahrenheit 451</em> di Bradbury e il meno noto in Italia <em>Da noi non può succedere</em> di Sinclair Lewis, oltre a quello del <em>Racconto dell’ancella</em> di Margaret Atwood, ancorché spinto dalla serie TV, vengono attribuiti alla degenerazione della scena politica e al sempre più diffuso sentimento di sfiducia nello stato. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="2" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Anche la cosiddetta “literary fiction”, del resto, ha abbracciato con entusiasmo, e da diversi anni, le distopie: Dave Eggers col <em>Cerchio</em> (2013) si è posto il problema del controllo attraverso i social. Colson Whitehead con <em>La ferrovia sotterranea</em> (2016, da poco uscito in Italia per Sur), ha unito ucronia, steampunk e distopia per raccontare lo schiavismo con forza addirittura superiore a quella di un “vero” romanzo storico. </p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-5" data-node-id="3" class="embed"></section><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-6" data-node-id="4" class="embed"><div size="large" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-large embed css-1mseg9i e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Text, Poster, Graphic design, Book cover, Font, Advertising, Novel, Book, Flyer, " title="Text, Poster, Graphic design, Book cover, Font, Advertising, Novel, Book, Flyer, " loading="lazy" width="1035" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-futuro-distopico-1507534480.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=768:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-futuro-distopico-1507534480.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-futuro-distopico-1507534480.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-futuro-distopico-1507534480.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-futuro-distopico-1507534480.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-fw50lw e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-td7rmj e1geg53v2">@SUR @Einaudi @Mondadori</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="5" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Vladimir Sorokin col potente <em>La giornata di un opričnik</em> (2014) ci ha avvertiti circa le possibili derive del putinismo, mentre il fresco Nobel Kazuo Ishiguro con <em>Non lasciarmi</em>, del 2005, ha raccontato una società in cui il salutismo è obbligatorio, solo perché nasconde l’uso delle persone come “banche di organi” (emblematico dell’avvenuta “digestione” del genere distopico anche da parte della critica più tradizionalista il fatto che in tal caso nessuno abbia fiatato, mentre quando lo stesso autore ha scritto un fantasy – <em>Il gigante sepolto</em> – ha sentito subito il bisogno di giustificarsi e chiamarsi fuori dal genere) e anche Murakami con <em>1Q84</em> è stato accostato alla distopia, sebbene, al di là del titolo e di alcune istanze di controllo presenti nell’ambientazione, nel suo caso si sia più nel territorio del surrealismo. </p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-7" data-node-id="6" class="embed"><div size="large" data-embed="body-image" class="align-left size-large embed css-1vobaui e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Adaptation, Endurance sports, Triathlon, Recreation, Wave, " title="Adaptation, Endurance sports, Triathlon, Recreation, Wave, " loading="lazy" width="897" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-italiani-futuro-distopico-1507534298.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-italiani-futuro-distopico-1507534298.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-italiani-futuro-distopico-1507534298.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-italiani-futuro-distopico-1507534298.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/libri-italiani-futuro-distopico-1507534298.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-78jldq e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-td7rmj e1geg53v2">@NEO @Bompiani</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="7" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">L’Italia non è rimasta a guardare: se oggi arriva Fabio Deotto con <em>Un attimo prima</em>, in uscita per Einaudi Stile Libero, a configurarsi come il maestro italiano del genere, già in molti romanzi usciti negli ultimi anni, e tutti firmati da autori percepiti come “non di genere” come <em>Anna</em> di Nicolò Ammaniti, <em>Le cose semplici</em> di Luca Doninelli, <em>XXI</em> secolo di Paolo Zardi, <em>Quando eravamo prede</em> di Carlo D’Amicis, <em>Metropoli</em> di Massimiliano Santarossa, <em>Giovani, nazisti e disoccupati </em>di Michele Vaccari, <em>Stalin+Bianca</em> di Iacopo Barison, <em>Qualcosa là fuori </em>di Bruno Arpaia, la saga per ragazzi <em>Berlin</em> di Fabio Geda e Marco Magnone, hanno in sé elementi della distopia (anche se in vari casi siamo più nel territorio del post-apocalittico).</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="8" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Se il lettore di literary fiction potrà stupirsi di fronte a una simile esplosione di distopie, difficilmente chi mastica anche “young adult”, potrà anche solo alzare un sopracciglio: da tempo infatti le distopie si sono affermate nella narrativa commerciale per ragazzi, diventando, col progressivo tramonto del “paranormal romance”, il suo filone principale. Qualcuno ricorderà forse <em>L’implacabile</em>, film del 1987 di Michael Glaser, in cui il solito ipertrofico Schwarzenegger doveva sfuggire a pittoreschi “cacciatori” in uno spietato reality show del futuro. Tratto da un romanzo del 1982 di Richard Bachman (ovvero Stephen King), L’uomo in fuga, ispirerà il romanzo <em>Battle Royale</em> di Koushun Takami, esso pure rapidamente trasportato su pellicola, e da quell’idea di giovani messi in competizione mortale da uno stato oppressivo sgorgherà poi nel 2008 la distopia di maggior successo commerciale, quell’<em>Hunger Games</em> di Suzanne Collins, franchise da tre romanzi, tre film e innumerevoli cloni, essi pure di successo, come il <em>Divergent</em> di Veronica Roth o la serie del <em>Labirinto</em> di James Dashner. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="9" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Era tuttavia già dal 1993 che lo “young adult” aveva abbracciato la distopia, con <em>The Giver</em> di Lois Lowry, uscito da noi come <em>Il mondo di Jonas</em> per Mondadori due anni dopo e poi nuovamente per Giunti col titolo originale. In un mondo all’apparenza utopico ma sotto sotto distopico, in cui la profondità emotiva è stata eliminata, toccherà all’adolescente protagonista – unico della sua comunità autorizzato a leggere libri – farsi carico del peso della storia. Se di per sé non era nulla di particolarmente nuovo, di fatto un adattamento in un packaging adatto agli adolescenti di concetti già esplorati nel <em>Mondo nuovo</em> e in <em>Fahrenheit 451</em>, <em>The Giver</em> segna uno stacco cruciale non solo nel rendere la distopia un genere “per ragazzi” ma anche nello spostare il focus, e lo scopo stesso dell’ambientazione rispetto alla narrazione, dal tema dell’analisi e della denuncia politica a quello dell’autoaffermazione e della definizione del sé, centrale in tutti i romanzi distopici ascrivibili al settore dello “YA”, nei quali, non a caso, c’è sempre anche un intreccio romantico. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="10" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Anche nelle sue declinazioni young adult, spesso il distopico si sovrappone al postapocalittico: non di rado una catastrofe globale è il dispositivo con cui si giustifica l’avvento del mondo totalitario presentato nel romanzo; in altri casi, come nell’universo narrativo di Antoine Volodine, che varie case editrici stanno progressivamente portando in Italia, ci si trova in condizioni post-apocalittiche ma si intuisce che prima della fine del mondo si era comunque di fronte a una società totalitaria. Ma in generale ciò che distingue la distopia dal post-apocalittico o dall’ucronia, pur esistendo distopie post-apocalittiche o ucroniche, è la presenza di uno stato (o altro potere globale) totalitario e l’implicita critica alle sue strutture, che sia essa più prettamente e consapevolmente politica, come nelle distopie classiche, o più individualista e romantica come in quelle che hanno invaso gli scaffali delle sezioni per ragazzi delle librerie.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="11" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Ci sono le proto-distopie, come quelle presentate da alcune delle popolazioni visitate dal Gulliver di Swift nei suoi <em>Viaggi</em> (1726), o <em>A Trip to the Island of Equality</em>, un libello anonimo del 1792 uscito come risposta satirica ai <em>Diritti dell’uomo </em>di Thomas Paine e che presentava un’isola in cui la ricerca dell’uguaglianza ha ridotto gli abitanti a cavernicoli. <br/></p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-8" data-node-id="12" class="embed"><div size="small" data-embed="body-image" class="align-left size-small embed css-1uyiddd e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Text, Font, " title="Text, Font, " loading="lazy" width="417" height="612" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noi-voland-1507534975.jpg?crop=0.9784172661870504xw:1xh;center,top&resize=320:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noi-voland-1507534975.jpg?crop=0.9784172661870504xw:1xh;center,top&resize=320:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noi-voland-1507534975.jpg?crop=0.9784172661870504xw:1xh;center,top&resize=320:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noi-voland-1507534975.jpg?crop=0.9784172661870504xw:1xh;center,top&resize=320:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noi-voland-1507534975.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-78jldq e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-td7rmj e1geg53v2">@Voland</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="13" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Ma il capostipite del genere è certamente <em>Noi</em> di Evgenij Zamjatin. Curiosamente quasi sconosciuto al di fuori degli ambienti accademici, nonostante sia il capostipite di un genere oggi così popolare, <em>Noi</em>, scritto nel 1920, bandito in Unione Sovietica e uscito quattro anni dopo in Inghilterra (da noi lo pubblica Voland nella traduzione di Alessandro Niero) e per lungo tempo derubricato a mero pamphlet anticomunista, anticipa in realtà tutti i temi chiave della distopia moderna, sia classica – la società del controllo di 1984 e la “felicità obbligatoria” del Mondo nuovo – che commerciale, dato che la storia d’amore tra D-503 e I-330, questi i nomi del protagonista e della sua innamorata nel mondo tecnocratico di <em>Noi</em>, diventa da subito dispositivo atto a scatenare nel primo lo sviluppo della propria individualità in una società disumanizzante e omologante.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="14" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Così come Zamjatin esprimeva nel suo romanzo la preoccupazione per la deriva che l’Unione Sovietica avrebbe potuto prendere (e regolarmente prese), oggi il prosperare delle distopie – secondo uno studio di Goodreads i libri catalogati come distopici tra quelli usciti negli ultimi anni sono in numero analogo a quelli usciti negli anni della guerra fredda – riflette le tensioni e delle ansie generate da un assetto mondiale insoddisfacente, in cui il capitalismo pare a ogni effetto intenzionato a distruggere quel che resta della socialdemocrazia, per non parlare di qualsivoglia pretesa rivoluzionaria. C’è in effetti la sensazione che qualcosa sia andato storto, e anche Internet, che prometteva libertà cognitiva per tutti, con i social si è trasformato in uno strumento di controllo e diffusione di informazioni fasulle. </p><section data-embed="pullquote" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="15" class="embed"><blockquote data-theme-key="pullquote" class="css-1eiql25 e1pe3zr91"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-f6drgc eagam8p0"></span><blockquote class="css-1r4wn2w e1pe3zr90">Internet prometteva libertà per tutti, ma ha invece portato una diffusa paranoia del controllo </blockquote><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></blockquote></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="16" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Ma da un punto di vista letterario il rischio è che le distopie diventino semplici sfondi per romanzi di formazione adolescenziali o dispositivi ready-made per la critica a qualsivoglia stortura contemporanea, che si tratti dello spionaggio di stato, del cambiamento climatico, della tv realtà, del tradimento dei giovani da parte degli adulti o della “gamification” (temi questi ultimi di cui è eccellente sintesi <em>Ready player one</em> di Ernest Cline). Che fare allora? Difficile pensare che la soluzione possa risiedere in un eventuale ritorno delle utopie – per quanto sarebbe auspicabile un ritorno nelle librerie italiane del <em>Ciclo della Cultura</em> di Iain M. Banks, miglior esempio di romanzo utopico contemporaneo –: in un contesto di “fine della storia”, in cui anche le distopie smettono gli abiti rivoluzionari per essere sempre più commenti a uno status quo che appare immutabile e al quale si può opporre al massimo la difesa della propria individualità. <br/><br/></p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="17" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-left size-medium embed css-l2gq68 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Poster, Cartoon, Font, Illustration, Fictional character, Book cover, " title="Poster, Cartoon, Font, Illustration, Fictional character, Book cover, " loading="lazy" width="2500" height="3333" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lanark-gray-1507535277.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=320:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lanark-gray-1507535277.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=480:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lanark-gray-1507535277.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lanark-gray-1507535277.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.esquire.com/it/cultura/libri/a12801513/letteratura-distopia/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lanark-gray-1507535277.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-78jldq e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-td7rmj e1geg53v2">@Safarà</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="18" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">La via potrebbe essere quella indicata, prima ancora che dal succitato Volodine, dallo scrittore scozzese Alasdair Gray, il cui capolavoro <em>Lanark</em> è stato recentemente portato, a oltre trent’anni dall’uscita in originale, nelle librerie italiane dalla piccola Safarà: sfondare tutti i generi, liberare la distopia dalle costrizioni allegoriche o avventurose che il proprio stesso sopravvenuto canone le ha creato intorno, e rimetterla in contatto tanto col realismo che con le metafisiche e le possibilità più sfrenate dell’immaginazione, di modo che i mondi altri, non importa quanto plumbei, tornino a diventare anzitutto spunti per ricostruire un modo di rapportarsi al reale.</p></div></div></div><section 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Cinque anni e due vignette dopo la vediamo uscire di casa col manoscritto solo per trovarsi davanti telecamere, polizia con mezzi militari, patiboli in piazza e donne con copricapo da ancella. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Poco dopo l’elezione di Trump circolava questa foto notturna di Chicago dove sotto a una mostruosa Trump Tower si svolgevano le prime proteste. Una striscia e una fotografia che appaiono di per sé sufficienti a spiegare l’attuale ritorno di fiamma della narrativa distopica. La realtà sta assomigliando sempre più a una distopia, e fenomeni come il ritorno nelle classifiche americane di ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"1984","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Orwell, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Il mondo nuovo","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Huxley, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Fahrenheit 451","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Bradbury e il meno noto in Italia ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Da noi non può succedere","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Sinclair Lewis, oltre a quello del ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Racconto dell’ancella","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Margaret Atwood, ancorché spinto dalla serie TV, vengono attribuiti alla degenerazione della scena politica e al sempre più diffuso sentimento di sfiducia nello stato. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Anche la cosiddetta “literary fiction”, del resto, ha abbracciato con entusiasmo, e da diversi anni, le distopie: Dave Eggers col ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Cerchio","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (2013) si è posto il problema del controllo attraverso i social. Colson Whitehead con ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"La ferrovia sotterranea","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (2016, da poco uscito in Italia per Sur), ha unito ucronia, steampunk e distopia per raccontare lo schiavismo con forza addirittura superiore a quella di un “vero” romanzo storico. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"watch-next","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"image","attribs":{"id":"697326e0-98d0-4f1f-9832-37770b5665a7","mediaid":"3ec8462f-cb9c-4018-9c19-e0daac85124c","align":"center","size":"large","share":"true","caption":"","expand":"","crop":"original","first":true},"type":"tag","response":{"props":{}}},{"children":[{"data":"Vladimir Sorokin col potente ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"La giornata di un opričnik","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (2014) ci ha avvertiti circa le possibili derive del putinismo, mentre il fresco Nobel Kazuo Ishiguro con ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Non lasciarmi","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", del 2005, ha raccontato una società in cui il salutismo è obbligatorio, solo perché nasconde l’uso delle persone come “banche di organi” (emblematico dell’avvenuta “digestione” del genere distopico anche da parte della critica più tradizionalista il fatto che in tal caso nessuno abbia fiatato, mentre quando lo stesso autore ha scritto un fantasy – ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Il gigante sepolto","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" – ha sentito subito il bisogno di giustificarsi e chiamarsi fuori dal genere) e anche Murakami con ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"1Q84","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" è stato accostato alla distopia, sebbene, al di là del titolo e di alcune istanze di controllo presenti nell’ambientazione, nel suo caso si sia più nel territorio del surrealismo. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"image","attribs":{"id":"a3c050f1-3fca-45b2-9267-1800e8f9ca85","mediaid":"61710ed5-74c3-4a8f-8e73-d19e72a9ae5b","align":"left","size":"large","share":"true","caption":"","expand":"","crop":"original"},"type":"tag","response":{"props":{}}},{"children":[{"data":"L’Italia non è rimasta a guardare: se oggi arriva Fabio Deotto con ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Un attimo prima","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", in uscita per Einaudi Stile Libero, a configurarsi come il maestro italiano del genere, già in molti romanzi usciti negli ultimi anni, e tutti firmati da autori percepiti come “non di genere” come ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Anna","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Nicolò Ammaniti, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Le cose semplici","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Luca Doninelli, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"XXI","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" secolo di Paolo Zardi, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Quando eravamo prede","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Carlo D’Amicis, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Metropoli","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Massimiliano Santarossa, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Giovani, nazisti e disoccupati ","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"di Michele Vaccari, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Stalin+Bianca","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Iacopo Barison, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Qualcosa là fuori ","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"di Bruno Arpaia, la saga per ragazzi ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Berlin","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Fabio Geda e Marco Magnone, hanno in sé elementi della distopia (anche se in vari casi siamo più nel territorio del post-apocalittico).","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Se il lettore di literary fiction potrà stupirsi di fronte a una simile esplosione di distopie, difficilmente chi mastica anche “young adult”, potrà anche solo alzare un sopracciglio: da tempo infatti le distopie si sono affermate nella narrativa commerciale per ragazzi, diventando, col progressivo tramonto del “paranormal romance”, il suo filone principale. Qualcuno ricorderà forse ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"L’implacabile","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", film del 1987 di Michael Glaser, in cui il solito ipertrofico Schwarzenegger doveva sfuggire a pittoreschi “cacciatori” in uno spietato reality show del futuro. Tratto da un romanzo del 1982 di Richard Bachman (ovvero Stephen King), L’uomo in fuga, ispirerà il romanzo ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Battle Royale","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Koushun Takami, esso pure rapidamente trasportato su pellicola, e da quell’idea di giovani messi in competizione mortale da uno stato oppressivo sgorgherà poi nel 2008 la distopia di maggior successo commerciale, quell’","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Hunger Games","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Suzanne Collins, franchise da tre romanzi, tre film e innumerevoli cloni, essi pure di successo, come il ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Divergent","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Veronica Roth o la serie del ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Labirinto","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di James Dashner. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Era tuttavia già dal 1993 che lo “young adult” aveva abbracciato la distopia, con ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Giver","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Lois Lowry, uscito da noi come ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Il mondo di Jonas","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" per Mondadori due anni dopo e poi nuovamente per Giunti col titolo originale. In un mondo all’apparenza utopico ma sotto sotto distopico, in cui la profondità emotiva è stata eliminata, toccherà all’adolescente protagonista – unico della sua comunità autorizzato a leggere libri – farsi carico del peso della storia. Se di per sé non era nulla di particolarmente nuovo, di fatto un adattamento in un packaging adatto agli adolescenti di concetti già esplorati nel ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Mondo nuovo","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" e in ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Fahrenheit 451","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Giver","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" segna uno stacco cruciale non solo nel rendere la distopia un genere “per ragazzi” ma anche nello spostare il focus, e lo scopo stesso dell’ambientazione rispetto alla narrazione, dal tema dell’analisi e della denuncia politica a quello dell’autoaffermazione e della definizione del sé, centrale in tutti i romanzi distopici ascrivibili al settore dello “YA”, nei quali, non a caso, c’è sempre anche un intreccio romantico. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Anche nelle sue declinazioni young adult, spesso il distopico si sovrappone al postapocalittico: non di rado una catastrofe globale è il dispositivo con cui si giustifica l’avvento del mondo totalitario presentato nel romanzo; in altri casi, come nell’universo narrativo di Antoine Volodine, che varie case editrici stanno progressivamente portando in Italia, ci si trova in condizioni post-apocalittiche ma si intuisce che prima della fine del mondo si era comunque di fronte a una società totalitaria. Ma in generale ciò che distingue la distopia dal post-apocalittico o dall’ucronia, pur esistendo distopie post-apocalittiche o ucroniche, è la presenza di uno stato (o altro potere globale) totalitario e l’implicita critica alle sue strutture, che sia essa più prettamente e consapevolmente politica, come nelle distopie classiche, o più individualista e romantica come in quelle che hanno invaso gli scaffali delle sezioni per ragazzi delle librerie.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Ci sono le proto-distopie, come quelle presentate da alcune delle popolazioni visitate dal Gulliver di Swift nei suoi ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Viaggi","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (1726), o ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"A Trip to the Island of Equality","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", un libello anonimo del 1792 uscito come risposta satirica ai ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Diritti dell’uomo ","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"di Thomas Paine e che presentava un’isola in cui la ricerca dell’uguaglianza ha ridotto gli abitanti a cavernicoli. ","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"image","attribs":{"id":"1e8d9dfd-0f3f-4700-8ba5-89654952cdaa","mediaid":"57399771-c534-402a-8052-dc14ac53fee0","align":"left","size":"small","share":"true","caption":"","expand":"","crop":"4x6"},"type":"tag","response":{"props":{}}},{"children":[{"data":"Ma il capostipite del genere è certamente ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Noi","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Evgenij Zamjatin. Curiosamente quasi sconosciuto al di fuori degli ambienti accademici, nonostante sia il capostipite di un genere oggi così popolare, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Noi","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", scritto nel 1920, bandito in Unione Sovietica e uscito quattro anni dopo in Inghilterra (da noi lo pubblica Voland nella traduzione di Alessandro Niero) e per lungo tempo derubricato a mero pamphlet anticomunista, anticipa in realtà tutti i temi chiave della distopia moderna, sia classica – la società del controllo di 1984 e la “felicità obbligatoria” del Mondo nuovo – che commerciale, dato che la storia d’amore tra D-503 e I-330, questi i nomi del protagonista e della sua innamorata nel mondo tecnocratico di ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Noi","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", diventa da subito dispositivo atto a scatenare nel primo lo sviluppo della propria individualità in una società disumanizzante e omologante.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Così come Zamjatin esprimeva nel suo romanzo la preoccupazione per la deriva che l’Unione Sovietica avrebbe potuto prendere (e regolarmente prese), oggi il prosperare delle distopie – secondo uno studio di Goodreads i libri catalogati come distopici tra quelli usciti negli ultimi anni sono in numero analogo a quelli usciti negli anni della guerra fredda – riflette le tensioni e delle ansie generate da un assetto mondiale insoddisfacente, in cui il capitalismo pare a ogni effetto intenzionato a distruggere quel che resta della socialdemocrazia, per non parlare di qualsivoglia pretesa rivoluzionaria. C’è in effetti la sensazione che qualcosa sia andato storto, e anche Internet, che prometteva libertà cognitiva per tutti, con i social si è trasformato in uno strumento di controllo e diffusione di informazioni fasulle. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Internet prometteva libertà per tutti, ma ha invece portato una diffusa paranoia del controllo ","type":"text"}],"name":"pullquote","attribs":{"align":"left"},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Ma da un punto di vista letterario il rischio è che le distopie diventino semplici sfondi per romanzi di formazione adolescenziali o dispositivi ready-made per la critica a qualsivoglia stortura contemporanea, che si tratti dello spionaggio di stato, del cambiamento climatico, della tv realtà, del tradimento dei giovani da parte degli adulti o della “gamification” (temi questi ultimi di cui è eccellente sintesi ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Ready player one","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Ernest Cline). Che fare allora? Difficile pensare che la soluzione possa risiedere in un eventuale ritorno delle utopie – per quanto sarebbe auspicabile un ritorno nelle librerie italiane del ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Ciclo della Cultura","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" di Iain M. Banks, miglior esempio di romanzo utopico contemporaneo –: in un contesto di “fine della storia”, in cui anche le distopie smettono gli abiti rivoluzionari per essere sempre più commenti a uno status quo che appare immutabile e al quale si può opporre al massimo la difesa della propria individualità. 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