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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Патагнаманічны сімптом – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патагнаманічны сімптом" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Патогномостични симптоми – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патогномостични симптоми" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognom%C3%B2nic" title="Patognomònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patognomònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognomick%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADznak" title="Patognomický příznak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patognomický příznak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathognomonisch" title="Pathognomonisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pathognomonisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognom%C3%B3nico" title="Patognomónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patognomónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="پاتوگنومونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاتوگنومونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathognomonique" title="Pathognomonique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pathognomonique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognomonico" title="Patognomonico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patognomonico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathognomonisch" title="Pathognomonisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pathognomonisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognomonisk" title="Patognomonisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patognomonisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognomonisk" title="Patognomonisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patognomonisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objaw_patognomoniczny" title="Objaw patognomoniczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Objaw patognomoniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Патогномоничный симптом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патогномоничный симптом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognomon" title="Patognomon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patognomon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patognomonik" title="Patognomonik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patognomonik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical term meaning "characteristic for a particular disease"</div> <p><b>Pathognomonic</b> (rare synonym <i>pathognomic</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a term, often used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, that means "characteristic for a particular <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>". A pathognomonic <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">sign</a> is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. The absence of a pathognomonic sign does not rule out the disease. Labelling a sign or <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptom</a> "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom. </p><p>The word is an adjective of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> origin derived from πάθος <i>pathos</i> 'disease' and γνώμων <i>gnomon</i> 'indicator' (from γιγνώσκω <i>gignosko</i> 'I know, I recognize'). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_use">Practical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathognomonic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Practical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While some findings may be classic, typical or highly suggestive in a certain condition, they may not occur <i>uniquely</i> in this condition and therefore may not directly imply a specific diagnosis. A pathognomonic sign or symptom has very high <a href="/wiki/Positive_Predictive_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive Predictive Value">positive predictive value</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">specificity</a> but does not need to have high <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity</a>: for example it can sometimes be absent in a certain disease, since the term only implies that, when it is present, the doctor instantly knows the patient's illness. The presence of a pathognomonic finding allows immediate diagnosis, since there are no other conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Singular pathognomonic signs are relatively uncommon. Examples of pathognomonic findings include <a href="/wiki/Koplik%27s_spots" title="Koplik's spots">Koplik's spots</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, the palmar <a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">xanthomata</a> seen on the hands of people suffering from <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipoproteinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperlipoproteinemia">hyperlipoproteinemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negri_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri bodies">Negri bodies</a> within brain tissue infected with <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, or a tetrad of <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">arthralgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> disease in a child with <a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Succinylacetone" title="Succinylacetone">succinylacetone</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tyrosinemia" title="Tyrosinemia">Tyrosinemia</a> Type I.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As opposed to <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> (reported subjectively by the patient and not measured) and signs (observed by the physician at the bedside on physical exam, without need for a report) a larger number of medical test results are pathognomonic. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Hypersegmented_neutrophil" title="Hypersegmented neutrophil">hypersegmented neutrophil</a>, which is seen only in <a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemias</a> (not a single disease, but a set of closely related disease states). More often a test result is "pathognomonic" only because there has been a consensus to define the disease state in terms of the test result (such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> being defined in terms of chronic fasting <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> levels).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In contrast, a test with very high <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity</a> rarely misses a condition, so a negative result should be reassuring (the disease tested for is absent). A sign or symptom with very high sensitivity is often termed <i><a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a></i>. An example of such test is a genetic test to find an underlying mutation in certain types of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary colon cancer">hereditary colon cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathognomonic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Disease</th> <th>Sign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytomegalovirus infection">Cytomegalovirus infection</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Owl%27s_eye_appearance" title="Owl's eye appearance">Owl's eye appearance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_bodies" title="Inclusion bodies">inclusion bodies</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Erythema chronicum migrans</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_body_myositis" title="Inclusion body myositis">Inclusion body myositis</a></td> <td>Filamentous material seen in inclusion bodies under electron microscopy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Hypocalcemia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trousseau_sign_of_latent_tetany" title="Trousseau sign of latent tetany">Trousseau sign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chvostek_sign" title="Chvostek sign">Chvostek sign</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">Tetanus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strychnine_poisoning" title="Strychnine poisoning">Strychnine poisoning</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Risus_sardonicus" title="Risus sardonicus">Risus sardonicus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koplik%27s_spots" title="Koplik's spots">Koplik's spots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayser%E2%80%93Fleischer_ring" title="Kayser–Fleischer ring">Kayser–Fleischer ring</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">Diphtheria</a></td> <td>Pseudomembrane on tonsils, pharynx and nasal cavity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic hemorrhagic pancreatitis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grey-Turner%27s_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-Turner's sign">Grey-Turner's sign</a> (ecchymosis in flank area) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Rice-watery stool</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enteric_fever" title="Enteric fever">Enteric fever</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose_spots" title="Rose spots">Rose spots</a> in abdomen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kernig%27s_sign" title="Kernig's sign">Kernig's sign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meningism#Brudzinski's_signs" title="Meningism">Brudzinski's sign</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">Angina pectoris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Levine%27s_sign" title="Levine's sign">Levine's sign</a> (hand clutching of chest)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">Patent ductus arteriosus</a></td> <td>Machine-like murmur </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Pill-rolling tremors</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's disease</a></td> <td>Oculo-masticatory myorhythmia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">Acute myeloid leukemia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auer_rod" title="Auer rod">Auer rod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></td> <td>Bilateral <a href="/wiki/Internuclear_ophthalmoplegia" title="Internuclear ophthalmoplegia">internuclear ophthalmoplegia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_friction_rub" title="Pericardial friction rub">Pericardial friction rub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aschoff_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Aschoff nodules">Aschoff bodies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabies#Hydrophobia" title="Rabies">Hydrophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negri_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri bodies">negri bodies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">Gout</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tophi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tophi">Tophi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">Acute tubular necrosis</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muddy_brown_casts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muddy brown casts (page does not exist)">Muddy brown casts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour" title="Granulosa cell tumour">Granulosa cell tumour</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Call-Exner_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-Exner bodies">Call-Exner bodies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malakoplakia" title="Malakoplakia">Malakoplakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Gutmann_bodies" title="Michaelis–Gutmann bodies">Michaelis–Gutmann bodies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a> (with cataplexy) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">Cataplexy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor" title="Endodermal sinus tumor">Endodermal sinus tumor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schiller%E2%80%93Duval_body" title="Schiller–Duval body">Schiller–Duval body</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atrial_flutter" title="Atrial flutter">Atrial flutter</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flutter_waves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flutter waves (page does not exist)">Flutter waves</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">Sickle cell disease</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaso-occlusive_crisis" title="Vaso-occlusive crisis">Vaso-occlusive crises</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathognomonic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_defining_clinical_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS defining clinical condition">AIDS defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eponymous_medical_signs" title="List of eponymous medical signs">List of eponymous medical signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">Medical sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">Sine qua non</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathognomonic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120714/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pathognomic">"Pathognomic"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pathognomic">the original</a> on May 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathognomic&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpathognomic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathognomonic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchLynchLynchAttard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch HT, Lynch JF, Lynch PM, Attard T (2007). "Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: molecular genetics, genetic counseling, diagnosis and management". <i>Familial Cancer</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 27–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10689-007-9165-5">10.1007/s10689-007-9165-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17999161">17999161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20103607">20103607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Familial+Cancer&rft.atitle=Hereditary+colorectal+cancer+syndromes%3A+molecular+genetics%2C+genetic+counseling%2C+diagnosis+and+management&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-39&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20103607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17999161&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10689-007-9165-5&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=HT&rft.au=Lynch%2C+JF&rft.au=Lynch%2C+PM&rft.au=Attard%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathognomonic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchLanspa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch HT, Lanspa SJ (November 2010). "Colorectal cancer survival advantage in MUTYH-associated polyposis and Lynch syndrome families". <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>. <b>102</b> (22): 1687–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjq439">10.1093/jnci/djq439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21044965">21044965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer+survival+advantage+in+MUTYH-associated+polyposis+and+Lynch+syndrome+families&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=1687-9&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjq439&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21044965&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=HT&rft.au=Lanspa%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathognomonic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 268 in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbsSweet2009" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs RD, Sweet RL (2009). <i>Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gender+differences+in+severity+of+sickle+cell+diseases+in+non-smokers&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1050-4&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3817781%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24353686&rft.aulast=Rami+Helvaci&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ayyildiz%2C+O&rft.au=Gundogdu%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3817781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathognomonic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathognomonic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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