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id="toc-Eid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suhur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Suhur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iftar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iftar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Iftar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iftar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Charity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightly_prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightly_prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nightly prayers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightly_prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitation_of_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitation_of_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Recitation of the Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitation_of_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Observance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramadan_in_polar_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadan_in_polar_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ramadan in polar regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadan_in_polar_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramadan_in_Earth_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadan_in_Earth_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ramadan in Earth orbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadan_in_Earth_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_during_Ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_during_Ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Employment during Ramadan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_during_Ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Health effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ramadan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" > 134 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ረመዳን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረመዳን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܪܡܕܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܡܕܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰমজান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰমজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রমজান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রমজান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамаҙан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рамаҙан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमजान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रमजान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A0" title="Ramadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Раматан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раматан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadaan" title="Ramadaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ramadaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Ραμαζάνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραμαζάνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadano" title="Ramadano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramadano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="રમઝાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રમઝાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%A8" title="라마단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라마단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD)" title="Ռամադան (ամիս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամադան (ամիս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमज़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रमज़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="רמדאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמדאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಂಜಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಂಜಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რამადანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამადანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رَمَضان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رَمَضان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(mwezi)" title="Ramadan (mwezi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ramadan (mwezi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezan_(meh)" title="Remezan (meh) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Remezan (meh)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanus" title="Ramadanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ramadanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C4%81ns" title="Ramadāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ramadāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanas" title="Ramadanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramadanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romadon" title="Romadon – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Romadon" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadany" title="Ramadany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ramadany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="റമദാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റമദാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमजान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रमजान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რამადანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რამადანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شهر رمضان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شهر رمضان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%86" title="مارمضون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارمضون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमजान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रमजान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ラマダーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラマダーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରମଜାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରମଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazon" title="Ramazon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ramazon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87" title="روژه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روژه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A3o" title="Ramadão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ramadão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рамадаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="रमजान् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रमजान्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazani" title="Ramazani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ramazani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="‍රමළාන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="‍රමළාන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadaan" title="Ramadaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ramadaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕەمەزان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەمەزان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ரமலான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரமலான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%9Am%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Ṛmḍan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṛmḍan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Remḍan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Remḍan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="రంజాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రంజాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เราะมะฎอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เราะมะฎอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Рамазон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рамазон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezan" title="Remezan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Remezan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رامازان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رامازان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdinne" title="Ramdinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ramdinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E6%88%92%E6%9C%88" title="斋戒月 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斋戒月" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ראמאדאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראמאדאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92%E6%9C%88%E7%BF%92%E4%BF%97" title="齋戒月習俗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="齋戒月習俗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezan" title="Remezan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Remezan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%B4%E8%B2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%88" title="賴買丹月 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賴買丹月" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puasa_(bulan)" title="Puasa (bulan) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Puasa (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%8E%EA%A0%A3_%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%A1" title="ꠞꠥꠎꠣ ꠝꠣꠡ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠞꠥꠎꠣ ꠝꠣꠡ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B9%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccf;">Ramadan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:255px;max-width:255px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg/330px-Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg/500px-Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg/960px-Crescent_moon_-_Hilal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="1660" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">A crescent moon over <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a>, Turkey</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramadan_Quran_Reading,_Bandar_Torkaman_(13950320163308600).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%2813950320163308600%29.jpg/120px-Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%2813950320163308600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%2813950320163308600%29.jpg/250px-Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%2813950320163308600%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Women reading the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Torkaman" title="Bandar Torkaman">Bandar Torkaman</a>, Iran</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Breaking_the_Fast_(2)_(27351979537).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Breaking_the_Fast_%282%29_%2827351979537%29.jpg/250px-Breaking_the_Fast_%282%29_%2827351979537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Breaking_the_Fast_%282%29_%2827351979537%29.jpg/330px-Breaking_the_Fast_%282%29_%2827351979537%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5866" data-file-height="3426" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Men breaking their fast in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_in_Dubai" title="Grand Mosque in Dubai">Dubai Grand Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_%282%29.jpg/126px-Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_%282%29.jpg/189px-Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_%282%29.jpg/252px-Tarawih_Ramadan_di_Masjid_Raya_Sumbar_2019_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="2053" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a> prayers in a mosque in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, Indonesia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iftar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iftar_2.jpg/121px-Iftar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iftar_2.jpg/182px-Iftar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iftar_2.jpg/242px-Iftar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="2339" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">iftar</a> meal</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86.jpg/178px-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Ramadan decorations in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, Yemen</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Zakat_Donation_Box_in_Taipei_Mosque_20190519.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zakat_Donation_Box_in_Taipei_Mosque_20190519.jpg/250px-Zakat_Donation_Box_in_Taipei_Mosque_20190519.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zakat_Donation_Box_in_Taipei_Mosque_20190519.jpg/330px-Zakat_Donation_Box_in_Taipei_Mosque_20190519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> donation boxes in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calendar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Month number</th><td class="infobox-data">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of days</th><td class="infobox-data">29–30 (depends on actual observation of the moon's crescent)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significant days</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ashr_al-Awakher" title="Al-'Ashr al-Awakher">Al-'Ashr al-Awakher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumu%27atul-Wida" title="Jumu'atul-Wida">Jumu'atul-Wida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Jaiza" title="Laylat al-Jaiza">Laylat al-Jaiza</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Sha%27ban" title="Sha'ban">Sha'ban</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Months</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Awwal" title="Rabi' al-Awwal">Rabi' al-Awwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Thani" title="Rabi' al-Thani">Rabi' al-Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Awwal" title="Jumada al-Awwal">Jumada al-Awwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Thani" title="Jumada al-Thani">Jumada al-Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ban" title="Sha'ban">Sha'ban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qadah" title="Dhu al-Qadah">Dhu al-Qadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a></li></ol></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_months_sidebar" title="Template:Islamic months sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_months_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamic months sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_months_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic months sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ramadan<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a> is the ninth month of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>. It is observed by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> worldwide as a month of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">sawm</a>), communal <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a>), reflection, and community.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> It is also the month in which the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is believed to have been revealed to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. The annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2012-9">[6]</a> and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the <a href="/wiki/Hilal_(crescent_moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal (crescent moon)">crescent moon</a> to the next.<a href="#cite_note-Bukhari-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muslim-11">[8]</a> Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">fard</a>) for all adult Muslims who are not <a href="/wiki/Acute_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute illness">acutely</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic illness">chronically ill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">elderly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Menstruation_in_Islam" title="Menstruation in Islam">menstruating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> The predawn meal is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">suhur</a>, and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">iftar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> Although rulings (<a href="/wiki/Fatawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawa">fatawa</a>) have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> should follow the timetable of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which night can be distinguished from day.<a href="#cite_note-Ramadan2014-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ottawacitizen-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArcticRamadan-18">[15]</a> The spiritual rewards (<a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">thawab</a>) of fasting are believed to be multiplied during Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Accordingly, during the hours of fasting, Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also from all behavior deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sinful in Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> devoting themselves instead to prayer and study of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word Ramadan derives from the Arabic root R-M-Ḍ (ر-م-ض) "scorching heat",<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> which is the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> verb "ramiḍa (رَمِضَ)" meaning "become intensely hot – become burning; become scorching; be blazing; be glowing".<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Ramadan is thought of as one of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">names of God in Islam</a> by some, and as such it is reported in many <a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a> that it is prohibited to say only "Ramadan" in reference to the calendar month and that it is necessary to say "month of Ramadan", as reported in <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Al-Bayhaqi-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Tabari-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Razi-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Abu_Hatim-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Dimashqi-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_al-Saqri-32">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Kafi-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Faqih-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wasa'il_al-Shia-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bihar_Al-Anwar_1-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Iqbal-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mustadrak_al-Wasa'il-38">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydi</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Amali_Al-Khamisiyah-39">[36]</a> sources. However, the report has been graded by others as <a href="/wiki/Maw%E1%B8%8D%C5%AB%CA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawḍūʻ">Mawḍūʻ</a> (fabricated)<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_al-Jawzi-40">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'if">inauthentic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Bayhaqi-27">[24]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, the Arabic letter <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a>) is pronounced as /z/. The Muslim communities in some countries with historical Persian influence, such as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, use the word Ramazan or Ramzan. The word Romzan is used in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png/220px-002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png/330px-002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png/440px-002185_Al-Baqarah_UsmaniScript.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Chapter 2</a>, Verse 185 in Arabic</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Ramadan is the month on which the Quran was revealed as a guide for humanity with clear proofs of guidance and the standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺. So whoever is present this month, let them fast. But whoever is ill or on a journey, then ˹let them fast˺ an equal number of days ˹after Ramaḍân˺. Allah intends ease for you, not hardship, so that you may complete the prescribed period and proclaim the greatness of Allah for guiding you, and perhaps you will be grateful.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Surah Al-Baqara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=185">2:185</a></cite></div></blockquote> Muslims hold that all <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a> were <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a> during Ramadan, the <a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">scrolls of Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> having been handed down during that month.<a href="#cite_note-Rafig-42">[39]</a> Muhammad is said to have received his first quranic revelation on <a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a>, one of five odd-numbered nights that fall during the last ten days of Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Although Muslims were first commanded to fast in the second year of <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijra</a> (624 CE),<a href="#cite_note-Rafig-42">[39]</a> they believe that the practice of fasting is not in fact an innovation of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">monotheism</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> but rather has always been necessary for believers to attain <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_God" title="Fear of God">fear of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">taqwa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=183">2:183</a>] They point to the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic pagans</a> of Mecca fasted on the tenth day of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">expiate sin</a> and avoid <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Philip Jenkins</a> argues that the observance of Ramadan fasting grew out of "the strict <a href="/wiki/Lenten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenten">Lenten</a> discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syrian Churches</a>", a postulation corroborated by other scholars, including theologian <a href="/wiki/Paul-Gordon_Chandler" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul-Gordon Chandler">Paul-Gordon Chandler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandler2008-48">[45]</a> but disputed by some Muslim academics.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The Quran itself emphasizes that the fast it prescribes had already been prescribed to earlier biblical communities (2:183), even though an explicit intertext for this pre-Islamic practice does not exist.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_dates">Important dates</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar one</a>, where each month begins when the first <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> of a <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> is sighted. The Islamic year consists of 12 lunar cycles, and consequently it is 10 to 11 days shorter than the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">solar year</a>, and as it contains no <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[c]</a> Ramadan migrates throughout the seasons. The Islamic day starts after sunset. The estimated start and end dates for Ramadan, based on the <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Qura calendar">Umm al-Qura calendar</a> of Saudi Arabia, are:<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Ramadan dates between 2022 and 2026 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">AH</a> </th> <th scope="col">First day (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>) </th> <th scope="col">Last day (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1443 </th> <td>2 April 2022 </td> <td>1 May 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1444 </th> <td>23 March 2023 </td> <td>20 April 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1445 </th> <td>11 March 2024 </td> <td>09 April 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1446 </th> <td>01 March 2025<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> </td> <td>29 March 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1447 </th> <td>18 February 2026 </td> <td>19 March 2026 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Iranian_iftar_meal_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/An_Iranian_iftar_meal_%282%29.jpg/250px-An_Iranian_iftar_meal_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/An_Iranian_iftar_meal_%282%29.jpg/330px-An_Iranian_iftar_meal_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/An_Iranian_iftar_meal_%282%29.jpg/500px-An_Iranian_iftar_meal_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>An iftar meal</figcaption></figure> Many Muslims insist on the local physical sighting of the moon to mark the beginning of Ramadan, but others use the calculated time of the new moon or the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> declaration to determine the start of the month. Since the new moon is not in the same state at the same time globally, the beginning and ending dates of Ramadan depend on what lunar sightings are received in each respective location. As a result, Ramadan dates vary in different countries, but usually only by a day. This is due to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">cycles of the moon</a>; the moon may not meet the criteria to qualify as a waxing crescent, which delineates the change in months, at the time of sundown in one location while later meeting it in another location.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Astronomical projections that approximate the start of Ramadan are available.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, one of the special dates of this month is the day of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">assassination of Ali</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun caliph">Rashidun caliph</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was struck during morning prayer on the 19th day of Ramadan, 40 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>, and he died on the 21st day of the month. They engage in mourning and prayer on these nights, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning">Beginning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramadan100years1938-2037.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ramadan100years1938-2037.png/250px-Ramadan100years1938-2037.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ramadan100years1938-2037.png/330px-Ramadan100years1938-2037.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ramadan100years1938-2037.png/500px-Ramadan100years1938-2037.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038. See <a href="/wiki/Template:Ramadan_dates" title="Template:Ramadan dates">Ramadan dates</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because the <a href="/wiki/Hilal_(crescent_moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal (crescent moon)">hilāl</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">crescent moon</a>, typically occurs approximately one day after the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>, Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan;<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> however, many Muslims prefer to confirm the opening of Ramadan by direct visual observation of the crescent.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laylat_al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Night of Power</a></div> The Laylat al-Qadr (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: لیلة القدر) or "Night of Power" is the night that Muslims believe the Quran was first sent down to the world, and Muhammad received his first quranic revelation from it. The night is considered to be the holiest night of the year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> It is generally believed to have occurred on an odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan; the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> believe that Laylat al-Qadr was the twenty-third night of Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eid">Eid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid prayers</a></div> The holiday of Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر), which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> the next lunar month, is declared after a crescent <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> has been sighted or after completion of thirty days of fasting if no sighting of the moon is possible. Eid celebrates the return to a more natural disposition (fitra) of eating, drinking, and <a href="/wiki/Intimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimacy">marital intimacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EsinIslam-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_practices">Religious practices</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg/220px-Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg/330px-Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg/440px-Ramazan_with_the_poor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azim_Azimzade" title="Azim Azimzade">Azim Azimzade</a>. Ramadan of the poor people. 1938</figcaption></figure> The common practice is to fast from dawn to sunset. The pre-dawn meal before the fast is called the <a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">suhur</a>, while the meal at sunset that breaks the fast is called <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">iftar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[61]</a> Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their <a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">self-discipline</a>, motivated by hadith:<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> are opened and the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_hell" title="Gates of hell">gates of hell</a> are locked up and devils are put in chains."<a href="#cite_note-guardian-68">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasting">Fasting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Fasting during Ramadan</a></div> Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, self-improvement, and heightened devotion and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into following the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The fast (sawm) begins at dawn and ends at sunset. In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking, Muslims abstain from sexual relations<a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-69">[65]</a> and sinful speech and behaviour during Ramadan. Fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities, and to <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">cleanse the soul</a> by freeing it from harmful impurities. Muslims believe that Ramadan teaches them to practice self-discipline, self-control,<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate, thus encouraging actions of generosity and compulsory charity (<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-WP-71">[67]</a> Exemptions from fasting include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill, pregnant, or breastfeeding.<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[61]</a> Those unable to fast are obligated to make up the missed days later.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suhur">Suhur</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg/170px-Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg/255px-Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg/340px-Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Iftar at the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> Each day before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the <a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">suhur</a>. After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the first prayer of the day, <a href="/wiki/Fajr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr">Fajr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iftar">Iftar</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of some of the dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg/250px-Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg/330px-Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg/500px-Example_of_Ramadan_iftar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>Some dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria</figcaption></figure> At sunset, families break the fast with the <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">iftar</a>, traditionally opening the meal by eating <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera#Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a> to commemorate Muhammad's practice of breaking the fast with three dates.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> They then adjourn for <a href="/wiki/Maghrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib">Maghrib</a>, the fourth of the five required daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Social gatherings, many times in <a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">buffet</a> style, are frequent at iftar. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, particularly those made only during Ramadan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.<a href="#cite_note-dieticiannour-78">[74]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, iftar consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers; one or more main dishes; and rich desserts, with dessert considered the most important aspect of the meal.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Typical main dishes include lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, and roasted chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. Desserts may include <a href="/wiki/Lokma" title="Lokma">lokma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knafeh" title="Knafeh">knafeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-la-80">[76]</a> Over time, the practice of iftar has evolved into banquets that may accommodate hundreds or even thousands of diners.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Grand_Mosque" title="Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque">Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, the largest mosque in the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, feeds up to thirty thousand people every night.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_().jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_%28%29.jpg/220px-Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_%28%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_%28%29.jpg/330px-Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_%28%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_%28%29.jpg/440px-Iftar_Serving_for_fasting_people_in_the_holy_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_05_%28%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Iftar served for people fasting in the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_shrine" title="Imam Reza shrine">Imam Reza shrine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity">Charity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg/500px-Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Men praying during Ramadan at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Ali">Shrine of Ali</a> or "Blue Mosque" in <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Hadani_collection_(990040387050205171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990040387050205171%29.jpg/220px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990040387050205171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990040387050205171%29.jpg/330px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990040387050205171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990040387050205171%29.jpg/440px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990040387050205171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a>, often translated as "the poor-rate", is the fixed percentage of income a believer is required to give to the poor; the practice is obligatory as one of the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Islam">pillars of Islam</a>. Muslims believe that good deeds are rewarded more handsomely during Ramadan than at any other time of the year; consequently, many Muslims donate a larger portion – or even all – of their yearly zakat during this month.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightly_prayers">Nightly prayers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تراويح) are extra nightly prayers performed during the month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recitation_of_the_Quran">Recitation of the Quran</h3></div> Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran, which comprises thirty <a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">juz'</a> (sections), over the thirty days of Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_practices">Cultural practices</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutakabab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sutakabab.JPG/220px-Sutakabab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sutakabab.JPG/330px-Sutakabab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sutakabab.JPG/440px-Sutakabab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a> seller from Chwakbazar Iftar Market in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chowk_Bazaar" title="Chowk Bazaar">Chowk Bazaar</a> neighborhood of Old Dhaka is famous for its century-old <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a> Bazar.</figcaption></figure> In some Islamic countries, lights (<a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">fanous</a>) are strung up in public squares and across city streets,<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> a tradition believed to have originated during the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>, where the rule of <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a> was acclaimed by people holding lanterns.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> On the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, many believers bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual known as Padusan.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> marks the beginning of Ramadan with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the <a href="/wiki/Warak_ngendog" title="Warak ngendog">warak ngendog</a>, a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> In the Chinese-influenced capital city of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, firecrackers are widely used to celebrate Ramadan, although they are officially illegal.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a one-month bonus known as Tunjangan Hari Raya.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Certain kinds of food are especially popular during Ramadan, such as large beef or buffalo in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> and snails in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">iftar</a> meal is announced every evening by striking the <a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">bedug</a>, a giant drum, in the mosque.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Common greetings during Ramadan include Ramadan mubarak and Ramadan kareem, which mean (have a) "blessed Ramadan" and "generous Ramadan" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> During Ramadan in the Middle East, a mesaharati beats a drum across a neighbourhood to wake people up to eat the suhoor meal.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Similarly in Southeast Asia, the kentongan <a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">slit drum</a> is used for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Ramadan attracts significant increases in television viewership, as the usual <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> hours coincide with the iftar, and are commonly extended into the <a href="/wiki/Late-night_television" title="Late-night television">late-night</a> hours to coincide with the suhur. Broadcasters in the Arab world traditionally premiere <a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">serial</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">dramas</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Arab_television_drama" title="Arab television drama">musalsal</a> during Ramadan; they are similar in style to Latin American <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovelas</a>, and are typically around 30 episodes in length so that they run over the length of the month.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-iton2-101">[97]</a> Advertisers in the region have considered Ramadan to be comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> on U.S. television in terms of impact and importance; the cost of a 30-second commercial in peak time during Ramadan is usually more than double than normal.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-gn-rtv2-103">[99]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striking the bedug in Indonesia"><img alt="Striking the bedug in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Striking the <a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">bedug</a> in Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A decorated and illuminated crescent statue in Jordan"><img alt="A decorated and illuminated crescent statue in Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/250px-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/500px-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A decorated and illuminated crescent statue in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem"><img alt="Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg/135px-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg/202px-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg/270px-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ramadan in the Old City of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanterns_from_below.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt"><img alt="Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lanterns_from_below.JPG/120px-Lanterns_from_below.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lanterns_from_below.JPG/250px-Lanterns_from_below.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1914" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fanous_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanous Ramadan">Fanous Ramadan</a> decorations in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem"><img alt="Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg/180px-Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg/270px-Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg/360px-Ramadan_decorations._Jerusalem_by_night_045_-_Aug_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ramadan decorations in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observance">Observance</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg/250px-Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg/330px-Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg/500px-Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Conversion of Hijri years 1343 to 1500 to the Gregorian calendar, with first days of al-Muharram (brown), Ramadan (grey) and Shawwal (black) bolded, and Eid al-Adha dotted – in <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg">the SVG file,</a> hover over a spot to show its dates and a line to show the month</figcaption></figure>According to a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research Centre">Pew Research Centre</a> study, there was widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93 percent across the thirty-nine countries and territories studied.<a href="#cite_note-prc-104">[100]</a> Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims include <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-prc-104">[100]</a> Percentages are lower in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-prc-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramadan_in_polar_regions">Ramadan in polar regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_fasting_in_the_polar_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views on fasting in the polar regions">Islamic views on fasting in the polar regions</a></div> The length of the dawn to sunset time varies in different parts of the world according to summer or winter solstices of the Sun. Most Muslims fast for eleven to sixteen hours during Ramadan. However, in polar regions, the period between dawn and sunset may exceed twenty-two hours in summer. For example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim, Norway, fasted almost twenty-two hours, while Muslims in Sydney, Australia, fasted for only about eleven hours. In areas characterized by continuous night or day, some Muslims follow the fasting schedule observed in the nearest city that experiences sunrise and sunset, while others follow Mecca time.<a href="#cite_note-Ramadan2014-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ottawacitizen-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArcticRamadan-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramadan_in_Earth_orbit">Ramadan in Earth orbit</h3></div> As sunrise and sunset occur sixteen times each a day in low-Earth orbit, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronauts" title="List of Muslim astronauts">Muslim astronauts</a> in space schedule religious practices around the time zone of the last place on Earth they were on. For example, this means an astronaut from Malaysia launching from the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida would center their fast according to sunrise and sunset times in Cape Canaveral, in Florida's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time</a>. This includes times for daily prayers, as well as sunset and sunrise for Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws">Laws</h2></div> In some <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim majority countries">Muslim countries</a>, eating in public during daylight hours in Ramadan is a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramadan_2019:_9_questions_about_the_Muslim_holy_month_you_were_too_embarrassed_to_ask-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breaking_Pakistan's_Ramadan_Fasting_Laws_Has_Serious_Consequences-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Break_down_by_region-109">[105]</a> The sale of alcohol becomes prohibited during Ramadan in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> The penalty for publicly eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan can result in fines or incarceration in the countries of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, the punishment is community service.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In some countries, on the contrary, the observance of Ramadan has been restricted by governments. In the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, the practice of Ramadan was suppressed by officials.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In Albania, Ramadan festivities were banned during the communist period.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> However, many Albanians continued to fast secretly during this period.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> China is reported to have banned Ramadan fasting for officials, students, and teachers in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> alleges that residents in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar Prefecture</a> are compelled to film proof of eating for officials and are encouraged to report those who fasted to the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The ban has been denied by Chinese diplomats<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> and Muslim associations in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)" title="Antara (news agency)">Antara News</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Today" title="Pakistan Today">Pakistan Today</a> have also brought up accounts of residents in Xinjiang fasting.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> According to a 2024 visit to Xinjiang by a reporter from the British magazine The Economist, many Uyghurs do not fast during Ramadan because, according to locals, "the Chinese government guarantees freedom of religion".<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment_during_Ramadan">Employment during Ramadan</h2></div> Muslims continue to work during Ramadan;<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> however, in some countries, such as Oman and Lebanon, working hours are shortened.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> It is often recommended that working Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the potential for the observance to impact performance at work.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> The extent to which Ramadan observers are protected by <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">religious accommodation</a> varies by country. Policies putting them at a disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with discrimination claims in the United Kingdom and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a> article reported that <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> businesses were unhappy with shorter working hours during Ramadan, some reporting a decline in productivity of 35–50%.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The Saudi businesses proposed awarding salary bonuses in order to incentivize longer hours.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Despite the reduction in productivity, merchants can enjoy higher profit margins in Ramadan due to increase in demand.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Some countries impose modified work schedules. In the UAE, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, employees may work no more than six hours per day and thirty-six hours per week.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> There are various health effects of fasting in Ramadan. Ramadan fasting is considered safe for healthy individuals; it may pose risks for individuals with certain pre-existing conditions. Most Islamic scholars hold that fasting is not required for those who are ill. Additionally, the elderly and pre-pubertal children are exempt from fasting.<a href="#cite_note-exemption-148">[144]</a> Pregnant or lactating women are also exempt from fasting during Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> There are known health risks involved in pregnant women who fast, which include the potential of <a href="/wiki/Induced_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced labour">induced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-preg-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> There are some health benefits of fasting in Ramadan including increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> It has also been shown that there is a significant improvement in 10 years coronary heart disease risk score and other cardiovascular risk factors such as lipids profile, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI and waist circumference in subjects with a previous history of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss, but weight can return afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> In many cultures, it is associated with heavy food and water intake during <a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a> times, which may do more harm than good.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> The education departments of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce <a href="/wiki/Renal_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal injury">renal injury</a> in patients with moderate (<a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">GFR</a> <60 ml/min) or severe <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a> but was not injurious to <a href="/wiki/Renal_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal transplant">renal transplant</a> patients with good function or most <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease" title="Kidney stone disease">stone-forming</a> patients.<a href="#cite_note-renal_diseases_mini_review-160">[156]</a> A study on 55 professional Algerian soccer players showed that performance during Ramadan declined significantly for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low 2 weeks after the conclusion of Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates">Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_(month)" title="Shravana (month)">Shraavana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌræməˈdɑːn/</a>, also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌrɑːm-, ˈræmədɑːn, ˈrɑːm-/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈræmədæn/</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> According to Arabic phonology, it can be realized as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramaˈdˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn]</a>, depending on the region. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> A tropical year is almost the same length as a year in the Western <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>, the difference is imperceptible in a human lifespan. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: رَمَضَان, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ramaḍān <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ra.ma.dˤaːn]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-Ramadan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ramadan">"Ramadan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). 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Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+031+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+124.&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.aulast=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F64-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252031.%2520Fasting%2F2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslim-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Muslim_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuslim-Ibn-Habaj2009" class="citation web cs1">Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170910/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html">"Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Muslim+%E2%80%93+Book+006+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+2378.&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj&rft.aufirst=Abul-Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihmuslim%2F134-Sahih%2520Muslim%2520Book%252006.%2520Fasting%2F10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Dubai – p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204183609/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm">"Ramadan in the Farthest North"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Ramadan+in+the+Farthest+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201201%2Framadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramadan2014-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramadan2014_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramadan2014_16-1">b</a> See article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ramadan-fasting-times_n_5537721">"How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World"</a> -Huffpost.com /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-ottawacitizen-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ottawacitizen_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ottawacitizen_17-1">b</a> See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish">"The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507015923/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish">Archived</a> 7 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArcticRamadan-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArcticRamadan_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArcticRamadan_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKassam2016" class="citation web cs1">Kassam, Ashifa (3 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight">"Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160707050659/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Arctic+Ramadan%3A+fasting+in+land+of+midnight+sun+comes+with+a+challenge&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft.aulast=Kassam&rft.aufirst=Ashifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F03%2Framadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBukhari-Ibn-Ismail" class="citation web cs1">Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html">"Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+031+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+125.&rft.aulast=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F64-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252031.%2520Fasting%2F2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane I. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tom-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Islam in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14710-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14710-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+America&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14710-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTom-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHotaling2003" class="citation book cs1">Hotaling, Edward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutillu0000hota">Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutillu0000hota/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0766-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0766-3"><bdi>978-0-8156-0766-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Without+Illusions%3A+Its+Past%2C+Its+Present%2C+and+Its+Challenge+for+the+Future&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0766-3&rft.aulast=Hotaling&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamwithoutillu0000hota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dawood">Abu Dawud</a>-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/006-sat.php">"Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370"</a>. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615174109/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/006-sat.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement+of+The+University+of+Southern+California&rft.atitle=Sunan+Abu-Dawud+%E2%80%93+%28The+Book+of+Prayer%29+%E2%80%93+Detailed+Injunctions+about+Ramadan%2C+Hadith+1370&rft.aulast=Abu+Dawud-Ibn-Ash%27ath-AsSijisstani&rft.aufirst=Sulayman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmje.org%2Freligious-texts%2Fhadith%2Fabudawud%2F006-sat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBukhari-Ibn-Ismail" class="citation web cs1">Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170800/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html">"Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+031+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+199.&rft.aulast=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F64-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252031.%2520Fasting%2F2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuslim-Ibn-Habaj2009" class="citation web cs1">Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143146/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html">"Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Muslim+%E2%80%93+Book+006+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+2391.&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj&rft.aufirst=Abul-Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihmuslim%2F134-Sahih%2520Muslim%2520Book%252006.%2520Fasting%2F10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2021/4/15/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%9F">"رمضان.. لماذا سمي الشهر التاسع في التقويم الهجري بهذا الاسم؟"</a>. الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 1 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86..+%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fculture%2F2021%2F4%2F15%2F%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D8%259F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learning.aljazeera.net/en/Blogs/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85">"لماذا سمي شهر رمضان بهذا الاسم؟ | تعلم العربية"</a>. learning.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 1 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learning.aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%9F+%7C+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearning.aljazeera.net%2Fen%2FBlogs%2F%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Bayhaqi-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bayhaqi_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bayhaqi_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Bayhaqi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a>, Abu Bakr. <a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Kubra_lil_Behaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Kubra lil Behaqi">Sunnan al-Kubra</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 4. p. Book 11, Ch. 6, No. 7904. <q>قال رسولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: 'لا تَقولوا «رَمَضَانُ»، فإِنَّ رَمَضانَ اسمٌ مِن أسماءِ اللَّهِ، ولَكِن قولوا «شَهرُ رَمَضانَ».' وهَكَذا رَواه الحارِثُ بنُ عبدِ اللَّهِ الخازِنُ عن أبي مَعشَرٍ. وأبو مَعشَرٍ هو نَجيحٌ السِّندِىُّ، ضَعَّفَه يَحيَى بنُ مَعين</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunnan+al-Kubra&rft.pages=Book+11%2C+Ch.+6%2C+No.+7904&rft.aulast=Al-Bayhaqi&rft.aufirst=Abu+Bakr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Tabari-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Tabari_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tabari" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>, Muhammad ibn Jarir. <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 3. p. 187. <q>أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ أَنْ يُقَالُ «رَمَضَانَ»، وَيَقُولُ: لَعَلَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، لَٰكِنَّ نَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Tabari&rft.pages=187&rft.aulast=Al-Tabari&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+ibn+Jarir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Razi-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Razi_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Razi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Al-Razi</a>, Fakhr al-Din. <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Kabir_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)">Tafsir al-Kabir</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 5. p. 251. <q>عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» وَ«ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» وَ«ذَهَبَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Kabir&rft.pages=251&rft.aulast=Al-Razi&rft.aufirst=Fakhr+al-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Abu_Hatim-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Abu_Hatim_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Abu_Hatim" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Abu Hatim, Abdul Rahman. Tafsir Ibn Abu Hatim (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 310, Nu. 1648. <q>لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Abu+Hatim&rft.pages=310%2C+Nu.+1648&rft.aulast=Ibn+Abu+Hatim&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Dimashqi-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Dimashqi_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dimashqi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Dimashqi, Tamam. Fawa'id al-Tamam (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 104, Nu. 241. <q>قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا يَقُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ «صُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَ«قُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَلَا «صَنَعْتُ فِي رَمَضَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعِظَامِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» كَمَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fawa%27id+al-Tamam&rft.pages=104%2C+Nu.+241&rft.aulast=Al-Dimashqi&rft.aufirst=Tamam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_al-Saqri-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_al-Saqri_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-Saqri" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn al-Saqri, Abu Tahir. Mashyakhah (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 126, Nu. 52. <q>عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّٰهِ مَا مَعْنَىٰ رَمَضَانَ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: يَا حُمَيْرَاءُ لَا تَقُولِي «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولِي «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» يَعْنِي رَمَضَانَ أَرْمَضَ فِيهِ ذُنُوبَ عِبَادِهِ فَغَفَرَهَا</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mashyakhah&rft.pages=126%2C+Nu.+52&rft.aulast=Ibn+al-Saqri&rft.aufirst=Abu+Tahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Kafi-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Kafi_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Kulayni" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Al-Kulayni</a>, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub. <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Al-Kafi</a> (in Arabic). p. Book 14 (the Book of Fasting), Ch. 4. <q>قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «هَٰذَا رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَا يَجِيءُ وَلَا يَذْهَبُ وَإِنَّمَا يَجِيءُ وَيَذْهَبُ الزَّائِلُ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ الشَّهْرَ مُضَافٌ إِلَىٰ الْاسْمِ وَالاسْمُ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kafi&rft.pages=Book+14+%28the+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Ch.+4&rft.aulast=Al-Kulayni&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+ibn+Ya%27qub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Faqih-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Faqih_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Babawayh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a>, al-Saduq. <a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 2. p. 182. <q>قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+La+Yahduruhu+al-Faqih&rft.pages=182&rft.aulast=Ibn+Babawayh&rft.aufirst=al-Saduq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasa'il_al-Shia-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Wasa'il_al-Shia_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hurr_Al-Amili" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurr_al-Amili" title="Al-Hurr al-Amili">Al-Hurr Al-Amili</a>, Muhammad. <a href="/wiki/Wasa%27il_al-Shia" title="Wasa'il al-Shia">Wasa'il al-Shia</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 10. p. Ch. 19. <q>عَلِيٍّ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ) قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَهً لِقَوْلِهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wasa%27il+al-Shia&rft.pages=Ch.+19&rft.aulast=Al-Hurr+Al-Amili&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bihar_Al-Anwar_1-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Bihar_Al-Anwar_1_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Majlisi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Al-Majlisi</a>, Muhammad-Baqir. <a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 93. p. Ch. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+al-Anwar&rft.pages=Ch.+48&rft.aulast=Al-Majlisi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad-Baqir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Iqbal-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Iqbal_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Tawus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sayyed_Ibn_Tawus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyed Ibn Tawus">Ibn Tawus</a>, Sayyid. Al-Iqbal Bil-Amal (in Arabic). Vol. 2. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Iqbal+Bil-Amal&rft.pages=29&rft.aulast=Ibn+Tawus&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mustadrak_al-Wasa'il-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Mustadrak_al-Wasa'il_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Nouri_Al-Tabarsi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Nouri Al-Tabarsi, Husayn. Mustadrak al-Wasa'il (in Arabic). Vol. 7. p. Ch. 12, Hadith 1, Nu. 8609.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustadrak+al-Wasa%27il&rft.pages=Ch.+12%2C+Hadith+1%2C+Nu.+8609&rft.aulast=Al-Nouri+Al-Tabarsi&rft.aufirst=Husayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Amali_Al-Khamisiyah-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Amali_Al-Khamisiyah_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Shajari" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Shajari, Yahya bin Hussein. Al-Amali Al-Khamisiyah (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 380, Nu. 1355. <q>أَنَّ عَلِيًّا عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَةً لِقَوْلِهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Amali+Al-Khamisiyah&rft.pages=380%2C+Nu.+1355&rft.aulast=Al-Shajari&rft.aufirst=Yahya+bin+Hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_al-Jawzi-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_al-Jawzi_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-Jawzi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a>, Abdul Rahman. <a href="/wiki/A_Great_Collection_of_Fabricated_Traditions" title="A Great Collection of Fabricated Traditions">Al-Mawdu'at</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 2. p. 187. <q>قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Mawdu%27at&rft.pages=187&rft.aulast=Ibn+al-Jawzi&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426133550/https://diegebetszeiten.de/was-ist-ramadan/">"Was ist Ramadan? - Diegebetszeiten.de"</a>. 26 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diegebetszeiten.de/was-ist-ramadan/">the original</a> on 26 April 2020. 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Trafford Publishing. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-0521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-0521-7"><bdi>978-1-4907-0521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loud+Thoughts+on+Religion%3A+A+Version+of+the+System+Study+of+Religion.+Useful+Lessons+for+Everybody&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4907-0521-7&rft.aulast=Aliyev&rft.aufirst=Rafig+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6CvZJJt1PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAd-Dausaree2006" class="citation book cs1">Ad-Dausaree, Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKmmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">The Magnificence of Quran</a>. Darussalam Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnificence+of+Quran&rft.pub=Darussalam+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ad-Dausaree&rft.aufirst=Mahmood+Bin+Ahmad+Bin+Saaleh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAKmmBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Quran Chapter 2, Revelation 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Uthaymeen" class="citation book cs1">al-Uthaymeen, Shaikh Saalih. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105005313/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63">Explanation of the Three Fundamental Principles of Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahaab</a>. Salafi Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63">the original</a> on 5 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explanation+of+the+Three+Fundamental+Principles+of+Islam+%28Salafi%29%3A+Sharh+Usool+ath-Thalatha+of+Muhammad+Ibn+Abdul+Wahaab&rft.pub=Salafi+Books&rft.aulast=al-Uthaymeen&rft.aufirst=Shaikh+Saalih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbamAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAliyev2013" class="citation book cs1">Aliyev, Rafig Y. 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Trafford Publishing. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-0521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-0521-7"><bdi>978-1-4907-0521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loud+Thoughts+on+Religion%3A+A+Version+of+the+System+Study+of+Religion.+Useful+Lessons+for+Everybody&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4907-0521-7&rft.aulast=Aliyev&rft.aufirst=Rafig+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6CvZJJt1PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Jenkins, Philip (2006). The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South. p. 182. 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Hilal Sighting Committee of North America (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hilalsighting.org/">website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043652/http://www.hilalsighting.org/">Archived</a> 31 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Retrieved 19 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBukhari-Ibn-Ismail2009" class="citation web cs1">Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad (28 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613040509/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html">"Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124"</a>. hadithcollection.com. 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Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+031+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+124&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.aulast=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F64-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252031.%2520Fasting%2F2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam00neal">Islam: A Concise Introduction</a>. Washington: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-224-3"><bdi>978-0-87840-224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-224-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislam00neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn-Ismail-Bukhari" class="citation web cs1">Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html">"Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+031+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+125&rft.aulast=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F64-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252031.%2520Fasting%2F2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn-Ismail-Bukhari" class="citation web cs1">Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170922/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/65-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2032.%20Praying%20at%20Night%20In%20Ramadhan%20(Taraweeh)/2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html">"Sahih Bukhari – Book 032 (Praying at Night during Ramadhan), Hadith 238"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/65-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2032.%20Praying%20at%20Night%20In%20Ramadhan%20(Taraweeh)/2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+032+%28Praying+at+Night+during+Ramadhan%29%2C+Hadith+238&rft.aulast=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F65-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252032.%2520Praying%2520at%2520Night%2520In%2520Ramadhan%2520%28Taraweeh%29%2F2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuslim-Ibn-Habaj" class="citation web cs1">Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170848/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html">"Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2632"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Muslim+%E2%80%93+Book+006+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+2632&rft.aulast=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj&rft.aufirst=Abul-Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihmuslim%2F134-Sahih%2520Muslim%2520Book%252006.%2520Fasting%2F10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/eid-al-fitr">"Eid al-Fitr in the United States"</a>. www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 9 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Eid+al-Fitr+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fholidays%2Fus%2Feid-al-fitr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EsinIslam-64"><a href="#cite_ref-EsinIslam_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527052712/http://www.esinislam.com/Articles201009/WritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm">"Ruling on Voluntary Fasting After The Month of Ramadan: Eid Day(s) And Ash-Shawaal"</a>. EsinIslam, Arab News & Information – By Adil Salahi. 11 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esinislam.com/Articles201009/WritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EsinIslam%2C+Arab+News+%26+Information+%E2%80%93+By+Adil+Salahi&rft.atitle=Ruling+on+Voluntary+Fasting+After+The+Month+of+Ramadan%3A+Eid+Day%28s%29+And+Ash-Shawaal&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esinislam.com%2FArticles201009%2FWritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan">"Ramadan"</a>. Britannica. 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Ramadan&rft.date=2024-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRamadan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610105330/http://sunnah.com/bukhari/30">"Book of Fasting – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/bukhari/30/">the original</a> on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Fasting+%E2%80%93+Sahih+al-Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Sunnah.com+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%2F30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202311/http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html">"Sahih Muslim Book 006, Hadith Number 2361"</a>. Hadith Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hadith+Collection&rft.atitle=Sahih+Muslim+Book+006%2C+Hadith+Number+2361.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadithcollection.com%2F...%2F10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%2520-2361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-68"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140718041849/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance">"Muslims observe Ramadan, clerics explain significance"</a>. Guardian News, Nigeria. 4 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance">the original</a> on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian+News%2C+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Muslims+observe+Ramadan%2C+clerics+explain+significance&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngrguardiannews.com%2Ffeatures%2Fweekend%2F169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlJazeera-69"><a href="#cite_ref-AlJazeera_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/ramadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html">"Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28"</a>. aljazeera.com/. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152830/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/ramadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com%2F&rft.atitle=Ramadan+to+start+May+27+or+May+28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F04%2Framadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/29/ramadhan_2008_feature.shtml">Why Ramadan brings us together</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830190152/http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/29/ramadhan_2008_feature.shtml">Archived</a> 30 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 September 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-71"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_71-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702592_2.html?nav=rss_world">Help for the Heavy at Ramadan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020200236/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702592_2.html?nav=rss_world">Archived</a> 20 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, 27 September 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=184">2:184</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuslim-Ibn-Habaj2009" class="citation web cs1">Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170800/http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10921-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2415.html">"Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2415"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10921-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2415.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Muslim+%E2%80%93+Book+006+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+2415&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj&rft.aufirst=Abul-Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadithcollection.com%2Fsahihmuslim%2F134-Sahih%2520Muslim%2520Book%252006.%2520Fasting%2F10921-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2415.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn-Ismail-Bukhari2009" class="citation web cs1">Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170927/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2446-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-144.html">"Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 144"</a>. hadithcollection.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2446-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-144.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadithcollection.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Book+031+%28The+Book+of+Fasting%29%2C+Hadith+144&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=AbdAllah-Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihbukhari%2F64-Sahih%2520Bukhari%2520Book%252031.%2520Fasting%2F2446-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-144.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">The Oxford dictionary of Islam</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4"><bdi>0-19-512558-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50280143">50280143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50280143&rft.isbn=0-19-512558-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndrayani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Indrayani, Suharti (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjmhsonline.com/2018/oct_dec/pdf/1732.pdf">"How do Muslims consume dates?"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release+by+Kuwait+Ministry+Of+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moi.gov.kw%2Fportal%2FvEnglish%2Fpressrel.asp%3Fobjectid%3D%257B220CBBC3-8EA9-4835-A491-C368B0689E55%257D%26catid%3D%257B506BD210-2218-41DE-9648-30A1C3AAD0F6%257D%26year%3D%26relid%3D%257B57BF4B27-AAFB-4F61-9065-B013FA96A464%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107124956/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA">"KD 100 fine, one month prison for public eating, drinking"</a>. Friday Times. Kuwait Times Newspaper. 21 August 2009. 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Official Journal of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Isfahan University of Medical Sciences">Isfahan University of Medical Sciences</a>: 711–716. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1735-1995">1735-1995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872613">3872613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24379850">24379850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Res+Med+Sci&rft.atitle=Ramadan+fasting+and+patients+with+renal+diseases%3A+A+mini+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E711-%3C%2Fspan%3E716&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3872613%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1735-1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24379850&rft.aulast=Emami-Naini&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Roomizadeh%2C+P&rft.au=Baradaran%2C+A&rft.au=Abedini%2C+A&rft.au=Abtahi%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3872613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZerguiniKirkendallJungeDvorak2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zerguini, Yacine; Kirkendall, Donald; Junge, Astrid; Dvorak, Jiri (1 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/41/6/398.abstract">"Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players"</a>. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 (6): 398–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2006.032037">10.1136/bjsm.2006.032037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3674">0306-3674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2465333">2465333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17224435">17224435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Ramadan+on+physical+performance+in+professional+soccer+players&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2465333%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0306-3674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17224435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsm.2006.032037&rft.aulast=Zerguini&rft.aufirst=Yacine&rft.au=Kirkendall%2C+Donald&rft.au=Junge%2C+Astrid&rft.au=Dvorak%2C+Jiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjsm.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F41%2F6%2F398.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamadan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ramadan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ramadan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ramadan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Ramadan" class="extiw" title="c:category:Ramadan">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ramadan" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ramadan">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Travelling_during_Ramadan" class="extiw" title="voy:Travelling during Ramadan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41662" class="extiw" title="d:Q41662">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramadhan.org.uk/">Complete Guide to Ramadhan including Rules, Duas, Itikaaf, Laylatul Qadr, Sadaqatul Fitr etc. </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515011523/http://www.nestle-family.com/my%2Dramadan/ramadan%2Darticles/english/">Articles on Ramadan</a> (archived 15 May 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicfinder.org/ramadan/">Ramadan news and articles</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramadan83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramadan" title="Template:Ramadan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramadan" title="Template talk:Ramadan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramadan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramadan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramadan83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramadan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Obligations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Fasting during Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat_al-Fitr" title="Zakat al-Fitr">Zakat al-Fitr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidyah_and_Kaffara" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidyah and Kaffara">Fidyah and Kaffara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%2C_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg/100px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%2C_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%2C_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg/150px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%2C_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%2C_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg/200px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%2C_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="440" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_palm#Fruits" title="Date palm">Dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar_Cannon" title="Iftar Cannon">Iftar Cannon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Prayers and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%CA%BFtik%C4%81f" title="Iʿtikāf">Iʿtikāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ashr_al-Awakher" title="Al-'Ashr al-Awakher">Al-'Ashr al-Awakher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumu%27atul-Wida" title="Jumu'atul-Wida">Jumu'atul-Wida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Jaiza" title="Laylat al-Jaiza">Laylat al-Jaiza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadr_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadr Night">Qadr Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Ramadan culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargee%27an" title="Gargee'an">Gargee'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawazeer_Ramadan" title="Fawazeer Ramadan">Fawazeer Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mheibes" title="Mheibes">Mheibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_tent" title="Ramadan tent">Ramadan tent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast-a-Thon" title="Fast-a-Thon">Fast-a-Thon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Ramadan by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in South Africa (page does not exist)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_Pakistan" title="Ramadan in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_Russia" title="Ramadan in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_Turkey" title="Ramadan in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_the_United_States" title="Ramadan in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Brazil (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in Australia (page does not exist)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan in New Zealand (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Months_of_the_Islamic_calendar_(AH)39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_months" title="Template:Islamic months"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_months" title="Template talk:Islamic months"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_months" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic months"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Months_of_the_Islamic_calendar_(AH)39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Months of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> (AH)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Awwal" title="Rabi' al-Awwal">Rabi' I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Thani" title="Rabi' al-Thani">Rabi' II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Awwal" title="Jumada al-Awwal">Jumada I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Thani" title="Jumada al-Thani">Jumada II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ban" title="Sha'ban">Sha'ban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qadah" title="Dhu al-Qadah">Dhu al-Qadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_holidays_and_observances401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_holidays" title="Template:Islamic holidays"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_holidays" title="Template talk:Islamic holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_holidays" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic holidays"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_holidays_and_observances401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic holidays</a> and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The two Eids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other holidays and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Day of Arafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen">Arbaʽeen</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib" title="Laylat al-Raghaib">Laylat al-Raghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj" title="Isra' and Mi'raj">Isra' and Mi'raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Sha%27ban" title="Mid-Sha'ban">Mid-Sha'ban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramadan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ashr_al-Awakher" title="Al-'Ashr al-Awakher">Al-'Ashr al-Awakher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Mubahala</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Shia Muslim only</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam only</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi Muslim only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41662#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41662#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41662#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965169j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965169j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph761278&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX540036">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000304389&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563126605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02765625X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ramazan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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