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id="toc-Syllable_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Syllable weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vowel length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Omission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Letter extension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Mathematics and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_with_macron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_with_macron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Letters with macron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_with_macron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Macron (diacritic)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron" title="Makron – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Makron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="مكرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macr%C3%B3n" title="Macrón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Macrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Макрон (диакритичен знак) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макрон (диакритичен знак)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron" title="Makron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Makron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0cron" title="Màcron – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màcron" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorovn%C3%A1_%C4%8D%C3%A1rka" title="Vodorovná čárka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodorovná čárka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron" title="Macron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Macron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron" title="Makron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Μακρόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακρόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macr%C3%B3n" title="Macrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrono_(signo)" title="Makrono (signo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makrono (signo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron_(ikurra)" title="Makron (ikurra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makron (ikurra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ماکرون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(diacritique)" title="Macron (diacritique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macron (diacritique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron" title="Macron – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macron" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(segno_diacritico)" title="Macron (segno diacritico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macron (segno diacritico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron" title="Macron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Macron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garumz%C4%ABme" title="Garumzīme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Garumzīme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABk%C5%A1nelis_(diakritinis_%C5%BEenklas)" title="Brūkšnelis (diakritinis ženklas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brūkšnelis (diakritinis ženklas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron" title="Makron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(diakriet)" title="Macron (diakriet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macron (diakriet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="マクロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron" title="Makron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Macron (diacritic)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron_(znak_diakrytyczny)" title="Makron (znak diakrytyczny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makron (znak diakrytyczny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1cron" title="Mácron – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mácron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Макрон (диакритический знак) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макрон (диакритический знак)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron" title="Macron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituusmerkki" title="Pituusmerkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pituusmerkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makron_(diakritiskt_tecken)" title="Makron (diakritiskt tecken) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makron (diakritiskt tecken)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Макрон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C3%A2m" title="Dấu trường âm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu trường âm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="長音符號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="長音符號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="長音符號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="長音符號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q627627#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diacritical mark</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar (diacritic)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"O macron" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"O-" and "Ū" redirect here. For the o- prefix in Japanese, see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Japanese honorifics</a>. For the Indic vowel, see <a href="/wiki/%C5%AA_(Indic)" title="Ū (Indic)">Ū (Indic)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̄</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Macron</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+00AF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¯</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MACRON</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0304</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̄</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING MACRON</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">See also</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0331</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̱</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Macron_below" title="Macron below">COMBINING MACRON BELOW</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>macron</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAK</span>-ron, <span style="font-size:90%">MAY</span>-</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical mark</a>: it is a straight bar <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¯</span> placed above a letter, usually a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>. Its name derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μακρόν</span></span> (<i>makrón</i>) 'long' because it was originally used to mark <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight#Classical_poetry" title="Syllable weight">long or heavy</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)#Greek_and_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Greco-Roman metrics</a>. It now more often marks a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, the macron is used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">mid-tone</a>; the sign for a long vowel is instead a modified triangular <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ː</span>⟩. </p><p>The opposite is the <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨˘⟩</span>, which marks a short or light syllable or a short vowel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Special:EditPage/Macron (diacritic)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Macron%22+diacritic">"Macron" diacritic</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Macron%22+diacritic+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Macron%22+diacritic&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Macron%22+diacritic+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Macron%22+diacritic">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Macron%22+diacritic&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_weight">Syllable weight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Syllable weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)#Greek_and_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Greco-Roman metrics</a> and in the description of the metrics of other literatures, the macron was introduced and is still widely used in dictionaries and educational materials to mark a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight#Classical_poetry" title="Syllable weight">long (heavy) syllable</a>. Even relatively recent classical Greek and Latin dictionaries<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are still concerned with indicating only the length (weight) of syllables; that is why most still do not indicate the length of vowels in syllables that are otherwise metrically determined. Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use the macron, even if it was not actually used at that time (an <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apex</a> was used if vowel length was marked in Latin). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_length">Vowel length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowel length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following languages or transliteration systems use the macron to mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavicist">Slavicists</a> use the macron to indicate a non-tonic long vowel, or a non-tonic syllabic liquid, such as on <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>r</i>, or <i>u</i>. Languages with this feature include standard and dialect varieties of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> typically use macrons to indicate long vowels – <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ا</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">alif</a> when pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>), <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">و</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a>, when pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>), and <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ي</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">ya'</a>, when pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>). Thus the Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثلاثة</span></span> (three) is transliterated <i>thalāthah</i>.</li> <li>Transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> typically use a macron over ā, ī, ū, ṝ, and ḹ in order to mark a long vowel (e and o are always long and consequently do not need any macron).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, many of the more recent dictionaries and learning materials use the macron as the modern equivalent of the ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apex</a> to mark long vowels. Any of the six vowel letters <i>(ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ)</i> can bear it. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, especially to distinguish the short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> from their semi-vowel counterparts <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, originally, and often to this day, spelt with the same letters. However, the older of these editions are not always explicit on whether they mark long vowels or heavy syllables – a confusion that is even found in some modern learning materials. In addition, most of the newest academic publications use both the macron and the breve sparingly, mainly when vowel length is relevant to the discussion.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">classical Greek</a>, the letters <a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">η</a> (<i>eta</i>) and <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">ω</a> (<i>omega</i>) are transliterated, respectively, as <i>ē</i> and <i>ō</i>, representing the long vowels of classical Greek, whereas the short vowels <a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">ε</a> (<i>epsilon</i>) and <a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">ο</a> (<i>omicron</i>) are always transliterated as plain <i>e</i> and <i>o.</i> The other long vowel phonemes do not have dedicated letters in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, being indicated by digraphs (transliterated likewise as digraphs) or by the letters <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a> – represented as <i>ā, ī, ū</i>. The same three letters are transliterated as plain <i>a, i, u</i> when representing short vowels.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, for example, <i>tā</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">たあ</span></span>) as opposed to <i>ta</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">た</span></span>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> uses macrons to indicate long vowels in its romanized transliteration: <i>ā</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>, <i>ē</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, <i>ū</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> and <i>ō</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic-Finnic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic-Finnic languages">Baltic-Finnic languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>. <i>ā</i>, <i>ē</i>, <i>ī</i>, <i>ū</i> are separate letters but are given the same position in <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> as <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i> respectively. <i>Ō</i> was also used in Latvian, but it was discarded as of 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some usage remains in <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>. <i>ū</i> is a separate letter but is given the same position in <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> as the unaccented <i>u</i>. It marks a long vowel; other long vowels are indicated with an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> (which used to indicate nasalization, but it no longer does): <i>ą</i>, <i>ę</i>, <i>į</i>, <i>ų</i> and <i>o</i> being always long in Lithuanian except for some recent loanwords. For the long counterpart of <i>i</i>, <i>y</i> is used.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>. <i>ā</i>, <i>ǟ</i>, <i>ē</i>, <i>ī</i>, <i>ō</i>, <i>ȱ</i>, <i>ȭ</i> and <i>ū</i> are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after <i>a</i>, <i>ä</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>ȯ</i>, <i>õ</i>, and <i>u</i>, respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>. <i>ā</i>, <i>ē</i>, <i>ė̄</i>, <i>ī</i>, <i>ū</i> and <i>ō</i> are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>ė</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i> and <i>o</i> respectively.</li></ul></li> <li>Transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>' language, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived, they wrote the language in their own alphabet without distinguishing long vowels. Over a century later, in 1645, <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Carochi" title="Horacio Carochi">Horacio Carochi</a> defined macrons to mark long vowels <i>ā</i>, <i>ē</i>, <i>ī</i> and <i>ō</i>, and short vowels with grave (`) accents. This is rare nowadays since many people write Nahuatl without any orthographic sign and with the letters <i>k</i>, <i>s</i> and <i>w</i>, not present in the original alphabet.</li> <li>Modern transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, for long vowels.</li> <li>Latin transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a>. In Cook Islands Māori, the macron or <i>mākarōna</i> is not commonly used in writing, but is used in references and teaching materials for those learning the language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Kahakō"></span><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a>. The macron is called <i>kahakō</i>, and it indicates vowel length, which changes meaning and the placement of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Tohutō"></span><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language#Long_vowels" title="Māori language">Māori</a>. In modern written Māori, the macron is used to designate long vowels, with the <a href="/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema (diacritic)">trema</a> mark sometimes used if the macron is unavailable (e.g. "wähine").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Māori word for macron is <i>tohutō.</i> The term <i>pōtae</i> ("hat") is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, writing in Māori either did not distinguish vowel length, or doubled long vowels (e.g. "waahine"), as some <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> dialects still do.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a>. In Niuean, "popular spelling" does not worry too much about vowel quantity (length), so the macron is primarily used in scholarly study of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>. The use of the macron is comparatively recent in Tahitian. The <i>Fare Vānaʻa</i> or <i>Académie Tahitienne</i> (Tahitian Academy) recommends using the macron, called the <i>tārava,</i> to represent long vowels in written text, especially for scientific or teaching texts<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has widespread acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In the past, written Tahitian either did not distinguish vowel length, or used multiple other ways).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>. The macron is called the <i>toloi/fakamamafa</i> or <i>fa'amamafa</i>, respectively. Its usage is similar to that in Māori, including its substitution by a trema. Its usage is not universal in Samoan, but recent academic publications and advanced study textbooks promote its use.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The macron is used in <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian language</a> dictionaries, in instructional materials for non-Fijian speakers, and in books and papers on Fijian linguistics. It is not typically used in Fijian publications intended for fluent speakers, where context is usually sufficient for a reader to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heteronyms</a>.</li> <li>Both <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a> and Latin transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Udege_language" title="Udege language">Udege</a>.</li> <li>The Latin and Cyrillic alphabet transcriptions of the Tsebari dialect of <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a>.</li> <li>In western <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_language_(Algonquian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk language (Algonquian)">Sauk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Saulteaux language">Saulteaux</a>, the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) indicates long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː~uː]</span> either with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> ⟨<i>â ê î ô</i>⟩ or with a macron ⟨<i>ā ē ī ō</i>⟩.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following languages or alphabets use the macron to mark <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>: </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, a macron over a vowel indicates a mid-level tone.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> an optional macron can be used to indicate mid-level tone if it would otherwise be ambiguous.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, the official <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Mandarin Chinese">Romanization of Mandarin Chinese</a>, macrons over a, e, i, o, u, ü (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ǖ) indicate the high level <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. The alternative to the macron is the number 1 after the syllable (for example, tā = ta1).</li> <li>Similarly in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization of Cantonese</a>, macrons over a, e, i, o, u, m, n (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, m̄, n̄) indicate the high level <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. Like Mandarin, the alternative to the macron is the number 1 after the syllable (for example, tā = ta1).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, macrons over a, e, i, m, n, o, o͘, u, (ā, ē, ī, m̄, n̄, ō, ō͘, ū) indicate the mid level <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> ("light departing" or 7th tone) of Hokkien.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omission">Omission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Omission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the macron marks an omitted <i>n</i> or <i>m</i>, like the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>, in which context it is referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> suspension": </p> <ul><li>In Old English texts a macron above a letter indicates the omission of an <i>m</i> or <i>n</i> that would normally follow that letter.</li> <li>In older handwriting such as the German <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrentschrift</a>, the macron over an a-e-i-o-u or ä-ö-ü stood for an <i>n</i>, or over an <i>m</i> or an <i>n</i> meant that the letter was doubled. This continued into print in English in the sixteenth century, and to some extent in German. Over a <i>u</i> at the end of a word, the macron indicated <i>um</i> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviation</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_extension">Letter extension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Letter extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"p̄" redirects here. For the subatomic particle, see <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"n̄" redirects here. For the subatomic particle, see <a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanizations of Hebrew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macron_below" title="Macron below">macron below</a> is typically used to mark the <a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">begadkefat</a> consonant <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>. However, for typographical reasons a regular macron is used on <i>p</i> and <i>g</i> instead: <i>p̄, ḡ</i>. </p><p>The macron is used in the orthography of a number of vernacular languages of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, particularly those first transcribed by <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Mission" title="Melanesian Mission">Anglican missionaries</a>. The macron has no unique value, and is simply used to distinguish between two different phonemes. </p><p>Thus, in several languages of the <a href="/wiki/Banks_Islands" title="Banks Islands">Banks Islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mwotlap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwotlap">Mwotlap</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the simple <i>m</i> stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, but an <i>m</i> with a macron (<b>m̄</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_nasal#Rounded_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar nasal">rounded labial-velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ͡mʷ/</span>; while the simple <i>n</i> stands for the common <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">alveolar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, an <i>n</i> with macron (<b>n̄</b>) represents the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>; the vowel <b>ē</b> stands for a (short) higher <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> by contrast with plain <i>e</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>; likewise <b>ō</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> contrasts with plain <i>o</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a> orthography, the consonant <i>r̄</i> stands for the prestopped <a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar lateral approximant">velar lateral approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢʟ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a>, the same symbol <i>r̄</i> encodes the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> – by contrast with <i>r</i>, which encodes the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">alveolar flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bislama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bislama language">Bislama</a> (orthography before 1995), <a href="/wiki/Lamenu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamenu language">Lamenu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a>, a macron is used on two letters <i><span title="Bislama-language text"><i lang="bi">m̄ p̄</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>m̄</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mʷ/</span>, and <i>p̄</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʷ/</span>. The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics) has these written as <i>mw</i> and <i>pw</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kokota_language" title="Kokota language">Kokota</a>, <i>ḡ</i> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop">velar stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, but <i>g</i> without macron is the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>, a macron is used on four letters – <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">ā n̄ ō ū</i></span></i> – whose pronunciations differ from the unmarked <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">a n o u</i></span></i>. Marshallese uses a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_vowel_system" title="Vertical vowel system">vertical vowel system</a> with three to four vowel phonemes, but traditionally their allophones have been written out, so vowel letters with macron are used for some of these allophones. Though the standard diacritic involved is a macron, there are no other diacritics used <i>above</i> letters, so in practice other diacritics can and have been used in less polished writing or print, yielding nonstandard letters like <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">ã ñ õ û</i></span></i>, depending on displayability of letters in <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer fonts</a>. </p> <ul><li>The letter <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">ā</i></span></i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ~ɛ]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>.</li> <li>The letter <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">n̄</i></span></i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labialized velar</a> nasal phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋʷ/</span>, depending on context. The standard letter does not exist as a <a href="/wiki/Precombined_glyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Precombined glyph">precombined glyph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, so the nonstandard variant <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">ñ</i></span></i> is often used in its place.</li> <li>The letter <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">ō</i></span></i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span>, which are the <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> allophones of the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɜ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɘ/</span> respectively.</li> <li>The letter <i><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">ū</i></span></i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]</span>, the unrounded velarized allophone of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a>, the simple <b>n</b> stands for the common <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">alveolar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, while an <i>n</i> with macron (<b>n̄</b>) represents the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In older <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and in the German <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> handwriting, as well as older <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, a macron is used on some consonants, especially n and m, as a short form for a double consonant (for example, <i>n̄</i> instead of <i>nn</i>).</li> <li><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg/300px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg/450px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg/600px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>A signature of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> showing a stylized macron above the ⟨<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">т</a></i>⟩ in "Достоевскій"</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Russian_cursive" title="Russian cursive">Russian cursive</a>, as well as in some others based on the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a>), a lowercase <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a></i> looks like a lowercase <i>m</i>, and a macron is often used to distinguish it from <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a></i>, which looks like a lowercase <i>w</i> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)#Form" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Т</a></i>). Some writers also underline the letter <i>ш</i> to reduce ambiguity further.</li></ul> <p>Also, in some instances, a diacritic will be written like a macron, although it represents another diacritic whose standard form is different: </p> <ul><li>In some <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> comic books that are hand-lettered, or in handwriting, a macron-style umlaut is used for <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></i> (also <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%95" title="Õ">õ</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a></i> in Estonian), sometimes known colloquially as a "lazy man's umlaut". This can also be seen in some modern handwritten <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <i>ū</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>ī</i>, <i>ē</i> and <i>ō</i> can be used for decorative purposes both in handwritten and computed <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> or to denote vowel length such as in <i>dū</i> (you), <i>lā</i> (infinitive form of to let), lēser (present form of "to read") and <i>lūft</i> (air). The diacritic is entirely optional, carries no IPA value and is seldom used in modern Norwegian outside of handwriting.</li> <li>In informal <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> handwriting, a macron is often a substitute for either a <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute accent</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">ö</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">ő</a></i>). Because of this ambiguity, using it is often regarded as bad practice.</li> <li>In informal handwriting, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>ñ</i> is sometimes written with a macron-shaped tilde: (<i>n̄</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar (diacritic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical abbreviation">medical abbreviation</a></div> <p>Continuing previous <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviations</a>, letters with combining macron can be used in various European languages to represent the <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overlines</a> indicating various <a href="/wiki/Medical_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical abbreviation">medical abbreviations</a>, particularly including: </p> <ul><li><b>ā</b> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ante" class="extiw" title="wikt:ante">ante</a></i></span> ("before")</li> <li><b>c̄</b> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cum" class="extiw" title="wikt:cum">cum</a></i></span> ("with")</li> <li><b>p̄</b> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/post" class="extiw" title="wikt:post">post</a></i></span> ("after")<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>q̄</b> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quisque" class="extiw" title="wikt:quisque">quisque</a></i></span> and its inflections ("every", "each")</li> <li><b>s̄</b> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sine" class="extiw" title="wikt:sine">sine</a></i></span> ("without")</li> <li><b>x̄</b> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exceptus" class="extiw" title="wikt:exceptus">exceptus</a></i></span> and its inflections ("except")</li></ul> <p>Note, however, that abbreviations involving the letter h take their macron halfway up the ascending line rather than at the normal height for unicode macrons and overlines: <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħ">ħ</a>. This is separately encoded in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> with the symbols using <a href="/wiki/Bar_diacritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar diacritic">bar diacritics</a> and appears shorter than other macrons in many fonts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_and_science">Mathematics and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mathematics and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a> is a typographical symbol similar to the macron, used in a number of ways in mathematics and science. For example, it is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Complex_conjugate" title="Complex conjugate">complex conjugation</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=a+bi;\quad {\overline {z}}=a-bi}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>z</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=a+bi;\quad {\overline {z}}=a-bi}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e172636a246e0ee7965edda7f9e7374f793e6b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.59ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=a+bi;\quad {\overline {z}}=a-bi}"></span> </p><p>and to represent a <a href="/wiki/Line_segment" title="Line segment">line segment</a> in geometry (e.g., <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70f91c39c977790f3cc4e768d5aad89bb1696110" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.622ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}}"></span>), <a href="/wiki/Sample_means" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample means">sample means</a> in statistics (e.g., <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08fd87d3502c4f9e1b02ac74644474258aeea176" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.131ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}}"></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation" title="Hermann–Mauguin notation">Hermann–Mauguin notation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (April 2018)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In music, the <a href="/wiki/Tenuto" title="Tenuto">tenuto</a> marking resembles the macron. </p><p>The macron is also used in German <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> <a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">tablature</a> to distinguish repeating alphabetic characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters_with_macron">Letters with macron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Letters with macron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="nounderlines" style="font-size:160%; padding:.3em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #fafafa); clear:both; color:var(--color-base, black);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Macron <big><span style="font-family: serif">◌̄</span></big><span class="nowrap">   </span><br /><b>Latin</b>:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Ā ā</a></li><li>Ā́ ā́</li><li>Ā̀ ā̀</li><li>Ā̂ ā̂</li><li>Ā̃ ā̃</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǟ">Ǟ ǟ</a></li><li>Ā̈ ā̈</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǡ">Ǡ ǡ</a></li><li>A̱ a̱</li><li>Å̄ å̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǣ">Ǣ ǣ</a></li><li>B̄ b̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḇ">Ḇ ḇ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="C̄">C̄ c̄</a></li><li>C̱ c̱</li><li>D̄ d̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḏ">Ḏ ḏ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ē">Ē ē</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḗ">Ḗ ḗ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḕ">Ḕ ḕ</a></li><li>Ē̂ ē̂</li><li>Ē̃ ē̃</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ê̄">Ê̄ ê̄</a></li><li>E̱ e̱</li><li>Ë̄ ë̄</li><li>E̊̄ e̊̄</li><li>F̄ f̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḡ">Ḡ ḡ</a></li><li>G̱ g̱</li><li><a href="/wiki/H%CC%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="H̱">H̱ ẖ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ī">Ī ī</a></li><li>Ī́ ī́</li><li>Ī̀ ī̀</li><li>Ī̂ ī̂</li><li>Ī̃ ī̃</li><li>I̱ i̱</li><li>J̄ j̄</li><li>J̱ j̱</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḵ">Ḵ ḵ</a></li><li>L̄ l̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%B8" title="Ḹ">Ḹ ḹ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḻ">Ḻ ḻ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="M̄">M̄ m̄</a></li><li>M̱ m̱</li><li><a href="/wiki/N%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="N̄">N̄ n̄</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṉ">Ṉ ṉ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ō">Ō ō</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṓ">Ṓ ṓ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṑ">Ṑ ṑ</a></li><li>Ō̂ ō̂</li><li>Ō̃ ō̃</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȫ">Ȫ ȫ</a></li><li>Ō̈ ō̈</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǭ">Ǭ ǭ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȭ">Ȭ ȭ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȱ">Ȱ ȱ</a></li><li>O̱ o̱</li><li>Ø̄ ø̄</li><li>Œ̄ œ̄</li><li>P̄ p̄</li><li>P̱ p̱</li><li>Q̄ q̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="R̄">R̄ r̄</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟ ṟ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9C" title="Ṝ">Ṝ ṝ</a></li><li>S̄ s̄</li><li>S̱ s̱</li><li><a href="/wiki/T%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="T̄">T̄ t̄</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṯ">Ṯ ṯ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ū">Ū ū</a></li><li>Ū́ ū́</li><li>Ū̀ ū̀</li><li>Ū̂ ū̂</li><li>Ū̃ ū̃</li><li>U̇̄ u̇̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǖ">Ǖ ǖ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṻ">Ṻ ṻ</a></li><li>Ṳ̄ ṳ̄</li><li>U̱ u̱</li><li><a href="/wiki/V%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="V̄">V̄ v̄</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/W%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="W̄">W̄ w̄</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="X̄">X̄ x̄</a></li><li>X̱ x̱</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%B2" title="Ȳ">Ȳ ȳ</a></li><li>Ȳ́ ȳ́</li><li>Ȳ̀ ȳ̀</li><li>Ȳ̃ ȳ̃</li><li>Y̱ y̱</li><li>Z̄ z̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẕ">Ẕ ẕ</a> <br /><b>Greek</b>:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾱ">Ᾱ ᾱ</a></li><li>Ε̄ ε̄</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῑ">Ῑ ῑ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῡ">Ῡ ῡ</a> <br /><b>Cyrillic</b>:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="А̄">А̄ а̄</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӣ">Ӣ ӣ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӯ">Ӯ ӯ</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_notes">Technical notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technical notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode Standard</a> encodes <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed</a> macron characters: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Description</th> <th colspan="6">Macrons </th></tr> <tr> <th>Character</th> <th>Unicode</th> <th>HTML</th> <th>Character</th> <th>Unicode</th> <th>HTML </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="padding: 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Macron<br />above </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Combining</th> <th colspan="3">Spacing </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̄</span></span><br /><small>single</small></td> <td>U+0304</td> <td>&#772;</td> <td>¯<br /><small>mark</small></td> <td>U+00AF</td> <td>&macr;<br />&#175; </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌͞◌</span></span><br /><small>double</small></td> <td>U+035E</td> <td>&#862;</td> <td>ˉ<br /><small>letter</small></td> <td>U+02C9</td> <td>&#713; </td></tr> <tr> <th>Macron<br />below </th> <td colspan="6">(see <a href="/wiki/Macron_below" title="Macron below">macron below</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Additional<br />diacritic</th> <th colspan="6">Latin </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Upper case</th> <th colspan="3">Lower case </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">— </th> <td>Ā</td> <td>U+0100</td> <td>&#256;</td> <td>ā</td> <td>U+0101</td> <td>&#257; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ǣ</td> <td>U+01E2</td> <td>&#482;</td> <td>ǣ</td> <td>U+01E3</td> <td>&#483; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ē</td> <td>U+0112</td> <td>&#274;</td> <td>ē</td> <td>U+0113</td> <td>&#275; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ḡ</td> <td>U+1E20</td> <td>&#7712;</td> <td>ḡ</td> <td>U+1E21</td> <td>&#7713; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ī</td> <td>U+012A</td> <td>&#298;</td> <td>ī</td> <td>U+012B</td> <td>&#299; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ō</td> <td>U+014C</td> <td>&#332;</td> <td>ō</td> <td>U+014D</td> <td>&#333; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ū</td> <td>U+016A</td> <td>&#362;</td> <td>ū</td> <td>U+016B</td> <td>&#363; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ȳ</td> <td>U+0232</td> <td>&#562;</td> <td>ȳ</td> <td>U+0233</td> <td>&#563; </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Diaeresis </th> <td>Ǟ</td> <td>U+01DE</td> <td>&#478;</td> <td>ǟ</td> <td>U+01DF</td> <td>&#479; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ȫ</td> <td>U+022A</td> <td>&#554;</td> <td>ȫ</td> <td>U+022B</td> <td>&#555; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ǖ</td> <td>U+01D5</td> <td>&#469;</td> <td>ǖ</td> <td>U+01D6</td> <td>&#470; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṻ</td> <td>U+1E7A</td> <td>&#7802;</td> <td>ṻ</td> <td>U+1E7B</td> <td>&#7803; </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Dot above </th> <td>Ǡ</td> <td>U+01E0</td> <td>&#480;</td> <td>ǡ</td> <td>U+01E1</td> <td>&#481; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ȱ</td> <td>U+0230</td> <td>&#560;</td> <td>ȱ</td> <td>U+0231</td> <td>&#561; </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Dot below </th> <td>Ḹ</td> <td>U+1E38</td> <td>&#7736;</td> <td>ḹ</td> <td>U+1E39</td> <td>&#7737; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṝ</td> <td>U+1E5C</td> <td>&#7772;</td> <td>ṝ</td> <td>U+1E5D</td> <td>&#7773; </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ogonek </th> <td>Ǭ</td> <td>U+01EC</td> <td>&#492;</td> <td>ǭ</td> <td>U+01ED</td> <td>&#493; </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tilde </th> <td>Ȭ</td> <td>U+022C</td> <td>&#556;</td> <td>ȭ</td> <td>U+022D</td> <td>&#557; </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Acute </th> <td>Ḗ</td> <td>U+1E16</td> <td>&#7702;</td> <td>ḗ</td> <td>U+1E17</td> <td>&#7703; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṓ</td> <td>U+1E52</td> <td>&#7762;</td> <td>ṓ</td> <td>U+1E53</td> <td>&#7763; </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Grave </th> <td>Ḕ</td> <td>U+1E14</td> <td>&#7700;</td> <td>ḕ</td> <td>U+1E15</td> <td>&#7701; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ṑ</td> <td>U+1E50</td> <td>&#7760;</td> <td>ṑ</td> <td>U+1E51</td> <td>&#7761; </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Cyrillic </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">— </th> <td>Ӣ</td> <td>U+04E2</td> <td>&#1250;</td> <td>ӣ</td> <td>U+04E3</td> <td>&#1251; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӯ</td> <td>U+04EE</td> <td>&#1262;</td> <td>ӯ</td> <td>U+04EF</td> <td>&#1263; </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Greek </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">— </th> <td class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Ᾱ</a></td> <td>U+1FB9</td> <td>&#8121;</td> <td>ᾱ</td> <td>U+1FB1</td> <td>&#8113; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Ῑ</a></td> <td>U+1FD9</td> <td>&#8153;</td> <td>ῑ</td> <td>U+1FD1</td> <td>&#8145; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Ῡ</a></td> <td>U+1FE9</td> <td>&#8169;</td> <td>ῡ</td> <td>U+1FE1</td> <td>&#8161; </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Macron-related Unicode characters not included in the table above: </p> <ul><li>CJK <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">fullwidth</a> variety: <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FFE3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">￣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH MACRON</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+20B8</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">₸</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TENGE SIGN</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">Overlines</a></li> <li>Characters using a <a href="/wiki/Macron_below" title="Macron below">macron below</a> instead of above</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">Tone contour</a> transcription characters incorporating a macron: <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DC4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌᷄</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DC5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌᷅</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DC6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌᷆</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DC7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌᷇</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON</span></li></ul></li> <li>Two intonation marks historically used by <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Baranauskas" title="Antanas Baranauskas">Antanas Baranauskas</a> for Lithuanian dialectology:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DCB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌᷋</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING BREVE-MACRON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DCC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌᷌</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING MACRON-BREVE</span></li></ul></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> a macron is created with the command "\=", for example: M\=aori for Māori. In <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice</a>, if the extension Compose Special Characters is installed,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a macron may be added by following the letter with a hyphen and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for composing special characters. A macron may also be added by following the letter with the character's four-digit hex-code, and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for adding unicode characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_below" title="Macron below">Macron below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)" title="Vinculum (symbol)">Vinculum (symbol)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macron_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.G.W. Glare (ed.), <i>Oxford Latin Dictionary</i> (Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1990), p. xxiii: <i>Vowel quantities. 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a class="mw-selflink selflink">macron</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̄, ◌̱ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Āā </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḇ">Ḇḇ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḏ">Ḏḏ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ē">Ēē </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḡ">Ḡḡ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/H%CC%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="H̱">H̱ẖ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ī">Ī ī </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḵ">Ḵḵ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḻ">Ḻḻ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṉ">Ṉṉ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ō">Ōō </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟṟ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṯ">Ṯṯ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ū">Ūū </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="X̱">X̱x̱ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%B2" title="Ȳ">Ȳȳ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẕ">Ẕẕ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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