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Rabbi Todros ben Joseph ha-Levi was born in Burgos, Spain, and died in Toledo. The Abulafia family was famous and respected in Spain. Source for information on Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi: Encyclopaedia Judaica dictionary." /><meta name="abstract" content="ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVIABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI (c. 1220–1298), Spanish rabbi and kabbalist. Rabbi Todros ben Joseph ha-Levi was born in Burgos, Spain, and died in Toledo. The Abulafia family was famous and respected in Spain." /><meta name="keywords" content="ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVIABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI (c. 1220–1298), Spanish rabbi and kabbalist. Rabbi Todros ben Joseph ha-Levi was born in Burgos, Spain, and died in Toledo. 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10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <span>Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi</span></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-9"><div id="block-trustme-content"><div class="restricted-content-wrapper"><div class="preview-content" style="display: none;"><h1>ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI</h1><p><b>ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI</b> (c. 1220–1298), Spanish rabbi and kabbalist. Rabbi Todros ben Joseph ha-Levi was born in Burgos, Spain, and died in Toledo. The Abulafia family was famous and respected in Spain. His uncle, Rabbi Meir ha-Levi <a data-article="650371" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia">*Abulafia</a>, was the "exilarch" of Spanish Jewry and widely known for his war against the Rambam (<a data-article="647062" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maimonides-moses">*Maimonides</a>) and his writings. Todros, who lived during the reign of Fernando iii and Alphonso X, owed his great prominence to his wisdom and wealth, and like his uncle became the head of Castilian Jewry.</p><p>The sources portray Todros, on the one hand, as a public figure and a national-religious leader, a person of wide horizons, well versed in halakhic and midrashic literature and an occasional poet. On the other hand, he is also seen as an experienced courtier who found his way to the hearts of the king and queen. He is thought to be one of the first kabbalists in Spain, and one can learn from his writings how the basic concepts of the Kabbalah were formed. Above all, he was a model to his generation of modesty and purity. His life symbolized the absolute negation of his generation's penchant for the ways of the knight and the promiscuity of the king's court.</p></div><div class="content-gate" style="display: none;"><div class="mailchimp-form-wrapper"></div></div><div class="full-content" style="display: none;"><h1>ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI</h1><p><b>ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI</b> (c. 1220–1298), Spanish rabbi and kabbalist. Rabbi Todros ben Joseph ha-Levi was born in Burgos, Spain, and died in Toledo. The Abulafia family was famous and respected in Spain. His uncle, Rabbi Meir ha-Levi <a data-article="650371" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia">*Abulafia</a>, was the "exilarch" of Spanish Jewry and widely known for his war against the Rambam (<a data-article="647062" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maimonides-moses">*Maimonides</a>) and his writings. Todros, who lived during the reign of Fernando iii and Alphonso X, owed his great prominence to his wisdom and wealth, and like his uncle became the head of Castilian Jewry.</p><p>The sources portray Todros, on the one hand, as a public figure and a national-religious leader, a person of wide horizons, well versed in halakhic and midrashic literature and an occasional poet. On the other hand, he is also seen as an experienced courtier who found his way to the hearts of the king and queen. He is thought to be one of the first kabbalists in Spain, and one can learn from his writings how the basic concepts of the Kabbalah were formed. Above all, he was a model to his generation of modesty and purity. His life symbolized the absolute negation of his generation's penchant for the ways of the knight and the promiscuity of the king's court.</p><p>He spent his youth in Burgos. There he became friendly with Rabbi Moses ben Simeon, who was the disciple of the brother rabbis Jacob and Isaac of Soraya<i />, and it would seem that Todros heard from his friend some of what Rabbi Moses had learned from Kabbalah teachers.</p><p>During his days in Toledo, Todros rose to a lofty position. King <a class="interlinked" href="/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/alfonso-x">Alfonso X</a> welcomed him to his court and made him one of his retinue on his voyage to France in 1275. Todros stayed with the queen in Perpignan, where he met the poet Abraham Badrashi (Bedersi). The meeting produced an exchange of rhymed letters and messages. (Some of the poems were published in the book <i>Segulot Melakhim</i>, Amsterdam, 1768; others are in manuscript form, <a class="interlinked" href="/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing/libraries-books-and-printing/british-museum">British Museum</a> add 27,168 930; Vienna manuscript 111).</p><p>In Toledo, Todros began his period of creativity. He wrote on halakhic and moral issues related to life and the affairs of his day. He did his utmost to free Jews who had been arrested on the king's orders (1281). At the same time he reacted furiously to serious violations of religious commandments and morality in Jewish society, threatening with imprisonment and excommunication those who would break the laws. (His sermon on changing evil ways is incorporated in his book <i>Zikkaron Li-Yehudah</i>, 1846). Apart from his public activity, the kabbalistic writings of Todros reveal him as a mystic, a kabbalist who preserves traditions and ideas and attempts, by fusing the various schools of Kabbalah (Gerona Kabbalah and Castilian Kabbalah), to bridge the gaps between the kabbalists of his day. His first book, <i>Sha'ar ha-Razim</i> (edition of M. Kushnir Oron, Jerusalem, 1989) is a kabbalistic interpretation of verse 19 of Psalms. In this book one perceives the hesitancy of the author, who is afraid of divulging secrets. The book was written as a letter replying to his friend Rabbi Moses of Burgos. In fact, the book may be viewed as an interpretative work, a kind of summing-up of the various traditions in Kabbalah as known by Todros, who attempts to fuse them through his interpretation</p><p>His second book, <i>Oẓar ha-Kavod</i> (Warsaw, 1879), written late in his life, is an interpretation of talmudic legends. As in <i>Sha'ar ha-Razim</i>, in this book too the author's personality shines through. He gathers together different traditions and fuses them through the style of his writing, fusing mainly the writings of the Ḥasidei Ashkenaz, the letters of the <i>Ḥug ha-Iyyun</i>, and the Ismaili-Gnostic tradition with the traditions of the Gerona and the Castilian kabbalists. In both books one finds echoes of the concepts, themes, and ideas of the secret teachings that a generation later became the foundations of Kabbalah. Todros is thus important as a preserver of traditions who passed them on to the next generation. Thanks to his writings, it is often possible to understand the secrets hinted at in the writings of his teachers, the Castillian kabbalists, as well the mystical tradition in Spain and its crystallization during its early generations. (In addition to these two books, he may have written an interpretation of Chapter 1 of Ezekiel, which is mentioned in the writings of kabbalists but has not been found.)</p><p>Todros belongs to that circle of kabbalists called by <a data-article="362607" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/scholem-shalom-gershom-gerhard">Gershom *Scholem</a> "the Gnostic kabbalists." Rabbi Todros emphasizes in his writings the uniqueness of that circle and its method in the wide frame of Kabbalah and kabbalists of his day.</p><p>Todros was considered a uniquely exemplary figure, who may have served, as Y. Libbes believes (<i>Keiẓad Nitḥabber Sefer ha-Zohar</i>), as a model for the depiction of Rabbi <a data-article="301533" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/simeon-bar-yohai">*Simeon Bar Yokhai</a> in <i>Sefer ha-Zohar.</i> References to him may be found in the poems of Todros ben Judah (the kabbalist's nephew) and in the writings of Isaac ben Latif, Abraham Badrashi, and Isaac Albalag (in his book <i>Tikkun ha-De'ot</i>, p. 101).</p><p>His son Joseph was a friend of the kabbalist <a data-article="653692" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moses-ben-shem-tov-de-leon">*Moses de Leon</a>, who was thought to be the author of <i>Sefer ha-Zohar</i>, an attribution rejected by present-day scholars, who see him as just one its authors. Joseph received from de Leon copies of parts of <i>Sefer ha-Zohar</i>.</p><p>[Michal Oron (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.)]</p></div></div></div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-trustme-views-block-article-article-detail-block"><div block="block-trustme-views-block-article-article-detail-block"><div class="js-view-dom-id-350189de0c6533f269a926f3e77dc6870a99e0c82546a5d8070e8f71bed3605f"><div class="articleWrapper"><h1 class="doctitle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapseExample0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multiCollapseExample0" > Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi</h1><div class="divpagetoolscontrol"><div class="logo-copy"><div class="ency-provider ency-logo-gale"> <span class="hidden">gale</span></div> <span class="ency-views">views <strong class="topic_views"></strong></span> <span>updated <strong class="topic_updated"></strong></span></div><div class="icons-topics"><div class="speak-title" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Listen title' > <i> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M832 352v1088q0 26-19 45t-45 19-45-19l-333-333h-262q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-384q0-26 19-45t45-19h262l333-333q19-19 45-19t45 19 19 45zm384 544q0 76-42.5 141.5t-112.5 93.5q-10 5-25 5-26 0-45-18.5t-19-45.5q0-21 12-35.5t29-25 34-23 29-36 12-56.5-12-56.5-29-36-34-23-29-25-12-35.5q0-27 19-45.5t45-18.5q15 0 25 5 70 27 112.5 93t42.5 142zm256 0q0 153-85 282.5t-225 188.5q-13 5-25 5-27 0-46-19t-19-45q0-39 39-59 56-29 76-44 74-54 115.5-135.5t41.5-173.5-41.5-173.5-115.5-135.5q-20-15-76-44-39-20-39-59 0-26 19-45t45-19q13 0 26 5 140 59 225 188.5t85 282.5zm256 0q0 230-127 422.5t-338 283.5q-13 5-26 5-26 0-45-19t-19-45q0-36 39-59 7-4 22.5-10.5t22.5-10.5q46-25 82-51 123-91 192-227t69-289-69-289-192-227q-36-26-82-51-7-4-22.5-10.5t-22.5-10.5q-39-23-39-59 0-26 19-45t45-19q13 0 26 5 211 91 338 283.5t127 422.5z"/></svg> </i></div> <a class="pagetools_showCitation" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Cite this article' > <i data-toggle="modal" data-target="#citationModal0"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M832 960v384q0 80-56 136t-136 56h-384q-80 0-136-56t-56-136v-704q0-104 40.5-198.5t109.5-163.5 163.5-109.5 198.5-40.5h64q26 0 45 19t19 45v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-64q-106 0-181 75t-75 181v32q0 40 28 68t68 28h224q80 0 136 56t56 136zm896 0v384q0 80-56 136t-136 56h-384q-80 0-136-56t-56-136v-704q0-104 40.5-198.5t109.5-163.5 163.5-109.5 198.5-40.5h64q26 0 45 19t19 45v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-64q-106 0-181 75t-75 181v32q0 40 28 68t68 28h224q80 0 136 56t56 136z"/></svg> </i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="pagetools_hlPrint" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Print this article' > <i> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M448 1536h896v-256h-896v256zm0-640h896v-384h-160q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-160h-640v640zm1152 64q0-26-19-45t-45-19-45 19-19 45 19 45 45 19 45-19 19-45zm128 0v416q0 13-9.5 22.5t-22.5 9.5h-224v160q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-960q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-160h-224q-13 0-22.5-9.5t-9.5-22.5v-416q0-79 56.5-135.5t135.5-56.5h64v-544q0-40 28-68t68-28h672q40 0 88 20t76 48l152 152q28 28 48 76t20 88v256h64q79 0 135.5 56.5t56.5 135.5z"/></svg> </i> </a></div></div><div class="doccontentwrapper collapse show" id="collapseExample0"><div class="article-content-ad"></div><h1>ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI</h1><p><b>ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI</b> (c. 1220–1298), Spanish rabbi and kabbalist. Rabbi Todros ben Joseph ha-Levi was born in Burgos, Spain, and died in Toledo. The Abulafia family was famous and respected in Spain. His uncle, Rabbi Meir ha-Levi <a data-article="650371" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia">*Abulafia</a>, was the "exilarch" of Spanish Jewry and widely known for his war against the Rambam (<a data-article="647062" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maimonides-moses">*Maimonides</a>) and his writings. Todros, who lived during the reign of Fernando iii and Alphonso X, owed his great prominence to his wisdom and wealth, and like his uncle became the head of Castilian Jewry.</p><p>The sources portray Todros, on the one hand, as a public figure and a national-religious leader, a person of wide horizons, well versed in halakhic and midrashic literature and an occasional poet. On the other hand, he is also seen as an experienced courtier who found his way to the hearts of the king and queen. He is thought to be one of the first kabbalists in Spain, and one can learn from his writings how the basic concepts of the Kabbalah were formed. Above all, he was a model to his generation of modesty and purity. His life symbolized the absolute negation of his generation's penchant for the ways of the knight and the promiscuity of the king's court.</p><p>He spent his youth in Burgos. There he became friendly with Rabbi Moses ben Simeon, who was the disciple of the brother rabbis Jacob and Isaac of Soraya<i />, and it would seem that Todros heard from his friend some of what Rabbi Moses had learned from Kabbalah teachers.</p><p>During his days in Toledo, Todros rose to a lofty position. King <a class="interlinked" href="/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/alfonso-x">Alfonso X</a> welcomed him to his court and made him one of his retinue on his voyage to France in 1275. Todros stayed with the queen in Perpignan, where he met the poet Abraham Badrashi (Bedersi). The meeting produced an exchange of rhymed letters and messages. (Some of the poems were published in the book <i>Segulot Melakhim</i>, Amsterdam, 1768; others are in manuscript form, <a class="interlinked" href="/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing/libraries-books-and-printing/british-museum">British Museum</a> add 27,168 930; Vienna manuscript 111).</p><p>In Toledo, Todros began his period of creativity. He wrote on halakhic and moral issues related to life and the affairs of his day. He did his utmost to free Jews who had been arrested on the king's orders (1281). At the same time he reacted furiously to serious violations of religious commandments and morality in Jewish society, threatening with imprisonment and excommunication those who would break the laws. (His sermon on changing evil ways is incorporated in his book <i>Zikkaron Li-Yehudah</i>, 1846). Apart from his public activity, the kabbalistic writings of Todros reveal him as a mystic, a kabbalist who preserves traditions and ideas and attempts, by fusing the various schools of Kabbalah (Gerona Kabbalah and Castilian Kabbalah), to bridge the gaps between the kabbalists of his day. His first book, <i>Sha'ar ha-Razim</i> (edition of M. Kushnir Oron, Jerusalem, 1989) is a kabbalistic interpretation of verse 19 of Psalms. In this book one perceives the hesitancy of the author, who is afraid of divulging secrets. The book was written as a letter replying to his friend Rabbi Moses of Burgos. In fact, the book may be viewed as an interpretative work, a kind of summing-up of the various traditions in Kabbalah as known by Todros, who attempts to fuse them through his interpretation</p><p>His second book, <i>Oẓar ha-Kavod</i> (Warsaw, 1879), written late in his life, is an interpretation of talmudic legends. As in <i>Sha'ar ha-Razim</i>, in this book too the author's personality shines through. He gathers together different traditions and fuses them through the style of his writing, fusing mainly the writings of the Ḥasidei Ashkenaz, the letters of the <i>Ḥug ha-Iyyun</i>, and the Ismaili-Gnostic tradition with the traditions of the Gerona and the Castilian kabbalists. In both books one finds echoes of the concepts, themes, and ideas of the secret teachings that a generation later became the foundations of Kabbalah. Todros is thus important as a preserver of traditions who passed them on to the next generation. Thanks to his writings, it is often possible to understand the secrets hinted at in the writings of his teachers, the Castillian kabbalists, as well the mystical tradition in Spain and its crystallization during its early generations. (In addition to these two books, he may have written an interpretation of Chapter 1 of Ezekiel, which is mentioned in the writings of kabbalists but has not been found.)</p><p>Todros belongs to that circle of kabbalists called by <a data-article="362607" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/scholem-shalom-gershom-gerhard">Gershom *Scholem</a> "the Gnostic kabbalists." Rabbi Todros emphasizes in his writings the uniqueness of that circle and its method in the wide frame of Kabbalah and kabbalists of his day.</p><p>Todros was considered a uniquely exemplary figure, who may have served, as Y. Libbes believes (<i>Keiẓad Nitḥabber Sefer ha-Zohar</i>), as a model for the depiction of Rabbi <a data-article="301533" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/simeon-bar-yohai">*Simeon Bar Yokhai</a> in <i>Sefer ha-Zohar.</i> References to him may be found in the poems of Todros ben Judah (the kabbalist's nephew) and in the writings of Isaac ben Latif, Abraham Badrashi, and Isaac Albalag (in his book <i>Tikkun ha-De'ot</i>, p. 101).</p><p>His son Joseph was a friend of the kabbalist <a data-article="653692" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moses-ben-shem-tov-de-leon">*Moses de Leon</a>, who was thought to be the author of <i>Sefer ha-Zohar</i>, an attribution rejected by present-day scholars, who see him as just one its authors. Joseph received from de Leon copies of parts of <i>Sefer ha-Zohar</i>.</p><p>[Michal Oron (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.)]</p></div><div class="bylinecontainer"> <span>Encyclopaedia Judaica</span> <span></span></div><div class="modal fade" id="citationModal0" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-scrollable"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body citation-container"><div class="TopicCitationDiv"><div class="TabbedPanels"><p class="citationprefix"> <a name="citationanchor"></a> <span class="citethis">Cite this article </span> <br> <span class="selectcitationtext">Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.</span></p><div role="tabpanel" class="TabbedPanels"><ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"><li role="presentation"> <a href="#mlaTab0" class="active" aria-controls="malTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">MLA</a></li><li role="presentation"> <a href="#chicagoTab0" aria-controls="chicagoTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Chicago</a></li><li role="presentation"> <a href="#apaTab0" aria-controls="apaTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">APA</a></li></ul><div class="tab-content"><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="mlaTab0"><p class="cittext"> "<a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-todros-ben-joseph-ha-levi ">Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi .</a>" <u>Encyclopaedia Judaica</u>. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> 25 Nov. 2024 <span><</span><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com">https://www.encyclopedia.com</a><span>></span>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="chicagoTab0"><p class="cittext"> "Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi ." <u>Encyclopaedia Judaica</u>. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> (November 25, 2024). <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-todros-ben-joseph-ha-levi ">https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-todros-ben-joseph-ha-levi</a></p></div><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="apaTab0"><p class="cittext"> "Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi ." <u>Encyclopaedia Judaica</u>. . 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href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-samuel-ha-levi"> <span>Abulafia, Samuel Ha-Levi</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-samuel-ben-meir-ha-levi"> <span>Abulafia, Samuel ben Meir Ha-Levi</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-meir"> <span>Abulafia, Meʾir</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-meir"> <span>Abulafia, Meir</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-jacob-ben-solomon"> <span>Abulafia, Jacob ben Solomon</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-isaac-ben-moses"> <span>Abulafia, Isaac ben Moses</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-isaac"> <span>Abulafia, Isaac</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-hayyim-nissim-ben-isaac"> <span>Abulafia, Ḥayyim Nissim ben Isaac</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-hayyim-ben-jacob"> <span>Abulafia, Ḥayyim ben Jacob</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-hayyim-ben-david"> <span>Abulafia, Ḥayyim ben David</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-abraham-ben-samuel"> <span>Abulafia, Abraham ben Samuel</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-bolaffi-ezekiel-hezekiah-david-ben-mordecai"> <span>Abulafia (Bolaffi), Ezekiel (Hezekiah) David ben Mordecai</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia"> <span>Abulafia</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abul-qasim-khalaf-ibn-al-abbas-al-zahrawi"> <span>Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abul-qasim-ibn-firnas"> <span>Abul Qasim ibn Firnas</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abukir"> <span>Abukir</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/educational-magazines/abukhalil-asad-1960"> <span>Abukhalil, As'ad 1960–</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abukhalil-asad-1960"> <span>Abukhalil, As'ad (1960–)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abukara-abraham-ben-moses"> <span>Abukara, Abraham ben Moses</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/abukama-type-metamorphism"> <span>Abukama-type metamorphism</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/politics/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/abuhatzeira-aharon-1938"> <span>Abuhatzeira, Aharon (1938–)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/abudatsuma"> <span>Abudatsuma</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abudarham-david-ben-joseph"> <span>Abudarham, David ben Joseph</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abudarham"> <span>Abudarham</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abubus"> <span>Abubus</span> </a></div><div class="current-node"> <b>Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph Ha-Levi</b></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulafia-todros-ben-judah-ha-levi"> <span>Abulafia, Todros ben Judah Ha-Levi</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/children/scholarly-magazines/abulafia-yossi-1944"> <span>Abulafia, Yossi 1944-</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulcasis"> <span>Abulcasis</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulfazl"> <span>Abulfazl</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/educational-magazines/abulhawa-susan-1957"> <span>Abulhawa, Susan 1957-</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulia"> <span>Abulia</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulker"> <span>Abulker</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abulrabi-abu-al-rabi-aaron"> <span>Abulrabi (Abu al Rabi), Aaron</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abun"> <span>Abun</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/abuna"> <span>Abuna</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/abundance-zone"> <span>abundance zone</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/abundant"> <span>abundant</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abundius-como-st"> <span>Abundius of Como, St.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/educational-magazines/abunimah-ali-1971"> <span>Abunimah, Ali 1971-</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/educational-magazines/aburish-said-k-1935"> <span>Aburish, Said K. 1935-</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abusage"> <span>ABUSAGE</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/culture-magazines/abuse"> <span>Abuse</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-and-neglect"> <span>Abuse and Neglect</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-excuse"> <span>Abuse Excuse</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-liability-drugs-testing-humans"> <span>Abuse Liability of Drugs: Testing in Humans</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-liability-therapeutic-drugs-testing-animals"> <span>Abuse Liability of Therapeutic Drugs: Testing in Animals</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-discretion"> <span>Abuse of Discretion</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-power"> <span>Abuse of Power</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-process"> <span>Abuse of Process</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abuse-interpersonal"> <span>Abuse, Interpersonal</span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><div id="footer"> <footer><div><div 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